LT Trai Pho Va Da Truy Nhap VT

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
L THUYT TRI PH
V A TRUY NHP V TUYN
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2006

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

L THUYT TRI PH
V A TRUY NHP V TUYN

Bin son : TS. NGUYN PHM ANH DNG
Li ni u

i
LI NI U

Cc cng ngh a truy nhp l nn tng ca cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn
ni chung v thng tin di ng ni ring. Cc cng ngh ny cho php cc h thng a truy nhp
v tuyn phn b ti nguyn v tuyn mt cch hiu sut cho cc ngi s dng. Tu thuc vo
vic s dng ti nguyn v tuyn phn b cho cc ngi s dng m cc cng ngh ny c
phn chia thnh: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA), a truy nhp phn chia theo thi
gian (TDMA), a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA) v a truy nhp phn chia theo khng
gian (SDMA). Cc h thng thng tin di ng mi u s dng kt hp c bn cng ngh a truy
nhp ny phn b hiu qu nht ti nguyn cho cc ngi s dng. Cng ngh a truy nhp
phn chia theo m vi nhiu u vit so vi cc cng ngh khc nn ngy cng tr thnh cng
ngh a truy nhp chnh.
Cng ngh a truy nhp CDMA c xy dng trn c s k thut tri ph. K thut
tri ph c nghin cu v p dng trong qun s t nhng nm 1930, tuy nhin gn y cc
k thut ny mi c nghin cu v p dng thnh cng trong cc h thng tin v tuyn t ong.
Cc phn t c bn ca mi h thng tri ph l cc chui gi ngu nhin. C th coi rng Sol
Golomb l ngi dnh nhiu nghin cu ton hc cho vn ny trong cc cng trnh ca ng
vo nhng nm 1950. nim u tin v a truy nhp tri ph phn chia theo m (SSCDMA:
Spread Spectrum Code Division Multiple Access) c R.Price v P.E.Green trnh by trong
bi bo ca mnh nm 1958. Vo u nhng nm 1970 rt nhiu bi bo ch ra rng cc h
thng thng tin CDMA c th t c dung lng cao hn cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp
phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access).Cc h thng tri ph chui
trc tip c xy dng vo nhng nm 1950. Th d v cc h thng u tin l: ARC-50 ca
Magnavox v cc h thng thng tin v tuyn v tinh OM-55, USC-28. Trong cc bi bo ca
mnh (nm 1966) cc tc gi J.W.Schwartz, W.J.M.Aein v J. Kaiser l nhng ngi u tin so
snh cc k thut a truy nhp FDMA, TDMA v CDMA. Cc th d khc v cc h thng qun
s s dng cng ngh CDMA l v tinh thng tin chin thut TATS v h thng nh v ton cu
GPS. M cc vn v cn kit dung lng thng tin di ng ny sinh t nhng nm 1980.
Tnh trng ny to c hi cho cc nh nghin cu M tm ra mt phng n thng tin di ng
s m. tm kim h thng thng tin di ng s mi ngi ta nghin cu cng ngh a thm
nhp phn chia theo m trn c s tri ph (CDMA). c thnh lp vo nm 1985, Qualcom,
sau c gi l "Thng tin Qualcom" (Qualcom Communications) pht trin cng ngh
CDMA cho thng tin di ng v nhn c nhiu bng pht minh trong lnh vc ny. Lc u
cng ngh ny c n nhn mt cch d dt do quan nim truyn thng v v tuyn l mi
cuc thai i hi mt knh v tuyn ring. n nay cng ngh ny tr thnh cng ngh thng
tr Bc M v nn tng ca thng tin di ng th h ba. Qualcom a ra phin bn CDMA
u tin c gi l IS-95A. Hin nay phin bn mi IS-2000 v W-CDMA c a ra cho
h thng thng tin di ng th 3.
Trong lnh vc thng tin di ng v tinh cng ngy cng nhiu h thng tip nhn s dng
cng ngh CDMA. Cc th d in hnh v vic s dng cng ngh ny cho thng tin v tinh l:
H thng thng tin di ng v tinh qu o thp (LEO: Low Earth Orbit) Loral/Qualcom Global
Li ni u

ii
Star s dng 48 v tinh, H thng thng tin di ng v tinh qu o trung bnh (MEO: Medium
Earth Orbit) TRW s dng 12 v tinh.
Mt trong cc hn ch chnh ca cc h thng CDMA hin ny l hiu nng ca chng
ph thuc vo nhiu ca cc ngi s dng cng tn s, MUI (Multi user Interference). y l l
do dn n gim dung lng v i hi phi iu khin cng sut nhanh. Cc my thu lin kt a
ngi s dng (MUD: Multi User Detector) s cho php cc h thng CDMA mi dn khc phc
c cc nhc im ny v cho php CDMA t r c u im vt tri ca n.
Gn y mt s cng ngh a truy nhp mi nh: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc
giao (OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) v CDMA a sng mang (MC
CDMA: Multicarrier CDMA) cng tr thnh ti nghin cu ca nhiu trng i hc v cc
phng th nghim trn th gii. y l cc phng php a truy nhp mi y trin vng. iu
ch OFDM l c s xy dng OFDMA c cng nhn l tiu chun cho WLAN 802.11
v HIPERLAN. Trong tng lai hai cng ngh a truy nhp ny rt c th s tm c cc ng
dng mi trong cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn bng rng a phng tin v di
ng th h sau.
Ti liu bao gm cc bi ging v mn hc "L thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp v tuyn"
c bin son theo chng trnh i hc cng ngh vin thng ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu
chnh Vin thng. Mc ch ca ti liu l cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc cn bn nht v
cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn v l thuyt tri ph c th tip cn cc cng ngh
thng tin v tuyn di ng mi ang v s pht trin rt nhanh.
Ti liu ny c xy dng trn c s sinh vin hc cc mn: Anten v truyn sng,
Truyn dn v tuun s. Ti liu l c s sinh vin hc cc mn hc: Thng tin di ng, Thng
tin v tinh v cc H thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn khc nh WLAN.
Do hn ch ca thi lng nn ti liu ny ch bao gm cc phn cn bn lin quan n
cc kin thc c s v l thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp. Tuy nhin hc k ti liu ny sinh vin
c th hon chnh thm kin thc cu mn hc bng cch c cc ti liu tham kho dn ra cui
ti liu ny.
Ti liu ny c chia lm su chng. c kt cu hp l sinh vin c th t hc.
Mi chng u c phn gii thiu chung, ni dung, tng kt, cu hi vi bi tp. Cui ti liu l
p n cho cc bi tp.

Ngi bin son: TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

1
CHNG 1
TNG QUAN CC PHNG PHP A TRUY NHP
V TUYNV K THUT TRI PH

1.1. GII THIU CHUNG

1.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng

Tng quan FDMA
Tng quan TDMA
Tng quan CDMA
Tng quan SDMA
So snh dung lng cc h thng FDMA, TDMA v CDMA

1.1.2. Hng dn

Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng ny
Tham kho thm [2]
Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng

1.1.3. Mc ch chng

Hiu c tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp
Hiu cch so snh c dung lng ca cc h thng a truy nhp khc nhau

1.2. M U

Cc phng thc a truy nhp v tuyn c s dng rng ri trong cc mng thng tin di
ng. Trong chng ny ta s xt tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp c s dng trong
thng tin v tuyn. Ngoi ra ta cng xt k thut tri ph nh l k thut c s cho cc h thng
thng tin di ng CDMA. M hnh ca mt h thng a truy nhp c cho hnh 1.1.

2

Hnh 1.1. Cc h thng a truy nhp: a) cc u cui mt t v b pht p, b) cc trm di
ng v cc trm gc.

Thng thng mt h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn c nhiu trm u cui v
mt s cc trm c nhim v kt ni cc trm u cui ny vi mng hoc chuyn tip cc tn
hiu t cc trm u cui n mt trm khc. Cc trm u cui trong cc h thng thng tin di
ng mt t l cc my di ng cn cc trm u cui trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh l cc
trm thng tin v tinh mt t. Cc trm kt ni cc trm u cui vi mng hoc chuyn tip cc
tn hiu t cc trm u cui n cc trm khc l cc trm gc trong thng tin di ng mt t
hoc cc b pht p trn v tinh trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh. Do vai tr ca trm gc
trong thng tin di ng mt t v b pht p v tinh cng nh my di ng v trm mt t
ging nhau cc h thng a truy nhp v tuyn nn trong phn ny ta s xt chng i ln cho
nhau. Trong cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn bao gi cng c hai ng truyn: mt
ng t cc trm u cui n cc trm gc hoc cc trm pht p, cn ng khi theo chiu
ngc li. Theo quy c chung ng th nht c l ng ln cn ng th hai c gi l
ng xung. Cc phng php a truy nhp c chia thnh bn loi chnh:
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access).
a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access).
a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access).
a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (SDMA: Space Division Access).
Cc phng php a truy nhp c bn ni trn c th kt hp vi nhau to thnh mt
phng php a truy nhp mi.
Cc phng php a truy nhp c xy dng trn c s phn chia ti nguyn v tuyn
cho cc ngun s dng (cc knh truyn dn) khc nhau.

3
Nguyn l ca ba phng php a truy nhp c bn u tin c cho hnh 1.2. Mi
knh ngi s dng v tuyn trong h thng v tuyn t ong mt t hay mt tram u cui trong
h thng thng tin v tinh a trm s dng mt sng mang c ph nm trong bng tn ca knh
vo thi im hot ng ca knh. Ti nguyn dnh cho knh c th c trnh by dng mt
hnh ch nht trong mt phng thi gian v tn s. Hnh ch nht ny th hin rng ca knh
v thi gian hot ng ca n (hnh 1.2). Khi khng c mt quy nh trc cc sng mang ng
thi chim hnh ch nht ny v gy nhiu cho nhau. trnh c can nhiu ny cc my thu
ca trm gc (hay cc phy thu cu cc trm pht p trn v tinh) v cc my thu ca cc trm
u cui phi c kh nng phn bit cc sng mang thu c. t c s phn bit ny cc
ti nguyn phi c phn chia:
Nh l hm s ca v tr nng lng sng mang vng tn s. Nu ph ca sng mang chim
cc bng tn con khc nhau, my thu c th phn bit cc sng mang bng cch lc. y l
nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access,
hnh 1.2a).
Nh l hm v tr thi gian ca cc nng lng sng mang. My thu thu ln lt cc sng
mang cng tn s theo thi gian v phn tch chng bng cch m cng ln lt theo thi
gian thm ch c khi cc sng mang ny chim cng mt bng tn s. y l nguyn l a
truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access; hnh 1.2b).
Nh l hm ph thuc m ca cc nng lng sng mang. My thu thu ng thi cc sng
mang cng tn s v phn tch chng bng cch gii m cc sng mang ny theo m m
chng c pht. Do mi knh hay ngun pht c mt m ring nn my thu c th phn bit
c sng mang thm ch tt c cc sng mang ng thi chim cng mt tn s. M phn
bit knh hay ngun pht thng c thc hin bng cc m gi tp m (PN: Pseudo Noise
Code). Phng php ny c gi l a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA: Code Division
Multiple Access; hnh 1.2c). Vic s dng cc m ny dn n s m rng ng k ph tn
ca sng mang so vi ph m n c th c khi ch c iu ch bi thng tin hu ch. y
cng l l do m CDMA cn c gi l a truy nhp tri ph (SSMA: Spread Spectrum
Multiple Access).
Nh l hm ph thuc vo khng gian ca cc nng lng sng mang. Nng lng sng
mang ca cc knh hay cc ngun pht khc nhau c phn b hp l trong khng gian
chng khng gy nhiu cho nhau. V cc knh hay cc ngun pht ch s dng khng gian
c quy nh trc nn my thu c th thu c sng mang ca ngun pht cn thu thm
ch khi tt c cc sng mang khc ng thi pht v pht trong cng mt bng tn. Phng
php ny c gi l phng php a truy nhp theo khng gian (SDMA: Space Division
Multiple Access). C nhiu bin php thc hin SDMA nh:

4
t
t
t
1
2
N
Tn s
Thi gian
Trm gc
FDMA
t
t
t
1
2
N
1
2
N
Trm gc
TDMA
Thi gian
Tn s
1
2
N
FDMA
TDMA
B
N
2
1
B
1
2
N
Trm gc
1
N
M
f
t
M
f
t
N
M
1
2
Tn s
CDMA Thi gian
CDMA
f
f
f
f
1
2
f
N
f
a)
b)
c)

Hnh 1.2. Nguyn l a truy nhp: a) a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA); b) a
truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA); c) a truy nhp phn cha theo m (CDMA)

1. S dng lp tn s cho cc ngun pht ti cc khong cch ln trong khng gian
chng khng gy nhiu cho nhau. Phng php ny thng c gi l phng php ti s
dng tn s v khong cch cn thit cc ngun pht cng tn s khng gy nhiu cho
nhau c gi l khong cch ti s dng tn s. Cn lu rng thut ng ti s dng tn s
cng c s dng cho trng hp hai ngun pht hay hai knh truyn dn s dng chung
tn s nhng c pht i hai phn cc khc nhau.

5
2. S dng cc anten thng minh (Smart Anten). Cc anten ny cho php tp trung nng
lng sng mang ca ngun pht vo hng c li nht cho my thu ch nh v trnh gy
nhiu cho cc my thu khc.
Cc phng php a truy nhp ni trn c th kt hp vi nhau. Hnh 1.3 cho thy cc cch
kt hp ca ba phng php a truy nhp u tin.
K thut c s
FDMA
TDMA
Chu k khung
B (bng thng
h thng)
Tn s
Thi gian
Mt phng
chim knh
thi gian-
tn s
Phn chia theo tn
s/m (FD/CDMA)
Phn chia theo tn
s/th gian/m
(FD/TD/CDMA)
Phn chia theo tn
s/thi gian
(FD/TDMA)
Phn chia theo thi
gian/m (TD/CDMA)
CDMA
Hnh 1.3. Kt hp ba dng a truy nhp c s thnh cc dng a truy nhp lai ghp

1.3. A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO TN S, FDMA

1.3.1. Nguyn l FDMA

Trong phng php a truy nhp ny rng bng tn cp pht cho h thng B Mhz
c chia thnh n bng tn con, mi bng tn con c n nh cho mt knh ring c rng
bng tn l B/n MHz (hnh 1.4). Trong dng a truy nhp ny cc my v tuyn u cui pht lin
tc mt s sng mang ng thi trn cc tn s khc nhau. Cn m bo cc khong bo v gia
tng knh b sng mang chim phng nga s khng hon thin ca cc b lc v cc b dao
ng. My thu ng xung hoc dng ln chn sng mang cn thit theo tn s ph hp.
Nh vy FDMA l phng thc a truy nhp m trong mi knh c cp pht mt
tn s c nh. m bo FDMA tt tn s phi c phn chia v quy hoch thng nht trn
ton th gii.


6

Hnh 1.4. FDMA v nhiu giao thoa knh ln cn

m bo thng tin song cng tn hiu pht thu ca mt my thu bao phi hoc c
pht hai tn s khc nhau hay mt tn s nhng khong thi gian pht thu khc nhau. Phng
php th nht c gi l ghp song cng theo tn s (FDMA/FDD, FDD: Frequency Division
Duplex) cn phng php th hai c gi l ghp song cng theo thi gian (FDMA/TDD, TDD:
Time Division Duplex).
Phng php th nht c m t hnh 1.5. Trong phng php ny bng tn dnh cho
h thng c chia thnh hai na: mt na thp (Lower Half Band) v mt na cao (Upper Half
Band). Trong mi na bng tn ngi ta b tr cc tn s cho cc knh (xem hnh 1.5a) . Trong
hnh 1.5a cc cp tn s na bng thp v na bng cao c cng ch s c gi l cp tn s
thu pht hay song cng, mt tn s s c s dng cho my pht cn mt tn s c s dng
cho my thu ca cng mt knh, khong cch gia hai tn s ny c gi l khong cch thu
pht hay song cng. Khong cch gn nht gia hai tn s trong cng mt na bng c gi l
khong cch gia hai knh ln cn (x), khong cch ny phi c chn ln i vi mt t
s tn hiu trn tp m cho trc (SNR: Signal to Noise Ratio) hai knh cnh nhau khng th gy
nhiu cho nhau. Nh vy mi knh bao gm mt cp tn s: mt tn s bng tn thp v mt tn
s bng tn cao m bo thu pht song cng. Thng thng ng pht i t trm gc (hay
b pht p) xung trm u cui (thu trm u cui) c gi l ng xung, cn ng pht
i t trm u cui n trm gc (hay trm pht p) c gi l ng ln. Khong cch gia
hai tn s ng xung v ng ln l Y nh thy trn hnh v. Trong thng tin di dng tn s
ng xung bao gi cng cao hn tn s ng ln suy hao ng ln thp hn ng
xung do cng sut pht t my cm tay khng th ln. Trong trong thng tin v tinh th tu
thuc vo h thng, tn s ng xung c th thp hoc cao hn tn s ng ln, chng hn
cc h thng s dng cc trm thng tin v tinh mt t ln ngi ta thng s ng tn s ng
ln cao hn ng xung, ngc li cc h thng thng tin v tinh (nh di ng chng hn) do
trm mt t nh nn tn s ng ln c s dng thp hn tn s ng xung.


7
f1 f2 f3 fn-1 fn
f0
f1 f2 f3 fn-1 fn
x
y
B
Na bng thp
Na bng cao
Trm gc
f1
f1
f2
f2
f3
f3
a)
b)
K hiu
x: Khong cch tn s gia hai knh ln cn
y: Khong cch tn s thu pht
B: Bng thng cp pht cho h thng
f0: Tn s trung tm
fi: Tn s ng xung
fi: Tn s ng ln
MS1
MS2
MS3
Hnh 1.5. Phn b tn s v phng php FDMA/FDD

Trong phng php th hai (FDMA/TDD) c my thu v my pht c th s dng chung
mt tn s (nhng phn chia theo thi gian) khi ny bng tn ch l mt v mi knh c th chn
mt tn s bt k trong bng tn (phng php ghp song cng theo thi gian: TDD). Phng
php ny c m t hnh 1.6. Hnh 1.6 cho thy knh v tuyn gi trm gc v my u cui
ch s dng mt tn s f
i
cho c pht v thu. Tuy nhin pht thu lun phin, chng hn trc tin
trm gc pht xung my thu u cui khe thi gian c k hiu l Tx, sau n ngng pht
v thu tn hiu pht i t trm u cui khe thi gian c k hiu l Rx, sau n li pht
khe Tx ....


8

Hnh 1.6. Phn b tn s v phng php FDMA/TDD

1.3.2. Nhiu giao thoa knh ln cn

T hnh 1.4 ta thy rng ca knh b chim dng bi mt s sng mang cc tn s
khc nhau. Cc sng mang ny c pht i t mt trm gc n tt c cc my v tuyn u
cui nm trong vng ph ca anten trm ny. My thu ca cc my v tuyn u cui phi lc ra
cc sng mang tng ng vi chng, vic lc s c thc hin d dng hn khi ph ca cc sng
mang c phn cch vi nhau bi mt bng tn bo v rng. Tuy nhin vic s dng bng tn
bo v rng s dn n vic s dng khng hu qu rng bng tn ca knh. V th phi thc
hin s dung ha gia k thut v tit kim ph tn. D c chn mt gii php dung ha no i
na th mt phn cng sut ca sng mang ln cn vi mt sng mang cho trc s b thu bi my
thu c iu hng n tn s ca sng mang cho trc ni trn. iu ny dn n nhiu do s
giao thoa c gi l nhiu knh ln cn (ACI: Adjacent Channel Interference).
Dung lng truyn dn ca tng knh (tc bit R
b
) xc nh rng bng tn iu ch
(B
m
) cn thit nhng phi c thm mt khong bo v trnh nhiu giao thoa gia cc knh ln
cn nn B
m
< B/n. Do vy dung lng thc t ln hn dung lng cc i nhn c bi mt k
thut iu ch cho trc.V vy hiu sut s dng tn s thc s s l n/B knh lu lng trn
MHz.
Trong cc h thng in thoi khng dy FDMA in hnh ca chu u hiu sut s dng
tn s thc ca cc h thng in thoi khng dy l 20 knh/Mhz cn i vi in thoi khng
dy s l 10 knh/MHz.

9
V mt kt cu, FDMA c nhc im l mi sng mang tn s v tuyn ch truyn c
mt Erlang v th nu cc trm gc cn cung cp N Erlang dung lng th phi cn N b thu pht
cho mi trm. Ngoi ra cng phi cn kt hp tn s v tuyn cho cc knh ny.
tng hiu sut s dng tn s c th s dng FDMA kt hp vi ghp song cng theo
thi gian (FDMA/TDD). phng php ny mt my thu pht ch s dng mt tn s v thi
gian pht thu lun phin (hnh 1.6).
Phng php FDMA t nhy cm vi s phn tn thi gian do truyn lan sng, khng cn
ng b v khng xy ra tr do khng cn x l tn hiu nhiu, v vy gim tr hi m.

1.4. A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO THI GIAN (TDMA)

1.4.1. Nguyn l TDMA

Hnh 1.7 cho thy hot ng ca mt h thng theo nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo
thi gian. Cc my u cui v tuyn pht khng lin tc trong thi gian T
B
. S truyn dn ny
c gi l cm. S pht i mt cm c a vo mt cu trc thi gian di hn c gi l chu
k khung, tt c cc my u cui v tuyn phi pht theo cu trc ny. Mi sng mang th hin
mt cm s chim ton b rng ca knh v tuyn c mang bi tn s sng mang f
i
.

Hnh 1.7. Nguyn l TDMA

Phng php va nu trn s dng cp tn s song cng cho TDMA c gi l a truy
nhp phn chia theo thi gian vi ghp song cng theo tn s TDMA/ FDD (FDD: Frequency
Division Duplexing). Trong phng php ny ng ln (t my u cui n trm gc) bao gm
cc tn hiu a truy nhp theo thi gian (TDMA) c pht i t cc my u cui n trm gc,
cn ng xung (t trm gc n my u cui) l tn hiu ghp knh theo thi gian (TDM:
Time Division Multiplexing) c pht i t trm gc cho cc my u cui, (xem hnh 1.8a).

10
c th phn b tn s thng minh hn, phng php TDMA/TDD (TDD: Time
Division Multiplexing) c s dng. Trong phng php ny c hai ng ln v ng xung
u s dng chung mt tn s, tuy nhin phn chia ng pht v ng thu cc khe thi gian
pht v thu c pht i cc khang thi gian khc nhau (xem hnh 1.8b)
Hnh 1.8. Cc phng php a truy nhp: a) TDMA/FDD; b) TDMA/TDD

1.4.2 To cm

Qu trnh to cm c m t hnh 1.9. My pht ca trm gc nhn thng tin dng
lung c s hai lin tc c tc bit R
b
t giao tip ngi s dng. Thng tin ny phi c lu
gi cc b nh m v c ghp thm thng tin iu khin b sung to thnh mt cm bao
gm thng tin ca ngi s dng v thng tin iu khin b sung.


11
Ghp
knh
(TDMA)
v iu
ch
Lung s ca cc
ngi s dung
b
R
Cu trc cm
(tc R)
t
Cc b
m
B iu
ch
nh thi
TDMA
Tc Rb
Tc Rb
Tc Rb
1 2 3
1
2
3
B
T
B
T
B
T
TSn TS2 TS3 TS1
Tc truyn dn k hiu R
F
T
Lung s cn pht n ngi s dng
Z
1
2
3
K hiu
Ri= Tc bit ca ngi s dng (bps)
R= Tc k hiu iu ch cho sng mang
TS= rng khe thi gian Tb= rng cm, = di khung
= Khong trng bo v, = Thng tin b sung
F
T
R
B ghp
khung
TDMA

Hnh 1.9. Qu trnh to cm mt h thng v tuyn TDMA

Sau cm c t vo khe thi gian T
B
tng ng b ghp khung TDMA. Gia cc cm c
th c cc khong trng trnh vic chng ln cc cm ln `nhau khi ng b khng c tt.
u ra ca b ghp khung TDMA ta c lung ghp c tc iu ch R a n b
iu ch. Tc iu ch R iu ch cho sng mang c xc nh nh sau:

R = R
b
(T
F
/T
B
) [bps] (1.1)

trong T
B
thi gian ca cm, cn T
F
l thi gian ca mt khung.
Gi tr R ln khi thi gian ca cm nh v v th thi gian chim (T
B
/T
F
) cho mt knh
truyn dn thp. Chng hn nu R
b
= 10kbit/s v (T
F
/T
B
) = 10, iu ch xy ra tc
100kbit/s. Lu rng R l tng dung lng ca mng o bng bps. T kho st trn c th thy
rng v sao dng truy nhp ny lun lun lin quan n truyn dn s: n d dng lu gi cc bit
trong thi gian mt khung v v nhanh chng gii phng b nh ny trong khong thi gian mt
cm. Khng d dng thc hin dng x l ny cho cc thng tin tng t.
Mi cm ngoi thng tin lu lng cn cha thng tin b sung nh:
1) u cha:
a. Thng tin khi phc sng mang (CR: Carrier Recovery) v ng b ng h
bit ca my thu (BTR: Bit Timing Recovery).

12
b. T duy nht (UW : Unique Word) cho php my thu xc nh khi u ca mt
cm. UW cng cho php gii quyt c s khng r rng v pha (khi cn thit)
trong trng hp gii iu ch nht qun. Khi bit c khi u ca cm, tc
bit v xy ra s khng r rng pha my thu c th xc nh c cc bit i sau t
duy nht.
c. Nhn dng knh (CI: Channel Identifier).
d. Cc thng tin ni trn c th c t ring r v tp trung u cm hay c th
kt hp vi nhau hay phn b nhiu ch trong mt s khung (trng hp cc t
ng b khung phn b).
2) Bo hiu v iu khin
3) Kim tra ng truyn
Trong mt s h thng cc thng tin b sung trn c th c t cc knh dnh ring.

1.4.3. Thu cm

Qu trnh x l my thu ca my v tuyn u cui 3 c cho hnh 1.10.
Phn x l khung TDMA s iu khin vic m cng cho cm cn thu trong khe thi gian
TS3 dnh cho my u cui ny. My thu xc nh khi u ca mi cm (hoc mi khung) bng
cch pht hin t duy nht, sau n ly ra lu lng dnh cho mnh t khung TDMA. (Lu
rng mt s h thng nh ng b chung trong mng nn my thu c th xc nh ngay c
khe thi gian dnh cho n m khng cn t duy nht). Lu lng ny c thu nhn khng lin
tc vi tc bit l R. khi phc li tc bit ban u R
b
dng mt lung s lin tc, thng
tin c lu gi b m trong khong thi gian ca khung ang xt v c c ra t b nh
m ny tc R
b
trong khong thi gian ca khung sau.
iu quan trng xc nh c ni dung ca cm ni trn l trm thu phi c kh nng
pht hin c t duy nht khi u ca mi cm (hoc mi khung). B pht hin t duy nht
xc nh mi tng quan gia cc chui bit u ra ca b pht hin bit ca my thu, chui ny
c cng di nh t duy nht v l mu ca t duy nht c lu gi b nh ca b tng
quan. Ch c cc chui thu to ra cc nh tng quan ln hn mt ngng th c gi li nh l
cc t duy nht.

Z
3 2 1
3
Tc Rb
Gii iu
ch
Ca m
ti TS3
nh thi
TDMA
B m
My u cui 3
t
Hnh 1.10. Qu trnh thu cm trong TDMA

1.4.4. ng b

13

TDMA vn ng b rt quan trng. ng b cho php xc nh ng v tr ca cm
cn ly ra my thu hay cn pht i my pht tng ng. Nu cc my u cui l my di ng
th ng b cn phi xt n c v tr ca my ny so vi trm gc. V vn ng b chng ta s
xt cc h thng a truy nhp v tuyn c th.
So vi FDMA, TDMA cho php tit kim tn s v thit b thu pht hn. Tuy nhin
nhiu h thng nu ch s dng mt cp tn s th khng m bo dung lng ca mng. V
th TDMA thng c s dng kt hp vi FDMA cho cc mng i hi dung lng cao.
Nhc im cu TDMA l i hi ng b tt v thit b phc tp hn FDMA khi cn
dung lng truyn dn cao, ngoi ra do i hi x l s phc tp nn xy ra hin tng hi m.

1.5. A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO M, CDMA

CDMA l phng thc a truy nhp m mi knh c cung cp mt cp tn s v
mt m duy nht. y l phng thc a truy nhp mi, phng thc ny da trn nguyn l tri
ph. Tn ti ba phng php tri ph:
Tri ph theo chui trc tip (DS: Direct Sequency).
Tri ph theo nhy tn (FH: Frequency Hopping).
Tri ph theo nhy thi gian. (TH: Time Hopping).

1.5.1. Cc h thng thng tin tri ph

Trong cc h thng thng tin thng thng rng bng tn l vn quan tm chnh v
cc h thng ny c thit k s dng cng t rng bng tn cng tt. Trong cc h thng
iu ch bin song bin, rng bng tn cn thit pht mt ngun tn hiu tng t gp hai
ln rng bng tn ca ngun ny. Trong cc h thng iu tn rng bng tn ny c th
bng vi ln rng bng tn ngun ph thuc vo ch s iu ch. i vi mt tn hiu s,
rng bng tn cn thit c cng gi tr vi tc bit ca ngun. rng bng tn chnh xc cn
thit trong trng hp ny ph thuc v kiu iu ch (BPSK, QPSK v.v...).
Trong cc h thng thng tin tri ph (vit tt l SS: Spread Spectrum) rng bng tn
ca tn hiu c m rng, thng thng hng trm ln trc khi c pht. Khi ch c mt ngi
s dng trong bng tn SS, s dng bng tn nh vy khng c hiu qu. Tuy nhin mi trng
nhiu ngi s dng, cc ngi s dng ny c th dng chung mt bng tn SS (tri ph) v h
thng tr nn s dng bng tn c hiu sut m vn duy tr c cc u im cu tri ph.
Mt h thng thng tin s c coi l SS nu:
* Tn hiu c pht chim rng bng tn ln hn rng bng tn ti thiu cn thit
pht thng tin.
* Tri ph c thc hin bng mt m c lp vi s liu.
Hnh 1.10 cho thy s khi chc nng cu mt h thng thng tin SS in hnh cho hai
cu hnh: v tinh v mt t. Ngun tin c th s hay tng t. Nu ngun l tng t th trc
ht n phi c s ho bng mt s bin i tng t vo s nh: iu xung m hay iu ch
delta. B nn tn hiu loi b hay gim d thng tin ngun s. Sau u ra c m ho
bi b lp m hiu chnh li (m ho knh) a vo cc bit d cho vic pht hin hay sa li
c th xy ra khi truyn dn tn hiu qua knh v tuyn.

14
Ph ca tn hiu cn pht c tri rng n rng bng tn cn thit sau b iu ch
s chuyn ph ny n di tn c cp cho truyn dn. Sau tn hiu iu ch c khuych
i, c pht qua knh truyn dn, knh ny c th l di t hoc v tinh. Knh ny c th
gy ra cc gim cht lng nh: nhiu, tp m v suy hao cng sut tn hiu. Lu rng i vi
SS th cc b nn/gin v m ho/ gii m hiu chnh li (m ho/ gii m knh) l tu chn.
Ngoi ra cng cn lu rng v tr cu cc chc nng tri ph v iu ch c th i ln. Hai chc
nng ny thng c kt hp v thc hin mt khi.
Ti phi thu my thu khi phc li tn hiu ban u bng cch thc hin cc qu trnh
ngc vi pha pht: gii iu ch tn hiu thu, gii tri ph, gii m v gin tn hiu nhn c
mt tn hiu s. Nu ngun l tng t th tn hiu s ny c bin i vo tng t bng mt b
bin i s/ tng t.
Lu rng mt h thng thng thng (khng phi SS), cc chc nng tri ph v gii
tri ph khng c s khi hnh 1.11. Thc ra y chnh l s khc nhau gia mt h thng
thng thng v h thng SS.
KGD
ng s
Nn s
liu
MHK
C (BPSK,
QPSK)
KCS
KGD
ng TT
Bin i
A/D
Ngun chui
PN tri ph
SM
Knh mt t
KTD
Suy hao
v tuyn
Nhiu
Tp m
KTD
Suy hao
v tuyn
Nhiu
Tp m
Knh v tinh
Pht
p v
tinh
KTD
Suy hao
v tuyn
Nhiu
Tp m
KGD
ng s
Nn s
liu
GMK Gii C KCS
SM
KGD
ng TT
Bin i
A/D
Chui PN
gii tri ph
B chui
PN
My pht
My thu
Cc chc nng ty chn
u vo
s
u vo
tng t
u ra s
u ra
tng t
K hiu
* KGD: Khuych i giao din TT: Tng t
*A/D: Tng t/s D/A: S/tng t
* MHK: M ha knh GMK: Gii m knh
* C: iu ch SM: Sng mang
* KCS: Khuych i cng sut KTD: Knh truyn dn
* PN: Gi tp m B: ng b
Hnh 1.11. S khi ca mt h thng thng tin s in hnh
vi tri ph (cu hnh h thng mt t v v tinh)

C ba kiu h thng SS c bn: chui trc tip (DSSS: Direct-Sequence Spreading
Spectrum), nhy tn (FHSS: Frequency-Hopping Spreading Spectrum) v nhy thi gian (THSS:
Time-Hopping Spreading Spectrum) (hnh 1.12, 1.13 v 1.14). Cng c th nhn c cc h
thng lai ghp t cc h thng ni trn. H thng DSSS t c tri ph bng cch nhn tn hiu
ngun vi mt tn hiu gi ngu nhin c tc chip (R
c
=1/T
c
, T
c
l thi gian mt chip) cao hn

15
nhiu tc bit (R
b
=1/T
b
, T
b
l thi gian mt bit) ca lung s cn pht. H thng FHSS t c
tri ph bng cch nhy tn s mang trn mt tp (ln) cc tn s. Mu nhy tn c dng gi ngu
nhin. Tn s trong khong thi gian ca mt chip T
c
gi

nguyn khng i. Tc nhy tn c
th nhanh hoc chm. Trong h thng nhy tn nhanh, nhy tn c thc hin tc cao hn
tc bit ca bn tin, cn h thng nhy tn chm th ngc li.
T T =T
b n
T =T
b n
c
t

K hiu:
T
b
= thi gian mt bit ca lung s cn pht
T
n
= Chu k ca m gi ngu nhin dng cho tri ph
T
c
= Thi gian mt chip ca m tri ph
Hnh 1.12. Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS)
f
n
f
n-1
f
n-2
f
3
f
2
f
1
T
c
2T
c
Tn s
t

Hnh 1.13. Tri ph nhy tn (FHSS)

Mt khung
Khe thi gian pht
(k bit)
T
2T
f
3T
f
T
f
t
T=T /M, trong M l s khe thi gian trong mt khung
f

Hnh 1.14. Tri ph nhy thi gian (THSS)

16

Trong h thng THSS mt khi cc bit s liu c nn v c pht ngt qung trong
mt hay nhiu khe thi gian trong mt khung cha mt s lng ln cc khe thi gian. Mt mu
nhy thi gian s xc nh cc khe thi gian no c s dng truyn dn trong mi khung.
Lc u cc k thut SS c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin ca qun s. tng
lc u l lm cho tn hiu c pht ging nh tp m i vi cc my thu khng mong mun
bng cch gy kh khn cho cc my thu ny trong vic tch v ly ra c bn tin. bin i
bn tin vo tn hiu ta tp m, ta s dng mt m c "coi l" ngu nhin m ho cho bn
tin. Ta mun m ny ging ngu nhin nht. Tuy nhin my thu ch nh phi bit c m ny,
v n cn to ra chnh m ny mt cch chnh xc v ng b vi m c pht ly ra bn tin
(gii m). V th m "gi nh" ngu nhin phi l xc nh. Nn ta phi s dng m gi ngu
nhin (hay m gi tp m). M gi ngu nhin phi c thit k c rng bng ln hn
nhiu so vi rng bng cu bn tin. Bn tin trn c bin i bi m sao cho tn hiu nhn
c c rng ph gn bng rng ph ca tn hiu gi ngu nhin. C th coi s bin i ny
nh mt qu trnh "m ho". Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh tri ph. Ta ni rng my pht
bn tin c tri ph bi m gi ngu nhin. My thu phi gii tri ph ca tn hiu thu c
tr li rng ph bng rng ph ca bn tin.
Hin ny phn ln cc quan tm v cc h thng SS l cc ng dng a truy nhp m
nhiu ngi s dng cng chia s mt rng bng tn truyn dn. Trong h thng DSSS tt
c cc ngi s dng cng dng chung mt bng tn v pht tn hiu ca h ng thi. My thu
s dng tn hiu gi ngu nhin chnh xc ly ra tn hiu mong mun bng cch gii tri ph.
Cc tn hiu khc xut hin dng cc nhiu ph rng cng sut thp ta tp m. cc h thng
FHSS v THSS mi ngi s dng c n nh mt m gi ngu nhin sao cho khng c cp
my pht no s dng cng tn s hay cng khe thi gian, nh vy cc my pht s trnh c
xung t. Nh vy FH v TH l cc kiu h thng trnh xung t, trong khi DS l kiu h
thng ly trung bnh.
Cc m tri ph c th l cc m gi tp m (PN code) hoc cc m c to ra t cc
hm trc giao.
hiu tng quan vai tr ca tri ph trong h thng thng tin v tuyn phn di y ta
s xt tng quan tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS). C th v cc phng php tri ph DSSS,
FHSS v THSS s c kho st cc chng tip theo.

