12/1/2012

Overview
Synchronization Infinite Bus Effects of Excitation Mechanical Power

34-Synchronous Generator Control

text: 7.13

ECEGR 450 Electromechanical Energy Conversion

Dr. Louie

Synchronization
Generators must be synchronized with the grid before supplying power: Following conditions must be met
1. Generator frequency must equal grid frequency 2. Generator voltage must equal grid voltage (at connection point) 3. Generator voltage must be in phase with grid voltage (at connection point) 4. Generator phase sequence must match grid phase sequence

Synchronization
Electric grid comprised of thousands of connected generators Single generator usually cannot significantly influence system voltage or frequency
J1 << J2 + + JM

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Dr. Louie

Infinite Bus
Conceptual element representing a very large electric grid Infinite bus properties:
Constant voltage Constant current Sink or source infinite current (power) at any angle

Excitation Effects
Assume a lossless cylindrical rotor synchronous generator is connected to an infinite bus Assume Ea = Va (floating) Therefore:
Ia Ea Va 00A jXs Po Re{VaI* a } 0W
Infinite bus

Qo Im{VaI* a } 0VAR

0
Infinite bus

Ia Ea

jXs
+

Va
-

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Dr. Louie

12/1/2012

Over-Excitation
What happens if if is increased?
|Ea| increases (> |Va|, overexcited) |Ia| non-zero
Ia Ea Va | Ia | 90A jXs

Under-Excitation
What happens if if is decreased?
|Ea| decreases (<|Va|, under-excited) |Ia| non-zero
Ia Ea Va | Ia | 90A jXs

Po Re{VaI* a } 0W Qo Im{VaI* a } 0VAR (generator supplies reactive power)

Po Re{VaI* a } 0W Qo Im{VaI* a } 0VAR (generator consumes reactive power)

Ia

jXs
+

Ea- Va Va Ia
7

0
Ea Qo Ea

Ia

jXs
+

Ia

Ea- Va Ea Va

Qo

Ea

Va
-

Va
-

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Dr. Louie

Excitation Effects
Adjusting excitation alone does not influence real power supplied to grid Similar results for non-zero power output
| E a | = | Va | Q0
P (W), Q(VAR)

Excitation Effects
How does varying the excitation affect , Ia, fp for a constant real power and terminal voltage Va? To maintain constant power: 3 | Va || Ea | sin Po |Ea|sin is constant Xs Po 3 | Va || Ia | cos fPF |Ia|cosfPF is constant Increasing |Ea| decreases power angle Real part of Ia remains constant

Supplying Q

P0 = 0 Absorbing Q

induced voltage (V), field current (A)

Under-excited Over-excited
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Phasor Diagrams
Each diagram has same real power output, differing excitation
|Ia|cosfPF |Ia|cosfPF |Ia|cosfPF

Side Note
Two conventions for excitation Convention 1:Based on voltage magnitudes
jIaXs
fPF

Ea
|Ea|sin

Ea

Ea

fPF

Va

jIaXs

jIaXs Ia Va

Ia

Ia

Va

|Va| > |Ea|: under-excited |Va| = |Ea|: normally excited |Va| < |Ea|: over-excited

Convention 2: Based on PF
Leading PF: under-excited Unity PF: normally-excited Lagging PF: over-excited

Lagging PF (over-excited)

Unity PF

Leading PF (under-excited)

P, Q

Q
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Side Note
Conventions not always compatible Example: for unity power factor, |Ea| > |Va| unless Ea armature current is 0
jIaXs

Excitation (infinite bus)

For synchronous generators connected infinite bus, adjusting excitation:
Does not promote real power output if power angle is zero, put reactive power will be affected Increases real power output if power angle is held constant (non-zero) May not affect real power output if power angle is adjusted such that |Ea|sin is constant, but reactive power will be affected

Using the voltage magnitude convention:

Over-excited generators tend to supply power to the grid at lagging power factor (but could be unity power factor) Under-excited generators tend to supply power to the grid at leading power factor Normally-excited generators supply power to the grid at nearly unity power factor

Ia

Va

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V-Curves

Power Effects
How does varying the power output effect , Ia, fp for a constant excitation |Ea| and terminal voltage Va? To increase power: 3 | Va || Ea | sin Po |Ea|sin increases Xs |Ia|cosfPF increases Po 3 | Va || Ia | cos fPF Increasing Po also increases power angle Real part of Ia also increases

Increasing Po

armature current (A)

Unity PF

Leading PF (under-excited)

Lagging PF (over-excited)

field current (A)

Increasing |Ea|
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Mechanical Power
How do we change the real power? Power output described by:
Po 3 | Va || Ea | sin Xs
|Ea|sin |Ia|cosfPF

Phasor Diagrams
Each diagram has same excitation, differing power

Ea

Ea

Ea

jIaXs

Po 3 | Va || Ia | cos fPF

If excitation and terminal voltage are held constant, then increasing the mechanical power into the generator results in:
Increase in power angle Increase in |Ia|cosfPF (real part of armature current)

fPF

Va

jIaXs

jIaXs

Ia
fPF

Ia

Ia

Va

Va

Lagging PF (over-excited)

Unity PF

Leading PF (under-excited)

Increasing Power

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Summary
Generators must be properly synchronized to the electric grid prior to connection Infinite bus concept: constant voltage and frequency, capable of source or sinking any amount of current Excitation affects reactive power
Under-excited: generator absorbs reactive power Over-excited: generator supplies reactive power

Increasing mechanical power increases power angle, real part of armature current

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