Temperature

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Temperature
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to another object indicates that heat flows from the object with a higher temperature to the object with a lower temperature is measured using a thermometer

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Temperature Scales
Temperature scales are Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin have reference points for the boiling and freezing points of water

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Check
A. What is the temperature of freezing water? 1) 0 F 2) 0 C 3) 0 K B. What is the temperature of boiling water? 1) 100 F 2) 32 F 3) 373 K C. How many Celsius units are between the boiling and freezing points of water? 1) 100 2) 180 3) 273

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Solution
A. What is the temperature of freezing water? 2) 0 C B. What is the temperature of boiling water? 3) 373 K C. How many Celsius units are between the boiling and freezing points of water? 1) 100

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fahrenheit Formula
On the Fahrenheit scale, there are 180 F between the freezing and boiling points, and on the Celsius scale, there are 100 C. 180 F = 9 F = 1.8 F 100 C 5 C 1 C In the formula for the Fahrenheit temperature, adding 32 adjusts the zero point of water from 0 C to 32 F. TF = 9 (TC) + 32 5 or TF = 1.8(TC) + 32
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 6

Celsius Formula
TC is obtained by rearranging the equation for TF. TF = 1.8(TC) + 32 Subtract 32 from both sides. TF 32 = 1.8(TC) + (32 32 ) TF 32 = 1.8(TC) Divide by 1.8. TF 32 = 1.8 TC 1.8 1.8 TF 32 1.8
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

TC
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

Solving a Temperature Problem

A person with hypothermia has a body temperature of 34.8 C. What Is that temperature in F? TF = 1.8(TC) + 32
TF = (1.8)(34.8 C) + 32
exact tenths exact

= 62.6 + 32 = 94.6 F
tenths
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 8

Learning Check
The normal temperature of a chickadee is 105.8 F. What is that temperature on the Celsius scale? 1) 73.8 C 2) 58.8 C 3) 41.0 C

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Solution
The normal temperature of a chickadee is 105.8 F. What is that temperature on the Celsius scale? 3) 41.0 C TC = TF 32 1.8 = (105.8 32 ) 1.8 = 73.8 F = 41.0 C 1.8 tenths place
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 10

Learning Check
A pepperoni pizza is baked at 455 F. What temperature is needed on the Celsius scale? 1) 423 C 2) 235 C 3) 221 C

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

11

Solution
A pepperoni pizza is baked at 455 F. What temperature is needed on the Celsius scale? 2) 235 C TF 32 = TC 1.8 (455 32 ) = 235 C 1.8 ones place

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

12

Learning Check
On a cold winter day, the temperature is 15 C. What is that temperature in F? 1) 19 F 2) 59 F 3) 5 F

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

13

Solution
3) 5 F TF = 1.8TC + 32 TF = 1.8(15 C) + 32 = 27 + 32 = 5 F
ones place

Note: Be sure to use the change sign key on your calculator to enter the minus () sign. 1.8 x 15 +/ = 27
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 14

Kelvin Temperature Scale

The Kelvin temperature is obtained by adding 273 to the Celsius temperature TK = TC + 273

In the Kelvin temperature scale: There are 100 units between the freezing and boiling points of water. 100 K = 100 C or 1 K = 1 C 0 K (absolute zero) is the lowest possible temperature. 0 K = 273 C
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 15

Temperatures

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

16

Learning Check
What is normal body temperature of 37 C in kelvins? 1) 236 K 2) 310 K 3) 342 K

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

17

Solution
What is normal body temperature of 37 C in kelvins? 2) 310 K TK = = = TC + 273 37 C + 273 310. K
ones place

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

18