1.5.2. M hnh n gin ca mt h thng tri ph chui trc tip, DSSS

M hnh n gin ca mt h thng tri ph gm K ngi s dng chung mt bng tn
vi cng mt tn s sng mang f
c
v iu ch BPSK c cho hnh 1.15.


17
1 1
1 0

+
) t f 2 cos(
T
E 2
c
b
b
B to
m PN
d(t)
{0,1}
b
T
1
b
R =
{+1,-1}
b
T
1
b
R =
{+1,-1}
c
T
1
c
R =
B chuyn
i mc
Tri ph iu ch
B to
m PN
) t f 2 cos(
T
2
c
b

b
0
T
dt (.)
Mch quyt
nh
{0.1}
) t ( c
1
) t ( c
1
{+1,-1}
c
T
1
c
R =
b
T
1
b
R =
Tx1
Rx1
) t ( b
1
) t ( b
1
Tx2
TxK
Rx2
RxK
) t ( c ), t ( b
2 2
) t ( c ), t ( b
K K
) t ( b ), t ( c
K K
) t ( b ), t ( c
2 2
Gii iu
ch
Gii tri
ph

Hnh 1.15. M hnh n gin ca mt h thng DSSS gm K ngi s dng chung mt bng
tn vi cng mt sng mang f
c
v iu ch BPSK.

M hnh c xt hnh 1.15 gm K my pht thu c k hiu l Txk v Rxk tng ng
vi k=1....K, v cu trc ca chng ging nhau nn ta ch v chi tit cho mt khi (Tx1 v Rx1),
cc khi cn li c v dng hp en vi cc thng s ring cho cc khi ny nh: b
k
(t) th
hin chui bit pht, c
k
(t) th hin m tri ph v ) t ( b
k
th hin chui bit thu.

Tn hiu u vo ca my pht k l lung s thng tin ca ngi s dng b
k
(t) c tc
bit R
b
=1/T
b
. y l mt tn hiu c s hai ngu nhin n cc vi hai mc gi tr {0,1} ng xc
sut c biu din nh sau:
( )
k k Tb b
i
b (t) b (i)p t iT
=
=
(1.2)
trong p
Tb
(t) l hm xung vung n v c xc nh nh sau:

{ b
b
T
1 0 t T
p (t)
0

=
nu
nu khc
(1.3)
v b
k
(i) ={0,1} vi s xut hin ca 0 v 1 ng xc sut.
Sau b chuyn i mc ta c lung bit ngu nhin lng cc d(t) vi hai mc {+1,-1}
ng xc sut c biu din nh sau:
( )
k k Tb b
i
d (t) d (i)p t iT
=
=
(1.4)
trong p(t) c xc nh theo (1.3) v d
k
(i)={+1.-1} vi s xut hin ca +1 v -1 ng xc
sut.

18
Sau lung bit lng cc c a ln tri ph bng cch nhn vi m tri ph c gi
l m gi tp m vi tc c gi l tc chip R
c
=1/T
c
. Cc m ny c chu k l T
b
v thng
thng T
b
=NT
c
vi N kh ln. cc my thu c th phn bit c cc m tri ph, cc m ny
phi l cc m trc giao chu k T
b
tho mn iu kin sau:

{
b
T
k j
b 0
1 1 k j
c (t)c (t)dt
T
=
=
nu
0 nu k j
(1.5)
v tch ca hai m trc giao s bng 1 nu l tch ca chnh n v l mt m trc giao mi trong
tp m trc giao nu l tch ca hai m khc nhau:

{ k j
1
c (t)c (t)
=
=
i
nu k j
c (t) nu k j
(1.6)

M tri ph l chui chip nhn cc gi tr {+1,-1} gn nh ng xc sut nu N ln v
c biu din nh sau:

N
k k Tc c
i 1
c (t) c (i)p (t iT )
=
=
(1.7)
trong c
i
={+1,-1} l chui cc xung nhn hai gi tr +1 hoc -1 v mi xung c gi l chip,
T
c
l rng ca mt chip, p
Tc
(t) l hm xung vung c xc nh nh sau:

{ Tc
p (t)

=
c
1 nu 0 t T
0 nu khc
(1.8)
Sau tri ph tn hiu s c tc chip R
c
c a ln iu ch BPSK bng cch nhn vi
sng mang:
b
c
b
2E
cos(2 f t)
T
c tn hiu pht vo khng gian nh sau:

b
k k c
b
2E
s(t) d (t)c (t) cos(2 f t)
T
= , 0tT
b
(1.9)
trong E
b
l nng lng bit, T
b
l rng bit v f
c
l tn s sng mang.
By gi ta xt qu trnh xy ra my thu. n gin ta coi rng my thu c ng b
sng mang v m tri ph vi my pht, ngha l tn s , pha sng mang v m tri ph ca my
thu ging nh my pht. Ngoi ra nu b qua tp m nhit ca ng truyn v ch xt nhiu ca
K-1 ngi s dng trong h thng, gi s cng sut tn hiu thu ti my thu k ca K ngi s
dng bng nhau v n gin ta cng b qua tr truyn sng, tn hiu thu s nh sau:

K
br
j j c
j 1
b
2E
r(t) d (t)c (t) cos(2 f t)
T
=
=
(1.10)
trong E
br
=E
b
/L
p
l nng lng bit thu, L
p
l suy hao ng truyn.

19
Tn hiu thu c a ln phn u ca qu trnh gii iu ch nhn vi
c
b
2
cos(2 f t)
T
, sau c a ln gii tri ph, kt qu cho ta:

K K
br
j j k j j k c
j 1 j 1
b
E
u(t) d (t)c (t)c (t) d (t)c (t)c (t) cos(4 f t)
T
= =
= +

(1.11)

Sau b tch phn thnh phn th hai trong (1.10)l thnh phn cao tn s b loi b, ta c:

b
b
T
K
T
br
j j k
0
j 1
b 0
E
v(t) u(t)dt d (t) c (t)c (t)dt
T
=
= =

(1.12)
Lu n tnh trc giao ca cc m tri ph theo (1.5) v d
j
={+1,-1} ta c kt qu ca tch
phn (1.12) nh sau:

k br br
v(t) d (t) E E = = (1.13)

Mch quyt nh s cho ra mc 0 nu V(t) dng v 1 nu m. Kt qa ta c chui bit thu
b(t)
l c tnh ca chui pht. Trng hp l tng ta c chui ny bng chui bit pht b
k
(t).

1.5.3. Ph ca tn hiu

hiu r ngha ca tri ph cc h thng thng tin v tuyn tri ph, ta xt dng ph
ca cc tn hiu trn m hnh hnh 1.15. Tng t nh trn ta cng s ch xt ph h thng
pht thu Txk v Rxk lm th d.
Ph ca ca lung s n cc b
k
(t) c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

2 2
2 im im
b b b
b b
(f) T Sinc (fT ) (f)
4 4
= +

2
b b
1 1
T Sinc (fT ) (f)
4 4
= + (1.14)
Nu ch xt cho ph dng v khng ta c:

2
b b b
1 1
(f) T Sinc (fT ) (f)
2 4
= + (1.15)
trong : Sincx=
sin x
x
, (f) l hm delta c xc nh nh sau:

(f) 0 = khi f0 v (f)df
=1 (1.16)

Ph ca lung s lng cc c xc nh nh sau:

2 2
d i b b
(f) d T Sinc (fT ) =

20
=
2
b b
T Sinc (fT ) (1.17)

Nu ch xt cho ph dng ta c:

d
(f) =
2
b b
2T Sinc (fT ) (1.18)

Ph ca lung s sau tri ph c xc nh nh sau:

( )
2
2
dc i i c c
(f) d c T Sinc (fT ) =
=
2
c c
T Sinc (fT ) (1.19)
Nu ch xt cho ph dng ta c:

dc
(f) =
2
c c
2T Sinc (fT ) (1.20)

Ph ca tn hiu sau iu ch c xc nh nh sau:

[ ] [ ]
2 2 c c
s c c c c
PT P T
(f) Sinc (f f )T Sinc (f f )T
2 2
= + + (1.21)

Nu ch xt ph dng ta c:

[ ]
2
s c c
c
P
(f) Sinc (f f )T
R
= (1.22)

trong P =E
b
/T
b
l cng sut trung bnh ca sng mang.
Ph ca tn hiu thu u vo my thu k gm c xc nh nh sau:

[ ]
K
jr 2
r c c
j 1
c
P
(f) Sin (f f )T
R
=
=
(1.23)
trong P
jr
= P
j
/L
p
l sut thu t my thu j v L
p
l suy hao truyn sng.

T iu kin ca m tri ph trong (1.6), sau gii tri ph my thu k ch c tn hiu n
t my pht k l c tri ph cn cc tn hiu n t cc my pht khc li b tri ph bng mt
m tri ph khc v mt ph cng sut c xc nh nh sau:

[ ] [ ]
K
jr 2 2 kr
u c b c c
J 1
b c
j k
P
P
R R
=
= +
(1.24)
trong thnh phn th nht l ph ca tn hiu thu t my pht k cn thnh phn th hai l tng
ph ca cc tn hiu th t cc my pht cn li.
Hnh 1.16 cho thy mt ph cng sut (PSD) ca lung bit lng cc
d
(f), ph ca tn
hiu sau tri ph
c
(f) (cho trng hp T
b
=5T
c
). Hnh 1.17 cho thy mt ph cng sut (PSD)

21
ca tn hiu thu gm hai thnh phn: ph nhn c t Txk (k hiu l
k
(f)) v ph ca t tt
cc my pht khc tr my k cho trng hp T
b
=NT
c
(k hiu l S
-k
(f)) vi N>>1.

b
T
1
b
T
2
b
T
3
b
T
4
b
T
5
b
T
6
b
T
7
b
T
8
b
T
9
b
T
10
c
T
1
c
T
2
b
T 2
Tc 2
) f (
d
) f (
dc
PSD, W/Hz
f, Hz
c
T 5
b
T =
0
Hnh 1.16. Mt ph cng sut ca lung bit lng cc
d
(f) v lung s sau tri ph
dc
(f) khi T
b
=5T
c
.

b
T
1
b
T
2
b
T
3
b
T
1
b T
2
b T
3
c T
1
c
T
1
c
f f
b
R
kr
P
) f (
k
) f (
k
}
) f (
k
) f (
k
c
R
jr
P
c
NT
b
T =

Hnh 1.17. Mt ph cng sut thu t my pht k:
k
(f) v t tt c cc my pht tr my
k:
-k
(f).

loi b cc nhiu do cc my pht khc ph tn hiu sau tri ph my thu k c a
qua b lc bng thng (khng c trn m hnh hnh 1.15), kt qu cho ta ph hnh 1.18. T
hnh 1.18 ta thy nh c tri ph, cng sut nhiu n t cc my pht khc b loi b ang k v
mt cch gn ng c th coi nhiu cn li ca chng nh tp m Gauss trng cng.


22
b
T
1
b
T
2
b
T
3
b T
1
b
T
2
b
T
3
c
T
1
c T
1
c
f f , Hz
PSD, W/Hz
c
R
jr
P
}
) f (
k
) f (
k
b
R
kr
P
Ph tn hiu sau b lc bng
thng c rng Hz , R
T
1
B
b
b
W
= =
0

Hnh 1.18. Ph tn hiu nhn c sau b lc bng thng

1.5.4. CDMA/FDD

H thng CDMA/FDD lm vic hai bng tn vi hai sng mang: mt cho ng ln v
mt cho ng xung. Trn mi cp sng mang ny c th ng thi M ngi s dng truy nhp
vo mng trn c s c tri ph bng M chui trc giao khc nhau. Mi cp sng mang ny
c gi l mt knh CDMA. Th d v h thng CDMA vi N knh CDMA trong mi knh
cho php M ngi s dng ng thi truy nhp mng c cho hnh 1.19.


23
Chui
m 1
Chui
m 2
Chui
m M
Sng mang 1
( X)
Chui
m 1
Chui
m 2
Chui
m M
Sng mang 2
( X)
Chui
m 1
Chui
m 2
Chui
m M
Sng mang N
( X)
Chui
m 1
Chui
m 2
Chui
m M
Sng mang 1
( X)
Chui
m 1
Chui
m 2
Chui
m M
Sng mang 2
( X)
Chui
m 1
Chui
m 2
Chui
m M
Sng mang N
( X)
ng xung
ng ln
Y
X
Y
: rng bng tn knh CDMA
: Phn cch tn s sng mang ng xung v ng ln

Hnh 1.19. Nguyn l CDMA/FDD

1.5.5. CDMA/TDD

Khc vi FDD phi s dng cp sng mang cho truyn dn song cng, TDD ch s dng
mt sng mang cho truyn dn song cng. S khc nhau v phn b tn s FDD v TDD c
cho hnh 1.20.


24
rng bng
tn X
rng bng
tn X
t
f
Phn cch sng
cng Y
Khong
bo v
rng bng
tn X
t
f
ng
ln
ng
xung
ng xung
ng ln
FDD
TDD

Hnh 1.20. S khc nhau gia FDD v TDD

minh ho ta xt th d v mt h thng a truy nhp CDMA/TDD trong mi knh
CDMA/TDD bao gm cu trc khung cha 15 khe thi gian nh cho hnh 1.21.

T hnh 1.21 ta thy mt knh CDMA bao gm mt tn s v v tm m trc giao. Mi
knh do mt m trc giao to nn bao gm mi khung TDMA c di T
F
v c chia thnh 15
khe thi gian (TS) v vic kt hp TDMA vi CDMA cho php cp pht knh thng minh. Cc
knh c th c cp pht i xng hoc khng i xng cho nhiu ngi s dng, hoc i xng
hoc khng i xng cho mt ngi s dng. Chng hn hnh 1.21a, tr mt khe ng xung
dnh cho iu khin cn 14 khe cn li c phn u cho by ngi s dng trong mi ngi
c mt khe ng xung v mt khe ng ln. hnh 1.21b, tr mt khe dnh cho ngi iu
khin, ba ngi s dng c cp pht ba khe ng xung v mt khe ng ln, mt ngi s
dng c cp pht hai khe ng xung. hnh 1.21c, tr mt khe ng xung dnh cho
T
a) Cu hnh chuyn mch a im (Cp pht ng ln/
ng xung i xng)

T
b) Cu hnh chuyn mch a im (cp pht ng
xung/ng ln khng i xng)
T
c) Cu hnh chuyn mch a im (cp pht ng
xung/ ng ln i xng)
T
d) Cu hnh chuyn mch n im (Cp pht
ng xung/ng ln khng i xng)
Tn s
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
TDD-CDMA
Nng lng
Thi gian
Khung c 15
khe thi gian
M
1-8

Hnh 1.21. TDD-CDMA

25
ngi iu khin cn cc khe cn li c cp pht i xng cho mt ngi s dng. hnh
1.21d, tr mt khe ng xung dnh cho iu khin cn cc khe cn li c cp khng i
xng cho mt ngi s dng.
CDMA c nhiu u im hn cc phng php a truy nhp FDMA v TDMA nh:
Cho dung lng cao hn
Kh nng chng nhiu v phainh tt hn
Bo mt thng tin tt hn
D dng p dng cho cc h thng i hi cung cp linh hot dung lng knh cho tng
ngi s dng
Cho php chuyn giao lu lng mm gia cc vng ph sng nh vy khng xy ra mt
thng tin khi thc hin chuyn giao.
V c th s dng chung tn s cho nhiu ngi s dng nn quy hoch mng cng n
gin hn
Tuy nhin CDMA khng trnh khi cc nhc im sau:
ng b phc tp hn. y ngoi ng b nh thi cn phi thc hin c ng b m
Cn nhiu mch in x l s hn
Mng ch cho hiu sut s dng cao khi nhiu ngi cng s dng chung tn s

1.6. A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO KHNG GIAN, SDMA

a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (SDMA) c s dng tt c cc h thng
thng tin v tuyn t ong: c h thng tng t v h thng s. Cc h thng thng tin v tuyn
t ong cho php a truy nhp n mt knh v tuyn chung (hay tp cc knh) trn c s (tu
theo v tr ca my di ng trn mt t). Cc h thng thng tin v tuyn t ong l minh ho c
th nht ca SDMA. Yu t hn ch i vi kiu SDMA ny l h s ti s dng tn s. Ti s
dng tn s l khi nim ch yu v tuyn t ong, trong nhiu ngi s dng chia s ng
thi cng mt tn s. Cc ngi s dng ny phi cch xa nhau gim thiu nh hng ca
nhiu ng knh (nhiu cng tn s). Tp cc tn s trong cng mt c th c lp li cc
khc trong h thng nu m bo khong cch gi cc s dng cng tn s ngn chn
nhiu giao thoa ng knh.
C rt nhiu s SDMA trong cc h thng t ong hin nay: mini, micro, phn
on, d che v cc anten thng minh. y l cc phng php phn chia khng gian trong
cc my di ng lm vic vi phn gii khng gian cao hn v nh vy rt ngn khong cch
gia cc ngi s dng m khng vi phm cc quy nh v nhiu ng knh.
1. micro c ph sng bi cc trm gc c cng sut rt thp cc vng mt lu
lng cao trong h thng.
2. d ph l cc rt ln c thit k gnh ti cho cc micro
3. Cc phn on l cc c ph sng bi cc on 120
0
hoc 60
0
bng cc anten c
tnh hng nh vy tng c dung lng h thng. Th d v khng phn on c
ph sng bng anten v hng v c phn on c ph sng bng ba anten c hng
vi rng bp hng l 120
0
c cho hnh 1.22).
4. Cc anten thng minh l cc pht kin mi nht cho h thng thng tin t ong v tuyn.
Cc anten ny to ra cc bp sng kh hp nh vy tng ng k vng ph sng v dung
lng h thng.

26

a)
b)

Hnh 1.22. Vng ph sng ca trm gc v tuyn t ong: a) ph sng v hng; b) ph
sng c hng: mi c chia thnh ba on lch nhau 120
0

Anten thng minh

Anten thng minh bao gm h thng anten bp hng chuyn mch (SBS: Switched
Beam System) hay h thng anten thch ng (hnh 1.23 v 1.24). SBS s dng nhiu bp c nh
trong mt on v chuyn mch chn bp tt nht cho vic thu tn hiu. h thng anten
thch ng, cc tn hiu thu t nhiu anten c nh trng s, c kt hp theo cc tiu chun
nh: sai li bnh phng trung bnh cc tiu (MMSE= Minimum Mean Square Error) hay bnh
phng thp nht (LS= Least Squares) t c t s tn hiu trn tp m SNR cc i. u
im ca h thng anten thch ng so vi SBS l ngoi vic t c khuych i M ln, n
cn m bo li phn tp M ln. Khi cng sut pht khng i cc anten thng minh c th
tng vng ph bng cch tng h s khuych i anten. Aten c h s khuych i tng M ln s
cho php tng vng ph M
1/n
ln, trong n l lu tha ca tn hao ng truyn. Nh vy c th
gim s BS M
2/n
ln. Mt SBS vi M bp c th tng dung lng h thng M ln nh gim nhiu.
Mt h thng anten thch ng cn c th cung cp li b sung nh vic trit nhiu tt hn.

1
Ngun nhiu
MS
Tia thng
Tia phn x
a)
MS1
MS2
1
1
Tia thng
MS1
MS2
Cc tia
phn x
Nhiu
b)


27
Hnh 1.23. Anten thng minh. a) h thng bp hng chuyn mch; b) h thng anten thch
ng
1
Bp hp hng
n MS
Cc phn t anten
Dch pha v khuych i
n my pht hoc
my thu

Hnh 1.24. Anten thng minh thch ng dng dn
SDMA thng c s dng nh l mt phng php a truy nhp b sung cho ba
phng php a truy nhp u tin tng dung lng cho cc mng thng tin a truy nhp v
tuyn s dng cc phng php ny.

1.7. SO SNH DUNG LNG H THNG FDMA,TDMA, CDMA

Trong FDMA v TDMA, tng bng tn B
t
c chia thnh M knh truyn dn, mi knh
c rng bng tn tng ng l B
c
. V th dung lng v tuyn cho FDMA v TDMA c
xc nh nh sau:

( )
max
M
K
2 C
3 I
= (1.25)
trong K
max
l s ngi s dng cc i trong mt , M=B
t
/B
c
tng s knh tn s hay s knh
tng ng, B
t
l tng bng tn c cp pht, B
c
l knh v tuyn tng ng cho mt ngi
s dng: i vi h thng TTD FDMA th B
c
= bng thng knh v tuyn cn i vi TDMA
th B
c
= bng thng knh v tuyn/ s khe thi gian (chng hn i vi TDMA AMPS B
c
=30kHz
cn i vi TDMA GSM B
c
= 100kHz/8TS=25kHz), N l kch thc cm bng
( )
2 C
3 I
(N=7
i vi FDMA AMPS, N=3 i vi TDMAGSM, C l cng sut trung bnh sng mang v I l
cng sut nhiu.

p
max

br 0
t
c
G
K 1
(E / N )
B
f
B
= +

1
f
1
=
+
(1.26)
trong G
p
l li x l, h s iu khin cng sut hon ho, E
b
/N'
0
l t s tn hiu trn tp
m cng nhiu, l tha s tch cc ting, l li phn on , f l tha s ti s dng tn s,
l h s nhiu n t cc khc, B
t
l tng bng thng c cp pht v B
c
bng thng ca mt
knh CDMA..

28

0, 78; n 4
0, 42; n 5
=
=
=

Ta s so snh dung lng ca ba h thng FDMA, TDMA v CDMA trong tng bng tn
cp pht B
t
=12,5MHz. Ta s dng (1.2) tnh s ngi s dng ng thi cc i trn mt cho
FDMA v CDMA. Vi N=7, K
maxFDMA
=59 ngi/. Vi N=4, K
maxTDMA
=125 ngi/. i vi
IS-95 CDMA, vi B
c
=1,25 (cho CDMA IS=95), E/N'
0
=6dB (E/N'
0
=10
0,6
= 3,98); G
p
=128; =0,5,
=2,25 v =0,6 s dng phng trnh (1.26) ta c K
maxCDMA
=920ngi/.
Nh vy dung lng h thng CDMA gp: 920:59=15,6 ln FDMA v gp:920:125=7,36
ln TDMA. Chnh nh cho dung lng cao hn cc h thng FDMA v TDMA nn CDMA
c chn cho cc h thng thng tin di ng th h ba.

1.8. TNG KT

Chng ny xt tng quan bn cng ngh a truy nhp v tuyn c bn c ng dng
trong thng tin di ng: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA v SDMA. Chng ny cng phn tch u
nhc im ca tng cng ngh v so snh dung lng ca ba cng ngh a truy nhp FDMA,
TDMA v CDMA. T phn tch v so snh dung lng ca ba cng ngh ny ta thy v sao
CDMA c la chn cho h thng thng tin di ng th h ba. Mi s khi nim v tri ph v
ng dng ca n cho CDMA cng c trnh by trong chng ny. Hiu c cc khi nim s
gip cho sinh vin d rng nm bt cc chng sau cp c th hn v tri ph v CDMA. Trn
c s FDMA ngi ta nghin cu cng ngh OFDMA cho php t c dung lng cao hn
nhiu. OFDMA l mt ng c vin sang gi cho cc h thng thng tin di ng 4G. OFDMA s
c cp trong chng 6 ca ti liu ny. Anten thng minh cng c ni nhiu trong thp
nin gn y. Nhng do phc tp nn vn n vn cha tm c ng dng c th trong cc h
thng thng tin di ng. Mt gii php khc tng dung lng cho cc h thng thng tin di
ng l s dng cc h thng truyn dn nhiu anten hay cn gi l MIMO (Multi input multi
output: nhiu u vo nhiu u ra). Hin nay cc h thng SIMO (single input multi output: mt
u v nhiu u ra) c p dng cho cc h thng thng tin di ng phn tp thu. Cc h
thng MISO (multi input single ouput: nhiu u vo mt u ra) cng c p dng cho cc
h thng thng tin di ng phn tp pht. Cc h thng MIMO n gin cng tm c cc ng
dng cho cc h thng thng tin di ng th h mi. in hnh ca MIMO l h thng phn tp
Alamouti s c xt trong chng 5.

1.9. CU HI V BI TP

1. Trnh by nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s
2. Trnh by nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian
3. Trnh by nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo theo m
4. Trnh by nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian
5. Mt tn hiu ngu nhin nh phn c tc bit l 10kbps. rng bng tn bp chnh ca tn
hiu ny l bao nhiu?

29
6. Nu PSD ca tn hiu x(t) l (f)=0,02
1000
(f)+3(f)+0,5(f-10
6
)+ 0,5(f+10
6
). Cng sut
trung bnh ca tn hiu ny l cc gi tr no di y? Lu
1000
(f) c dng :
1000
f
1 ; f 1000
1000
(f)
0
nu khc
.
(a) 3,52W; (b) 4,02W; (c) 4,2W; (d) 24W
7. Cho chui m {c
k
}={+1,-1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1,-1}. Cc chui m no di y trc giao vi
chui ny?
(a) {+1,+1,+1,+1,+1,+1,+1,+1}; (b) {-1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1}; (c) {-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-
1};
(d) {-1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1}
8. Mt h thng thng tin di ng FDMA lm vic vi t s tn hiu trn nhiu C/I=20 dB, bng
thng knh v tuyn 25 kHz c s dng tng bng thng l 12,5MHz. Tm s ngi s
dng cc i trn ?
(a) 50; (b)61; (c)75; (d) 150
9. Mt h thng thng tin di ng TDMA s dng 4 khe thi gian trn mt knh v tuyn, lm
vic vi C/I=10dB, bng thng knh v tuyn 100 kHz v tng bng thng kh dng 12,5
MHz. Tm s ngi s dng cc i trn ?
(a) 75; (b)100; (c)194 ; (d) 200

Chng 2. To m tri ph

30

CHNG 2
TO M TRI PH

2.1. GII THIU CHUNG

2.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng

Cc chui PN
Cc thuc tnh ca chui PN
Cc chui Gold
Cc chui trc giao
ng dng ca cc chui m trong cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA

2.1.2. Hng dn

Tham kho thm [1], 2] v [3]

2.1.3. Mc ch chng

Hiu c cc cch to ra cc chui PN
Hiu c cc thuc tnh ca ca chui m nht l cc thuc tnh tng quan cho rt
cn cho cc h thng CDMA
Hiu cch s dng cc dng chui m khc nhau cho cc h thng CDMA

2.2 CC CHUI PN

Cc tn hiu tri ph bng rng ta tp m c to ra bng cch s dng cc chui m
gi tp m (PN: Pseudo-Noise) hay gi ngu nhin. Loi quan trng nht ca cc chui ngu
nhin l cc chui thanh ghi dch c s hai di cc i hay cc chui m. Cc chui c s hai m
c to ra bng cch s dng thanh ghi dch c mch hi tip tuyn tnh (LFSR: Linear
Feedback Shift Register) v cc mch cng hoc loi tr (XOR). Mt chui thanh ghi hi tip
dch tuyn tnh c xc nh bi mt a thc to m tuyn tnh g(x) bc m>0:

g(x) = g
m
x
m
+ g
m-1
x
m-1
+ ..... + g
1
x

+ g
0
(2.1)

i vi cc chui c s hai (c gi tri {0,1}), g
i
bng 0 hay 1 v g
m
= g
0
= 1. t g(x) = 0,
ta c s hi quy sau:

1= g
1
x +g
2
x
2
+ ....+ g
m-2

x
m-2
+ g
m-1
x
m-1
+ x
m
(2.2)
Chng 2. To m tri ph

31

v -1 = 1 (mod 2). Vi "x
k
" th hin n v tr, phng trnh hi quy trn xc nh cc kt ni hi
tip trong mch thanh ghi dch c s hai ca hnh 2.1. Lu rng cc cng hoc loi tr (XOR)
thc hin cc php cng mod 2.

0 1
1 1
+

Hnh 2.1. Mch thanh ghi dch to chui PN

Nu g
i
= 1 kho tng ng ca mch ng, ngc li nu g
i
1, kho ny h. thc
hin iu ch BPSK tip theo, u ra ca mch thanh ghi dch phi c bin i vo 1 nu l 0
v vo -1 nu l 1. Thanh ghi dch l mt mch c s hai trng thi hu hn c m phn t nh. V
th s trng thi khc 0 cc i l 2
m
-1 v bng chu k cc i ca chui ra c = (c
0
, c
1
, c
2
, .......).
Xt hnh v 2.1, gi s s
i
(j) biu th gi tr ca phn t nh j trong thanh ghi dch xung ng h
i. Trng thi ca thanh ghi dch xung ng h i l vect di hu hn s
i
= {s
i
(1), s
i
(2), ... ,
s
i
(m)}. u ra xung ng h i l c
i-m
= s
i
(m). Thay 1 bng c
i
vo ptr. (2.2) ta c iu kin hi
quy ca chui ra:

c
i
= g
1
c
i-1
+ g
2
c
i-2
+ ..... + g
m-1
c
i-m+1
+ c
i-m
(mod 2) (2.3)

i vi i0. Th d, xt a thc to m g(x) = x
5
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x +1. S dng (2.3) ta c hi quy c
i

= c
i-1
+ c
i-3
+ c
i-4
+ c
i-5
(mod 2) v xy dng thanh ghi dch hi tip tuyn tnh hnh 2.2. V bc
ca g(x) bng m = 5, nn c 5 n v nh ( nm phn t thanh ghi dch) trong mch. i vi mi
trng thi khi u khc khng (s
0
{0, 0, 0, 0, 0}), trng thi ca thanh ghi dch thay i theo
iu kin hi quy c xc nh bi a thc to m g(x). Trong th d ny chui ra tun hon l
ct cui cng hnh 2.2: c = 111101000100101011000011100110.... Tnh c chui ny c chu
k cc i v bng N = 2
m
- 1. Cc a thc to m khc c th to ra chu k ngn hn nhiu. Lu
rng cu hnh mch c xt ny, m bit u tin ca chui ra bng cc bit c np ban u
vo thanh ghi dch: s
0
= 11111. i vi np ban u khc, chng hn s
0
= 00001, u ra ca chui
tng ng tr thnh 1000011100110111110100010010101...., l dch (sang phi N-i = 31 -18 =13
n v) ca chui c.

Chng 2. To m tri ph

32
i
(c)
( )
7
i
T c

Hnh 2.2. B to m vi a thc g(x) = x
5
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x +1

Mt chui thanh ghi dch chu k N c N dch hay pha. Ta k hiu T
-J
c l s dch ca
chui c sang tri j ln. hnh 2.2 ta thy rng c cc loi dch sau: T
-4
c, T
-3
c, T
-2
c, T
-1
c. Cc dch
khc c th nhn c bng cch kt hp tuyn tnh m = 5 u ra ni trn. Chng hn s dng
mt chn 00101 trn 5 trng thi hnh 2.2 (bng cc cng AND), ta c th nhn c T
-2
c +c =
0001001010110000111001101111101 ....., y chnh l T
-7
c hay T
-24
c. Ta xt hai cch khc
nhau chn pha ca chui ra.
Tc ca mch trong hnh 2.2 b hn ch bi tng thi gian tr trong mt phn t thanh
ghi v cc thi gian tr trong tt c cc cng hoc loi tr ng hi tip. thc hin tc
cao, trong cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA ngi ta s dng s tc cao hnh 2.3.

i
(c)

Hnh 2.3. Mch thanh ghi tc cao

Phng trnh quy trong trng hp ny c xc nh nh sau. Ta chuyn i a thc
to m vo a thc c tnh bng cch nhn x
m
v a thc to m o:

x
m
g(x
-1
) =x
m
(x
-m
+ g
m-1
x
-m+1
+ ..... + g
1
x
-1
+ 1)
= 1+g
m-1
x+. . . .+g
1
x
m-1
+x
m
(2.4)
Sau chuyn 1 sang v phi v p dng th tc nh xt trn cho b to m tc thp ta
c:

c
i
= g
m-1
c
i-1
+ g
m-2
c
i-2
+ ..... + g
1
c
i-m+1
+ c
i-m
(mod 2) (2.5)

i vi im v ging nh hi quy phng trnh (2.3). V vy hai cch thc hin trn c th to
ra cng chui u ra nu m bit ra u tin trng nhau. Lu rng cc trng thi u ca chng
khc nhau v chng c cc chui trng thi khc nhau. Hnh 2.4 thc hin chui thanh ghi dch
nh hnh 2.2 vi tc cao.
Chng 2. To m tri ph

33
Mt chui thanh ghi dch c s hai tuyn tnh, vi chu k N = 2
m
-1 trong m l s n v
nh trong mch hay bc ca a thc to m , c gi l mt chui c s hai c di cc i
hay chui m. a thc to m ca chui m c gi l a thc nguyn thu (Primitive
Polynomial). nh ngha ton hc ca a thc nguyn thu l: a thc ti gin g(x) l mt a thc
nguyn thu bc m nu s nguyn nh nht n, m i vi s ny x
n
+1 chia ht cho a thc g(x),
bng n = 2
m
-1. Th d g(x) = x
5
+x
4
+x
3
+x+1 l mt a thc nguyn thu bc m = 5 v s nguyn n
nh nht m x
n
+1

chia ht cho a thc g(x) l n=2
5
-1=31. Tri li g(x) = x
5
+x
4
+x
3
+x
2
+x+1 khng
phi l nguyn thu v x
6
+1 = (x+1)(x
5
+x
4
+x
3
+x
2
+x+1 ), nn s n nh nht l 6 khng bng 31. S
cc a thc nguyn thu bc m bng:

p
p n
N 1
N (1 )
m p
=
(2.6)
y p|n k hiu "tt c cc c s nguyn t ca n". Th d N=15, m=4:
N
p
= (15/4).(1-1/3)(1-1/5) = 2 (2.7)
Cc a thc nguyn thy cho trng hp ny nh sau:
g(x)= x
4
+x
3
+1 v g(x)=x
4
+x+1

c
i
Xung ng h i Trng thi
1 10010
2 01001
3 11001
0 11111
5 10101
6 10111
7 10110
4 10001
9 11000
10 01100
11 10110
8 01011
13 11100
14 01110
15 00111
12 00011
Xung ng h i
17 01111
18 11010
19 01101
16 11110
21 10000
22 01000
23 00100
20 11011
25 00001
26 11101
27 10011
24 00010
29 01010
30 00101
31 11111
28 10100
Trng thi
32 10010
33 Lp li

Hnh 2.4. Mch thanh ghi tc cao g(x)=x
5
+ x
4
+ x
2
+ x + 1

2.3. T TNG QUAN V TNG QUAN CHO

2.3.1. Hm t tng quan

Hm t tng quan ca mt tn hiu x(t) kiu cng sut c xc nh nh sau:

Chng 2. To m tri ph

34

1
( ) ( ) ( )
lim
T
T
x
R x t x t dt
T
= +
(2.8)
Hm t tng quan nh gi mc ging nhau gi tn hiu x(t) v phin bn dch thi ca n.
i vi mt chui m hm t tng quan cho thy hiu s gia cc bit ging nhau v cc bit khc
nhau gia chui c v chui dch thi T
i
c ca n.

Tng quan khng chun ho gia hai chui m nh sau:

=
0
-
1
(2.9)

trong :

0
l s bit ging nhau

1
l s bit khng ging nhau

Thng ngi ta s dng tng quan chun ho theo quy tc sau:

0 1
R(i)
0 1

=
+
(2.10)
trong :

0
l s bit ging nhau

1
l s bit khng ging nhau
tnh t tng quan ta gi chui gc c nh v dch chui so snh tng bit mt vi
.... 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 = i , trong i l dch chui so snh (+1 tng ng dch phi, -1 tng ng vi
dch tri) vi chui gc.

2.3.2. Hm tng quan cho

Hm tng quan cho gia hai tn hiu x(t) v y(t) kiu cng sut nh ngha tng quan
gia hai tn hiu khc nhau v c xc nh nh sau:

1
( ) lim ( ) ( )
T
xy
T
R x t y t dt
T
= +
(2.11)

Tng quan cho gia hai chui m c
1
v c
2
khc nhau c xc nh theo cc cng thc (2.10).

2.4. MT S THUC TNH QUAN TRNG CA CHUI m

Trong phn ny ta s xt mt s thuc tnh qua trng ca chui m c nh hng trc tip
ln s phn tch cc h thng CDMA.

Thuc tnh I - Thuc tnh ca s : Nu mt ca s rng m trt dc chui m trong tp S
m
,
mi dy trong s 2
m
-1 dy m bit khc khng ny s c nhn thy ng mt ln. (Chng hn xt
ca s di 4 cho chui 000100110101111. Tng tng rng chui ny c vit thnh vng)
Chng 2. To m tri ph

35

Thuc tnh II - S s 1 nhiu hn s s 0: Mi chui m trong tp S
m
cha 2
m-1
s s 1 v 2
m-1
-1
s s 0.
Thuc tnh III - Hm t tng quan dng u inh:
Trong thc t cc chui m s dng cho cc m PN c th c thc hin dng c s hai
lng cc hoc n cc n cc vi hai mc lgic "0" v "1" rng xung T
c
(c k hiu cho
chip) cho mt chu k N nh sau:

N
i c
i i
c(t) c p(t iT )
=
=
(2.12)
trong :

{
c
1, 0 t T
p(t)
0,
<
=
nu khc
(2.13)

c
k
= 1 i vi lng cc v bng 0/1 i vi n cc

Quan h gia cc xung lng cc v n cc c xc nh nh sau:

n cc Lng cc
"0" "+1"
"1" "-1"

Cc thao tc nhn i vi cc chui lng cc cc mch x l s s c thay th bng
cc thao tc hoc loi tr (XOR) i vi cc chui n cc (hoc ngc li).
Hm t tng quan tun hon chun ho ca mt chui m c l mt hm chn, tun hon c
dng u inh vi chu k bng N=2
m
-1, c xc nh theo cc cng thc di y.
Nu chui m c dng n cc nhn hai gi tr 0 v 1:

+
=
=
j i j
N 1
c c
j 0
1
R(i) ( 1)
N
(2.14)
bng 1 i vi i=0 (mod N) v -1/N vi i0 (mod N).
Nu chui m c dng lng cc nhn hai gi tri +1 v -1
+
=
=
N 1
j i j
j 0
1
R(i) c c
N
(2.15)
bng 1 i vi i=0 (mod N) v -1/N vi i0 (mod N).
Nu chui m l chui m PN c biu din dng xung c bin +1 v -1, th hm
tng quan dng tun hon chu k NT
c
vi chu k th nht c xc nh nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( )
c
NT
c
c 0
1
R c t c t dt
NT
= +

( )
c
T
1 1
1 ( )
N N
= + (2.16)
Trong N l chu k m v T
c
l rng xung (c k hiu cho chip CDMA) v
Tc
l
hm tam gic c xc nh nh sau;

Chng 2. To m tri ph

36

c
Tc
c
1 , 0 T
T
0 ,
nu khc
(2.17)

Trong trng hp m hon ton l ngu nhin ta c hm tng quan ca m ny bng
cch t = N hay 1/N=0 vo (1.37). Hm t tng quan cho chui m v m PN c cho
hnh 2.5a v b tng ng.
c
R (i)
c
R ( )

Hnh 2.5. Hm t tng quan cho chui m (a) v chui PN (b)

Thuc tnh IV - Cc on chy (Runs): Mt on chy l mt xu cc s "1" lin tip hay mt
xu cc s "0" lin tip. Trong mi chui m, mt na s on ny c chiu di 1, mt phn t c
chiu di 2, mt phn tm c chiu di 3 chng no cc phn s ny cn cho mt s nguyn cc
on chy. Chng hn c mt on chy di m ca cc s"1", mt on chy di m-1 ca cc
s "0" v i vi on chy di k, 0<k<m-1, s on chy 0 bng s on chy 1 v bng
2
m-k-2.

Thuc tnh VI - Ly mu (Decimation): Ly mu 1 t n>0 ca mt chui- m c (ngha l ly mu
c c n bit m mt ln), c biu th c[n], c chu k bng N/gcd(N,n) nu khng phi l chui
ton khng; a thc to m g'(x) ca n c gc l m n ca cc gc ca a thc to m g(x).
Gi s n l mt s nguyn dng v xt chui y bng cch ly ra c n bit mt bit t mt chui x,
ngha l y
i
= x
ni
i vi tt c i Z. Chui y c gi l ly mu theo n t x v c k hiu l
x[n]. Thuc tnh ly mu pht biu rng ta c th to ra tt c cc chui- m bc m dch vng khc
nhau bng ly mu ph hp ch bng mt mch. Nh vy nu cho trc mt a thc nguyn thu
bt k bc m, th ta c th xc nh tt c cc a thc nguyn thu bc m khc. Chng hn to
ra chui-m c[n] = c[3] = 1001110 (nhn c t a thc g(x)=x
3
+x+1), ta c th vn s dng
mch c cho hnh 2.6, nhng mch ny lm vic vi tc n=3 ln tc ng h ban
u v ly mu mt ch s trong s n=3 ch s.

Hnh 2.6. To chui bng ly mu
Chng 2. To m tri ph

37

2.5. M GOLD

Cc chui PN c cc thuc tnh trc giao tt hn chui m c gi l cc chui Gold. Tp
n chui Gold c rt ra t mt cp cc chui m c a chung c di N=2
m
-1 bng cch
cng modul-2 chui m th nht vi cc phin bn dch vng ca chui m th hai. Kt hp vi hai
chui m ta c mt h N+2 m Gold. Cc m Gild c hm tng quan cho ba tr {-1, -t(m),
t(m)-2} v hm t tng quan bn tr {2
m-1
, -1, t(m), -t(m)} trong

(m 1) / 2
(m+2)/2
2 1;
t(m)
2 1 ;
+
vi m l
vi m chn
(2.18)
Lu rng khi tnh ton cc gi tr tng quan trc ht phi chuyn i cc gi tr 0 v 1 vo +1
v -1. Tp hp cc chui Gold bao gm cp chui-m c a chung x

v y v cc tng mod 2
ca x vi dch vng y. Chng hn tp hp cc chui Gold l:

S
Gold
= {x,y, xy, xT
-1
y, xT
-2
y , . . . . , xT
-(N-1)
y} (2.19)

trong T
-1
y = {y
1
, y
2
, y
3
, ..... , y
N-1
,y
0
} l dch vng tri ca y. i lng tng quan cc i cho
hai chui Gold bt k trong cng mt tp bng hng s t(m).
T s t(m)/N 2
-m/2
tin ti 0 theo hm m khi m tin ti v hn. iu ny cho thy rng
cc chui Gold di hn s thc hin cc chui tri ph tt hn trong cc h thng a truy nhp.

2.6. CC M TRC GIAO

2.6.1. CC M WALSH

Cc hm trc giao c s dng ci thin hiu sut bng tn ca h thng SS. Trong h
thng thng tin di ng CDMA mi ngi s dng mt phn t trong tp cc hm trc giao. Hm
Walsh v cc chui Hadamard to nn mt tp cc hm trc giao c s dng cho CDMA.
CDMA cc hm Walsh c s dng theo hai cch: l m tri ph hoc to ra cc k hiu trc
giao.
Cc hm Walsh c to ra bng cc ma trn vung c bit c gi l cc ma trn
Hadamard. Cc ma trn ny cha mt hng ton s "0" v cc hng cn li c s s "1" v s s
"0" bng nhau. Hm Walsh c cu trc cho di khi N=2
j
trong j l mt s nguyn
dng.
Cc t hp m cc hng ca ma trn l cc hm trc giao c xc nh nh theo ma
trn Hadamard nh sau:

0 =
1
H ,
1 0
0 0
=
2
H ,
0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
4
= H ,
N N
N N
N 2
H H
H H
H = ; (2.20)
trong N =2
J
, j l mt s nguyn dng v
N
H l o c s hai ca
N
H .

Chng 2. To m tri ph

38
2.6.2. M GOLAY

Cc b Golay trc giao nhn c bng cch hi quy sau y

N/ 2 N/ 2
m
N 1
N/ 2 N/ 2
C C
C , N 2 , m 1, C 1
C C

= = =

(2.21)
trong ma trn b
N
C nhn c bng cc o ma trn C
N
gc.

2.7. P DNG M TRONG CC H THNG CDMA

Cc h thng cdmaOne v cdma 2000 s dng cc m khc nhau tri ph, nhn dng
knh, nhn dng BTS v nhn dng ngi s dng. Cc m ny u c tc chip l:
R
c
=N1,2288Mcps, trong N=1,3,6,9,12 tng ng vi rng chip bng: T
c
= 0,814/N s.
Di y ta xt cc m ni trn.

M PN di (Long PN Code). M PN di l mt chui m c chu k lp 2
42
- 1 chip c to ra
trn c s a thc to m sau:
g(x) = x
42
+ x
35
+ x
33
+ x
31
+ x
27
+ x
26
+ x
25
+ x
22
+ x
21
+ x
19

+ x
18
+

x
17
+ x
16
+ x
10
+ x
7
+ x
6
+ x
5
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1 (2.22)
Trn ng xung m di c s dng nhn dng ngi s dng cho c cdmaOne v
cdma200. Trn ng ln m di (vi cc dch thi khc nhau c to ra bi mt chn) s dng
: nhn dng ngi s dng, nh knh v tri ph cho cdma One, cn i vi cdma2000 m di
c s dng nhn dng ngun pht (MS). Trng thi ban u ca b to m c quy nh l
trng thi m chui u ra b to m l '1' i sau 41 s '0' lin tip.
M PN ngn (Short PN Code). Cc m PN ngn cn c gi l cc chui PN hoa tiu knh I
v knh Q c to bi cc b to chui gi ngu nhin xc nh theo cc a thc sau:

g
I
(x)= x
15
+ x
13
+ x
9
+x
8
+ x
7
+ x
5
+ 1 (2.23)
g
Q
(x)= x
15
+ x
12
+ x
11
+ x
10
+ x
6
+ x
5
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ 1 (2.24)
trong g
I
(x) v g
Q
(x) l cc b to m cho chui hoa tiu knh I v knh Q tng ng.
Cc chui c to bi cc a thc to m ni trn c di 2
15
-1= 32767. on 14 s 0
lin tip trong cc chui c b sung thm mt s 0 c mt dy 15 s 0 v chui ny s c
di 32768. Trn ng xung m ngn (vi cc dch thi khc nhau c to ra t mt chn)
c s dng nhn dng BTS cn trn ng ln m ngn (ch cho cdmaOne) ch s dng tng
cng cho tri ph. Trng thi ban u ca b to m c quy nh l trng thi m chui
u ra ca b to m l '1' i sau 15 s '0' lin tip.
M Gold. Cc m Gold di c s dng trong W-CDMA nhn dng ngun pht. i vi
ng ln (t MS n BTS) m Gold c to thnh t hai chui m: x
25
+ x
3
+1

v x
25
+ x
3
+ x +
1. i vi ng xung m ny c to thnh t hai chui m: x
18
+ x
7
+1 v x
18
+ x
10
+ x
7
+1

M trc giao Walsh (Walsh Code). M trc giao Walsh c xy dng trn c s ma trn
Hadamard. cdmaOne ch s dng mt ma trn H
64
. Cc m ny c nh ch s t W
0
n W
63

c s dng tri ph v nhn knh cho ng xung v iu ch trc giao cho ng ln.
cdma200 s dng cc ma trn Hadamard khc nhau to ra cc m Walsh W
n
N
, trong
Chng 2. To m tri ph

39
N512 v 1nN/2-1, nhn dng cc knh cho ng xung v ng ln. Lu ch s N
y tng ng vi ch s ma trn cn n tng ng vi ch s ca m, chng hn W
32
256
l m nhn
c t hng 33 ca ma trn H
256
.

2.8. TNG KT

Chng ny xt phng php to m PN. y l m c s m ta s s dng n xt
cc h thng tri ph DSSS cng nh cc h thng a truy nhp DSSS CDMA trong cc chng
sau. M PN c xy dng trn nguyn l chui m. Hm t tng quan ca mt chui m c dng
u inh. N nhn gi tr cc i ti i=0 v lp li gi tr ny theo chu k N. Ti cc gi tr cch
xa cc im ny gi tr ca n rt nh khi N ln. Khi N tin n v hn cc gi tr ny bng
khng. Da trn tnh cht ny ngi ta ly tng quan tn hiu tri ph tch ra cc tn hiu
mong mun. Chng ny cng tng kt cc loi m khc nhau c ng dng rng ri trong cc
h thng thng tin di ng CDMA. Cc m Gold c xy dng trn c s chui m. Trong W-
CDMA m Gold di c s dng lm chui nhn dng ngun pht v n cho tng quan cho tt
hn. Cc hm trc giao Walsh cho tng quan cho tt nht trong mi trng khng b phainh.
Cc hm ny c s dng lm m nhn dng knh truyn ca ngi s dng trong cc h thng
3G nh: W-CDMA v cdma 2000.

2.9. CU HI V BI TP
1. Mt tn hiu ngu nhin x(t) c hm t tng quan
x
5 3 , 1
R ( )
2 , 1

=
>
.
Cng sut trung bnh ca x(t) bng bao nhiu?
(a) 2W, (b) 3W, (c) 5W, (d) 7W
2. i vi tn hiu x(t) trong bi trc, cng sut thnh phn mt chiu bng bao nhiu?
(a) 2W, (b) 3W, (c) 5W, (d) 7W
3. Mt tn hiu c mt ph cng sut l 10
-4
[
1000
(f-10
6
)]+
10
-4
[
1000
(f+10
6
)]W/Hz. Hy tm gi tr trung bnh trong bng tn gii hn t
1MHz n 1,002MHz
(a)0,1W; (b) 0,2W; (c) 0,W; (d) 1W
4. Xt mt chui m c di l 15. Nu mt tn hiu PN c to ra t chui ny c tc
chip l 1000 chip/s, tm hm tng quan R
c
() ti = 0,75 ms.
(a) 0,1; (b) 0,15; (c) 0,2; (d) 0,25
5. C hai chui m chu k 7: {c
j
}={....,-1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,1,....} v {c
j
'}={..,-1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,...}.
Hy tm cc gi tr hm tng quan cho tun hon chun ho c nh ngha bi biu
thc:
6
cc j j k
j 0
1
R (k) c c
7
+
=
=

cho k=0,1,2,3,4,5,6
(a) R
cc'
(k)= 3/7,-1/7,3/7, -1/7, -1/7, -5/7, 3/7; (b) R
cc'
(k)= 3/7,-1/7,-5/7, -1/7, -1/7, 3/7,-1/7;
(c) R
cc'
(k)= 3/7,3/7,-1/7, -1/7, -1/7, 3/7, 3/7; (d) R
cc'
(k)= 3/7,3/7,-5/7, -1/7, -1/7, 3/7, 3/7;
(e) R
cc'
(k)= 3/7,3/7,-1/7, -1/7, -1/7, -3/7,-1/7;
6. Gi thit c(t) v c'(t) l hai tn hiu PN c to ra t {c
i
} v {c
i
'} cho bi trc, c hai
c cng rng chip T
c
. nh ngha hm tng quan cho tun hon chun ho theo
Chng 2. To m tri ph

40
cng thc
+ =
T
0
' cc
dt ) t ( ' c ) t ( c
T
1
) ( R , trong T=NT
c
v N l chu k ca cc chui
{c
i
} v {c'
i
}. Hy tm
cc'
() cho = 1,5 T
c
.
(a) -1/7; (b)-2/7 (c) -3/7; (d) 1/7; (e)2/7; (f)3/7
7. T tng quan ca k+x(t) l hm no di y? trong k l hng s v x(t) l tn hiu
ngu nhin trung bnh khng c hm t tng quan l R
x
().
(a) R
x
(); (b) k+ R
x
(); (c) k
2
+ R
x
(); (d) k
2
+2k+ R
x
()
8. Cho mt tn hiu ba mc x(t). Trong cc on thi gian t
1
giy
,
tn hiu ny c th nhn ba
gi tr:-1, 0, 1 ng xc sut. Cc gi tr trong cc khong thi gian t
1
khc nhau u c
lp vi nhau v im khi u (pha) l ngu nhin vi phn b u trong khong [0,t
1
].
Hm no di y l hm t tng quan ca tn hiu ny?
(a) 0,5
t1
(); (b) 2/3
t1
(); (c) 0,75
t1
(); (d)
t1
()
9. Hm no di y l hm t tng quan ca k+x(t)cos(2f
c
t+)? trong k l hng s,
x(t) l tn hiu ngu nhin trung bnh khng c hm t tng quan R
x
(), v PSD (f) v
l pha ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0,2]
(a) k+R
x
(); (b) k+0,5 R
x
()cos(2f
c
); (c) k
2
+R
x
();(d) k
2
+0,5 R
x
()cos(2f
c
);

Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip

41
CHNG 3
CC H THNG TRI PH CHUI TRC TIP

3.1. GII THIU CHUNG

3.1. 1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng

M gi tp m s dng trong DSSS
H thng DSSS-BPSK
H thng DSSS-QPSK
nh hng ca tp n Gauss trng cng v nhiu ph
nh hng ca nhiu giao thoa v a ng

3.1.2. Hng dn
Tham kho thm [1] v [2]

3.1.3. Mc ch chng

Hiu c c s ca cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
Hiu c nguyn l lm vic ca cc my pht v my thu DSSS-BPSK v QPSK
Hiu c hiu nng ca h thng DSSS

3.2. M GI TP M S DNG TRONG DSSS

Nh cp chng 1 v 2, ta dng m "ngu nhin" tri ph bn tin pha pht
v gii tri ph tn hiu thu c pha thu. M "ngu nhin" ng vai tr trung tm trong cc h
thng SS. Tuy nhin nu m ny thc s ngu nhin th thm ch my thu ch nh cng khng
th ly ra bn tin v khng th bit c phng php ng b vi m thc s ngu nhin, dn
n h thng tr nn v dng. V th phi thay th bng mt m gi ngu nhin. y l mt m
tt nh bit trc i vi my thu ch nh. Nhng th hin ging tp m i vi cc my thu
khng ch nh. M ny thng c gi l chui gi tp m (PN: Pseudo-Noise). Cc chui PN
c ta kho st k chng 1. Chui PN l mt chui cc s c lp li theo mt chu k
nht nh.
Ta s dng {c
i
, i= s nguyn} {...,c-
1
, c
0
, c
1
,...} biu th mt chui PN. Gi s N
l chu k sao cho c
i + N
= c
i
. i khi ta gi N l di ca chui PN v mt chui tun hon ch l
s m rng tun hon ca chui c di N. mt chui {c
i
} l mt chui gi tp m tt, gi
tr ca c
i
phi c lp vi gi tr ca c
j
i vi mi i j. m bo iu ny l tng chui ni

42
trn khng c lp li, ngha l chu k phi l . Trong thc t v chui PN phi tun hon nn
chu k ca n phi ln t c thuc tnh ngu nhin tt.
Trong mt h thng DSSS, mt tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian c gi l tn hiu PN
c to ra t chui PN dng tri ph. Gi thit chui PN ny l c s hai, ngha l c
i
= 1, th
tn hiu PN ny l

c
i T c
i
c(t) c p (t iT )
=
=
(3.1)

trong p
Tc
(t) l xung ch nht n v c cho bi phng trnh (2.13), c
i
c gi l chip v
khong thi gian T
c
giy c gi l thi gian chip. Lu rng tn hiu PN c chu k l NT
c
. Mt
th d ca chui ny c cho hnh 3.1 i vi N = 15 v {c
i
, i = 0, 1, ..., 14} = {1, 1, 1, -1, 1,
1, -1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1}. Tn hiu (chui) PN cn c gi l tn hiu (chui) tri ph, tn
hiu (chui) ngu nhin, v dng sng (chui) ca ch k (Signature).
Mt chu k
c(t)
-1
1
t
N=15; {ci , i = 0, ...., 14} = {1,1,1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1}

Hnh 3.1. Th d v tn hiu PN c(t) c to ra t chui PN c chu k 15

tin cho vic kho st, ta s lp m hnh tn hiu PN nh l mt tn hiu c s hai gi
ngu nhin, ngha l ta coi rng c
i
l +1 hay -1 vi xc sut nh nhau, c
i
v c
j
c lp vi nhau
nu i j. Khi ny hm t tng quan s l :

c
c
c
c T
1 , T
T
R ( ) ( )
0,

= =
nu khc
(3.2)

v mt ph cng sut (PSD) c xc nh bi :

c
(f) = T
c
sinc
2
(fT
c
) (3.3)

Ni mt cch cht ch, mt tn hiu PN thc cht l mt tn hiu tt nh; nn c th tnh
hm t tng quan ca n vi T = NT
c
l ( )
c
NT
c
c 0
1
R ( ) c t c(t)dt
NT
= +
. Hm t tng quan nhn

c l mt hm tun hon c chu k NT
c
.
Cc chui- m l cc chui c di cc i c nghin cu rt k chng 1. Mt
chui m c chu k N s c hm t tng quan chun ho c cho bi biu thc sau:


43

N 1
c j j i
j 0
1, i 0, N, 2N
1
1
R (i) c c
,
N
N
+
=
=
= =
nu khc
(3.4)

Biu thc trn c v hnh 3.2a.
c
R (i)
c
R ( )

Hnh 3.2. Hm t tngquan ca tn hiu PN nhn c t chui m

Tn hiu PN tng ng ca mt hm t tng quan tun hon vi chu k NT
c
vi chu k
th nht c cho bi biu thc:

( ) ( ) ( )
c
NT
c
c 0
1
R c t c t dt
NT
= +

N N
c
T
1 1
1
+ = ) ( (3.5)
c
c
c c
1
1 (1 ) , 0 T
T N
1 1
, , T NT
N 2
+
=

(3.6)

Biu thc trn c dng tam gic nh c v hnh 3.2b. Lu rng i vi gi tr N ln,
biu thc (3.6) gn bng biu thc (3.2). V th khi xt n cc thuc tnh t ngu nhin mt
chui tr thnh chui ngu nhin khi N .
n gin, ch yu chng ta s s dng hm tam gic ptr (3.2) l hm t tng quan
cho mt tn hiu PN v biu thc (3.3) cho PSD. Cc thuc tnh ca chui m v cc kiu chui PN
khc c kho st chng 1.

3.3. CC H THNG DSSS- BPSK

3.3.1. My pht DSSS- BPSK


44
S khi ca my pht DS/SS s dng BPSK c cho hnh 3.3. Ta c th biu din
s liu hay bn tin nhn cc gi tr 1 nh sau:

b
i T b
i
d(t) d p (t iT )
=
=
(3.7)

trong d
i
= 1 l bit s liu th i v T
b
l rng ca mt bit s liu (tc s liu l 1/T
b
bps).
Tn hiu d(t) c tri ph bng tn hiu PN c(t) bng cch nhn hai tn hiu ny vi nhau. Tn
hiu nhn c d(t)c(t) sau s iu ch cho sng mang s dng BPSK, kt qu cho ta tn hiu
DSSS-BPSK xc nh theo cng thc sau:

s(t) =
b
b
2E
T
d(t)c(t) cos(2f
c
t + ) (3.8)
trong E
b
l nng lng trn mt bit ca sng mang, T
b
l rng mt bit, f
c
tn s mang v
l pha ban u ca sng mang. Th d v cc tn hiu ny c v trn cng mt hnh.
Trong rt nhiu ng dng mt bit bn tin bng mt chu k ca tn hiu PN, ngha l T
b
=
NT
c
. Ta s dng gi thit ny cho cc h thng DSSS trong ton b gio trnh, nu nh khng c
nh ngha khc. Trong trng hp hnh 3.3 ta s dng N = 7. Ta c th thy rng tch ca d(t)c(t)
cng l mt tn hiu c s hai c bin 1, c cng tn s vi tn hiu PN. Tn hiu DSSS-
BPSK nhn c c v th cui cng ca hnh 3.3.

45
Bn tin c s hai
d(t)
Tn hiu PN c s hai c(t)
d(t)c(t)
B iu ch
(BPSK)
cos(2 fct + )
Tn hiu DSSS-BPSK
s(t) = d(t)c(t)cos(2 fct + )
1
-1
d(t)
0 T 2T 3T
Mt chu k
1
-1
c(t)
0 Tc . . . . NTc . . . . 2NTc . . .
0 Tc . . . . NTc . . . . 2NTc . . .
1
-1
d(t)c(t)
(gi thit l N=7; T=NTc)
A
-A
s(t)
0 Tc . . . . NTc . . . . 2NTc . . .
( hnh ny v cho sng mang c =-/2 v fc = 1/Tc )
t
t
t
t
2Eb
Tb
2Eb
Tb
b b b
b

Hnh 3.3. S khi ca my pht DSSS-BPSK

3.3.2. My thu DSSS-BPSK

S khi ca my thu DSSS- BPSK c cho hnh 3.4.


46
ti +Tb
ti
(.)dt
zi
s(t-) = d(t-)c(t-)
x cos(2 fct + ' )

cos(2 fct + ' )
Khi phc
H KH
Khi phc
SM
ng b

tn hiu PN
B to TH
PN ni
ti
w(t)
c(t-)
1 hay -1
+
-
B gii iu ch BPSK
s(t-t)
t
-1
c(t-t)
A
-A
1
w(t)
A
-A
t
t
t
t0 t1 t2 t3
NTc NTc NTc
HKH: ng h k hiu, SM: Sng mang, th: Tn hiu
2
Tb
2Ebr
Tb
0

Hnh 3.4. S my thu DSSS-BPSK

Mc ch cu my thu ny l ly ra bn tin d(t) (s liu {d
i
}) t tn hiu thu c bao gm
tn hiu c pht cng vi tp m. Do tn ti tr truyn lan nn tn hiu thu l:

r(t)=
br
c
b
2E
s(t ) n(t) d(t )c(t ) cos[2 f (t ) ] n(t)
T
+ = + + (3.9)

trong E
br
l nng lng trung bnh ca sng mang trn mt bit, n(t) l tp m ca knh v u
vo my thu. gii thch qu trnh khi phc li bn tin ta gi thit rng khng c tp m. Trc
ht tn hiu thu c tri ph gim bng tn rng vo bng tn hp. Sau n c gii iu
ch nhn c tn hiu bng gc. gii tri ph tn hiu thu c nhn vi tn hiu (ng b)
PN c(t-) c to ra my thu, ta c:

w(t) =
b
br
T
E 2
d(t-)c
2
(t-)cos(2f
c
t + ')

47
=
b
br
T
E 2
d(t-)cos(2f
c
t + ') (3.10)

V c(t) bng 1, trong '= - 2f
c
. Tn hiu nhn c l mt tn hiu bng hp vi
rng bng tn theo Niquist l 1/T
b
. gii iu ch ta gi thit rng my thu bit c pha '
(v tn s f
c
) cng nh im khi u ca tng bit. Mt b gii iu ch BPSK bao gm mt b
tng quan (Correlator) hai b lc phi hp (Matched Filter) i sau l mt thit b nh gi
ngng. tch ra bit s liu th i, b tng quan tnh ton:

i b
i
t T
i c
b
t
2
z w(t) cos(2 f t )dt
T
+
= +
(3.11)

[ ]
i b
i
i b
i
t T
br 2
c
b t
t T
br c
t
2 E
A d(t ) cos (2 f t )dt
T
E d(t ) 1 cos(4 f t 2 ) dt
+
+
= +
= + +

br br
E ) t ( d E = = (3.12)
trong t
i
= iT
b
+ l thi im u ca bit th i. V d(t-) l +1 hoc -1 trong thi gian mt bit,
nn thnh phn th nht ca tch phn s cho ta T
b
hoc -T
b
. Thnh phn th hai l thnh phn
nhn i tn s nn sau tch phn gn bng 0. Vy kt qu cho z
i
=
br
E hay -
br
E . Cho kt
qu ny qua thit b nh gi ngng (hay b so snh) vi ngng 0, ta c u ra c s hai 1
hay -1. Ngoi thnh phn tn hiu
br
E , u ra ca b tch phn cng c thnh phn tp m c
th gy ra li. Lu rng hnh 3.4 th t gia nhn tn hiu PN v nhn sng mang c th i
ln m khng lm thay i kt qu.
Tn hiu PN ng vai tr nh mt "m" c bit trc c my pht ln my thu ch
nh. V my thu ch inh bit trc m nn n c th gii tri ph tn hiu SS nhn c bn
tin. Mt khc mt my thu khng ch nh khng bit c m, v th cc iu kin bnh
thng n khng th "gii m" bn tin. iu ny th hin r ptr (3.8), do c(t) nn my thu khng
ch nh ch nhn thy mt tn hiu ngu nhin 1.
Ta gi thit rng my thu bit trc mt s thng s sau : , t
i
, ' v f
c
. Thng thng
my thu bit c tn s mang f
c
, nn n c th c to ra bng cch s dng mt b dao ng
ni. Nu c mt khc bit no gia tn s ca b dao ng ni v tn s sng mang, th mt
tn s gn vi f
c
c th c to ra v c th theo di c tn s chnh xc bng mt mch vng
hi tip, vng kho pha chng hn. My thu phi nhn c cc thng s khc nh , t
i
v ' t tn
hiu thu c. Qu trnh nhn c c gi l qu trnh ng b, thng c thc hin hai
bc: bt v bm. Vn ng b s c kho st cc chng 7 v 8. Qu trnh nhn c t
i

c gi l qu trnh khi phc ng h (nh thi) k hiu (Symbol Timing Recovery). Cn qu
trnh nhn c ' (cng nh f
c
) c gi l qu trnh khi phc sng mang. Vic khi phc sng
mang v ng h l cn thit mi my thu thng tin s liu ng b v chng c xt hu ht
cc ti liu v thng tin. Khi T
b
/T
c
= N (chu k ca chui PN), c th nhn c nh thi ca k
hiu t
i
mt khi bit . Hnh 3.4 cng cho thy ng b, khi phc ng h v sng mang.

48
Ta hy kho st mt cch ngn gn nh hng ca sai pha sng mang v sai pha m my thu.
Gi thit rng my thu s dng cos(2f
c
t + ' + ) thay cho cos(2f
c
t + ') cho b gii iu ch
v s dng c(t-') lm tn hiu PN ni, ngha l sng mang c sai pha v tn hiu PN c sai pha
-'. Khi ny z
i
s l:

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
i b
i
i b
i
t T
br
i c c
b b t
t T
br
b t
2E 2
z d t c(t )c t cos(2 f t ) cos 2 f t dt
T T
E
cos c t c t dt
T
+
+
= + + +
=

( ) ) ' ( R cos E
c br
= (3.13)
trong dng th hai c rt ra t lp lun l tch phn ca thnh phn tn s nhn i bng 0.
V th |z
i
| cc i khi = 0 v - ' =0. Nu |-'|>T
c
hay || = /2, th z
i
= 0 v my thu v dng.
Khi |-'| <T
c
v || </2, th |z
i
| gim i lng, nh vy t s tn hiu trn tp m s nh hn gy
ra xc sut li cao hn. Tuy nhin n vn c th hot ng ng khi cc sai pha |-'| v || nh.

3.3.3. Mt ph cng sut, PSD

c th hiu r hn cc h thng DSSS, by gi ta i xt PSD (Power Spectral Density)
ca cc tn hiu cc im khc nhau trong my pht v my thu hnh 3.3 v 3.2.
Ta m hnh bn tin v tn hiu PN nh l cc tn hiu c s hai ngu nhin ( mi bit hay mi chip
nhn cc gi tr +1 hay -1 ng xc sut). Bn tin d(t) vi bin 1 c tc bit 1/T
b
bps v
PSD:

d
(f) = T
b
Sinc
2
(fT
b
) (3.14)

c rng bng tn theo Nyquist 1/2T
b
Hz, cn tn hiu PN (vi bin 1) c tc chip 1/T
c

v PSD l:

c
(f) = T
c
Sinc
2
(fT
c
) (3.15)

vi rng bng tn theo Nyquist 1/T
c
Hz . V T
b
/T
c
l mt s nguyn v v khi u ca mi bit
d(t) trng vi khi u ca chip c(t) nn tch d(t)c(t) c PSD nh sau:

dc
(f) = T
c
Sinc
2
(fT
c
) (3.16)

c rng bng tn 1/T
c
Hz ging nh rng bng tn ca c(t). V th qu trnh tri ph s tng
rng bng tn T
b
/T
c

= N ln , thng thng gi tr ny rt ln. iu ch sng mang chuyn i
tn hiu bng gc d(t)c(t) vo tn hiu bng thng s(t) c PSD:

( ) ( ) { }
2 2
s c c c c
c
P
(f) Sinc (f f T Sinc (f f T )
2R
= + + (3.17)


49
v c rng bng tn theo Nyquist 1/T
c
Hz, trong P l cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu. Th
d v
d
(f),
dc
(f) v
s
(f) c cho hnh 3.5, trong chng ta s dng T
b
/T
c
= 2. So snh
d
(f) v
s
(f) ta thy i lng gim 2T
b
/PT
c
ln v rng bng tn tng T
b
/T
c
ln. V th
N=T
b
/T
c
l t l tri ph.
Trong my thu tn hiu r(t-) l phin bn tr ca tn hiu DS s(t) v c cng sut thu gim
do truyn sng bng P
r
. Nn PSD ca n cng ging nh PSD ca tn hiu s(t) c cho
phng trnh (3.17) nhng vi cng sut P c thay bng P
r
, v tr khng lm thay i phn b
cng sut vng tn s. Ngoi ra PSD ca c(t-) cng ging nh PSD ca c(t) c cho ptr
(3.15). Sau khi gii tri ph ta c tn hiu w(t) vi PSD c xc nh bi:

( ) ( ) { }
2 2 r
w c b c b
b
P
2R
= + + (3.18)

Biu thc trn c m t hnh 3.5 (c). Ta thy rng
w
(f) by gi c PSD bng hp vi cng
dng ph nh d(t) nhng c dch sang tri v phi f
c
. rng bng tn ca w(t) l 1/T
b
, gp
hai ln d(t). iu ny ging nh d tnh v w(t) ging ht nh phin bn c iu ch ca d(t).
T PSD cu cc tn hiu khc nhau ta thy rng PSD ca d(t) c tri ph bi c(t) v sau
c gii tri ph bi c(t-) my thu.
c
1/ T b
1/ T
c
1/ T
b
1/ T
(a) PSD ca bn tin v tn hiu PN
f
0
S
(f)
f
fc
Pr/2Rc
(b) PSD ca tn hiu DSSS-BPSK
w
(f)
Pr/2Rb
rng bng tn 1/Tb
rng bng
tn 1/Tc
fc f
-fc
-fc
(c) PSD ca tn hiu W(t)

Hnh 3.5. PSD ca lung tin lng cc, tn hiu PN v tn hiu DSSS-BPSK.

3.3.4. li x l


50
li x l (PG: Processing Gain) c nh ngha l: T s gia rng bng tn cn
thit ca knh v tuyn cho tn hiu tri ph (B
dc
) v rng bng tn cn thit ca knh v tuyn
cho tn hiu cho tn hiu khng tri ph (B
d
):
dc
p
d
B
G
B
= (3.19)
V B
d
=R
b
, trong R
b
l tc bit ca bn tin bng tn gc nn ta cng c th vit li
(3.19) nh sau:

dc
p
b
B
G
R
= (3.20)

Ta thng biu din G
p
dB: 10lg (G
p
). li x l cho thy tn hiu bn tin pht c tri ph
bao nhiu ln bi h thng tri ph. y l mt thng s cht lng quan trng ca mt h thng
SS, G
p
cao thng c ngha l kh nng chng nhiu tt hn.
i vi h thng DSSS-BPSK, li x l l (1/T
c
)/(1/T
b
) = T
b
/T
c
= N. Chng hn nu
N = 1023, rng bng tn ca bn tin c iu ch d(t)cos(2f
c
t) tng 1023 ln bi qu trnh
tri ph v G
p
l 1023 hay 30,1dB.

3.4. CC H THNG DSSS-QPSK

Trn hnh 3.3 ta s dng BPSK cho qu trnh iu ch. Cc kiu iu ch khc nh: kha
chuyn pha vung gc (QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) v kha chuyn cc tiu (MSK:
Minimum Shift Keying) cng thng c s dng cc h thng SS.
S khi chc nng cho my pht ca mt h thng DSSS s dng iu ch QPSK c
cho hnh 3.6 cng vi cc dng sng cc im khc nhau trn s . S bao gm hai
nhnh: mt nhnh ng pha (nhnh I) v mt nhnh pha vung gc (nhnh Q).
Trong th d ny cng mt u vo s liu iu ch cc tn hiu PN c
1
(t) v c
2
(t) c hai
nhnh. Tn hiu DS/SS-QPSK c dng:

1 2
b b
1 c 2 c
b b
s(t) s (t) s (t)
E E
d(t)c (t) sin(2 f t ) d(t)c (t) cos(2 f t )
T T
= +
= + + +

trong

1 1
2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
c (t)d(t)
(t) tan
c (t)d(t)
/ 4, c (t)d(t) 1, c (t)d(t) 1
3 / 4, c (t)d(t) 1, c (t)d(t) 1
5 / 4, c (t)d(t) 1, c (t)d(t) 1
7 / 4, c (t)d(t) 1, c (t)d(t) 1
=
= =
= =
=
= =
= =

nu
nu
nu
nu
(3.22)

Vy tn hiu s(t) c th nhn bn trng thi pha khc nhau: + /4, + 3/4, + 5/4, + 7/2.


51

B to PN 1
B to PN 2
d(t)
c1(t)
c2(t)
B C
(BPSK)
(BPSK)
B C
Dch /2
s1(t)
s2(t)
Tn hiu DSSS-QPSK
s(t) = s1(t)+s2(t)
= 2 Acos(2fct++(t))
d(t)c1(t)
d(t)c2(t)
d(t)
1
-1
t
c1(t)
1
-1
t
d(t)c1(t)
t
0 T 2T
t
d(t)c2(t)
1
-1
1
-1
c2(t)
1
-1
t
A
-A
s1(t)
s2(t)
A
-A
s(t)
2A
- 2A
t
t
t
(cho = - )
= 7/4 3/4 5 /4 /4 3 /4 7 /4 /4 5 /4 3 /4 7 /4
-Asin(2fct+)
Acos(2fct+)
A=
Eb/Tb

Hnh 3.6. Cc dng sng h thng DSSS-QPSK cho iu ch ng thi mt bit c
hai nhnh I v Q


52
Hnh 3.7 cho ta s khi ca my thu DSSS-QPSK. Cc thnh phn ng pha v vung
gc c gii tri ph c lp vi nhau bi c
1
(t) v c
2
(t).
ti +Tb
ti
(.)dt
z
1 hay -1
+
s(t-)
w1(t) u1(t)
w2(t)
u2(t)
u(t)
c1(t-t)
c2(t-t)
-Bsin(2fct+')
Bcos(2fct+')
B = 2/Tb
-
B c tnh

Hnh 3.7. S khi ca my thu DSSS-QPSK

Gi thit rng tr l , tn hiu vo s l (nu b qua tp m):

s(t-)
r
b br
c c
b b
E E
d(t )c (t )sin( f t ') d(t )c (t ) cos( f t ')
T T
= + + +
1 2
2 2
(3.23)

trong E
br
l nng lng bit thu, ' = -2f
c
. Cc tn hiu trc b cng l:

u
1
(t)=
br
b
E
T
2
d(t-)sin
2
(2f
c
t+')-
br
b
E
T
2
d(t-) c
1
(t-)c
2
(t-)sin(2f
c
t +')cos(2f
c
t+')
[ ]
br
c
b
2E 1
d(t ) 1 cos(4 f t 2 )
T 2
+ =

br
1 2 c
b
2E 1
d(t )c (t )c (t ) sin(4 f t 2 )
T 2
+ (3.24)

u
2
(t)=-
br
b
E
T
2
d(t-)c
1
(t-)c
2
(t-)sin(2f
c
t+')cos(2f
c
t+')+
br
b
E
T
2
d(t-)cos
2
(2f
c
t+')

br
c
b
E
d(t )c (t )c (t ) sin( f t ')
T
= +
1 2
2 1
4 2
2

[ ]
br
c
b
E
d(t ) cos( f t ')
T
+ + +
2 1
1 4 2
2
(3.25)
Ly tch phn cho tng ca hai tn hiu trn lu tt c cc thnh phn tn s 2f
c
c gi tr trung
bnh bng khng, ta c:

[ ]dt ) t ( u ) t ( u z
b
T
0
2 1 i

+ = =
br
E 2 d(t-) =
b
E 2 (3.26)

53
V th u ra ca b quyt nh ngng ta c +1 khi bit bn tin l +1 v -1 nu bit bn
tin l -1.
Hai tn hiu PN c
1
(t) v c
2
(t) c th l hai tn hiu PN c lp vi nhau hay chng cng c th
ly t cng mt tn hiu PN, chng hn c(t). lm th d cho trng hp th hai ta ly tn hiu
c
1
(t) v c
2
(t) bng cch tch tn hiu c(t) thnh hai tn hiu: c
1
(t) s dung cc chip l ca c(t) v
c
2
(t) s dng cc chip chn ca c(t), trong rng chip ca c
1
(t) v c
2
(t) gp i rng chip
ca c(t) nh c cho hnh 3.8. lm mt th d khc ta gi thit c
1
(t) = c(t) v c
2
(t) b tr. Gi
s T
c
l thi gian chip ca c
1
(t) v c
2
(t). rng bng cu cc tn hiu c iu ch s
1
(t) v s
2
(t)
ca hai nhnh s nh nhau v bng 1/T
c
. Lu rng s
1
(t) v s
2
(t) l trc giao v cng chim cng
rng bng tn. V th rng bng tn ca s(t) cng ging nh rng bng tn cu cc tn
hiu s
1
(t) v s
2
(t) v bng 1/T
c
. i vi tc s liu 1/T
b
li x l bng G
p
= T
b
/T
c
.

t
t
t1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
c(t)
c1(t)
c2(t)

Hnh 3.8. Th d c
1
(t) v c
2
(t) nhn c t cng mt c(t).

Cc h thng DSSS c th c s dng cc cu hnh khc nhau. H thng hnh 3.6
v 3.7 c s dng pht mt tn hiu c tc bit 1/T
b
bps. G
p
v rng bng tn ca tn
hiu DSSS-QPSK ph thuc vo cc tc chip cu c
1
(t) v c
2
(t). Ta cng c th s dng mt h
thng DSSS-QPSK pht hai tn hiu s 1/T
b
bps bng cch mi tn hiu iu ch mt nhnh.
Mt dng khc ta c th s dng mt h thng DSSS-QPSK pht mt tn hiu s c tc bit
gp i: 2/T
b
bps bng cch chia tn hiu s thnh hai tn hiu c tc bit 1/T
b
bps v chng
iu ch mt trong hai nhnh.
Tn ti cc nhn t c trng cho hiu qu hot ng ca DSSS-QPSK nh: rng bng
tn c s dng, G
p
tng v t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR: Signal to Noise Ratio) (thng
c xc inh bng xc sut li bit). Khi so snh DSSS-QPSK vi DSSS-BPSK ta cn gi mt s
trong cc thng s trn nh nhau trong c hai h thng v so snh cc thng s cn li. Chng hn
mt tn hiu s c th c pht i h thng DSSS-QPSK ch s dng mt na rng bng tn
so vi rng bng tn m h thng DSSS-BPSK i hi khi c cng G
p
v SNR. Tuy nhin nu
cng mt s liu c pht i bi mt h thng DSSS-QPSK c cng rng bng tn v G
p
nh
h thng DSSS-BPSK, th h thng DSSS-QPSK c u vit v SNR dn n xc sut li thp
hn. Mt khc mt h thng DSSS-QPSK c th pht gp hai ln s liu so vi h thng DS/SS-
BPSK khi s dng cng rng bng tn v c cng G
p
v SNR.
u im ca cc h thng DS/SS-QPSK so vi cc h thng DS/SS-BPSK c cp
trn t c l nh tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang sin(2f
c
t+) v cos(2f
c
t+) cc nhnh

54
ng pha v vung gc. Nhc im ca h thng DSSS-QPSK l phc tp hn h thng DS/SS-
BPSK. Ngoi ra nu cc sng mang c s dng gii iu ch my thu khng thc s trc
giao th s xy ra xuyn m gia hai nhnh v s gy thm s gim cht lng ca h thng.
hiu su thm h thng DSSS-QPSK hc vin nn v dng sng ca cc tn hiu
hnh 3.7 v PSD ca cc tn hiu cc hnh 3.6 v 3.7.

3.5. HIU NNG CA CC H THNG DSSS

Cho n nay chng ta cha cp n cc vn tp m v nhiu. Trong phn ny chng
ta s bn v cc hiu nng ca mt h thng DS/SS-BPSK trong mi trng tp m Gaus trng
cng (AWGN: Additive White Gaussian Noise) v nhiu. Ta cng s kho st tng quan nh
hng nhiu giao thoa nhiu ngi s dng gy ra do cc tn hiu DS khc v nhiu t gy do
truyn nhiu ng. Ngoi ra ta cng gii thch kh khn khi mt ngi s dng no thu trm
tn hiu DS/SS.

3.5.1. nh hng ca tp m trng v nhiu gy nghn.

Hnh 3.9 cho ta s khi chc nng ca my pht v my thu DSSS-BPSK. y ta cho
rng tn hiu PN ni v sng mang ni ng b tt vi tn hiu PN thu v sng mang thu. V th ta
c th gi thit rng tr bng khng (xem hnh 3.4). Lu rng pha ca sng mang (xem hnh
3.3 cho my pht ca DS/SS-BPSK) c coi bng -/2.
Mc ch ca ta y l tm c t s gia cng sut tn hiu v cng sut tp m (v
cng sut nhiu ph) u ra ca my thu (c k hiu l SNR
0
) trc thit b nh gi ngng
cui cng (b chn cng to ra b'(t) nh l mt c tnh ca bn tin d(t). u vo ca b hn
bin cng (u ra ca b gii iu ch) bao gm ba thnh phn: s
o
t tn hiu mong mun, n
o
do
tp m knh v j
o
do nhiu nhiu ph.
Trc ht ta coi rng khng c nhiu ph, ngha l j(t)=0, nn j
o
=0. tm ra SNR
0
ta
nh gi s
o
v n
o
. Vi d(t) = 1 v c(t) = 1, t ptr.(3.12), thnh phn tn hiu s
0
cho mi bit s
liu l:

br o
E s = (3.27)

Thnh phn tp m n
0
l:

b
T
0 c
b 0
2
n n(t)c(t) cos(2 f t)dt
T
=
(3.28)

55
d(t)
c(t)
d(t)c(t)
B iu ch
(BPSK)
Sng mang
cos(2 fct )
Tn hiu DS/SS-BPSK
s(t) = d(t)c(t)cos(2 fct )
T
0
(.)dt
c(t)cos(2 fct)
s0+n0+j0
d'(t)
c tnh ca b(t)
Thit b quyt
nh ngng
(hn bin cng)
r(t) = d(t)c(t)cos(2 fct)
+n(t)+j(t)
(a) My pht
(b) My thu
2Eb
Tb
2Eb
Tb
2Ebr
Tb
2/Tb

Hnh 3.9. S khi ca my pht thu DSSS-BPSK

Gi thit tp m l tp m Gaus trng cng (AWGN) n(t) trung bnh khng c hm t
tng quan l:
[ ]
0
N
E n(t )n(t) ( )
2
+ = (3.29)
ngha l hai bin PSD ca tp m l N
0
/2. Khi ny n
0
l mt bin ngu nhin Gaus c trung bnh
khng v phng sai :
E(n
0
2
) =
2
N
0
(3.30)
Vy SNR
0
l:

2 2
br o br
o 2
o 0 0
( E ) s 2E
SNR
E n N / 2 N
= = =

(3.31)

Ta c th nhn thy rng SNR
0
c lp vi tc chip. Nh vy tri ph khng c u
im v AWGN trong knh.
Hiu nng hot ng ca h thng thng c nh gi bng xc sut li bit hay xc sut
li k hiu. Xc sut li thng c biu din dng E
br
/N
0
, trong E
b
l nng lng tn hiu
trn mt bit v N
0
/2 l PSD hai bin ca tp m Gaus trong knh. Th d, xc sut li bit ca mt
tn hiu BPSK tp m Gaus trng cng l:
P
b
= ( )
0 br
N / E 2 Q , trong Q(u) =
u
2 / x
dx e ) 2 / 1 (
2
.
T s E
br
/N
0
c gi l t s nng lng bit trn mt ph tp m, hay n gin l t s tn
hiu trn tp m (SNR). Ta c th lp tng quan gia SNR v SNR
0
cho h thng DSSS-BPSK
nh sau:

0 br
0
SNR E
SNR
N 2
= = (3.32)

56
Tip theo ta s xt nh hng ca nhiu ph. Gi nh rng c mt tn hiu nhiu ph bng
thng (vi tn s trung tm l f
1
) trong knh. Gi s tn hiu nhiu ph ny l:

j(t) = J(t) cos (2f
1
t +) (3.33)

trong J(t) l tn hiu thng thp (qu trnh ngu nhin) v l mt bin ngu nhin ng u
(0,2), c lp vi J(t). Ta rt ra rng j(t) c trung bnh khng. Cc hm j(t) v J(t) tng quan vi
nhau theo biu thc:

j J 1
1
R ( ) R ( ) cos(2 f )
2
= (3.34)
Cng sut trung bnh j(t) l P
j
= R
j
(0) = R
J
(0)/2. Ga s j
0
l thnh phn u ra ca b tch
phn tng ng vi tn hiu nhiu ph. Coi rng tn hiu nhiu ph l mt tn hiu bng hp, ngha
l rng bng tn ca tn hiu nhiu ph nh hn nhiu so vi tn hiu DS, ta c th ch ra rng
phng sai c xc inh bi:
[ ]
2
0 j c
E j PT / 2 = (3.35)
Nu ta kt hp c tp m Gauss trng cng vi tn hiu nhiu ph v gi thit rng chng
c lp vi nhau, th SNR
0
u ra b tch phn l:

( )
2
0 br
0 2 2
0 0 0 j c
s E
SNR
E(n ) E j N / 2 PT / 2
= =
+ +
(3.36)

Ta thy rng nhiu ph nh hng ging nh tp m trng c PSD hai bin bng P
j
T
c
/2.
nh hng kt hp ca tp m trng v nhiu ph tng ng vi nh hng ca mt tp m
trng c PSD hai bin l N
o
'/2 = (N
0
+ P
j
T
c
)/2. Vy T
c
cng nh th P
j
cng t nh hng ln s
gim t s tn hiu trn tp m. Khi T
c
nh n mc P
j
T
c
<<N
0
th nhiu ph khng cn tc
dng. Lu rng khi c tp m knh v nhiu ph th t s nng lng bit trn mt ph tp m
l SNR
0
=E
br
/N
0
' = 2E
br
/(N
0
+P
j
T
c
).
By gi gi thit rng ta c tn hiu nhiu ph bng rng, ngha l rng bng tn cu tn
hiu nhiu ph ln hn rng bng tn ca tn hiu DS (B
j
>B
DS
). Khi ny tn hiu nhiu ph
ging nh tp m trng c tp m hai bin PSD: P
j
/(B
j
), trong B
j
l rng bng tn ca j(t).
Bi vy:

br
0
0 j j
2E
SNR
N P / B
=
+
(3.37)
Khi N=T
b
/T
c
ln, rng bng tn ca tn hiu DS: B
DS
cng ln, ngha l B
j
ln v nh hng
ca nhiu ph nh. Vy cng sut trung bnh P
j
phi ln nhiu ph cn tc dng.
Kt lun, ta thy rng tri ph khng mang li u vit v tp m trng Gaus. Ta cng
thy rng nh hng ca nhiu ph gim ng k khi tri ph. Nhiu ph phi c cng sut cao
c tc dng v v th cc h thng SS rt hp dn trong thng tin qun s.

3.5.2. nh hng ca nhiu giao thoa v truyn a ng

Trong phn ny ta s kho st nhiu giao thoa nhiu ngi s dng gy ra do cc tn hiu
DS khc v do truyn nhiu ng.


57
Nhiu giao thoa

Ta xt tnh trng tn hiu thu cha nhiu giao thoa t mt tn hiu DS khc. Trong trng
hp ny tn hiu thu s l:

r(t)=
b
1 br
T
E
d
1
(t)c
1
(t)cos(2f
c
t)+
b
2 br
T
E
d
2
(t-')c
2
(t-')cos(2f
c
t+')+n(t) (3.38)

trong thnh phn th nht l tn hiu mong mun, thnh phn th hai l tn hiu DS gy nhiu
v thnh phn cui cng l tp m. Ta gi thit rng d
1
(t), d
2
(t), c
1
(t) v c
2
(t) l 1. Lu rng tn
s sng mang ging nhau cho c hai d
1
(t) v d
2
(t), trong khi pha ca sng mang khc nhau, c
ngha l hai tn hiu ny c pht c lp vi nhau. Sau khi nhn tn hiu vi c
1
(t)
b
T
2

cos(2f
c
t) v ly tch phn (xem hnh 3.9), u vo ca b hn bin cng s l:
s
0
+ s'
0
+ n
0
(3.39)
trong :

1 br 0
E s = (3.40)
v:

T
,
0 c c
0 T
0
s A b(t )c(t )c(t) cos(2 f t ) cos(2 f t)dt
A
cos( ) b(t )c(t )c(t)dt
2
= +
=

s
0
'
b
T
br2 1 2 1 2
b
b
0
1 1
E cos( )d(t ) c (t)c (t )dt c (t)c (t )dt
T T

= +

(3.41)

Hai thnh phn trong ngoc vung,
0
1
c(t)c(t )dt
T
v
T
c(t)c(t )dt
l cc hm tng
quan cho tng phn c chun ho ca c
1
(t) v c
2
(t). d(t-') cho ta ga tr +1 hay -1. Tng
quan cho nh gy nhiu t. V th mi trng a ngi s dng ta phi thit k cc tn hiu PN
sao cho chng c tng quan cho nh.

Truyn a ng

Trong trng hp truyn a ng, tn hiu thu gm thnh phn i thng v cc thnh
phn khng i thng phn x t cc cng trnh nhn to hay i hnh t nhin. Gi thit rng ch
c mt tn hiu khng i thng. Khi ny chng ta c th s dng m hnh ptr (3.38) vi ' l tr
b sung ng khng i thng, c
2
(t) = c
1
(t), d
1
(t)=d
2
(t), v
br 2 br1
b b
2E 2E
k
T T
= , trong k1 l
tha s suy gim. Trong trng hp ny nhiu do thnh phn khng i thng l:


58

) ' ( R ) ' cos( E
dt ) t ( c ) ' t ( c ) ' t ( d
T
1
) ' cos( E k s
c 1 br
T
0
1 1 1
b
1 br
'
0
b
=
=

(3.42)

bng khng khi |'| >T
c
(hay gn khng nu ta s dng ptr. 3.42). V vy nh hng ca truyn a
tia c loi b hay tr thnh mt nhiu nh, nu rng ca chip nh hn tr b sung ng
khng i thng. Ta cng c th gii thch kt qu trn t quan im vng tn s nh sau. Tn hiu
khng i thng cng nh tn hiu i thng l mt tn hiu bng rng. Tn hiu PN ni c ng
b n tn hiu i thng. V th tn hiu i thng c gii tri ph cn tn hiu khng i thng
khng c gii tri ph. Sau qu trnh gii tri ph my thu ly ra tn hiu vng bng hp xung
quanh f
c
Hz bi b gii iu ch (bao gm vic nhn sng mang v tch phn lm vic nh b lc
thng thp). Ch c mt phn nh ca tn hiu khng i thng l qua c qu trnh ny v tr
thnh nhiu. Nh vy tn hiu khng i thng s ch gim SNR mt t.

Vn gn - xa (Near-Far)

Vn gn xa l hin tng m trong mt h thng nhiu ngi s dng gp nguy
him do s c mt ca mt tn hiu mnh. Ta xt mt h thng a truy nhp DSSS. Gi thit rng
c K ngi s dng pht tn hiu trn cng mt knh. Vic thu tn hiu b nhiu do tp m v cc
tn hiu ca K-1 ngi s dng khc. Gi thit N
0
l PSD n bin (tp m trng Gauss) ca knh
tp m v gi s P
r
l cng sut trung bnh ca tng tn hiu ti my thu c xt. Khi ny PSD
tn s dng ca tn hiu ca tng ngi s dng l (P
r
T
c
)sinc
2
[(f-f
c
)T
c
] (xem ptr. 3.18) v
rng bng tn ca tn hiu l B=1/T
c
. Bng cch lp m hnh K-1 tn hiu gy nhiu nh l cc tp
m trng Gaus, c th xp x ho PSD mt ph cng sut kt hp bng ca K-1 tn hiu gy
nhiu bng (K-1)P
r
/

B = (K-1)P
r
T
c
. Vy SNR tng ng l:

r br
0 0 r
b
c
PT E
N N PT (K 1)
=
+
(3.43)
Biu thc trn cho thy nhiu tng xc sut li bit.
By gi ta kho st mt trong s K-1 ngi gy nhiu rt gn my thu. Do lut t l
nghch hm m bnh phng ca truyn lan sng in t, tn hiu ca ngi gy nhiu n my
thu khi ny s ln hn rt nhiu, gi s l P'
r
= aP
r
, trong a tng hm m khi ngi gy nhiu
ny tin n gn my thu. Chng hn nu ngi gy nhiu mnh ny gn my thu 10 ln hn so
vi my pht tn hiu ch nh th a l: 10
n
= 100 nu coi rng n=2 (trong mi trng di ng n
thng bng 3 hoc 4). Nh vy SNR tng ng l:

s br
0 0 r
b
r c c
P T E
N N aP PT (K 2) T
=
+ +
(3.43)

Khi a ln, SNR gim mnh v xc sut li tr nn qu ln. Ni mt cch khc ta c th duy tr xc
sut li mc cho php bng cch gim s K-2 ngi s dng v s ngi s dng ny c khi
phi loi b hon ton khi a ln.

3.5.3. Tnh cht kh thu trm

59

Mt li th cu cc tn hiu DS/SS l chng rt kh pht hin v thu trm. hiu c
vn ny ta xt tn hiu DS cng vi tp m:
br
b
2E
T
d(t)c(t)cos(2f
c
t) +n(t). PSD ca tn hiu
ny l (P
r
/R
c
)Sinc
2
[(f - f
c
)T
c
] c gi tr ln nht l E
cr
= P
r
T
c
= P
r
/R
c

v tp m Gaus trng cng
(AWGN) c PSD n bin l N
0
. Trong cc ng dng nh cc h thng in thai di ng,
thng i hi t s li bit l 10
-3
hay 10
-2
. t c iu ny phi c SNR E
br
/N
0
vo khong
6,8 dB n 10,5 dB (coi rng iu ch l BPSK). Ngha l E
br
/N
0
5 n 11, trong E
br
l nng
lng tn hiu thu trn mt bit ca tn hiu DS, hay N
0
= E
br
/(5 n 11). Ta li c E
br
= P
r
T
b
nn
E
cr
/N
0
= (E
cr
/E
br
)(5 n 11)=(T
c
/T
b
) (5 n 11)=(5 n 11)/G
p
.Ngha l chiu cao ph ca tn
hiu DS (E
c
) l 5/G
p
n 11/G
p
ln chiu cao ph tp m (N
0
). V G
p
ln nn cc tha s 5/G
p
v
11/G
p
thng nh hn nhiu so vi 1. V vy chiu cao ca ph ca tn hiu DS thp hn tp m,
ngha l tn hiu DS b che lp bi tp m nn rt kh pht hin v thu trm.

3.6. TNG KT

H thng DSSS s dng chui PN trc giao tri ph. Cc my pht DSSS ngoi vic
cha cc phn t thng thng nh iu ch cn cha thm b tri ph. Sau tri ph tn hiu c
tri ph c rng ln hn nhiu so vi rng ph ca tn hiu cn pht. S khc nhau v
rng ph ny c gi l li x l. li x l cng ln th hiu nng ca h thng DSSS
cng tt. Cc h thng my thu DSSS s dng b gii tri ph phc hi lai tn hiu pht. b
gii tri ph hot ng tt cc m PN phi trc giao tt. H thng DSSS khng tc ng ln tp
m Gauss trng (tp m nhit) nhng cho php gim nhiu ph, gim nhiu ng knh (nhiu
cng tn s) v phainh. Nhiu ng knh c th rt mnh khi mt ngi s dng khc gn my
thu ch nh. Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng gn xa. trnh hin tng ny trong cc h
thng thng tin di ng CDMA ngi ta phi iu khin cng sut nhanh (gim cng sut khi
my di ng tin gn BTS v tng cng sut khi my di ng ri xa BTS). DSSS khng ch gim
pha inh m cn cho php li dng n trong cc h thng phn tp (my thu RAKE s c xt
trong chng 5) tng cng cht lng truyn dn. mc nht nh DSSS cng cho php
trnh c nghe trm do ph ca tn hiu tri ph c che lp bi tp m khi li x l ln.

3.7. CU HI V BI TP

1. Mt tn hiu PN c tc chip l 10
6
chip/s. Nu tn hiu ny c s dng cho mt h
thng DSSS-QPSK pht i mt ngun s liu 1200bps, li x l ca h thng ny l
bao nhiu ?
(a) 29,2dB; (b) 22,5dB; (c) 16,2dB; (d) 13,1dB
2. Mt h thng DSSS-BPSK c thit k pht mt bn tin tc 10kbps. Nu mt chui
PN chu k 2047 c s dng tri ph v nu mt bit bn tin bng mt chu k ca tn hiu
PN, hy tm rng bng tn theo Nyquist ca tn hiu DSSS-BPSK.
(a) 204.7kHz; (b)400 kHz; (c) 10,24MHz; (d)20,47MHz; (e) khng con s no ni trn
ng


60
3. Xt h thng DSSS-QPSK cho hnh 3.6. Nu cc tn hiu PN c
1
(t) v c
2
(t) u c tc
l 10
7
chip/s. Nu li x l nh nht l 30dB, tc s liu cao nht no c th s dng
c cho h thng ny?
(a) 1kbps; (b) 2kbps; (c) 10kbps; (d) 20 kbps

4. Xt my thu cho hnh 3.7. Gi thit rng tn hiu PN c to ra y l c(t-') c sai pha
- ' so vi tn hiu PN thu. Gi thit N>>1. Gi thit rng bit bn tin th i l +1 v -'=T
c
/2.
Gi thit rng khi phc sng mang v ng h k hiu ng. u ra ca z
i
ca b gii iu
ch c gi tr no trong trng hp khng c tp m?
(a)
b
b
2E
T
; (b)
1
2
b
b
2E
T
; (c)
1
4
b
b
2E
T
; (d) khng trng hp no nu trn ng
5. Mt h thng DSSS-BPSK c s dng pht tn hiu ting. Ting c ly mu tn s
8 kHz v mi mu c bin i vo 8 bit bng PCM. Gi thit tn s sng mang l 1,9GHz
v bng thng cho php l 40 MHz. li x l c th t c l bao nhiu?
(a) 3125 ; (b) 321.5; (c) 125; (d) 625
6. (tip tc) v tc chip cc i c th s dng c l bao nhiu?
(a) 128 Mcps; (b) 64Mcps; (c) 40Mkcps; (d) 20 Mcps

7. Trong tn hiu DSSS-QPSK c cho ptr.(3.21), gi thit rng d(t) l mt tn hiu ngu
nhin v thi gian chip ca c
1
(t), c
2
(t) l T
c1
= T
c2
= T
c
. Nu m hnh ca c
1
(t) v c
2
(t) l cc
tn hiu c hai ngu nhin trung bnh khng v c lp, PSD ca DSSS-QPSK phi c dng
no?
(a) ( ) ( )
2 2 c
c c c c
b
b
T
sinc (f f )T sinc (f f )T
8
E
/ 2 / 2
T
+ +

(b) ( ) ( )
2 2 c
c c c c
b
b
T
4
E
/ 2 / 2
T
+ +

(c) ( ) ( )
2 2 c
c c c c
b
b
T
4
E
T
+ +

(d) ( ) ( )
2 2 c
c c c c
b
b
T
E
T 2
+ +

8. Tm pha hnh 3.6 khi d(t) = -1, A = 2, c
1
(t) = -1 v c
2
(t) =1
(a) /4; (b) 3/4; (c) 5/4; (d) 7/4

9. T ptr (3.24) v (3.25), tn hiu u(t) hnh 3.7 l:

br
b
2E
T
d(t-)-
br
b
2E
T
d(t-)c
1
(t-) c
2
(t-)sin (4f
c
t + 2 ')
y coi rng pha sng mang ' l ng. By gi gi thit rng pha sng mang sai, ngha l
ta s dng -sin (2f
c
t + ") v cos (2f
c
t + ") thay cho -sin (2f
c
t+') v cos (2f
c
t + ')
i vi my thu hnh 3.7. iu ny nh hng n tn hiu u(t) nh th no?
(a) Hon ton khng nh hng.

61
(b) Bin ca
br
b
2E
T
d(t-) gim.
(c) C thm mt thnh phn tn thp.
(d) C thm mt thnh phn vi tn s 4f
c
.
10. Trong mt h thng DSSS-BPSK c G
p
= 2000, u vo ca my thu bao gm tp m
AWGN v tn hiu SS. Gi thit rng E
br
/N
0
= 20dB v cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu SS
thu c l P
r
=1W. Hy tnh t s cng sut tn hiu trn cng sut tp m SNR
0
u vo
b hn bin cng hnh 3.9.
(a) 50; (b) 100; (c) 200; (d) 4000
11. (tip) Nu tn hiu thu c cng cha mt tn hiu nhiu ph bng hp c cng sut 50W,
tm t s cng sut tn hiu trn cng sut tp m nhn c u vo ca b hn bin cng
(xt c nh hng ca AWGN v tn hiu nhiu ph).
(a) 35; (b) 57; (c) 79; (d) 103
12. Gi thit rng mt tn hiu DSSS-BPSK b nhiu ph bi mt tn hiu c rng bng tn
1/T
c
c tn s trung tm l f
c
, trong T
c
l thi gian chip v f
c
l tn s sng mang cu tn
hiu DS/SS. Hy tm biu thc cho SNR
0
.
(a)
r
0 b j b
2P
N R PR +
; (b)
r
0 b j c
2P
N R PR +
; (c)
r
0 b j p
2P
N R P /(2G ) +
; (d)
r
0 b j p
2P
N R 2P / G +

13. Tc chip no l tc cc tiu m mt h thng DSSS-BPSK cn loi b nh hng
ca mt ng truyn khng i thng c di ln hn ng truyn thng 15m?
(a) 5 Mchip/s (b) 10 Mchip/s
(c) 15 Mchip/s (d) 20 Mchip/s
14. Tm tc chip cn thit cho mt h thng DSSS-BPSK trit cc tn hiu a tia. Nu tr
b sung gy ra do tn hiu khng i thng l ', thi gian chip ca c
1
(t) v c
2
(t) phi th no
(xem hnh 3.6) trit c tn hiu khng i thng?
(a) Khng ln hn 0,5' (b) khng ln hn '
(c) Khng ln hn 1,5' (d) Khng ln hn 2'
15. Mt h thng DSSS-BPSK c th c mt hoc hai ngi s dng. G
p
bng 1000. H thng
c thit k sao cho SNR E
b
/N
0
my thu l 20dB khi ch c mt ngi s dng. Ta mun
tm nh hng my pht th hai ln SNR ca my thu th nht. Gi s khong cch t my
pht th nht n my thu th nht l D
11
v khong cch t my pht th hai n my thu
th nht l D
21
. Nu D
11
/D
21
= 2 v c hai my pht u pht cng mt cng sut, hy tm s
gim SNR ca my thu th nht gy ra do nhiu bi my pht th hai.
(a) Khng nh hng.
(b) SNR gim 1,4 ln.
(c) SNR gim 1,8 ln.
(d) SNR gim 2 ln.
(e) SNR gim 4 ln.

Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........

62
CHNG 4
M HNH KNH A TRUY NHP PHN
CHIA THEO M V HIU NNG CA N

4.1. GII THIU CHUNG

4.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by
M hnh knh DSCDMA
Cng thc tnh ton dung lng knh h thng thng tin di CDMA
Cng thc tnh ton xc sut li bit
CDMA vi cc h thng iu ch khc nhau

4.1.2. Hng dn

Tham kho thm [1], [2]

4.1.3. Mc ch chng

Hiu c m hnh chung ca mt h thng thng tin di ng DSCDMA
Bit cch tnh ton dung lng thit k h thng DSCDMA
Bit cch tnh ton xc sut li bit ca h thng CDMA trong mi trng phainh
tnh ton thit k h thng DSCDMA
Hiu c xc sut li bit ca cc phng php iu ch khc nhau p dng cho
CDMA

4.2. M HNH KNH A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO M,
DSCDMA

Trong tri ph chui trc tip, tn hiu s bng gc c tri ph rng nh mt m gi
ngu nhin (PN) hay m tri ph. Tn hiu tri ph c mt ph cng sut thp (o bng
Watt/Hz). i vi mt my thu thng thng n th hin gn ging nh tp m nn v thng t
gy nhiu. C th coi rng thng tin tri ph l thng tin c nhn: ch c my ch nh bit c
m tri ph mi c th gii tri ph v gii m thng tin. Khi cc tn hiu tri ph s dng cng
mt bng tn s c mt lng xuyn m nht nh, hay nhiu tng h, tuy nhin khng nh
truyn dn bng hp, nhiu khng nguy him. S d nh vy v ta c th thit k cc m tri ph
tt vi cc gi tr tng quan cho thp chng hu nh trc giao, ngha l hm tng quan
cho hu nh bng 0. Nh vy nhiu tn hiu tri ph c th s dng chung knh tn s v khng

63
c nhiu tng h nghim trng. Trong bi cnh nh vy hiu nng ca h thng gim ng k
khi tng s ngi s dng.
Trong chng ny chng ta s tp trung ln tri ph chui trc tip v nghin cu mt
ng dng c bit: thng tin a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA). n gin ta s a ra
mt s gi nh. Trc ht, iu ch s l BPSK v tt c dng sng ca s liu v tri ph u
hnh ch nht. Th hai, s gim cht lng knh l do (1) tp m trng Gauss cng (AWGN) v
(2) nhiu giao thoa nhiu ngi s dng (MUI: multi-user interference) xy ra do pht ng thi.
Th ba, my thu tng quan nht qun n gin c s dng.

4.2.1. M hnh h thng

a truy nhp phn chia theo m c li t nht l hai trng hp sau: thng tin (i) v tinh
v (ii) cc h thng di ng t ong. i vi c hai trng hp ny ta quan tm n knh thng tin
ng ln (v nhiu my u cui pht n mt v tinh) hay hng v (v nhiu u cui di ng
pht n mt trm gc trong mt ) (xem hnh 1.1 chng 1). Trong c hai trng hp h thng
thng tin a truy nhp u d b, ngha l mi u cui c chun thi gian khc nhau. (Lu rng
knh thng tin ng xung hay hng i s ng b v v tinh hay trm gc c th iu khin tt
c cc my pht ca mnh).
xt h thng DSCDMA chi tit hn, s khi h thng in hnh c cho hnh
4.1. hnh 4.1, c K tn hiu ca cc ngi s dng khc nhau pht ng thi ti my thu. Mi
tn hiu pht c gn mt ch s k, trong k=1,2, ..., K. Dng sng s liu c s hai () d
k
(t) l
hm ch nht c bin +1 hay -1 v c th i du sau T
b
giy. Dng sng tri ph (), c
k
(t),
cng c hnh ch nht, nhng n tun hon v c tc cao hn nhiu so vi tc bit s liu.
Ta coi rng thi gian mt bit s liu (T
b
giy) cha ng mt chu k (N chip) m tri ph sao cho
tc chip bng N/T
b
=1/T
c
, trong T
c
l thi gian chip hay rng chip. V th tc chip (k
hiu l R
c
) gp N ln tc bit (R
b
=1/T
b
). Thc cht, do dng sng s liu c iu ch dng
sng tri ph v sng mang, nn sng tri ph chui trc tip l:

k k k k c k
s (t) d (t)c (t) 2P cos(2 f t ) = + (4.1)

c rng bng truyn dn gn bng B=1/T
c
=N/T
b
, ln gp N ln rng bng truyn dn cn
thit thng thng i vi BPSK. C th thy r iu ny nu xt sng tri ph l mt tn hiu
BPSK c th thay i pha 180
0
mi T
c
giy thay cho thay i mi T=NT
c
giy. Tn hiu
BBSK gc c tri ph rng hn N ln v mt ph cng sut ca n gim tng ng 1/N ln
so vi cc gi tr ban u.
Cng sut trung bnh ca thu c t s
j
(t) bng P
rj
do b suy hao ng truyn l L
pk
.
Thng s
k
l pha ca sng mang. V tt c cc tn hiu pht l d b, cng cn c thng s tr
j

trong m hnh v v th pha ca sng mang ti my thu s l:
j
-2f
c
j
. Tp m n(t) l tp m trng
cng Gauss (AWGN) c trung bnh khng vi hai bin PSD (mt ph cng sut) bng N
0
/2
(W/Hz). Hm t tng quan i vi n(t) (l bin i ngc Fourier ca PSD) l ()N
0
/2, trong
l mt thng s thi gian khc. Thc cht ca iu ny l cc mu ca n(t) c trung bnh 0 v
khng tng quan vi nhau. V cc mu tp m ny l cc bin ngu nhin Gauss lin hp , nn
chng c lp cng vi nhau. Nu ly tch phn tp m cho T
b
giy, th u ra ca b tch phn s

64
l mt bin ngu nhin vi trung bnh 0 v phng sai N
0
T
b
/2. Nu coi rng v bn cht knh thu
l cng, th tt c K tn hiu pht tr v tp m cng vi nhau my thu.
Lp ,
1 1 1
d (t)
1 c 1
2P cos(2 f t ) +
Lp ,
2 2 2
d (t)
2 c 2
2P cos(2 f t ) +
Lp ,
K K K
d (t)
K c K
2P cos(2 f t ) +
b c rk
2 / T cos(2 f t ) +
n(t)
r(t)
1
c (t)
2
c (t)
k
c (t)
b k
k
T
(.)dt
+
0
1
-1
k k
d (t )
r(t)
a) M hnh CDMA vi K my pht
b) My thu k
K hiu
Lp , : suy hao v tr
ng truyn k
k
k

Hnh 4.1. M hnh h thng DSCDMA: a) S khi, b) my thu tng quan nht qun

Gi thit rng my thu ang gii m lung bit pht k. Trc ht, n phi ng b vi ng
h ca my pht k. Sau n gii tri ph tn hiu thu c (bng cch nhn vi c
k
(t-
k
), loi b
sng mang bng phng php nht qun (bng cch nhn vi ( )
c rk
b
2
cos 2 f t
T
+ v sau tch
phn trong khong thi gian T
b
giy khi phc li nng lng k hiu s liu v ng thi loi
b tp m ngoi bng. Thng s
rk k c k
2 f = b dao ng ni my thu, c nh gi,
chng hn nh mch ng b vng kho pha. Ngoi ra ng h nh thi ca b ly mu cng
phi c xc nh bi mt mch nh thi. Hai b nhn cng vi mch tch phn-v-ly mu
(khi ng li v ly mu T
b
giy mt ln) to nn mt cu trc ca my thu tng quan nht
qun hay cn c gi l b lc phi hp. (My thu tng quan thc hin tng quan tch cc, ta
c th thc hin n dng mt b lc thch ng l phn t th ng, nhng thc hin iu ny
rt kh nu di ca chui tri ph di). u ra ca b tng quan c ly mu, sau a
n mch ngng (b phn bit) v bit s liu + c quyt nh nu mu ln hn 0V, hay - nu
ngc li v cho ta c tnh chui c s hai u ra: ) t ( d
k

. Gi tr ngng chnh xc bng

0 v cc dng sng ca + hay - c cng nng lng do iu ch BPSK. Tt c cc hot ng trn
xy ra trong iu kin nhiu giao thoa t K-1 tn hiu pht khc, v tri ph nn cc tn hiu ny
th hin nh tp m nn i vi my thu v c th khng nh hng ln. Di y s trnh by
n gin phn tch hiu nng, trong d ta coi nhiu giao thoa ca nhiu ngi s dng l mt dng
tp m Gauss trng cng.

65
h thng thng tin di ng a , s ngi s dng cc i K trong mt , ta c t s
tn hiu trn tp m u vo my thu k nh sau:
( )
rk
K in
j rj 0
j 1
j k
P
SNR
P (1 ) BN
=
=
+ +
(4.2)
trong thnh phn th nht mu ni ln nhiu ca cc ngi s dng khc trong cng cng
nh n t cc khc, P
rk
l cng sut cn thu ca ngi s dng k, P
rj
l cng sut thu ca mt
ngi s dng bt k, l h s nhiu t khc,
j
l h s tch cc ting, N
0
l mt ph tp
m nhit, B l bng thng. Nu ta quy i mu ni trn thnh tp m Gauss trng cng ta c th
vit:

K
0 0 0 j rj 0
j 1
j k
(1 )
N I N P N
B
=
+
= + = +
(4.3)

trong I
0
l mt ph nhiu ca cc ngi s dng khc.
i vi BPSK xc sut li bit c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

brk
b,BPSK
0
2E
P Q
N

=

(4.4)
trong E
bkr
=P
kr
T
b
l nng lng bit trung bnh v
=
u
2 / y
dy e
2
1
) u ( Q
2
v N
0
' trong
trng hp DSCDMA bao gm tp m nhit v tp m quy i t nhiu a ngi s dng I
0
.

T s tn hiu trn tp m ti u ra ca my thu trong trng hp ny c xc nh nh sau:
rk rk b
p in
0 0 0
E P T
G SIR
N B(N I )
= =
+
(4.5)
trong G
p
=T
b
/B=T
b
/T
c
l li x l

Thay (4.2) vo (4.5) ta c:

brk rk
p K ,
0
j rk 0
j 1
j k
E P
G
N
(1 ) P BN
=
=
+ +
(4.6)
Nu coi rng h thng c iu khin cng sut hon ho v b qua nh hng ca nhiu t cc
khc cng nh tch cc ting, ta c th t:P
kr
=P
jr
=P
r
, =0,
j
=1 vo (4.6) c:


66

( )
1
br
0
p
0 r
br
'
0
br
E
N
G
1 K
N P 1 K
B
1
E
N
E

=
+
= (4.7)

t (4.7) v ptr.(4.4) ta c:

=
2 / 1
o br p
BPSK , b
N / E 2
1
G 2
1 K
Q P (4.8)
Lu rng khi K=1, s khng c nhiu giao thoa v ta t c xc sut li bit bng
) N / E 2 ( Q
0 b
chnh l kt qu nhn c cho BPSK. Cng cn lu rng Q(u) gim cng
vi u. V th xem xt (4.7) ta thy rng p.b.e tng khi s ngi s dng ng thi K tng v gim
cng vi G
p
. truyn dn ting s ho, yu cu p.b.e vo khong 10
-3
. Nu bit E
b
/N
0
' yu
cu v li x l G
p
, ta c th s dng (4.8) c tnh K: s ngi s dng ng thi c
php trong h thng.
Gi s iu khin cng sut l tng (cng sut thu c t tt c cc ngi s dng cng
my thu c xt u nh nhau: P
rj
=P
rk
= P
r
) v coi rng h s tch cc ting
k
nh nhau cho
tt c cc ngi s dng, s dng ptr. (4.2) v (4.5) ta c:

br r
in p p
0 0 r
E P
(SNR) G G
N BN (K 1) P (1 )
= =
+ +
(4.9)

Gii ptr.(4.9) cho K ta c:

p
0
b 0 r
G
BN
K 1
(E / N ) (1 ) P (1 )
= +
+ +
(4.10)

Ptr (4.10) t gi tr cc i khi b qua thnh phn th hai:

p
max

br 0
G
K 1
(E / N ) (1 )
= +
+
(4.11)
K
max
c gi l im cc hay dung lng tim cn.
T ptr.( 4.11), nu xt n cc nh hng khc nh: phn on , tch cc ting, mc
iu khin cng sut hon ho ta c s ngi s dng cc i trong mt xc nh theo cng
thc sau:

p
max

br 0
G
1 1
K 1
E / N 1
= +
+
(4.12)

trong : l h s nhiu t cc khc, l li nh phn on , h s tch cc ting v
h s iu khin cng sut hon ho.

67
Lu rng mc d nhiu giao thoa c bng tn rt rng, PSD ca n khng phng v v
th khng phi l tp m trng nh ta m hnh n. Nn cn c mt phn tch cht ch hn. Trong
phn sau ta s gii thch v rt ra biu thc chnh xc hn cho p.b.e.
Ta xt khong thi gian [0,T
b
] v gi s u ra ca b tng quan (hnh 4.1) thi im
t=T
b
l Y. Mu Y ny l mt bin ngu nhin ph thuc vo tnh ngu nhin ca tt c cc lung
bit s liu, cc pha ca sng mang v cc thi gian tr. Do tnh i xng nn ta ch cn xt mt bit
+1 ca ngi s dng th nht lm ngi s dng tham kho. (Xc sut c iu kin ca li bit
cng s nh vy nu ta coi rng bit -1 c pht). Tt c K-1 tn hiu pht d b ng thi khc
c coi l nhiu. Nu coi rng cc mch ng b hot ng bnh thng, ta c th t c hai tr
k
v pha
k
bng khng. Ta xt tt c cc
j
khc (jk) nh l cc tr tng i v m hnh chng
nh l cc bin ngu nhin c lp c cng phn b (i.i.d: independent identically distributed) trn
khong [0,T
b
]. Tt c cc bit s liu ca cc ngun gy nhiu u c m hnh nh l cc bin
ngu nhin ri rc c lp i.i.d. ng xc sut l +1 hay -1. C th m hnh cc dch pha sng
mang thu (
rj
=
j
-2f
c
j
, jk) nh l cc bin ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0,2].

4.2.2. M hnh ca mt my thu phi hp

Ta s kho st mt h thng v tuyn di ng gm cc my di ng l cc my pht v
cc trm gc l cc my thu. S khi tng qut cu cc my pht trong h thng DSCDMA d
b v mt my pht n trong h thng ny c cho hnh 4.2.
Mi ngi s dng pht thng tin s ti cng mt tc d s liu bng 1/T
b
. Ta gi thit
rng iu ch theo lng cc, v th k hiu th m ca ngi s dng th k d
k
(m) trn hnh 4.2 c
th nhn gi tr +1 hoc -1. Ta c th k hiu lung s liu lng cc ca ngi s dng th k
gm 2M+1 k hiu nh sau:

d
k
T
= {d
k
(-M),....., d
k
(0), ....., d
k
(M)} (4.13)

trong (2M+1) l s cc k hiu s liu c pht v T k hiu cho ma trn chuyn v.
K hiu lng cc d
k
(m) c xc nh bi k hiu n cc b
k
(m)={0,1} nh sau:

d
k
(m)= 1-2b
k
(m) (4.14)

Tn hiu lng cc ca ngi s dng k c biu din nh sau:

b
M
k k T b
m M
d (t) d (m)p (t mT )
=
=
(4.15)

trong 2M+1 l s k hiu c pht, T
b
l rng xung ch nht tng ng mt bit v p
Tb
(t) l
xung ch nht n v c xc nh nh sau:

[ ]
[ ]
b
b
T
b
1 t 0, T
p (t)
0 t 0, T
(4.16)


68
Tx1
Tx2
Txk
TxK
Knh
c1(t)
c2(t)
ck(t)
cK(t)
d1(t)
d2(t)
dk(t)
dK(t)
r(t)
s(t)
Ngun bit
B sp xp
0 +1
1 -1
B iu ch
v tri ph
bj(t)
dj(t)
sj(t)
a)
b)
cj(t)
Hnh 4.2. S khi ca my pht trong h thng DSCDMA d b . (a) K my pht, (b)
Mt my pht n.

Mi my pht c n nh mt chui m PN c
k
(t) c di N hu nh trc giao vi nhau nh
sau:

c
N
k k T c
i 1
c (t) c (i)p (t iT )
=
=
(4.17)
trong
k
c (i) c k hiu cho k hiu ti thi im iT
c
ca chui k trong T
c
l rng
chip, k hiu ny nhn cc gi tr t tp {+1,-1} v p
Tc
(t) l hm xung n v xc nh theo cng
thc sau:

[ ]
[ ]
c
c
T
c
1 t 0, T
p (t)
0 t 0, T
(4.18)
Sau tri ph v iu ch ta c tn hiu pht cu ngi s dng j nh sau:

M
bj
k k k c k
m M
b
2E
s (t) d (t)c (t) cos(2 f t )
T
=
= +

hay:
M
k k k k
m M
s (t) P d (t)C (t)
=
=

(4.19)

69
trong E
bk
v P
k
l nng lng bit v cng sut trung bnh sng mang ca my pht k,
k
l
pha ban u ca sng mang my pht k, C
k
(t) l m th hin ng thi tri ph v iu ch
BPSK c gi l ch k v c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

( ) [ ]
[ ]
c k k b
k
b
2 cos 2 f t c (t) t 0, T
C (t)
0 t 0, T
+
=
(4.20)

trong f
c
l sng mang,
k
l gc pha ban u v c
k
(t) l chui chip tri ph vi thi gian mt
chip l T
c
bin l +1 hoc -1.
tin ta cng coi rng di chui N bng li tri ph T
b
/T
c
, trong T
c
l rng
chip. Ta d dng nhn thy rng:

b
T
2
j
b 0
1
C (t)dt
T

= 1 j=1,2,.... K (4.21)
ta c th biu din tn hiu thu c sau knh truyn dn nh sau:

K M
rj j j b j
j 1 m M
r(t) P d (m)C (t mT ) n(t)
= =
= +

(4.22)
trong P
rj
=P
j
/L
p
l cng sut trung bnh sng mang thu, L
p
l suy hao truyn sng, n(t) l tp m
Gauss trng c mt ph cng sut n bin N
0
.
Trong mt h thng DSCDMA ng b, tn hiu ca cc ngi s dng c ng b k
hiu vi nhau. Th d ca h thng ny l ng xung trong mng thng tin di ng t ong. Tn
hiu thu c trong h thng ng b l trng hp c bit ca cng thc (4.22), khi cc dch
thi
j
vi j=1,2,...., K u bng nhau, v th khng mt tnh tng qut nu ta coi chng bng
khng, tn hiu thu khi ny c xc nh nh sau:

K M
rj j j b
j 1 m M
r(t) P d (m)C (t mT ) n(t)
= =
= +

(4.23)
V y khng cn dch thi gia cc k hiu nn ta c th xt cho mt bit chng hn m=0 theo
biu thc sau:

K
rj j j
k 1
r(t) P d (0)C (t) n(t)
=
= +
(4.24)
My thu b lc phi hp thng thng tch sng ng thi cc tn hiu cu K ngi s
dng c cho hnh 4.3.

70
=
N
i 1
(.)
) t cos(
T
2
1 c
b
+
1 b c
mT iT + +
) i ( c
1
) i ( y
1
) m ( b
1
Mchquyt
nh
=
N
i 1
(.)
) t cos(
T
2
2 c
b
+
2 b c
mT iT + +
) i ( c
2
) i ( y
2
) m ( b
2
Mchquyt
nh
=
N
i 1
(.)
) t cos(
T
2
K c
b
+
K b c
mT iT + +
) i ( c
K
) i ( y
K ) m ( b
K
Mchquyt
nh
r(t)
+ +
+ +
b 1 c
b 1 c
mT iT
mT T ) 1 i (
dt (.)
+ +
+ +
b 2 c
b 2 c
mT iT
mT T ) 1 i (
dt (.)
c K b
c K b
iT mT
(i 1)T mT
(.)dt
+ +
+ +
) (
1
m Y
) (
2
m Y
) (m Y
K
K b
T ) 1 m ( + +
2 b
T ) 1 m ( + +
1 b
T ) 1 m ( + +

Hnh 4.3. My thu b lc phi hp thng thng tch sng ng thi cc tn hiu DSCDMA
d b K ngi s dng

My thu ny bao gm tp hp cc b lc phi hp vi cc mch quyt nh. B lc k
c phi hp vi tn hiu thu C
k
(t) tng ng. u ra ca b lc k c ly mu ti cui khong
thi gian k hiu m. Ta c th vit:

b
b
k ( m 1)T
k k b k
b k mT
1
Y (m) r(t)C (t mT )dt
T
+ +
+
=
-MmM (4.25)
Mch quyt nh nh gi k hiu m ca ngi s dng th j trn c s ly mu cui thi gian
ca bit m v kho st du ca bin quyt nh Y
j
:
[ ]
k
k
k
k
1 Y (m) 0
d (m) sign Y (m)
1 Y (m) 0
+
= =
<
nu
nu
(4.26)
Ngoi ra trong khong thi gian ca bit m, tn hiu sau tch phn li c ly mu ti cui
thi gian ca mt chip. Kt qu ly mu c so snh tng quan vi tng chip cu chui tri ph
a phng trc khi a ln b cng. Ta c th biu din li ptr.(4.25) dng tch phn phn
on nh sau nh sau:

c k b
c k b
iT mT
N
k k b k
i 1
b ( i 1)T mT
1
Y (m) r(t)c (t mT )dt
T
+ +
=
+ +
=

(4.27)
Ta coi rng ng b sng mang l l tng v b lc c khuych i cng sut bng mt. K
hiu:

c k b
c k b
iT mT
k k b k
b ( i 1)T mT
1
y (i) r(t)C (t mT )dt
T
+ +
+ +
=
(4.28)

ta c

71

N
k k
i 1
Y (m) y (i)
=
=
(4.29)
trong N l di ca chui m.
Thay r(t) t (4.23) vo (4.27) ta c:
k brk k
Y (m) E d (m) = +
+
c k b
c k b
iT mT
K M N
jr j j b j k b k
j 1 m M i 1
b ( i 1)T mT
j k
1
P d (n)c (t nT )c (t mT )dt
T
+ +
= = =
+ +

+ n
0
(4.30)
trong
k b
k b
( m 1)T
0 k b k
b mT
1
n n(t)c (t mT )dt
T
+ +
+
=
l thnh phn tp m c trung bnh khng v

phng sai
2 0
n
N
2
= vi N
0
l

mt ph cng sut tp m u vo my thu. t:
u=t-mT
b
-
k
, m n = v
k j kj
= cho (4.29), sau khi bin i ta c:
k brk k
Y (m) E d (m) =

c
c
iT
K N
brj j j b kj k
j 1 i 1
b ( i 1)T
j k
1
E d (m )C (u T )c (u)du
T
= =
+ +

+ n
0
(4.31)
trong E
brk
v E
brj
l nng lng bit thu ca ngi s dng k v j, m l bit th m ca ca ch k
C
j
(t). Ta c th vit li ptr.(4.31) nh sau:

K
k brk k bjr j kj
j 1
j k
Y (m) E d (m) E d (m )R ( )
=
= + +

+n
k
(m) (4.32)
trong
kj
R ( ) l tng quan cho ca hai chui m c xc nh nh sau:

b
T
kj j b kj k
b 0
1
R ( ) c (t T )c (t)dt
T
=
(4.33)
v k=1,2,....K; j=1, 2, ...., K; m=-M,....,0,....,M

Phng trnh (4.32) cho thy tn hiu thu dc u ra ca my thu phi hp k gm ba thnh
phn vi thnh phn th nht l tn hiu hu ch, thnh phn th hai l nhiu a ngi s dng v
thnh phn th ba l tp m Gauss. Thnh phn nhiu t l tuyn tnh vi bin tn hiu nhiu
(
bjr
E ). V th nu tn hiu nhiu mnh, n s gy nhiu mnh v chn tt c cc tn hiu yu
khc. y l nhc im chnh ca my thu b lc phi hp. Thm ch ngay c khi cng sut cu
tt c cc ngi s dng nh nhau, thnh phn nhiu c th vn ng k do tng quan cho gia
tn hiu hu ch v nhiu cao v cc gi tr tr khc nhau.
Nh vy my thu b lc phi hp khng cho hiu nng ti u khi c mt cc tn hiu gy
nhiu. khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta nghin cu s dng cc my thu tch sng a
ngi s dng.


72
4.3. XC XUT LI BIT

Khi khng c nhiu giao thoa (K=1) h thng c xt l mt h thng BPSK tri ph.
T ptr(4.22), khi ch xt cho truyn dn mt bit s liu, khi xt c tr do truyn sng v tp m
ng truyn v coi rng cng sut ca tt cc ngi s dng my thu nh nhau, ta c th vit
tn hiu thu my thu k nh sau:
K
brj
j j j j c rj
j 1
b
2E
r(t) d (t )c (t ) cos(2 f t )
T
=
= +
+n(t) (4.34)
trong : c
j
(t) k hiu cho chui m tri ph,
j
l tr truyn sng,
rj j c j
2 f = l gc pha ca
tn hiu thu v l gc pha ban u ca sng mang c pht.
Ga s my thu k t c ng b nh thi n tn hiu thu v ng b sng mang.
Hm c ly mu quyt nh Y
k
(t) l tng cu cc cc thnh phn tn hiu, tp m v nhiu giao
thoa c xc nh nh sau:
k k k br
Y (t) d (t ) E =
k b
k
T
K
br
j j j j k k c rj c rk
j 1
b
j k
2 E
d (t )c (t )c (t ) cos(2 f t ) cos(2 f t ) dt
T
+
=
+ + +

+
k b
k
T
k k c rk
b
2
n(t)c (t ) cos(2 f t )dt
T
+
,
k
t
k
+T
b
(4.35)
trong
k
l pha ca chui ngu nhin ni v
kr
l pha ca b giao ng ni ti my thu k.
Ta c th vit li ptr. (4.35) nh sau:

k k k br k k
Y (t) d (t ) E n I = + + (4.36)
trong : thnh phn th nht l tn hiu hu ch m ta cn tch ra, thnh phn th hai:

k b
k
T
k c rk
b
2
n n(t) cos(2 f t )dt
T
+
= +
(4.37)
l tp m Gauss c lp c trung bnh 0 v phng sai N
0
/2, thnh phn th ba l nhiu a ngi
s dng MUI, nu t: u=t-
k
thi sau khi bin i thnh phn th hai trong ptr. (4.35) ta c:
b
T
K
br
k j kj j kj k c kj c k
j 1
b 0
j k
2 E
I d (u )c (u )c (u) cos(2 f u ) cos(2 f u ) du
T
=
= + +

(4.38)
trong :
k j kj
= v
kj c j kj
f 2 = , 0tT
b

l tng ca K-1 thnh phn c lp v c phn b phc tp. Qu trnh tm phn b ca I
k

=
K
kj
j 1
j k
I
=
v sau s dng n c tnh p.b.e. trung bnh l mt cng vic kh khn v ta phi
tnh ton gn ng hay thit lp cc gii hn. Mc d c th nhn c cc gii hn trn v di
ca p.b.e kh chnh xc vi ci gi phi tr l tng phc tp ca vic tnh ton, ta s ch xt cc
kt qu gn ng.

73
Ta xt mt ngun gy nhiu j i vi ngi s dng k nh hnh 4.4. Ta xt phng
trnh (4.38). S dng cng thc lng gic ta c cos(2f
c
u+
kj
)cos(2f
c
u+
k
) = (1/2)[cos(
kj
-
k
) +cos(4f
c
t+
kj
+
k
)] v n gin k hiu ta s s dng k hiu '
jk
thay cho
kj
-
k
trn
hnh v cng nh trong cc cng thc di y. V tn s sng mang f
c
ln hn nhiu so vi tc
chip ca cc c
j
(t), nn thnh phn nhn i tn s s b loi b sau khi ly tch phn. Lu
rng tr tng i
kj
c th l mt gi tr no trong khong 0 v T
b
, gi tr ca I
kj
ph thuc
vo hai bit gy nhiu lin tip nh hnh 4.4a. Ta k hiu rng bit u trong s hai bit ny (t
ngi s dng j) l
) j (
1
d
v bit th hai l
) j (
0
d . Ta c th vit u ra ca b tng quan gy ra do
mt ngun nhiu nh sau:

( )
kj
b
kj
T
( j) ( j)
kj br kj 1 k kj j 0 k kj j
b b 0
1 1
I E cos d c (t )c (t)dt d c (t )c (t)dt
T T
= +

(4.39)
trong :
,
kj kj k
= ,
kj b
0 T
Trn hnh 4.4 c hai bit u c t bng +1, nhng tng qut chng s l +1 hay -1 vi
xc sut nh nhau. Trong th d ny ta c N=7 chip trong mi chu k chui v
kj
=3,5T
c
. Xt
ptr.(4.39) ta thy rng I
kj
ph thuc vo hm tng quan cho tun hon
b
T
j k k
b 0
1
c (t )c (t)dt
T

nu
( j) ( j)
1 0
d d
= , hay hiu s gia hai tng quan cho khng tun hon tng phn
kj
j kj k
b 0
1
c (t )c (t)dt
T
v
b
kj
T
j kj k
b
1
c (t )c (t)dt
T

nu
( j) ( j)
1 0
d d
.

C th lp cng thc tng quan cho gia hai dng sng PN lin quan n tng quan
cho ri rc khng tun hon R
kj
(i) ca cc chui PN tng ng c
(k)
=(a
o
(k)
, a
1
(k)
, ..... , a
(k)
N-1
)v c
(j)
=
(a
0
(j)
, a
1
(j)
, .... , a
(j)
N-1
) trong R
k,j
(i) c nh ngha nh sau:
N 1 i
( j) ( k)
i
0
N 1 i
( j) ( k)
kj
i
0
a a , 0 i N 1
1
R (i)
a a , (N 1) i 0
N
0 , i

+
=
+
=

=
<
khc tr n
(4.40)
nh c v hnh 4.5.

74
- + + - + - -
t=0 t=Tb
"+1"
"+1"
"+1"
kj
Chun tham kho
Nhiu giao thoa
- + + - + - -
t=0
kj=iTc+ kj.Tc
-(Tb-kj)
kjTc
(1- kj)Tc
- + + - + - -
t=0
- + + - - - +
- + + - - - +
iTc
(i+1)Tc
(1- kj)
kj
- + + - + - -
t=0
- + + - - - +
- + + - - - +
kj
(1- kj)
-(N-i-1)Tc
-(N-i)Tc
a/
b/
c/
d/
- + + - - - +
- + + - - - + - + + - - - +
- + + - - - +

Hnh 4.4. Nhiu nhiu ngi s dng: a) tng quan trong khong (0,T
b
);
b) nh l tng ca hai tng quan cho khng tun hon;
c) phn chia thnh hai tng quan cho ri rc khng tun hon


75
a0 a1 . ai ai+1 ai+2 . . . . aN-1
(k) (k) (k) (k) (k) (k)
a0 a1 a2 . . . . aN--1 +ii . . .
(j) (j) (j) (j)
a0 a1 . . . . . aN--1+ii . . .
(k) (k) (k)
a0 . . a-i a-i+1 . . . . . aN-1
i<0
i0
a/
b/

(j) (j) (j) (j)

Hnh 4.5. Hm tng quan cho ri rc khng tun hon R
ck,cj
:
a) 0iN-1, b) -(N-1)i<0

Nu i dng, chui nhiu dch sang phi i chip v tng quan c thc hin N-i on nh
hnh 4.5a. Mt khc nu i m chui nhiu dch tri v khi ny c tng quan nh hnh 4.5b.
Xt tnh hung in hnh nh hnh 4.4b khi tr tng i

kj
= iT
c
+
kj
T
c
, 0iN-1 (4.41)

khng hon ton l bi s nguyn ca T
c
. ptr. (4.41) ta m hnh
kj
l mt bin ngu nhin ng
u trong khong (0,1). T hnh 4.3d ta thy rng:

[ ]
k
j kj k kj kj kj kj
b 0
1
c (t )c (t)dt R (N i 1) R (N i)(1 )
T
= +

kj kj kj kj
R (i N) R (1 i N) R (i N) = + +

(4.42)

V
kj
nm trong khong t 0 n 1, tng quan cho tng phn (4.42) l mt s trong khong
R
ck,cj
(i-N) v R
ck,cj
(1+i-N). Tng t tng quan cho tng phn th hai 4.39) c th vit nh
sau (xem hnh 4.3.c):

b
k
T
j kj k kj kj kj kj
b
1
c (t )c (t)dt R (i)(1 ) R (i 1)
T

= + +

kj kj kj kj
R (i) R (i 1) R (i) = + +

(4.43)

l mt s nm gia R
kj
(i) v R
kj
(i+1). Cc chui SSMA (
) i (
a
), j= 1,2,3,....,K l cc chui xc
nh v ta c th tnh tt c cc tng quan cho R
kj
(i) cho tt c i. Bin ngu nhin I
kj
nh vy ch
thuc vo bn bin ngu nhin c lp: '
kj
, d
-1
(j)
, d
0
(j)
v
kj
. V bit phn b ca chng, nn c
th nh gi c phn b ca mi I
kj
.

76
Thnh phn nhiu MAI: I
k
l tng ca K-1 thnh phn I
kj
c lp v th hm mt xc
sut ca n l tch chp K-1 ln:

f
Ik
(x)=f
Y1
f
Y2
....f
YK
(x) tr f
Yk
(4.44)

Rt kh thc hin tch chp ny nhng ta c th thc hin n t nht l l thuyt. nhn c
p.b.e trc ht ta t c nh I
k
=x v tnh ton xc sut li thng qua ptr. (4.36):

k br
k k
0
n x E
P(Y 0|I x) P 0
N / 2
+ +
< = = <

=
br 0
0
x
Q 2E / N
N / 2
+

(4.45)

P.b.e trung bnh khi ny c xc nh bng cch ly trung bnh I:

b br 0
0
Ik br 0
0
x
P E Q 2E / N
N / 2
x
f (x)Q 2E / N dx
N / 2
= +
= +

(4.46)

Vic xc nh hm mt f
Ik
(x) cho MUI sau thc hin tch phn trn khng d rng, c bit
khi K ln. Ta c th nhn c gii hn trn v di bng phng php s khi s dng mt s
bin i i vi f
Ik
(x); cc gii hn ny t c chnh xc ty theo phc tp ca tnh ton.
Tuy nhin cc kt qu kh chnh xc ny khng c cc li gii dng kn.

4.4. CDMA VI CC PHNG PHP IU CH KHC

Khi la chn mt s iu ch s ta cn cn nhc mt s vn : (1) rng bng
tn;(2) cng sut; (3) hiu nng chng li p.b.e.
Bng thng l khong ph cn thit truyn mt tn iu ch. ng thi ta cng
mun t c cht lung yu cu (do khch hng l ngi tr tin dch v) khi cng sut nh v
gi thnh thp. Nh l mt quy tc d thy: Bng thng bng tc k hiu thoe Nyquist. Trong
thc t n ph thuc vo dng xung iu ch v tc k hiu (c th khng phi l nh phn).
Bng thng cn thit cho mt tn hiu y(t) c xc nh bi PSD ca n. tm c PSD,
trc ht ta cn tm hm t tng quan E(Y(t+)Y
*
(t))=R
(,t). Hm t tng quan ny l mt

hm tun hon theo thi gian t. . Ta trung bnh ho n trn khong thi gian t v thc hin bin
i Fourier so vi nhn c PSD
(f). Chng hn, PSD i vi mt tn hiu BPSK l:

2 2
c b c b
b
P
(f) [sinc (f f )T sinc (f f )T ]
2R
= + + (4.47)


77
trong 2P l bin tn hiu cn sinc(x)=sin(x)/(x). PSD cho thy s phn b ca tn hiu
theo tn s nh th no. Lu rng vic ly tch phn PSD tt c cc tn s s cho ta tng cng
sut E[Y
2
(t)]. i vi BPSK, ta c th nhn thy t cng thc (4.65) rng cng sut ca n tp
trung xung quanh tn s sng mang f=f
c
, theo nh mong i i vi mt tn hiu bng thng.
Ngoi ra bp chnh nm trong (f
c
-1/T
b
,f
c
+1/T
b
) v rng bng gi hai gi tr khngvo
khong 2/T
b
=2R
b
Hz, trong R
b
l tc bit. Do s gim chm ca cc bp bn PSD nn
rng bng truyn dn l thuyt i vi BPSK l v hn. Tuy nhin 99% cng sut BPSK c
cha rng bng 16R
b
Hz v v th rng bng cha 99% cng sut ca BPSK l
B
BPSK,99%
=16R
b
. Tng t nh vy ta c th thy rng bng 90% cng sut BPSK l
B
BPSK,90%
=1.6R
b
. Trong thc t mt tn hiu vi rng bng cho trc cn c tip tc hn ch
bng tn trc khi c pht. rng bng thng ca b lc bng thng l rng bng tn
truyn dn cui cng ca tn hiu c pht. Lu rng qu trnh lc gy ra mo v nhiu giao
thoa gia cc k hiu dn n li trong qu trnh gii iu ch. Ngoi ra lu rng PSD c th
c to dng bng cch thay i dng xung v (hoc) a thm tng quan vo chui s liu.
knh AWGN, p.b.e l mt hm ca t s nng lng bit tn hiu trn mt ph tp m
(SNR), ta k hiu n l E
br
/N
0
=P
r
T
b
/N
0
. SNR cao hn (chng hn cng sut P ln hn hay thi
gian bit T
b
lu hn hay mt cng ph cng sut tp m mt bin N
0
thp hn) c ngha l p.b.e
thp hn. i vi BPSK, quan h ny l:

b, BPSK
P Q( 2.SNR) = (4.48)

i vi P
e
=10
-3
, SNR cn thit l 6,7dB.

Mt s c hiu sut s dng tn s tt hn BPSK l iu ch kho dch pha vung gc
(QPSK), s ny rng xung iu ch tng gp i t T
b
n 2T
b
. Thng tin c pht i
hai sng mang trc giao trong dng sng QPSK s
QPSK
(t), trong :

QPSK I ,i 2Tb b c
i
Q,i 2Tb b c
i
I c Q c
s d p (t i2T ) 2P cos(2 f t )
d p (t i2T ) 2P sin(2 f t )
d (t) 2P cos(2 f t ) d (t) 2P sin(2 f t )
=
= +
+
= + +

[ ] { }
c
2P cos 2 f t (t) = + + (4.49)

phng trnh trn, d
I,i
v d
Q,i
l cc bit s liu , p
2Tb
(t)=1 i vi 0<t<2T
b
v bng
khng nu khc, l hm xung ch nht bin n v v hm pha (t) nhn cc gi tr 45
0
, 135
0
,
225
0
, 315
0
v c th dch pha c 2T
b
mt ln. rng bng tn ca QPSK bng mt na
rng ca BPSK, nhng tc bit vn bng 1/T
b
=R
b
. Cc bit li knh ng pha (tng ng vi
sng mang ng pha cos(2f
c
t+)) v knh vung gc (tng ng vi sng mang vung gc
sin(2f
c
t+)) gy ra do AWGN s c lp vi nhau. V th BPSK v QPSK c cng hiu nng.
Nn QPSK u vit hn BPSK.

78
QPSK thng c thc hin vi cc dng sng vung gc dch nhau T
b
giy. Tn hiu
tng hp c gi l QPSK c dch pha (OQPSK: Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) hay
QPSK lch pha (Stagged QPSK):

OQPSK I c Q b c
S (t) 2Pd (t) cos(2 f t ) 2Pd (t T ) sin(2 f t ) = + + (4.50)

OQPSK c cng rng v cng c tnh p.b.e. nh QPSK. Mt tn hiu QPSK c th dch pha
0
0
, 90
0
v 180
0
2T
b
giy mi ln, cn OQPSK c th dch pha 0
0
, 90
0
T
b
giy mi ln.
Nu ta thay i hm xung ch nht OQPSK thnh hm na xung dng cosin, th ta nhn
c dng sng kho dch cc tiu (MSK: Minimum Shift Keying):

MSK I , k b 2Tb b b c
i
s (t) d cos( t / 2T )p (t i2T T ) 2P cos(2 f t )
=
= +

Q,i b 2Tb b b c
i
d cos( t / 2T )p (t i2T T ) 2P sin(2 f t )
=
+
(4.51)
MSK c pha lin tc; n c cng p.b.e. nh QPSK, nhng c tnh PSD tt hn. Mt cch ngu
nhin B
MSK,90%
B
QPSK,90%
, nhng B
MSK,99%
nh hn nhiu so vi rng bng 99% cng sut ca
QPSK. C th ci thin hn na c tnh ph ca MSK bng cch s dng cc xung Gauss (v th
c tn l GMSK). Tuy nhin cc xung Gauss a thm vo nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu v
cht lng s gim. V th cn cn nhc gia rng di thng v cht lng.
V mt l thuyt cc tn hiu BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, MSK c bin khng i v
chng c hn ch bng tn ri khuych i (thng bng b khuych i phi tuyn c
hiu sut cao) trc khi pht. Cc tn hiu sau khi lc khng cn c bin khng i v chng
c th bo ho b khuych i phi tuyn. Ta bit rng nh hng ca qu trnh lc l vic a vo
mt thnh phn bin nh nhng khng t bin nu chuyn dch pha nh. V th s thay i
bin t nht i vi MSK, sau l OQPSK, QPSK v BPSK.
Cc iu ch PSK l cc s nht qun, nn i hi mch vng kho pha bm pha
sng mng pha thu. Nu mo pha knh khng gy thay i ng k trong khong thi gian
hai bit lin tip, th c th s dng s iu ch nht qun vi sai. PSK m ho vi sai (DPSK:
Differential Phase Shift Keying), bit "1" c pht i bng cch dch pha sng mang 180
0
so vi
sng mang thi ca bit trc. Bit "0" c pht i vi dch pha tng i bng 0. rng bng
truyn dn ca DPSK ging nh rng bng ca BPSK, nhng n khng cn vng kho pha
ng b pha. Nhng ci gi phi tr cho vic thc hin n gin hn l hiu nng km hn BPSK,
iu ny th hin biu thc p.b.e:

SNR
b, DPSK
1
P e
2
= (4.52)

trong nh thng l SNR=E
b
/N
0
. DPSK i hi SNR bng 8dB.
DPSK bn pha (4-DPSK), cc dch pha tng i gia cc on thi gian 2T l 45
0
,
135
0
, 225
0
, 315
0
. Biu thc p.b.e. cho 4-DPSK phc tp hn:

2. SNR
b, 4 DPSK 0
1
P Q(a SNR, b SNR) e I (SNR. 2)
2
= (4.53)

79

trong a=0,76537 v b=1,8478. Q(x,y) l hm Q Marcum v I
0
(x) l hm Bessel ci tin bc
khng. P
b
=10
-3
, SNR cn thit cho 4-DPSK l 9dB.
So snh cc s iu ch s c cho bng 4.1.
Bng 4 .1. So snh cc phng thc iu ch khc nhau

BPSK QPSK hay
OQPSK
MSK DPSK 4-DPSK
P
b
(SNR)
Q( SNR 2 ) Q( SNR 2 ) Q( SNR 2 )
SNR
e
2
1

) , ( SNR b SNR a Q

B
99%
16R
b
8R
b
1,2R
b
16R
b
8R
b
B
Nyquist
R
b
0,5 R
b
0,52 R
b
R
b
0,5 R
b

SNR cho
P
b
=0,001
6,7 dB 6,7 dB 6,7 dB 8dB 9dB

R rng l rng bng tn cha 99% cng sut ca MSK tt hn cc iu ch khc.
Hiu nng p.b.e v s t thay i ng bao tt hn ca MSK khin cho n c a chn hn.
Tuy nhin gi thnh thc hin cho MSK cao. Mt khc nu cng sut khng phi l vn xem
xt chnh th 4-DPSK c th l chn la tt nh hiu sut s dng ph tn v thc hin n gin
hn. Trong khi tnh ton ngi ta thng s dng rng bng tn Nyquist.
Trong CDMA, bng thng cn thit tng khi h s tri ph N tng. Cc sng mang ng
pha v pha vung gc cc ptr. (4.49), (4.50) c tip tc iu ch bi cc dng sng tri ph,
c
I
(t) v c
Q
(t). Ngoi ra cc dch thi cc ptr. (4.49), (4.50) v (4.51) c bin i t T
b
vo T
c

giy v cc na xung hm cosin ptr. (4.50) cng thay i di t 2T
b
vo 2T
c
giy. Nu ta m
hnh MAI nh tp m b sung vo knh nh trong ptr. (4.64), th cng c th m rng cc kt qu
v hiu nng phn trc cho DPSK, 4-DPSK v cc dng iu ch khc. vy cn cng ng
gp ca MAI v tnh ton SNR nh sau:

br br
0 0 0 r c
E E
SNR
N I N 2(K 1)PT / 2
= =
+ +

br 0 p
1
1 (K 1)
E / N G
=
+
(4.54)
trong G
p
=B/R
b
=T
b
/T
c

T phng trnh (4.54), s ngi s dng cc i c th tnh nh sau:
max p

br 0 br 0
1 1
K 1 G
E / N E / N
= +

(4.55)

Th d, vi 4-DPSK P
b
=10
-3
, SNR thu cn thit l 9 dB (bng 4.1). Coi rng t s tn
hiu trn tp m nhit E
br
/N
0
in hnh bng 15 dB, ta c th tnh s ngi s dng nh sau:
K
max
=
( ) p 0 ,9 1, 5
1 1
1 G
10 10
+

p
K 1 0, 094G +

80
i vi N=100, CDMA/4-DPSK s m bo 10 ngi s dng ng thi. i vi CDMA/4-
DPSK, s K tng n 0,254G
p
nhng hiu sut bng tn gim mt na.

4.5. TNG KT

Chng ny xt m hnh tng qut knh DSCDMA. M hnh ny hin nay ang c
ng dng rng ri trong cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 (gi tt l 3G) nh: W-CDMA v
cdma2000. m hnh knh ny hot ng mi ngi s dng cn c cp pht mt m tri
ph trc giao (xem chng 1). Cc m ny c th l m gi tp m (PN) hoc m Walsh. Da trn
m hnh knh DSCDMA chng ny cng a ra cng thc tnh ton dung lng n gin
thit k h thng (phng trnh 4.12). T phng trnh ny ta thy s ngi s dng ti a trong
mt ph thuc vo: h s nhiu t cc khc , li nh phn on , h s tch cc ting
v h s iu khin cng sut hon ho . gim thiu nhiu n t cc khc h thng
phi thc hin chuyn giao ti u. Vic phn on bng cch s dng nhiu anten c bp sng
hp cng gim nhiu ng knh v tng dung lng . V th khi thit k h thng ta cn lu
n vn ny Ngoi ra iu ny lm ny sinh tng xy dng cc m hnh anten thng minh
v anten thch ng. Ting ni trong khi m thai cng l ngun gy nhiu ng knh. gim
nhiu ny ngi ta cng thit k cc CODEC c tc bit thay i ty theo tn sut ting. iu
khin cng sut l bt buc trong h thng CDMA trnh hin tng xa gn. V th khi thit k
ta cng cn lu tm n t c . gn bng 1.
Vic tnh ton BER cho ng xung (t BTS n MS) l tng i n gin v c th
coi y l ng truyn CDMA ng b (cc tn hiu pht cho cc ngi s dng khc nhau n
my thu c xt l ng thi). Nhng tnh ton BER cho ng ln (t MS n BTS) l rt phc
tp v ng truyn CDMA ny khng ng b ( cc tn hiu ca ngi s dng t MS n BTS
b tr khc nhau ph thuc vo v tr ca h). Trong trng hp ny cc m tri ph ca cc ngi
s dng khng cn trc giao na dn n nhiu ng knh tng. Nhiu ny c xc nh theo
phng trnh (4.39) v c phn tch trn hnh (4.4). Phn tch cc h thng iu ch khc nhau
p dng cho CDMA cho thy s dng iu ch BPSK v QPSK l thch hp hn c. Chnh v l
do ny cc h hng 3G hin nay u s dng cc phng thc iu ch ny. Trong tng lai
tng thm dung lng h thng cc h thng CDMA c th p dng M-QAM vi M>4.

4.6. CU HI V BI TP

1. Gi thit rng ta nhn tp m Gauss trung bnh khng n(t) vi c(t)sin(2f
c
t+) v sau
ly tch phn tch nhn c trong thi gian 2T
b
giy, tm gi tr trung bnh u ra Z ca
b tch phn?
(a) Bng khng; (b) Khc khng
2. iu kin ging nh cu trn. Tm phng sai u ra Z b tch phn?
(a) Bng N
0
T/2; (b) N
0
T/4; (c) N
0
T
3. Hiu nng ca mt h thng thng tin DSCDMA l
(a) nhiu hn ch; (b) nng lng hn ch; (c) tp m hn ch; (d) khng nhy cm vi
hiu

81
ng xa-gn nu chui tri ph rt di c s dng
4. Nu ta tng gp i di chui h thng DSCDMA th
(a) s ngi s dng c php tng gp i (b) t s tn hiu trn tp m gim mt na;
(c) p.b.e gim mt na; (d) tt c cc iu ni trn u ng (e) khng iu no ni trn
ng
5. Gi thit E
br
/N
0
= 15dB, K/N=0,1 v N rt ln, tm BER i vi CDMA BPSK khi s
dng cng thc (4.8) v cng thc gn ng sau:
2
Q(x) exp(x / 2) /( 2 x) =
6. Tnh dung lng h thng CDMA theo s ngi s dng /on vi cc d liu sau:
( )
b
0
E
6 dB
N
= , nhiu t cc ln cn l 60%, tha s tch cc ting l 50%, Tha s iu
khin cng sut chnh xc l 0,8; li phn on : 2,5, rng bng tn v tuyn l :
1,25 Mhz, Tc bit thng tin : 9,6 kbps
10; (b) 26; (c) 40
7. Tm tc chip cn thit ca chui PN cho h thng DSCDMA s dng u ch BPSK
vi cc thng s sau:E
b
/N
0
=6,8dB, tc bit knh 9,6 kbps; nhiu t cc khc 60%;
tha s tch cc ting 50%; chnh xc iu khin cng sut 0,8; khng s dng phn
on . (a) 100kcps; (b) 1Mcps; (c) 1,8Mcps
8. (tip). Xc sut li bit trong trng hp ny bng bao nhiu? S dng cng thc gn ng
sau
2
Q(x) exp(x / 2) /( 2 x) = .
(a) 1,5.10
-2
; (b) 1,5.10
-3
; (c) 1,5.10
-4

9. Cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA s dng iu ch no sau y?
(a) BPSK; (b) QPSK; (c) GMSK; (d) DPSK

Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
82

CHNG 5
A TRUY NHP V TUYN TRONG MI TRNG
PHAINH A NG DI NG V PHN TP

5.1. GII THIU CHUNG


Tnh cht knh trong cc min khng gian, min tn s v min thi gian
Quan h thng s knh gia cc min khc nhau
Cc loi phainh bng hp
Phn b Rayleigh v Rice
M hnh knh trong min thi gian v tn s
Cc dng phn tp

5.1.2. Hng dn

Tham kho thm [2], [3]

5.1.3. Mc ch chng

Hiu c cc nh hng khc nhau ca knh truyn sng ln truyn dn v tuyn di
ng
Bit cch tnh ton cc thng s knh
Xy dng c m hnh knh truyn sng
Hiu c nguyn l ca mt s dng phn tp in hnh

5.2. M U

Trong thng tin v tuyn di ng, cc c tnh knh v tuyn di ng c tm quan trng
rt ln, v chng nh hng trc tip ln cht lng truyn dn v dung lng. Trong cc h
thng v tuyn thng thng (khng phi cc h thng v tuyn thch ng), cc tnh cht thng k
di hn ca knh c o v nh gi trc khi thit k h thng. Nhng trong cc h thng iu
ch thch ng, vn ny phc tp hn. m bo hot ng thch ng ng, cn phi lin tc
nhn c thng tin v cc tnh cht thng k ngn hn thm ch tc thi ca knh.
Cc yu t chnh hn ch h thng thng tin di ng bt ngun t mi trng v tuyn.
Cc yu t ny l:
Suy hao. Cng trng gim theo khong cch. Thng thng suy hao nm trong
khong t 50 n 150 dB ty theo khong cch
83
Che ti. Cc vt cn gia trm gc v my di ng lm suy gim thm tn hiu
Phainh a ng v phn tn thi gian. Phn x, nhiu x v tn x lm mo tn hiu thu
bng cch tri rng chng theo thi gian. Ph thuc vo bng thng cu h thng, yu t
ny dn n thay i nhanh cng tn hiu v gy ra nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu
(ISI: Inter Symbol Interference).
Nhiu. Cc my pht khc s dng cng tn s hay cc tn s ln cn khc gy nhiu cho
tn hiu mong mun. i khi nhiu c coi l tp m b sung.

C th phn cc knh v tuyn thnh hai loi: "phainh phm vi rng" v "phainh phm vi
hp". Cc m hnh truyn sng truyn thng nh gi cng sut trung bnh thu c ti cc
khong cch cho trc so vi my pht. i vi cc khong cch ln (vi km), cc m hnh
truyn sng phm vi rng c s dng. Phainh phm vi hp m t s thng ging nhanh sng
v tuyn theo bin , pha v tr a ng trong khong thi gian ngn hay trn c ly di chuyn
ngn. Phainh trong trng hp ny gy ra do truyn sng a ng.
Cc knh v tuyn l cc knh mang tnh ngu nhin, n c th thay i t cc ng
truyn thng n cc ng b che chn nghim trng i vi cc v tr khc nhau. Hnh 5.1 cho
thy rng trong min khng gian, mt knh c cc c trng khc nhau (bin chng hn) ti
cc v tr khc nhau. Ta gi c tnh ny l tnh chn lc khng gian (hay phn tp khng gian) v
phainh tng ng vi n l phainh chn lc khng gian. Hnh 5.2 cho thy trong min tn s,
knh c cc c tnh khc nhau ti cc tn s khc nhau. Ta gi c tnh ny l tnh chn lc tn
s (hay phn tp tn s) v pha inh tng ng vi n l phainh chn lc tn s. Hnh 5.3 cho
thy rng trong min thi gian, knh c cc c tnh khc nhau ti cc thi im khc nhau. Ta
gi c tnh ny l tnh chn lc thi gian (hay phn tp thi gian) v phainh do n gy ra l
phainh phn tp thi gian. Da trn cc c tnh trn, ta c th phn chia phainh knh thnh:
phainh chn lc khng gian (phainh phn tp khng gian), phainh chn lc tn s (phainh
phn tp tn s), phainh chn lc thi gian (phn tp thi gian ). Chng ny s xt cc tnh cht
knh trong min khng gian, thi gian v tn s,

Tnh chn lc khng gian ca knh
Bin
Min khng gian

Hnh 5.1. Tnh cht knh trong min khng gian

84
Tnh chn lc tn s ca knh
Bin
Min tn s

Hnh 5.2. Tnh cht knh trong min tn s

Tnh chn lc thi gian ca knh
Bin
Min thi gian

Hnh 5.3. Tnh cht knh trong min thi gian

5.3. MIN KHNG GIAN

Cc thuc tnh trong min khng gian bao gm: tn hao ng truyn v chn lc khng
gian. Tn hao ng truyn thuc loi phainh phm vi rng cn chn lc khng gian thuc loi
phainh phm vi hp. Cc m hnh truyn sng truyn thng nh gi cng sut thu trung bnh ti
mt khong cch cho trc so vi my pht, nh gi ny c gi l nh gi tn hao ng
truyn. Khi khong cch thay i trong phm vi mt bc sng, knh th hin cc c tnh ngu
nhin rt r rt. iu ny c gi l tnh chn lc khng gian (hay phn tp khng gian).

Tn hao ng truyn

M hnh tn hao ng truyn m t suy hao tn hiu gia anten pht v anten thu nh l
mt hm ph thuc v khong cch v cc thng s khc. Mt s m hnh bao gm c rt nhiu
chi tit v a hnh nh gi suy hao tn hiu, trong khi mt s m hnh ch xt n tn s v
85
khong cch. Chiu cao an ten l mt thng s quan trng. Tn hao ph thuc vo hm m ca
khong cch:

PL d
-n

(5.1)

trong n l m tn hao (n=2 cho khng gian t do, n<2 cho cc mi trng trong nh; n>2 cho
cc vng thnh ph ngoi tri), d l khong cch t my thu n my pht.
T l thuyt v cc kt qa o lng ta bit rng cng sut thu trung bnh gim so vi
khong cch theo hm log cho mi trng ngoi tri v trong nh. Ngoi ra ti mi khong cch
d, tn hao ng truyn PL(d) ti mt v tr nht nh l qu trnh ngu nhin v c phn b log
chun xung quanh mt gi tr trung bnh (ph thuc vo khong cch). Nu xt c s thay i theo
v tr, ta c th biu din tn hao ng truyn PL(d) ti khong cch d nh sau:

( ) ( ) lg [dB] = PL(d)
d
PL d X PL d n X
d

+ = + +

0
0
10 (5.2)

Trong ( ) PL d l tn hao ng truyn trung bnh phm v rng i vi khong cch pht thu d;
X
l bin ngu nhin phn b Gauss trung bnh khng (o bng dB) vi lch chun (cng o
bng dB), d
0
l khong cch tham chun gia my pht v my thu, n l m tn hao ng truyn.
Khi cc i tng trong knh v tuyn khng chuyn ng trong mt khong thi gian
cho trc v knh c c trng bi phainh phng i vi mt rng bng tn cho trc, cc
thuc tnh knh ch khc nhau ti cc v tr khc nhau. Ni mt cch khc, phainh ch n thun
l mt hin tng trong min thi gian (mang tnh chn lc thi gian).
T phng trnh 5.2 ta thy rng tn hao ng truyn ca knh c nh gi thng k
phm vi rng cng vi hiu ng ngu nhin. Hiu ng ngu nhin xy ra do phainh phm vi hp
trong min thi gian v n gii thch cho tnh chn lc thi gian (phn tp thi gian). nh hng
ca chn lc khng gian c th c loi b bng cch s dng nhiu anten. MIMO (Multiple
Input Multiple Output: Nhiu u vo nhiu u ra) l mt k thut cho php li dng tnh cht
phn tp khng gian ny ci thin hiu nng v dung lng h thng.

5.4. MIN TN S

Trong min tn s, knh b nh hng ca hai yu t: (1) iu ch tn s v chn lc tn
s.

5.4.1. iu ch tn s

iu ch tn s gy ra do hiu ng Doppler, MS (mobile station: trm di ng) chuyn
ng tng i so vi BTS dn n thay i tn s mt cch ngu nhin. Do chuyn ng tng
i gia BTS v MS, tng sng a ng b dch tn s. Dch tn s trong tn s thu do chuyn
ng tng i ny c gi l dch tn s Doppler, n t l vi tc chuyn ng, phng
chuyn ng ca MS so vi phng sng ti ca thnh phn sng a ng. Dch Doppler f c
th c biu din nh sau:
86

os os os
c d
c f c f
c
f c

= = =
, (5.3)
Trong l tc cu MS, l bc sng, l gc gia phng chuyn ng cu MS v
phng sng ti, c l tc nh sng v f
c
l tn s sng mang,

d c
f f
c

= =

l tn s Doppler cc i.

T phng trnh trn ta c th thy rng nu MS di chuyn v pha sng ti dch Doppler
l dng v tn s thu s tng, ngc li nu MS di chuyn ri xa sng ti th dch Doppler l m
v tn s thu c s gim. V th cc tn hiu a ng n MS t cc phng khc nhau s lm
tng rng bng tn tn hiu. Khi v (hoc) thay i dch Doppler thay i dn n tri
Doppler.

5.4.2. Chn lc tn s (phn tp tn s)

Trong phn ny ta s phn tch chn lc tn s cng vi mt thng s khc trong min tn
s: bng thng nht qun (coherence bandwidth). Bng thng nht qun l mt s o thng k ca
di tn s trn mt knh phainh c coi l knh phainh "phng" (l knh trong tt c cc
thnh phn ph c truyn qua vi khuych i nh nhau v pha tuyn tnh). Bng thng nht
qun cho ta di tn trong cc thnh phn tn s c bin tng quan. Bng thng nht qun
xc nh kiu phainh xy ra trong knh v v th n ng vai tr c s trong vic thch ng cc
thng s iu ch. Bng thng nht qun t l nghch vi tri tr (xem phn 5.5). Phainh chn
lc tn s rt khc vi phainh phng. Trong knh phainh phng, tt c cc thnh phn tn s
truyn qua bng thng knh u chu nh hng phainh nh nhau. Tri li trong phainh chn
lc tn s (cn gi l phainh vi sai), mt s on ph ca tn hiu qua knh phainh chn lc tn
s b nh hng nhiu hn cc phn khc. Nu bng thng nht qun nh hn rng bng tn
cu tn hiu c pht, th tn hiu ny chu nh hng ca phainh chn lc ( phn tp tn s).
Phainh ny s lm mo tn hiu.

5.5. MIN THI GIAN

Mt trong s cc khc bit quan trng gia cc knh hu tuyn v cc knh v tuyn l
cc knh v tuyn thay i theo thi gian, ngha l chng chu nh hng ca phainh chn lc
thi gian. Ta c th m hnh ha knh v tuyn di ng nh l mt b lc tuyn tnh c p ng
xung kim thay i theo thi gian. M hnh knh truyn thng s dng m hnh p ng xung kim,
y l mt m hnh trong min thi gian. Ta c th lin h qu trnh thay i tn hiu v tuyn
phm vi hp trc tip vi p ng xung kim ca knh v tuyn di ng. Nu x(t) biu din tn
hiu pht, y(t) biu din tn hiu thu v h(t,) biu din p ng xung kim ca knh v tuyn a
ng thay i theo thi gian, th ta c th biu din tn hiu thu nh l tch chp ca tn hiu pht
vi p ng xung kim ca knh nh sau:

87
( ) ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( , ) y t x h t d x t h t
= =
, (5.4)

trong t l bin thi gian, l tr a ng ca knh i vi mt gi tr t c nh.
nh hng a ng ca knh v tuyn thng c bit n dng phn tn thi gian
hay tri tr. Phn tn thi gian (gi tt l tn thi) hay tri tr xy ra khi mt tn hiu c truyn
t anten pht n anten thu qua hai hay nhiu ng c cc di khc nhau. Mt mt tn hiu
ny c truyn trc tip, mt khc n c truyn t cc ng phn x (tn x) khc nhau c
di khc nhau vi cc thi gian n my thu khc nhau. Tn hiu ti anten thu chu nh hng
ca tn thi ny s b mo dng. Trong khi thit k v ti u ha cc h thng v tuyn s
truyn s liu tc cao ta cn xt cc phn x (tn x) ny.
Tn thi c th c c trng bng tr tri, tr tri trung bnh hay tr tri trung bnh qun
phng.

5.5.1. Tr tri trung bnh qun phng, RDS

Tr tri l mt khi nim c s dng biu th tr ca mt ng truyn so vi ng
truyn n sm nht (thng l LOS: ng truyn trc tip). Mt thng s thi gian quan trng
ca tn thi l tri tr trung bnh qun phng (RDS: Root Mean Squared Delay Spread): cn bc
hai mment trung tm ca l lch tr cng sut. RDS l mt s o thch hp cho tri a ng ca
knh. Ta c th s dng n nh gi nh hng ca nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu (ISI).

=
2
2
, (5.5)

( )
( )
k k
k
k
k
P
P

=
, (5.6)

( )
( )
k
k
k
k
k
P
P

=
2
2
, (5.7)
trong P(
k
) l cng sut trung bnh a ng ti thi im
k
.

5.5.2. Tr tri cc i

Tr tri cc i (ti XdB) ca l lch tr cng sut c nh ngha l tr thi gian m
nng lng a ng gim XdB so vi nng lng cc i.

5.5.3. Thi gian nht qun

Mt thng s khc trong min thi gian l thi gian nht qun (coherence time). Thi gian
nht qun xc nh tnh "tnh" ca knh. Thi gian nht qun l thi gian m knh tng
quan rt mnh vi bin cu tn hiu thu. Ta k hiu thi gian nht qun l T
C
. Cc k hiu
88
khc nhau truyn qua knh trong khong thi gian nht qun chu nh hng phainh nh nhau.
V th ta nhn c mt knh phainh kh chm. Cc k hiu khc nhau truyn qua knh bn
ngoi thi gian nht qun s b nh hng phainh khc nhau. Khi ny ta c mt knh phainh
kh nhanh. Nh vy do nh hng ca phainh nhanh, mt s phn ca k hiu s chu tc ng
phainh ln hn cc phn khc. Bng cch n nh gi tr cho mt thng s nht nh cho h
thng truyn dn, ta c th nhn c knh phainh chm thay v knh phainh nhanh v nh vy
t c hiu nng tt hn.

5.6. QUAN H GIA CC THNG S TRONG CC MIN KHC
NHAU

Ta nghin cu cc c tnh knh v cc thng s ca n trong cc min khng gian, tn
s v thi gian. Cc c tnh ny khng tn ti ring bit, hay ni mt cc khc chng lin quan
vi nhau. Mt s thng s trong min ny nh hng ln cc c tnh ca min khc.

5.6.1. Bng thng nht qun v tri tr trung bnh qun phng

Ta bit rng l lch tr cng sut v p ng tn s bin ca knh v tuyn di ng
quan h vi nhau qua bin i Fourrier. V th ta c th trnh by knh trong min tn s bng
cch s dng cc c tnh p ng tn s ca n. Tng t nh cc thng s tri tr trong min
thi gian, ta c th s dng bng thng nht qun c trng knh trong min tn s. Tri tr
trung bnh qun phng t l nghch vi bng thng nht qun v ngc li, mc d quan h
chnh xc cu chng l mt hm ph thuc vo cu trc a ng. Ta k hiu bng thng nht
qun l B
C
v tri tr trung bnh qun phng l
. Khi hm tng quan tn s ln hn 0,90.

bng thng nht qun c quan h sau y vi tri tr trung bnh qun phng:

C
B
1
50
, (5.8a)
Mt nh ga gn ng B
c
cng thng ng s dng l rng bng vi tng quan t
nht bng 0,5 l:

c
1
B
5

=
(5.8b)

V hai thng s trn lin quan cht ch vi nhau nn ta c th ch xt mt thng s trong
qu trnh thit k h thng.

5.6.2. Thi gian nht qun v tri Doppler

Thi gian nht qun chu nh hng trc tip ca dch Doppler, n l thng s knh trong
min thi gian i ngu vi tri Doppler. Tri Doppler v thi gian nht qun l hai thng s t l
nghch vi nhau. Nghi l

89

C
d
T
f
1
(5.9)
Khi thit k h thng ta ch cn xt mt trong hai thng s ni trn.

5.7. CC LOI PHAING PHM VI HP

Ph thuc vo quan h gia cc thng s tn hiu ( rng bng tn, chu k k hiu,) v
cc thng s knh (tri tr trung bnh qun phng, tri Doppler, ), ta c th phn loi phainh
phm vi hp da trn hai c tnh: tri tr a ng v phainh chn lc tn s. Tri tr a ng
l mt thng s trong min thi gian, trong khi vic knh l phainh phng hay chn lc tn s
li tng ng vi min tn s. V th thng s min thi gian, tri tr a ng, nh hng ln
c tnh knh trong min tn s. Tri Doppler dn n tn tn v phainh chn lc thi gian, v
th lin quan n tri Doppler ta c th phn loi phainh phm vi hp thnh phainh nhanh v
phainh chm. Tri Doppler l mt thng s trong min tn s trong khi hin tng knh thay
i nhanh hay chm li thuc min thi gian. Vy trong trng hp ny, tri Doppler, thng s
trong min tn s, nh hng ln c tnh knh trong min thi gian. Hiu bit c cc quan h
ny s h tr ta trong qu trnh thit k h thng.

Bng 5.1 lit k cc loi phainh phm vi hp.

Bng 5.1. Cc loi phainh phm vi hp
C s phn loi Loi Phainh iu kin
Phainh phng B<<B
C
; T10
Tri tr a ng
Phainh chn lc tn s B>B
C
; T<10

Phainh nhanh T>T
C
; B<f
d

Tri Doppler
Phainh chm T<<T
C
; B>>f
d
Cc k hiu c s dng trong bng 2.1 nh sau: B k hiu cho rng bng tn tn hiu, B
C
k
hiu cho bng thng nht qun, f
D
k hiu cho tri Doppler, T k hiu cho chu k k hiu v

tri tr trung bnh qun phng.

Nu bng thng nht qun knh ln hn rt nhiu so vi rng bng tn tn hiu pht,
tn hiu thu s b phainh phng. Khi ny chu k k hiu ln hn nhiu so vi tri tr a ng
ca knh. Ngc li, nu bng thng nht qun knh nh hn rng bng tn tn hiu pht, tn
hiu thu s b phainh chn lc tn s. Trong trng hp ny chu k tn hiu nh hn tri tr a
ng knh. Khi xy ra trng hp ny, tn hiu thu b mo dng dn n nhiu giao thoa gia
cc k hiu (ISI). Ngoi ra vic lp m hnh cc knh phainh chn lc tn s phc tp hn nhiu
so vi lp m hnh knh phainh phng, v lp m hnh cho knh phainh chn lc tn s ta
phi s dng b lc tuyn tnh. V th ta cn c gng chuyn vo knh phainh phng cho tn hiu
truyn dn. Tuy nhin do khng th thay i tri tr a ng v bng thng nht qun, nn ta ch
c th thit k chu k k hiu v rng bng tn tn hiu t c knh phainh phng. V
th nu cho trc tri tr, ci thin hiu nng truyn dn, ta chn gi tr chu k k hiu trong
gii thut iu ch thch ng t c knh phainh phng thay v knh phainh chn lc.
Da trn tri Doppler, ta c th phn loi knh thnh phainh nhanh v phainh chm.
Nu p ng xung kim knh (trong min thi gian) thay i nhanh trong chu k k hiu, ngha l
90
nu thi gian nht qun knh nh hn chu k k hiu ca tn hiu pht, knh s gy ra phainh
nhanh i i vi tn hiu thu. iu ny s dn n mo dng tn hiu. Nu p ng xung kim
knh thay i vi tc chm hn nhiu so vi k hiu bng gc pht, knh s gy ra phainh
chm i vi tn hiu thu. Trong trng hp ny knh t ra tnh i vi mt s chu k k hiu.
Tt nhin ta mun c phainh chm v n h tr cht lng truyn dn n nh hn. Ta khng th
xc dnh Doppler khi thit k h thng. V th, khi cho trc tri Doppler, ta cn chn rng
bng tn tn hiu (bng thng sng mang con) trong gii thut iu ch thch ng nhn c
knh phainh chm thay v knh phainh nhanh. Nh vy ta s t c cht lng truyn dn tt
hn.

5.8. CC PHN B RAYLEIGH V RICE

Khi nghin cu cc knh v tuyn di ng, thng cc phn b Rayleigh v Rice c s
dng m t tnh cht thng k thay i theo thi gian ca tn hiu phainh phng. Trong phn
ny ta s xt cc phn b ny v a ra cc c tnh chnh cu chng.

5.8.1. Phn b phainh Rayleigh

Ta c th coi phn b phainh Rayleigh l phn b ng bao ca tng hai tn hiu phn
b Gauss vung gc. Hm mt xc sut (PDF) ca phn b phainh Rayleigh c biu din
nh sau:

,
( )
,
r
r
e r
f r
r
<
2
2
2
2
0
0 0
(5.10)

Trong l bin ngu nhin ca in p ng bao tn hiu thu v r l gi tr ca bin ny, l
gi tr trung bnh qun phng ca tn hiu thu ca tng thnh phn Gauss,
2
l cng sut trung
bnh theo thi gian ca tn hiu thu ca tng thnh phn Gauss.

Gi tr trung bnh,
tb
, ca phn b Rayleigh tr thnh:

E rp(r)dr
0
[ ]= =
2
tb

=

=1,253 (5.11)
Phng sai ca phn b Rayleigh,
r
2
(th hin thnh phn cng sut xoay chiu trong
ng bao) c xc nh nh sau:

2
E[ ] - E [ ] = r p(r)dr
2 2
0
r

= =

2
2 2
2
2 2
=0,4292
2
(5.12)

91

5.8.2. Phn b Phainh Rice

Khi tn hiu thu c thnh phn n nh (khng b phainh) vt tri, ng truyn tc tip
(LOS: Line of sight), phn b ng bao phainh phm vi hp c dng Rice. Trong phn b Rice,
cc thnh phn a ng ngu nhin n my thu theo cc gc khc nhau v xp chng ln tn
hiu vt tri ny.
Phn b Rice c biu din nh sau:

( )
, ,
( )
,
+
=

<
2
2 2
2
0
2
0 0
0 0
2
Ar
r A
A r
r
e I
f r
r
(5.13)
trong A l bin nh ca tn hiu vt tri v I
0
(.) l hm Bessel ci tin loi mt bc khng
c xc nh nh sau:

ycost
0
1
I (y) e dt
2

Phn b Rice thng c m t bng tha s K nh sau:

=
2
2
Cng sut trong ng vt tri A
K =
Cng sut trong cc ng tn x
(5.14)

Khi K tin n khng, knh suy thai thnh knh Rayleigh, khi K tin n v hn knh
ch c ng trc tip.

5.9. CC M HNH KNH TRONG MIN THI GIAN V TN S

5.9.1. M hnh knh trong min thi gian

Xy dng m hnh knh l iu khng th thiu c khi nghin cu thng tin v tuyn.
Knh v tuyn phainh a ng c th c c trng theo ton hc bng b lc tuyn tnh thay
i theo thi gian. Trong min thi gian, ta c th rt ra tn hiu u ra knh bng tch chp tn
hiu u vo knh vi hm p ng xung kim knh thay i theo thi gian h(,t). Ta c th biu
din hm p ng xung kim knh nh sau:

( )
( )
( ; ) , , ...., ( ) ( ) ,
L
i t
h t L t e t
=
= =
1
0
0 1 1
, (5.15)
Trong
l
(t),
l
(t),
l
(t) biu th cho bin , pha v tr i vi xung thu th l (ng truyn l);
biu th cho tr, t biu th cho s thay i theo thi gian ca chnh cu trc xung kim v (.) biu
th cho hm Delta Dirac, L biu th cho s ng truyn. Thng thng th tr ca tia u tin
92
(ng truyn ngn nht) c nh ngha
0
=0, v th
l
>0 c gi l tr tri v p ng xung
kim knh mang tnh nhn qu.
Da trn cc phn tch trn ta cng c th lp m hnh knh v tuyn phainh di ng
chn lc tn s bng ng tr a nhnh nh trn hnh 5.4.

0

x(t)
0
L 2
L 1
y(t)
0
0 =

1
=
L 2
(L 2)
=
L 1
(L 1)
=
1
L 2
L 1

Hnh 1.7. M hnh knh v tuyn di ng bng c tr a nhnh

Hnh 5.5 m t p ng xung kim theo phng trnh (5.15).

( ) t
0
( ) t
1
( ) t
2
( ) t
3
( ) t
4
( ) t
0 0
( ) t
1 0 ( ) t
2 0
( ) t
0 1
( ) t
1 1
( ) t
2 1
( ) t
3 1 ) (
L
t
1 1
) (
L
t
1 0
) (t
3 0
( ) t
0 2
( ) t
1 2
( ) t
2 2
( ) t
3 2
( )
L
t
1 2
( ) t
0 3
( ) t
1 3
( ) t
2 3
( ) t
3 3
( )
L
t
1 3
( ) t
0 4
( ) t
1 4
( ) t
4 2
( ) t
3 4
( )
L
t
1 4
0
3

L 1
0
(t )
1
(t )
2
(t )
3
(t )
4
(t )

Hnh 5.5. p ng xung kim ph thuc thi gian

Lu rng trong mi trng thc t, {
l
(t)}, {
l
(t)}, {
l
(t)} thay i theo thi gian.
Trong phm vi hp (vo khong vi bc sng , {
l
(t)}, {
l
(t)} c th coi l t thay i. Tuy
nhin cc pha {
l
(t)} thay i ngu nhin vi phn b u trong khong [- ].
Tt c cc thng s knh c a ra y u c nh nghi nh ngha t l lch tr
cng sut (PDP: Power Delay Profile), PDP l mt hm c rt ra t p ng xung kim. PDP
c xc nh nh sau:

93
( ) ( )
L
p

=
=
1
2
0

(5.16)
Thng s u tin l cng sut thu (chun ha), l tng cng sut ca cc tia:

L
p

=
=
1
2
0
0

(5.17)

Tha s K l t s ca cng sut ng truyn vt tri v cng sut ca cc tia tn x,
c xc nh nh sau:

0
, ax
, ax
,
p
=

m
m
K
,max
trong = max{ }
2
2
(5.18)

Lu rng khi c tia i thng, tia vt tri l tia u tin v l tia i thng, tng ng vi l=0,
l
,max
=
0
ti
0
=0.
Thng s th hai l tri tr trung bnh qun phng,
, l mment bc hai ca PDP chun

ha, c biu din nh sau:

=
2
2
(5.19)
trong
/
m
L
m
p
=
=
1
2
0
0

, m=1,2
V pha ca cc tia khng cn na, cc thng s knh phi hu nh khng i trong din
hp, vi iu kin l cc ng truyn hon ton phn gii.
R rng rng bin , pha v tr tri ca tt c cc xung thu to nn m hnh knh min
thi gian. Ta c th rt ra c quy lut phn b sau y cho bin, pha v m hnh l lch tr cng
sut cho knh:
Cc pha ca cc ng truyn c lp tng h so vi nhau (khng tng quan) v c
phn b u trong khong [-, ]
Nu ta coi rng tt c cc ng truyn u c th c to ra t cng mt qu trnh thng
k v rng qu trnh to ng truyn ny l qu trnh dng ngha rng so vi bin t, th
bin cu cc ng truyn tn x s tun theo phn b Rayleigh (c xc nh theo
phng trnh 5.10) v PDF bin cu tt c cc ng truyn (gm c LOS) s tun theo
phn b Rice (xc nh theo phng trnh 5.13)

5.9.2. M hnh knh trong min tn s

S thay i tr n n thay i tn s (ta k hiu tn s ny l f'). Hm truyn t tng
ng vi trng hp ny c gi l hm truyn t theo thi gian hay ph cng sut tr (DPS:
Delay Power Spectrum) nhn c trn c s bin i fourier cho p ng xung kim knh theo .
Qu trnh ny cng chng t rng tn thi ca knh dn n knh mang tnh chn lc tn s nh
ni phn 5.5 v 5.6.
94
S dng bin i Fourier cho p ng xung knh, ta c DPS nh sau:

f '
L-1
(t) j[ f' (t)]
L-1
j[ f' (t)]
L-1
j[ f' (t)]
h(f', t) h( , t) d
(t)e e
a (t)e
h( , t)e
j
e

=

=

=
=
=
=
=
2
2
0
2
0
2
0

j
(5.20)
trong ( )
( )
( ; ) , , ...., ( ) ( ) ,
L
i t
h t L t e t
=
= =
1
0
0 1 1
m t p ng knh xung kim trong

min thi gian;
(t)= a

(t); a

l bin tng i ca ng truyn c trong bng 5.1
theo khuyn ngh ca ITU cho 3G.

Bng 5.1. L lch tr cng sut a ng ca ITU cho thng tin di ng 3G

0 1

2

3

4

5

(ns)
0 110 190 410 i b A
(L=4)
2
a
(dB)
0 -9,7 -19,2 -22,8
NA NA
(ns)
0 200 800 1200 2300 3700 i b B
(L=6)
2
a
(dB)
0 -0,9 -4,9 -8,0 -7,8 -23,9
(ns)
0 310 710 1090 1730 2510 i xe A
(L=6)
2
a
(dB)
0 -1,0 -9,0 -10,0 -15,0 -20,0
(ns)
0 300 8900 12900 17100 20000 i xe B
(L=6)
2
a
(dB)
-2,5 0 -12,8 -10,0 -25,2 -16,0

1, 2,
(t) (t) j (t) = +

.
trong
p,
(t)

(p=1,2) l bin ngu nhin Gauss c phn b
p
2
(0, )
N .
tnh ton
p,
(t)

ta chuyn qu trnh ngu nhin ny vo qu trnh tt nh gm kt
hp ca nhiu hm iu ha sao cho vn m bo c trung bnh khng v trung bnh cng sut
bng
p
2
nh sau:
95
,
, ,
,
, ,
( )
( )
)
)
n
n
f t
f t j
+
+
N
1,n, 1,n,
n=1
N
2,n, 2,n,
n=1
= c cos(2 f
c cos(2 f
(t)
1
1
2
2
0
0
(5.21)
Trong f
0
= [0,B] l cc tn s sng mang trong bng thng truyn dn B
d
p,n,
p
f
f (2n 1)
2N
=
; n=1,2,,N
p
; p=1,2 (5.22)
p,n,

l bin ngu nhin phn b u trong di [0,2] nhn mt trong cc gi tr sau vi xc
sut bng
1
2
:

p,n,
1 2 N
2 , 2 ,...., 2
N 1 N 1 N 1

=
+ + +

(5.23)
, , p n
c

c chn tha mn iu kin
p,
2 2
p,
E

=

.
p,
2
l cng sut cu bin ngu nhin

p,
(t)

c th c xc nh da trn mt ph cng sut
p,
S (f)

ca bin ngu nhin ny
(xem hnh 5.6) nh sau:

d p,
p,
d
f 2 N
p,n,
2
p,
n 1
f
c
E S (f)df
2

=

= =

=
i
p
N
, p,n, p,
n 1
2 S (f ) f

;
d
p
f
f
N
=

hay:

, ,
, , ,
,
( )
p n
p p n
p
c
f S f
=
2
4

; (5.24)
Hm mt ph cng sut ca sng mang b
tri Doppler trong bng tn gc
, p
f

, , ,
( )
p
p n
S f

,
( )
p
f S

fd 0
f
, , p n
c
2
4

-fd

Hnh 5.6. Hm mt ph cng sut sng mang b tri Doppler trong bng gc.

Phng trnh (5.22) lun tha mn iu kin trung bnh bng khng: E[
]=0.
96
tnh hm truyn t knh ph thuc tn s thay i theo thi gian (t) v tr () ta cn bin i
fourier theo c t v vi k hiu ph do t l f v ph do l f' ta c:
2 f 2 ft
0
T(f , f) h( , t)e d e dt

=

'
( )
L
j f ft
a t e e dt
1
2
0
2

f '
h( , f )
L
j

=
=
1
2
0
(5.25)
trong h(
, f) c gi l p ng xung kim thay i theo Doppler c cc dng phn b theo tn

s khc nhau ph thuc vo
(xem bng 5.2).

Bng 5.2. Cc hm mt ph cng sut Doppler theo COS207
vng thnh ph in hnh
Kiu Mt ph cng sut
Doppler S
D
(f)
Tr
,

s
Ch thch
"Jakes"
( / )
d d
f f f
2
1
1

0
"GaussI"

G(A
1;
-0,8f
d
,0,05f
d
)
+G(A
1
/10;0,4f
d
; 0,15f
d
)
1; 1,6
"GaussII G(A
1
/10;0,7f
d
;0,1f
d
)
+G(A
2
/10
1,5
;-0,4f
d
, 0,15f
d
)
5; 6,6
/(
D
A f =
1
50 2 3

,
D
/ [ 2 ( 10 , ) ] A f = +
1 5
2
10 0 15

( )
( , , )
i
i
i i i i
f f
s
G A f s A e
=
2
2
2

Phng trnh (5.25) xt cho mt tn s pht v th i vi bng thng B ta c

T(f',f) =
L-1
[ ' ( )]
N
=0
h( (f i f ) , f ) p
j f t
i
e

=

2
0
(5.26)
trong :
B
N
f
=
l chu k ly mu, B l bng thng;

d d
1 f f f
p(f) =
0 nu khc
(5.27)
Tn s ly mu f
0
khi ny c xc nh nh sau:

0,i
f i f = ; i=0,1,,N (5.28)

Hm truyn t knh ph thuc thi gian v tn s cho f
0,3
=3f ti thi im cho trc t
k

c cho trn hnh 5.7.
97
0
f
' ( )
( ', ) ( ( ), ) ( )
L N
j f t
i
T f f h t f e p f

= =
=
1
2
0 0
i f
Rice Jakes
GaussI
GaussII
( ) p f f 3
f
d
2
f
4
f
=
0
0 =
1
3

L 1
0 = 0 0, 5 s < 0, 5 s 2 s <
2 s >
0
(t )
1
(t )
2
(t )
3
(t )
4
(t )
5
(t )
6
(t )
7
(t )

Hnh 5.7. Hm truyn t knh ph thuc tn s thi gian cho f=3f

5.10. CC DNG PHN TP

C th thc hin phn tp theo nhiu cch: thi gian, tn s, khng gian, a ng v
phn cc. nhn c ch li ton din ca phn tp, kt hp phi c thc hin pha thu.
Cc b kt hp phi c thit k sao cho sau khi hiu chnh tr v pha cho cc ng truyn
khc nhau, cc mc tn hiu vo phi c c cng theo vect cn tp m cng ngu nhin.
Nh vy khi ly trung bnh t s tn hiu trn tp m SNR u ra s ln hn u vo mt my
thu.

5.10.1. Phn tp v m

Phn tp v m c s dng gim phainh phm vi ln gy ra do che ti. Do s thay
i a hnh (i ni v cc vt chn) gia my thu BS v my pht MS, cng tn hiu trung
bnh a phng thay i. Nu s dng hai anten thu cch bit, b kt hp tn hiu t hai anten
ny ca my thu BS c th gim phainh di hn. Cc h thng di ng t ong t c hiu qu
nh vy bng cch chuyn giao khi cng tn hiu thu yu. Vi cc h thng CDMA, phn tp
v m (chuyn giao mm) ng vai tr rt quan trng m bo cht lng h thng v ti s
dng tn s bng mt v iu khin cng sut nhanh. hng ng ln phn tp v m rt c li
v cng nhiu BS tch tn hiu th xc sut t c t nht mt tn hiu tt cng cao. Khi ny phn
tp mang tnh chn lc: mng s chn ra mt khung tt nht thu c t cc my thu cu cc BS
ng xung phn tp v m xy ra theo cch khc v ch mt my thu MS thu nhiu
tn hiu t cc BS khc nhau. Thng thng ch mt tn hiu c coi l hu ch cn cc tn hiu
khc l nhiu. Tuy nhin CDMA dung lng c ci thin trn nguyn l ging nh my thu
RAKE knh nhiu ng, trong s thay i mc thu c khuynh hng gim v tng s cc
ng truyn c th phn bit c. Vi phn tp v m, kh nng my thu RAKE t c li
98
t phn tp b sung ph thuc vo s cc ngn RAKE . Nu my thu RAKE khng th thu thp
nng lng pht t hai hay trong mt s trng hp ba BS do s ngn RAKE c hn, cc
ng truyn dn b sung n MS c th gy nh hng xu n tng dung lng do nhiu tng.
y l l do m thng thng s ngn RAKE cn thit thu c nng lng trong hu ht
trng hp c coi l bn.

5.10.2. Phn tp vi m

Phn tp vi m s dng hai hay nhiu anten cng mt trm nhng c thit k thu
c cc tia khc nhau t trm khc. Phn tp v m c s dng phng nga phainh su.
Di y l cc phng php s dng nhn c cc tn hiu khng tng quan cho vic kt
hp:
Phn tp khng gian. S dng hai ng truyn. Hai anten t cch nhau mt khong ngn d c
th cung cp hai tn hiu vi tng quan gia cc phainh thp. Khong cch d ph thuc vo
cao anten h v tn s. Tn s cng cao th cng c th t cc anten gn nhau. Thng thng th
khang cch d vi bc sng l nhn c cc tn hiu khng tng quan.
Phn tp tn s. Tn hiu thu c t hai tn s cch nhau mt khong bng rng bng tn
nht qun, B
c
, l cc tn hiu khng tng quan. s dng phn tp tn s thnh ph v ngoi
cho TTD, phn cch tn s phi bng 300 kHz (hoc hn). Nhy tn ca h thng GSM v
MC h tr phn tp tn s.
Phn tp phn cc. Cc thnh phn phn cc ngang v phn cc ng E
x
v E
y
c pht i t
hai anten phn cc cho ti BS v thu c t hai anten phn cc cho ti MS c th cung cp hai
tn hiu khng tng quan. Phn tp phn cc dn n gim cng sut 3 dB pha pht do phi
phn chia cng sut cho hai anten phn cc.
Phn tp thi gian. Nu cng mt tn hiu c pht ti cc khe thi gian khc nhau, th cc tn
hiu thu s l cc tn hiu khng tng quan. Phn tp thi gian t c bng cch m ho knh,
an xen v pht li.

5.11. MY THU RAKE

5.11.1. M u

Trong phn trc ta chng minh rng cc tn hiu bng rng trong mi trng a
ng l cc tn hiu trong knh chn lc tn s. Cc knh ny c th c trnh by bng mt
m hnh ng tr a nhnh. V cc m CDMA c thit k c tng quan cho gia cc
chip cnh nhau rt nh. Cc phn t ca cc ng b tr ln hn rng mt chip s khng
tng qnan v cc ng ny c kh nng phn gii c trong m hnh. Thng thng cc h
thng CDMA c thit k c mt s ng phn gii c trong tri tr a ng ((10 ln
RDS). ng thi tri tr c chn nh hn rng T
b
ca mt bit. Nu tri tr c chn ln
hn thi gian mt bit th tc s liu cao hn rng bng tn nht qun v iu ny dn n
nhiu gia cc k hiu. trnh nhiu gia cc k hiu, tc s liu phi c chn thp hn
rng bng tn nht qun.
Khi tri tr nh hn T
b
v tn ti mt s phin bn tr ca chui m pht vi hiu s tr
ln hn T
c
, chng s c tng quan thp hn vi chui m gc. Nh vy mi tn hiu tr ny ti
99
my thu s th hin nh l mt ngi s dng khc khng tng quan v s my thu b b lc
phi hp cho tn hiu hu ch gt ra.
Tuy nhin cc tn hiu tri ph c sn kh nng chng li phainh nhi ng v cc
thnh phn a ng mang thng tin v tn hiu c pht v chng c lp vi nhau. Nh vy
nu mt trong s cc thnh phn a ng b suy gim, cc thnh phn khc c th khng b suy
gim v my thu c th thc hin quyt nh bng cch s dng cc thnh phn khng b suy yu
ny. My thu CDMA li dng a ng m bo phn tp c gi l my thu RAKE. V
my thu hot ng ging nh mt ci co c v cc hm tng quan ph hp vi cc tn hiu a
ng nn my thu ng tr a nhnh hnh 5.8 c gi l my thu RAKE (Rake ting Anh l
ci co c) c b lc phi hp.
My thu RAKE c cho hnh 5.8 bao gm mt tp hp cc b tng quan, mi b
c s dng tch sng cho mt trong s L phn t a ng mnh nht. V bn cht, my
thu ny l mt my thu phn tp trn c s l cc phn t a ng trong mt h thng CDMA
khng tng quan nu tr tng i ln hn thi gian ca mt chip.
V cc tn hiu nhn c my thu b dch theo thi gian, nn trong my thu trc khi
da ln cc b tng quan cc tn hiu thu c a quan mt ng tr r nhnh.

r(t)
B tng
quan
B tng
quan
B tng
quan
) t (
k
c
) t (
k
c
) t (
k
c
Mch quyt
nh
k
Y
k
b
1 k
2 k
kL

Hnh 5.8. My thu RAKE vi L nhnh

5.11.2. My thu RAKE

Ta xt K=1 ngi s dng knh. Gi thit rng tri rng ca tr a ng l giy.
Khi ny s c L=[ /T
c
] +1 tn hiu a ng phn gii c my thu. Tng ng trong s L
ng phn gii c s c suy hao ngu nhin c lp R
ji
v pha ngu nhin
ji
, trong
i=1,2,...,L. Gi thit rng phainh chm c th nh gi c cc thng s R
ji
v
ji
, chng
hn bng cch s dng thng tin nhn c t cc on bit trc. My thu ti u l my thu trn
c s ng tr r nhnh nh hnh 5.9.

100
x(t)
c
T
c
T
c
T
)
1 j
t
c
cos( ) t (
j
c + )
2 j
t
c
cos( ) t (
j
c +
)
1 jL
t
c
cos( ) t (
j
c

+
)
jL
t
c
cos( ) t (
j
c +
b
T
0
dt (.)
j
Y
j
b
1
a 2
a
1 L
a

L
a

Hnh 5.9. My thu RAKE lc phi hp vi gii iu ch BPSK

My thu ny s chn la nht qun nng lng nhn c t tt c cc tn hiu a ng
phn gii c, cc tn hiu ny mang s liu nh nhau v nm khong thi gian tr ni trn.
Cui cng i vi cc ng dng CDMA ta c th xt nh hng ca tp m MAI bng
cch thay i gi tr SNR thnh:

1
0
3
1 2 1 1

+ =
N
K
N E L
SNR
b
) (
/
(5.29)

My thu RAKE s dng cc b tng quan tch sng ring r cho L thnh phn a
ng mnh nht. Bin v pha tng i ca cc thnh phn a ng tm c bng cch ly
tng quan dng sng thu c vi phin bn tr ca tn hiu hoc ngc li. C th khi phc
nng lng ca cc phn t a ng mt cch hiu qu bng cch kt hp cc phn t a ng
theo t l cng ca chng. S kt hp ny l mt dng ca phn tp v cho php gim
phainh. Cc phn t a ng vi thi gian tr nh hn =1/B khng th phn gii v s gy ra
phainh. Trong trng hp ny m ho knh sa li v cc s iu khin cng sut s ng vai
tr ch o gim nnh hng ca phainh.
Nu ta k hiu u ra ca L b tng quan l Y
1
, Y
2
, . . . . Y
L.
v trng s tng ng ca
cc u ra ny l a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
L
(hnh 5.9), tn hiu tng hp c xc nh nh sau:

=
==
L
1 i
i i
Y a Y

(5.30)

Cc h s a
i
c chun ho vi cng sut ra ca b tng quan sao cho tng ca cc h
s ny bng 1, v c cho bi phng trnh sau:

=
=
L
1 i
2
i
2
i
i
Y
Y
a (5.31)
101
Trong cc h thng DSCDMA, ng xung s dng my thu RAKE ba ngn v ng ln s
dng bn ngn. Trong h thng IS-95 CDMA, tch sng v o cc thng s a ng c hin
bi mt my thu tm kim (Seacher). My thu ny duy tr mt bng cc phn t a ng mnh
nht v cc tn hiu cu trm gc (trng hp my thu MS) c th kt hp phn tp hoc cho
mc ch chuyn giao. Bng ny bao gm thi gian n, cng tn hiu v dch thi ca m
PN.

5.12. MIMO V PHN TP

Cc s MIMO c xy dng trn hai k thut: phn tp khng gian thi gian v ghp
knh khng gian.
Phn tp l mt k thut truyn dn trong thng tin c truyn ng thi trn nhiu
ng c lp t c tin cy truyn dn cao. C nhiu cch nhn c phn tp. Phn
tp thi gian c th nhn c bng cch m ha v an xen . Thng tin c m ha v cc cc
k hiu c m ha ny c truyn phn tn trong cc khong thi gian nht qun khc nhau
sao cho cc phn khc nhau ca t m ch b tc ng ca cc phainh c lp. Trong knh c
nhiu anten pht v/hoc anten thu c t cch xa nhau, ta cng c th nhn c phn tp
khng gian. Trong mng thng tin t ong di ng, c th p dng phn tp v m bng cch cho
php my di ng nhn c tn hiu t hai hay nhiu trm gc. V phn tp l mt ti nguyn
quan trng nn cc h thng v tuyn s dng nhiu kiu phn tp khc nhau. Trong chng ny
ta s xt phn tp thi gian v phn tp khng gian, trong trng tm l phn tp khng gian.
Phn tp anten hay phn tp khng gian c th c thc hin bng cch t nhiu anten
ti my pht hay my thu. Nu cc anten c t cch xa nhau, th khuych i knh gia cc
cp anten khc nhau s b pha inh khc nhau v cc ng truyn s c lp vi nhau. Khong
cch cn thit gia cc anten ph thuc vo mi trng tn x a phng v vo tn s. i vi
my di ng do gn mt t c nhiu gn cc vt tn x knh s t tng quan trn cc khong
cch ngn hn v th thng thng ch cn khong cch gia hai anten vo khong 1/2 bc sng
l . i vi trm gc anten c t trn cc thp cao, ta cn khong cch gia hai anten ln
hn: khong vi chc bc sng.
Phn tp c th th l phn tp thu s dng nhiu anten thu ( (SIMO: mt u vo nhiu
u ra) v phn tp pht s dng nhiu anten pht (MISO: nhiu u vo mt u ra). Cc knh
c nhiu anten pht v nhiu anten thu thm ch cn cho hiu nng cao hn. Cc knh ny c
gi l MIMO (nhiu u vo nhiu u ra). Ngoi vic m bo phn tp, cc knh MIMO cn
cho php b sung thm cc mc t do cho thng tin.
Cc k thut ghp knh khng gian cho php tng dung lng nh truyn ng thi nhiu
lung song song trn cc anten khc nhau. S V-BLAST l mt s s dng k thut ny. S
ny thng s dng tch sng MMSE-OSIC.
Trong chng ny ta s xt hai s phn tp in hnh: phn tp thu vi S kt hp
thu t l cc i (MRRC) v s phn tp Almouti (hay MIMO alamouti).

5.12.1. S phn tp thu vi kt hp thu t l cc i (MRRC)

Hnh 5.10 cho thy bng tn gc ca s MRRC (Maximum ratio receive combining)
hai nhnh.

102
Bc
tnhknh
Bc
tnhknh
*
Bphthin
ML
*
1
j
1 1
h e

= 2
j
2 2
h e

=
1
1 1 1 1
y x h = +
1
h
*
1
h
2
h
*
2
h
1
x
Nhiuvtpm
Nhiuvtpm
1
x
1
x
2 1 2 2
y x h = +

Hnh 5.10. MRRC hai nhnh

Gi s h thng s dng phng php iu ch vi cc k hiu x
1
, x
2
,,x
m
,,x
M
. Ti
mt thi im k cho trc tn hiu x
1
(k) c pht i t my pht. Knh truyn dn bao gm
chui pht, ng truyn v tuyn v chui thu. nh hng gy mo ca knh truyn v tuyn
mang tnh nhn v bao gm p ng bin v pha. Ta lp m hnh nh hng ny dng p ng
xung kim (hay li) gia anten pht v anten thu l h
1
(k) v h
2
(k) cho ng truyn t anten
pht n anten thu th nht v anten pht n anten thu th hai tng ng:

1
j (k)
1 1
h (k) (k)e

=

2
j (k)
2 2
h (k) (k)e

= (5.32)
Nhiu v tp m cng vi tn hiu pht my thu. Tn hiu bng gc tng hp thu c nh sau:

y
1
(k)=h
1
(k)x
1
(k)+
1
(k)

y
2
(k)=h
2
(k)x
1
(k)+
2
(k) (5.33)

trong
1
v
2
l nhiu cng tp m phc cho knh 1 v knh 2. n gin k hiu, di y
ta s b qua k hiu (k).
Gi thit
1
v
2
c phn b Gauss, quyt nh kh ging cc i s chn x
i
nu v ch
nu:

2 2 2
1 1 m 2 2 m 1 1 k
2
2 2 k
d (y , h x ) d (y , h x ) d (y , h x )
d (y , h x ) m k
+
+
(5.34)

103
trong d
2
(a,b) l khong cch clit gia tn hiu a v b c tnh theo cng thc sau:

d
2
(a,b)=(a-b)(a*-b*) (5.35)

S kt hp cho MRRC hai nhnh nh sau:

( )
* *
1 1 1 2 2
* *
1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2
2 2 * *
1 2 1 1 1 2 2
x h y h y
= h (h x ) h (h x )
x h h
= +
+ + +
= + + +
(5.36)
Trin khai (5.34) v s dng (5.33), (5.35) ta chn c x
i
nu v ch nu (iif:if and only if)

( )
( )
2 2 * *
1 2 m 1 m 1 m
2 2 * *
1 2 k 1 k 1 k
x x x - x x
x x x - x s m k
+
+

2
2
-
-
(5.36)
hay:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 m 1 m
2 2
1 2 k 1 k
1 x d x x
1 x d x , x m k
+
+
2
2
+ ,
+
(5.37)

i vi cc tn hiu PSK (chm tn hiu c nng lng bng nhau):

2 2
m k s
x x E m, k = = (5.38)
trong E
s
l nng lng k hiu. V th i vi cc tn hiu PSK, quy tc quyt nh (5.37) c
th n gin ha vic chn x
m
nu v ch nu:

( ) ( )
1 m 1 k
d x , x d x , x m k (5.39)
Khi ny b kt hp t l cc i c th cu trc tn hiu
1
x (xem hnh 5.10) sao cho b tch sng
kh ging cc i c th to ra
1
x l c tnh kh ging cc i ca x
1
.
T s tn hiu trn tp m trong trng hp ny c xc nh nh sau (nu coi rng tp
m c hai knh u nh nhau):

2 2
2 2
1, 1,
1 1
2
0
| |
2 2
T m T m
m m
P h P
SNR
N
= =
= =

(5.40)
trong P
T
l tng cng sut,
2
=N
0
l mt ph cng sut tp m.

5.12.2. S Alamouti hai anten pht vi M anten thu

Trong trng hp ny ta s dng hai anten pht v M anten thu. minh ha ta xt
trng hp hai anten thu (M=2) nh thy trn hnh 5.11. Ta xt qu trnh x l trong thi gian hai
k hiu v coi rng cc li knh khng thay i hay i trong thi gian ny.
104
B c
tnh knh
B kt hp
B tch sng ML
1
11
h
21
h
Nhiu v tp m
1
x
11
h
21
h
*
2
-x
2
x
*
1
x
Anten pht 1
Anten pht 2
Anten thu 1
3
Nhiu v tp m
Anten thu 2
B c
tnh knh
12
h
22
h
12
h
22
h
11
h
21
h
12
h
22
h
1
x
2
x
1
x
2
x

Hnh 5.11. S phn tp pht hai nhnh vi hai my thu Alamouti

M ha v chui pht cc k hiu thng tin cho trng hp ny c cho trong bng 5.3.
Bng 5.4 nh ngha cc knh gia cc anten pht v cc anten thu. Bng 5.5 nh ngha cc k
hiu cho tn hiu thu ti hai anten thu.
Bng 5.3. M ha v chui k hiu pht cho s phn tp pht hai anten
Anten 1 Anten 2
Thi im k x
1
x
2

Thi im k+1
*
2
-x
*
1
x
Bng 5.4. nh ngha cc knh gia anten pht v anten thu
Anten thu 1 Anten thu 2
Anten pht 1 h
11
h
12
Anten pht 2 h
21
h
22

Bng 5.5. K hiu cc tn hiu thu ti hai anten thu
Anten thu 1 Anten thu 2
105
Thi gian k y
1
y
3
Thi gian k+1 y
2
y
4

Biu thc cho cc tn hiu thu nh sau:
y
1
= h
11
x
1
+ h
21
x
2
+
1
(5.41a)

y
2
= -h
11
*
2
x + h
21
*
1
x +
2
(5.41b)
y
3
= h
12
x
1
+ h
22
x
2
+
3
(5.41c)

y
4
= -h
12
*
2
x + h
22
*
1
x +
4
(5.41d)
Ta c th vit li (5.41) vo dng ma trn nh sau.
i vi hai k hiu lin tip c thu tai my thu th nht ta c:

1 1 1
= + H x Y N (5.42)
trong Y
1
=[y
1

*
2
y ]
T
,

11 21
1 * *
21 11
h h
h h

=

H (5.43)
l ma trn knh tng ng, x=[x
1
x
2
]
T
v N
1
=[
1

*
2
]
T
.

i vi hai k hiu lin tip c thu ti my thu th hai ta c:

2 2 2
= + H x Y N (5.44)
trong Y
2
=[y
3

*
4
y ]
T
,

12 22
2 * *
22 12
h h
h h

=

H (5.45)
l ma trn knh tng ng, x=[x
1
x
2
]
T
v
T
*
2 3 4

=

N .
tnh ton c tnh ta nhn cc phng trnh (5.42) v (5.44) vi cc ma trn knh
chuyn v Hermitian tng ng:

1 1 1
= + H x
h h h
1 1 1
H H H Y N (5.46)

2 2 2
= + H x
h h h
2 2 2
H H H Y N (5.47)
Sau kt hp hai phng trnh (5.46) v (5.47) vi nhau ta c:

1 1 2 1 2

+ = + + +

H H x
h h h h h h
1 2 1 2 1 2
x = H H H H H H
2
Y Y N N (5.48)
trong
T
1 2
= [x x ] x ,

*
11 21
*
21 11
h h
h h

=

h
1
H

*
12 22
*
22 12
h h
h h

=

*
2
H
106

Khai trin (5.48) ta c:

( )
2 2 2 2 * * * *
1 1 2 3 4 1 11 1 21 2 12 3 22 4
x x h + h + h +h = + + + + (5.49a)

( )
2 2 2 2 * * * *
2 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 2 1 3 4 4 2
x x h +h - h + h = + + + - (5.49b)

Sau cc tn hiu kt hp ny c a n b tch sng kh ging cc i, ti y c
tnh cho x
1
c chn da trn cc tiu chun quyt nh trong cc phng trnh di y cho
PSK:
Chn x
m
nu v ch nu

( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 m 1 m
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 k 1 k
1 x d (x , x )
1 x d (x , x )
+ + + +
+ + + +
(5.50)
hay

2 2
1 m 1 k
d (x , x ) d (x , x ) m k (5.51)

Tng t i vi x
2
s dung quy tc quyt nh trn chn x
m
nu v ch nu

( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 m 2 m
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 k 1 k
1 x d (x , x )
1 x d (x , x )
+ + + +
+ + + +
(5.52)
hay

2 2
2 m 2 k
d (x , x ) d (x , x ) m k (5.53)
Cc tn hiu kt hp trong (5.49) tng ng vi MRRC bn nhnh. V th bc phn tp nhn c
nhn c t s phn tp hai nhnh pht vi hai my thu tng ng vi s MRRC bn
nhnh.
T s tn hiu trn tp m ca s phn tp Alamouti 2x2 (hay 2x2 MIMO Alamouti)
c xc nh nh sau:

2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1, 1,
1 1 1 1
0
2 2
| |
T T m m
n m n m
P P
SNR
N
h
= = = =
= =

(5.54)
trong P
T
l tng cng sut, h
nm
l h s khuych i ng truyn tc thi t anten pht n
n anten thu m,
2
=

N
0
.
iu ng quan tm l cc tn hiu kt hp t hai anten thu ch l cng n thun cc tn
hiu t tng anten v th s kt hp cho trng hp ny ging nh s mt anten thu. Tm
li khi s dng hai anten pht v M anten thu, ta c th s dng b kt hp cho tng anten sau
n gin cng cc tn hiu kt hp t tt c cc anten nhn c bc phn tp tng ng vi
s MRRC c 2M nhnh.

5.13. TNG KT

Chng ny xt cc c tnh knh. Theo truyn thng, cc knh c phn loi thnh
cc knh phainh phm vi rng v cc knh phainh phm vi hp. Phainh phm vi rng ch yu
107
c biu th bng tn hao ng truyn gy ra bi truyn sng khong cch xa (vi km).
Phainh phm vi hp biu th nh hng truyn dn a ng. Khi thit k h thng truyn dn
v tuyn pha inh di ng, ta cn xt cc c tnh knh trong ba min: khng gian, tn s v thi
gian nh cho bng 5.3. c tnh knh trong min khng gian lin quan n tn hao ng
truyn phm vi rng v thng ging ngu nhin phm vi hp do truyn a ng. Thng ging
ngu nhin khi khong cch thay i t (vo khang bc sng) dn n phn tp khng gian
(phainh chn lc khng gian). Vic phainh chn lc khng gian mang tnh ngu nhin v kh
lp m hnh dn n tnh trng khng r rng khi thit k h thng v kh tng cng cht lng
h thng. Cc cng ngh truyn dn phn tp nh: my thu RAKE, MIMO (Multiple Input
Multiple Output) v phn tp cho php gii quyt vn ny. Cc cng ngh phn tp c th
chuyn bt li ca truyn sng a ng thnh c li.

Bng 5.3. Cc c tnh knh cu ba min
Min khng gian Min tn s Min thi gian
Thng s d;

Thng ging ngu nhin
f
D;
c
B
1
50

c
D
T
f

Nhc im Chn lc khng gian Chn lc tn s Chn lc thi gian
Gii php MIMO OFDM Thch ng
Mc ch Li dng a ng Phainh phng
(T
)
Phainh chm
(B
S
>>f
D
)
Ch thch d: khong cch thu pht; MIMO: Multile Input Multiple Output; f
D
: tri
Doppler; B
C
: rng bng nht qun ca knh xt cho trng hp tng
quan ln hn 90%; T: chu k k hiu;
: tri tr trung bnh qun phng;

T
C
: thi gian nht qun ca knh; B
S
: rng bng tn hiu pht

Cc thng s knh trong min tn s l tri Doppler v rng bng nht qun (xem bng
5.3). Cc thng s knh min thi gian l thi gian nht qun v tri tr trung bnh qun phng.
Tri Doppler gy ra do chuyn ng tng i gia MS (trm di ng) v BTS (trm thu pht
gc). Cc thng s ny c th dn n phainh chn lc thi gian (hay phn tp thi gian) trong
min thi gian v tri Doppler t l nghch vi thi gian nht qun ca ca knh.Tri tr xy ra do
tr a ng. rng bng nht qun ca knh t l nghich vi tri tr trung bnh qun phng.
V th tri tr trung bnh qun phng c th dn n phainh chn lc tn s (hay phn tp tn
s) trong min tn s. OFDM a ra gii php cho phainh chn lc tn s v n c th chuyn
phainh chn lc tn s vo phainh phng bng cch s dng chu k k hiu di hn tri tr
trung bnh qun phng (xem chng 6). Ngoi ra cc h thng truyn dn thch ng a ra gii
php cho phainh chn lc thi gian trong min thi gian v n hu nh lun lun lm cho
rng bng tn hiu pht ln hn nhiu so vi tri Doppler bng cch thay i cc thng s cu h
thng truyn dn theo cc thng s knh..
Chng ny trnh by ngn gn phn b Raylegh v Rice, v cc phn b ny s c
s dng nhiu nht cho m hnh knh truyn sng Cc m hnh knh trong min tn s v thi
gian c tng kt. Cc nghin cu cho thy nh hng ca mt s thng s (tha s K, tri
tr trung bnh qun phng) ln hm truyn t tn s ca knh l rt ln. Tri tr cng ln th
tc bin thin bin trong hm truyn t knh min tn s cng ln. V th ta c th lin kt
tri tr vi bng thng sng mang con trong h thng OFDM. Khi tri tr ln, knh s bin ng
108
nhanh hn trong min tn s v ta cn n nh bng thng sng mang con nh hn (v ngc li).
Tha s K xc nh ln bin thin trong hm truyn t knh min tn s. K cng ln th bin
thin cng nh. Cc kt qu m phng cho thy rng khi tha s K ln hn 10 dB, thay i bin
trong hm truyn t knh min tn s khng qu 2,2 dB. V th ta ch cn t bng thng sng
mang con khi tha s K nh hn 10dB. t bng thng sng mang con trong trng hp ny nh
sau: tri tr cng ln, th bng thng sng mang cn phi c t cng nh. Cui chng ta xt
cng ngh MIMO v phn tp chng nh hng bt li ca knh hoc thm ch li dng
phainh trong ba min. Do hn ch v mt thi gian ta ch xt phn tp a ng (my thu
RAKE) c p dng trong CDMA v hai cng ngh phn tp khng gian in hnh: phn tp
khng gian vi MRRC v Alamouti MIMO. S phn tp khng gian c p dng t lu
trong tt c cc BTS ca cc h thng TTD. S phn tp Alamouti (hay MIMO Alamouti)
c tip nhn cho cc h thng thng tin di ng th h mi.

5.14. CU HI V BI TP

1. Trnh by c im ca knh truyn sng v tuyn trong min thi gian, khng gian v
tn s
2. inh ngha cc thng s knh sau: tri tr, tri Doppler, bng thng nht qun v thi gian
nht qun
3. Bng thng ca mt h thng truyn dn v tuyn di ng phi c chn th no
trnh c phainh nhanh?
(a) Ln hn tri Doppler; (b) Nh hn tri Doppler
4. di k hiu c pht trong h thng truyn dn phi chn nh th no trnh c
pha inh nhanh?
(a) Ln hn thi gian nht qun; (b) Nh hn thi gian nht qun
5. Bng thng ca mt h thng truyn dn phi c chn nh th no knh l knh
phainh phng?
(a) Ln hn bng thng nht qun; (b) Nh hn bng thng nht qun
6. di k hiu pht phi c chn nh th no knh l knh phainh phng?
(a) Ln hn tri tr; (b) nh hn tri tr
7. Hm mt xc sut ca ng bao tn hiu thu trong knh phainh phng c dng g?
(a) Rayleigh; (b) Rice; (c) c hai
8. p ng knh xung kim trong bng tn gc l p ng ca knh ln tn hiu no sau y?
9. (a) Khng i, (b) Xung c rng ln hn khng; (c) Hm Dirac
10. Knh chn lc tn s l tp hp ca nhiu knh sau?
(a) Rayleigh; (b) Rice v Rayleigh; (c) Cc knh Rayleigh kh phn gii; (d) cc knh
Rice, Rayleigh kh phn gii
11. Mt tn hiu BPSK c truyn trong knh phainh chn lc, knh ny tr thnh knh
phainh phng i vi tn hiu ny v cht lng truyn khng b gim ta cn chn
phng n no sau y:
(a) S dng iu ch M-QAM gim tc k hiu vi M ln
(b) Chia lung tn hiu thnh nhiu lung song song c lp v truyn cc lung ny trn
nhiu knh bng tn s khc nhau
12. My thu RAKE c xy dng trn nguyn l no sao y?
109
(a) My thu phn bit c cc ng n khc nhau theo thi gian; (b) My thu phn
bit
c cc ng n khc nhau theo tn s; (c) My thu phn bt c cc ng n
khc nhau theo khng gian
13. Phn tp khng gian c xy dng trn nguyn l no sau y?
(a) My thu phn bit c cc ng n khc nhau theo thi gian; (b) My thu phn
bit
c cc ng n khc nhau theo tn s; (c) My thu phn bt c cc ng n
khc nhau theo khng gian
14. Phn tch u im ca s phn tp Alamouti (2 anten pht v M anten thu) so vi s
phn tp thu thng thng (mt anten pht v M anten thu)?
(a) S Alamouti cho bc phn tp thp hn, (b) S Alamouti cho bc phn tp cao
hn
15. Xt mt my pht pht x sng mang c tn s 1850 MHz. My di ng c t trn xe
t chy vn tc 80 km gi. Tnh tn s sng mang ti my thu khi my di ng tin
thng n my pht?
(a) 1850,000010 MHz; (b) 1850, 000120 MHz; (c) 1850,000137MHz
16. (Tip). Tnh tn s sng mang ti my thu khi my di ng ri xa my pht
(a) 1850,000118MHz; (b) 1850,000220MHz; (c)1849,999863MHz
17. (Tip). Tnh tn s sng mang ti my thu khi my di ng chuyn ng vung gc vi
phng sng ti.
(a) 1850,000118MHz; (b) 1850,000220MHz; (c)1849,999863MHz; (d) 1850 MHz
18. Gi thit p ng xung kim knh c s dng lp m hnh cho cc knh v tuyn vi
tr tri ln nht l100s. Nu s nhnh tr c c nh l 64. Tm ca m hnh ng
tr a nhnh.
(a) 1,3s; (b)1,56s; (c)1,5625s; (d)1,625s
19. Mt ng truyn c l lch tr cng sut sau:
(s)
0 1 2 5
2
a
(dB)
-20 -10 -10 0
Tnh tr tri trung bnh?
(a) 3,5s; (b) 4s; (c) 4,38s; (d)5,12s
20. (tip) Tnh moment bc hai ca l lch tr cng sut.
(a) 18,07s
2
; (b) 19,07s
2
(c) 20,07s
2
; (d) 21,07s
2

21. (tip). Tnh tr tri trung bnh qun phng.
(a) 1,02s; (b) 1,2s; (c)1,27s; (d) 1,37s
22. (tip). Tnh bng thng nht qun khi tng qun tn s nh nht l 0,5.
(a) 126KHz; (b) 136KHz; (b) 146KHz; (d) 156 kHz
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang

110
CHNG 6
A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO TN S TRC GIAO
V CDMA A SNG MANG

6.1. GII THIU CHUNG


Nguyn l chung ca OFDM
S v tn hiu ca mt h thng truyn dn OFDM
Cc thng s knh nh hng ln hiu nng ca h thng truyn dn OFDM
M hnh ca mt h thng OFDMA
Nguyn l MC-CDMA

6.1.2. Hng dn

Tham kho thm [2]

6.1.3. Mc ch chng

Hiu c nguyn l OFDM
Hiu c nguyn l lm vic my pht v my thu OFDM
Tnh ton thng s OFDM theo thng s knh
Hiu c nguyn l lm vic ca my pht v my thu MC-CDMA

6.2. M U

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: ghp knh theo tn s trc giao) l
mt phng php iu ch cho php gim mo tuyn tnh do knh truyn dn v tuyn phn tn
gy ra. Nguyn l ca OFDM l phn chia tng bng thng cn truyn vo mt s sng mang con
c th truyn ng thi cc sng mang ny. Bng cch ny lung s tc cao c th c
chia thnh nhiu lung tc thp hn. V th c th gim nh hng ca tr a ng v
chuyn i knh phainh chn lc thnh knh pha inh phng. Nh vy OFDM l mt gii php
cho tnh chn lc ca cc knh phainh. Vic chia tng bng thng thnh nhiu bng con vi cc
sng mang con dn n gim rng bng con trong min tn s v v th tng di k hiu.
S sng mang con cng ln th di k hiu cng ln. iu ny c ngha l di k hiu ln
hn so vi thi gian tri rng tr ca knh phainh phn tn theo thi gian, hay rng bng tn
tn hiu nh hn rng bng tn nht qun ca knh.

111
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access) c xy dng trn c s nguyn l ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao
(OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex). Trong OFDMA mi ngi s dng c
cp pht mt s sng mang con (knh tn s) trong tng s sng mang con kh dng ca h
thng. V mt ny ta thy OFDMA ging nh FDMA, tuy nhin nh s dng cc sng mang con
trc giao vi nhau nn mt ph cng sut ca cc knh sng mang con ny c th chng ln
ln nhau m khng gy nhiu cho nhau. Chnh v l do ny ta khng cn c cc on bng bo v
gia cc knh (hay ni chnh xc hn ch cn cc on bng bo v kh hp) v nh tng c
dung lng h thng OFDMA so vi FDMA (hnh 6.1).
K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7
K8 K9 K10
a)
b) Tit kim rng bng tn
Tn s
Tn s

Hnh 6.1. So snh OFDMA v FDMA: (a) K thut FDMA thng thng, (b) K thut
OFDMA.

OFDMA thng c kt hp vi TDMA. Hnh 10.2 cho thy li tn s-thi gian ca
mt h thng OFDMA bao gm cc ngi s dng c k hiu t a n g. Th d trn hnh v
ny cho thy mi ngi s dng khng ch c cp pht mt s sng mang con trc giao (s
sng mang con cho mi ngi s dng c th khc nhau) m cn c cp pht mt trong bn
khe thi gian ca tng chu k cp pht.
Mi y ngi ta a ra mt h thng CDMA mi xy dng trn c s kt hp CDMA v
OFDMA c gi l CDMA a sng mang (MC-CDMA). H thng ny gy c s ch v n
cho php x l pht thu d rng bng cch s dng bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT) m khng tng
phc tp cu thit b, ngai ra cn cho php chng phainh chn lc v s dng hiu qu tn
s.
Chng ny trc ht xt nguyn l chung ca mt h thng iu ch OFDM. Tip theo
xt cc thng s hiu nng ca n. Sau xt h thng OFDMA nhy tn c xut cho
UMTS. Cui cng xt m hnh h thng CDMA a sng mang.
hiu r c nguyn l OFDMA trc ht ta xt nguyn l ca ghp knh phn chia
theo tn s trc giao (OFDM) trn hnh 6.2.

a d a d a d
a d a d a d
a c d a c d a c d
a c d a c d a c d
T
n

s

b e g b e g b e g

112
b e g b e g b e g
b f g b f g b f g
b f g b f g b f g
Thi gian
Hnh 6.2. Th d li thi gian-tn s cho OFDMA c by ngi s dng t a n g.

6.3. NGUYN L OFDM

dng tng qut ta c th trnh by tn hiu OFDM bng tn gc trong dng mt tp N
sng mang con c iu ch v c truyn song song nh sau:

N/ 2 1
i ,k k
k i N/ 2
s(t) X g (t kT

= =

=

, (6.1)
i=-N/2, -N/2+1,,-1,0,1,,N/2-1
vi

[ ]
[ ]
i
j2 f t
i
e , t 0, T
g (t)
0 , t 0, T
(6.2)
tha mn iu kin trc giao sau:

s
s
t +T
*
i
t
1, n u i = 1
g (t).g (t)dt =
0, n u i T
(6.3)
v
f
i
=i/T; i=1,2,.,N-1 (6.4)
Trong T c gi l thi gian ca mt k hiu OFDM; X
i,k
l k hiu iu ch thng thng
c truyn trn sng mang con trong khong thi gian k hiu OFDM th k; N l s sng mang
con (c chn bng ly tha ca 2) v f
i
l tn s sng mang con.
Hnh 6.3 cho thy th d v s dng bn cc sng mang con cho mt k hiu OFDM
-0,2
0
0,4
0,6
0,8
0,2
-1
-0,8
-0,6
-0,4
-0,2
0
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
b) V d s dng 4 sng mang
OFDM trong min tn s
a) V d s dng 4 sng mang
OFDM trong min thi gian
1/T T
Thi gian
Tn s


113
Hnh 6.3. Th d v s dng bn sng mang con cho mt k hiu OFDM.6

T hnh 6.3 ta thy trong min thi gian, m bo iu kin trc giao, cc sng mang
con c s chu k trong mt k hiu OFDM (T) l mt s nguyn. Trong min tn s mi sng
mang con ca mt k hiu OFDM c mt ph cng sut dng sinx/x vi
( )
i
i
x f f T f T
T

= =

. Gi tr cc i cc bp chnh ca mt ph cng sut ca mt
sng mang xy ra ti cc tn s f=i/T. Ti y mt ph cng sut ca cc sng mang khc u
bng khng.
Nh tnh trc giao (6.3), ti pha thu ta c th gii iu ch tm li k hiu X
i,k
theo
quan h sau:

(k 1)T
*
i ,k i
kT
1
X s(t)g (t)
T
+
=
(6.5)
Nu ta k hiu F
k
(t) l k hiu OFDM trong thi im truyn k hiu th k, th ta c th
vit li cng thc (6.1) nh sau:

k
k
s(t) F (t)
=
=

(6.6)
Cc tn hiu OFDM ch c to ra bng x l s do rt kh to ra cc tp b to sng kha pha
v cc my thu trong min tng t. x l s ta ly mu tn hiu OFDM bng gc trong (6.1)
v (6.6) bng tn s ly mu N ln ln hn 1/T. Khi ny ta c th biu din k hiu OFDM th k,
F
k
(t), nh sau:

N/ 2
k i ,k i
m
i N/ 2
t k T
N
F (m) X g (t kT)

= = +

=
, m=0,1,, N-1
=
i.m N/ 2
j2
N
i ,k
i N/ 2
X e

=

= IDFT (X
i,k
) (6.7)
trong IDFT (inverse discrete fourrier transform) l bin i fourrier ri rc ngc. Bin i
Fourrier nhanh o (IFFT: inverse fast fourrier transform) thc hin chc nng ging nh IDFT
nhng hiu sut hn v mt tnh ton nn thng c s dng trong cc s thc tin. Thi
gian ca k hiu OFDM sau IFFT c k hiu l T
FFT
.

6.4. S H THNG TRUYN DN OFDM

S ca mt h thng truyn dn OFDM c cho hnh 6.4a. S ny gm hai phn
chnh: phn x l tn hiu s v phn x l tn hiu tng t. Hnh 6.4b cho thy s tng
ng bng tn gc phc. Di y ta s xt cc phn t ca cc s ny.

6.4.1. X l tn hiu s

Ti phi pht trc ht lung bit c chia thnh cc khi vi Nlog
2
M bit, trong M l
mc iu ch. Khi cc bit ny sau c bin i thnh N k hiu iu ch thng thng (mi

114
k hiu cc k hiu tng ng vi log
2
M bit, chng hn ca k hiu iu ch 16 QAM tng ng
vi 4 bit) song song tng ng vi N vect xc nh v tr ca im k hiu iu ch thng
trng trn chm tn hiu iu ch thng thng (xem hnh 6.5 cho 16-QAM). Cc vect ny th
hin N tn ph v c k hiu bng {X
i,k
} trong i{ -N/2, 0, 1, ., N-1} l ch s vect v k
l ch s v th t theo thi gian ca tp N k hiu song song. Sau cc th hin tn ph ny
c b bin i Fourrier nhanh ri rc o (IFFT: inverse fast fourrier transform) bin i vo
min thi gian. Chm N k hiu ny c a ln b IFFT. u ra IFFT cho ta tp N sng mang
con trc giao mang N k hiu trong bng gc ( min thi gian). Tp sng mang con trc giao
ny to nn mt k hiu OFDM hiu dng. Thng thng N nhn gi tr bng 2 ly tha ca mt
s nguyn c th p dng IFFT hiu qu cao. Thi gian ca mt k hiu hiu dng c k
hiu l T
FFT
.

N 1,k
x

0,k
x
1,k
x
0,k
X
N 1,k
X

1,k
X
0,k
Y
N 1,k
Y

1,k
Y
k
(t) X
k
(t) Y
N 1,k
y

0,k
y
1,k
y
2
N. log M
M ha
knh/an
xen
Sp xp k
hiu
(iu ch)
iu ch
OFDM
(IFFT)
Chn khang
bo v/ca
s
DAC
iu ch IQ
v bin i
nng tn
Gii m
knh/gii
an xen
Gii sp t
k hiu
(gii iu ch)
Gii iu
ch OFDM
(FFT)
Loi khang
bo v
ADC
Bin i h
tn v gii
iu ch IQ
S liu
pht
S liu
thu
Chm N s
liu phc i,k
{x }
Chm s liu
thu i,k
{y }
Tn hiu bng
gc pht s(t)
Tn hiu
thu s(t)
I/Q I/Q
RF
( )
RF
s t
( )
RF
t r
Knh v
tuyn
phainh
I/Q
I/Q
I/Q I/Q
ng b sng
mang
ng b thi gian
Tn hiu s Tn hiu tng t

Hnh 6.4. S h thng truyn dn OFDM.

115

Hnh 6.5. Chm tn hiu 16-QAM.

Hot ng ca tng IFFT c cho trn hnh 6.6.
GD
T
FFT
T

Hnh 6.6. Nguyn l ca tng IFFT

Trong min tn s, trc khi a ln IFFT, mi mu ri rc ca IFFT tng ng vi mt
sng mang con. Hu ht cc sng mang con c iu ch bi s liu lu lng. Cc sng mang
con bn ngoi khng b iu ch v bin c t bng khng. Cc sng mang con khng iu
ch ny c dng to ra bng tn bo v trc tn s Nyquist v m bo dc ca b
lc tng t.

116
Sau IFFT, tn hiu OFDM bng gc c a ln b chn khong bo v v to ca s.
Ti y tn hiu OFDM c chn on tin t chu trnh ng vai tr khong bo v v chn on
m cng tin v hu t to dng ph (xem hnh 6.7 ).
Thi gian ca on bo v c k hiu l T
GD
c chn ln hn thi gian tr tri cc
i ca knh phainh. V th phn hiu dng ca tn hiu thu (on T
FFT
) c th c coi l tch
chp ca k hiu OFDM vi p ng xung kim ca knh. on bo v c a vo duy tr
tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con v tnh c lp ca cc k hiu OFDM ni tip nhau khi tn
hiu OFDM c truyn trn knh v tuyn phainh nhiu ng. Vic duy tr tnh trc giao ca
cc sng mang con cho php trnh c ICI (inter-carrier interference: nhiu gia cc sng
mang) v vic duy tr tnh c lp gia cc k hiu cho php trnh c ISI (inter-symbol
interference: nhiu gia cc k hiu). Khong bo v l mt tin t c chu trnh, n c copy t
phn cui cng ca k hiu OFDM c truyn trc (xem hnh 6.8).

Dng xung pht i w(t)
p ng xung knh
Thi gian
Tin t Hu t Thi gian truyn
hiu dng
T
T
T
FFT
T
GD
T
WIN
GI
k.T
Thi gian tr tri
max
T
FFT
Thi gian
B lc my thu (s dng FFT)

Hnh 6.7. Dng k hiu sau khi chn v lp ca s ti phi pht, p ng xung kim ca knh
v k hiu OFDM hiu dng c ly ra ti pha thu.

u ra IFFT
Khong
bo v
Khong
bo v
u ra IFFT trc u ra IFFT tip theo
T
FFT
T
G
T
s
Copy
K hiu k K hiu k-1 K hiu k+1

Hnh 6.8. Chn khong bo v.


117
Xung ch nht c rng ph rt ln do cc bp bn ca bin i Fourier c dng Sinc.
To ca s l mt k thut gim cc bp bn ny v nh vy gim cng sut pht ngoi bng.
Trong h thng OFDM, ca s c s dng phi khng c nh hng ln tn hiu trong thi
gian hiu dng ca n. V th cc phn m rng theo chu k c dng xung nh hnh 6.9. To
ca s cho xung pht s dng hm cosin tng c th coi l tch chp ca xung ch nht c di
T vi na sng sin nh hnh 6.9. Trong min tn s tch chp ny tng ng vi nhn ph
Sinc ca xung ch nht vi ph ca na sng sin. T hnh 6.9 ta thy vic nhn ny cho php
gim cc bp bn ca ph xung pht. Trn hnh 6.9(a), cc gi tr ph bng xy ra ti cc v tr
i.f=i/T
FFT
, i= {1, 2, }, ngha l ti cc v tr t cc sng mang con ln cn. Vic m rng
xung n di T= T
FFT
+ T
GD
+T
WIN
gim khong cch gia cc gi tr ph bng khng xung
cn 1/T (hnh 6.9(b)). Hm to ca s (hnh 6.9(c)) nhn cc gi tr khng ti { 3/2, 5/2,
7/2.}/T
win
.

Tch ca ph trn hnh 6.9(b) v ph trn hnh 6.9(c) cho ta kt qu ca to ca s
(hnh 6.9(d)). Nhn xt hnh 6.9(d) ta thy nh to ca s cc bp bn gim ng k.
Min thi gian Min tn s
Tn s cc sng
mang con
Cc mu
Ph OFDM i vi N
FFT
=64, N
GD
=16

Hnh 6.9. (a) Dng xung v ph ca k hiu OFDM hiu dng (c thc hin bi IFFT; (b)
xung di T v ph ca n; (c) xung na sin c s dng to dng xung v ph ca
n; (d) xung pht w(t) v ph ca n.
Cc di xung thng c o bng s mu, trong d N
FFT
, N
GD
v N
win
xc nh s
mu trong phn hiu dng, khong bo v v khang to ca s.

6.4.2. X l tn hiu tng t (phn iu ch v tuyn cho tn hiu OFDM

Hnh 6.10 cho thy s iu ch v tuyn cho tn hiu OFDM bng gc phc.

118
LPF DAC
LPF DAC
B to sng
mang RF
90
0
u ra RF
sin
cos
iu ch IQ
Tn hiu s Tn hiu tng t
I
Q
Bng tn c s
OFDM phc

Hnh 6.10. S iu ch v tuyn cho tn hiu OFDM bng gc.

Do cc b lc thng thp c s dng bin i s vo tng t v ngc li (DAC
and ADC) cho cc tn hiu pht v thu (bng gc) nn khng phi tt c N sng mang con u
c s dng. Cc sng mang con gn vi tn s Nyquist f
s
/2 s b suy gim bi b lc v v th
khng th s dng cho truyn dn s liu (hnh 6.11). (f
s
=1/T
s
l tn s ly mu). Ngoi ra sng
mang con DC c th b mo rt ln do dch mt chiu (DC) ca cc b ADC v DAC v th cng
cn trnh s dng n cho s liu.
Hm truyn t ca
my pht / my thu
Tn s
Cc sng mang con
s dng c
Cc sng mang con
s dng c Sng mang con
th i

Hnh 6.11. Hm truyn t ca my pht/thu v nh hng ca n ln thit k
h thng OFDM

c th s dng sng mang con DC, ta c th s dng s iu ch s trc khi a
ln b chuyn i s vo tng t (DAC: digital analog converter) nh trn hnh 6.12.


119

Hnh 6.12. iu ch s kt hp bin i nng tng.

6.5. CC TN HIU CA H THNG OFDM

Tn hiu OFDM pht phc bng tn gc u ra ca DAC c xc nh nh sau:

x
k=-
k
x(t) = (t - kT) , (6.8)
trong x
k
(t-kT) l tn hiu OFDM pht phc bng gc th k c xc nh nh sau:

/ N
X
x
i,k
FFT i=-N/2
k win GD FFT win
i
w(t - kT). exp j2 (t - kT) ,
T
(t - kt) = kT - T - T t kT+ T +T
0, nu khc
2 1
, (6.9)

trong :
T l di k hiu OFDM.
T
FFT
l thi gian FFT, phn hiu dng ca k hiu OFDM.
T
GD
l thi gian bo v, thi gian ca tin t chu trnh.
T
win
l thi gian m ca tin t v hu t to dng ph.
f=1/T
FFT
l phn cch tn s gia hai sng mang.
N l di FFT, s im FFT.
k l ch s v k hiu c truyn.
i l ch s v sng mang con, i{-N/2, -N/2+1,..., -1, 0, +1, ., N/2-1}.
X
i,k
l vectt im chm tn hiu, l k hiu phc (s liu, hoa tiu, rng) c iu ch ln sng
mang con i ca k hiu OFDM th k.
w(t) xung to dng c biu din nh sau:

120
[ ]
[ ]

GD win win GD GD
GD FFT
FFT win FFT FFT win
1
1- cos (t + T )/T , - T - T t -T
2
w(t) = 1, - T t T
1
1- cos (t - T )/T , T t T + T
2
, (6.10)

Tn hiu u ra ca b iu ch v tuyn c xc nh nh sau:
k
x x
=
RF RF,k
(t) = (t - kT) (6.11)
trong x
RF,k
(t-kT) l tn hiu OFDM v tuyn th k c biu din nh sau:

j
x
c
i=N/2
i,k
FFT i=-N/2
win GD FFT win
1
e w(t - kT) x exp f + (t - kT) ,
T
kT - T - T t kT + T + T
0, nu khc
2
RF, k
R
(t - kT) = , (6.12)
trong :
T l di k hiu OFDM.
T
FFT
l thi gian FFT, phn hiu dng ca k hiu OFDM.
T
GD
l thi gian bo v, thi gian ca tin t chu trnh.
T
win
l thi gian m ca tin t v hu t to dng ph.
F
c
l tn s trung tm ca ph.
f=1/T
FFT
l phn cch tn s gia hai sng mang.
N l di FFT, s im FFT.
k l ch s v k hiu c truyn.
i l ch s v sng mang con, i{-N/2, -N/2+1, -1, 0, +1, ., -N/2}.
X
i,k
l vectt im chm tn hiu, l k hiu phc (s liu, hoa tiu, rng) c iu ch ln sng
mang con i ca k hiu OFDM th k.
w(t) c xc nh theo (6.10).

6.6. NHIU GIA CC K HIU (ISI) V GIA CC SNG MANG
(ICI)

Trong mi trng phainh, mt tn hiu pht n my thu ti nhiu thi im khc nhau
do hin tng truyn sng a ng. T quan im my thu, knh gy ra s phn tn thi gian
(gi tt l tn thi).
Do knh phn tn tuyn tnh, ta c th coi tn hiu thu tc thi b mo tuyn tnh l xp
chng ca nhiu k hiu thng tin trong qu kh v trong tng lai. Ta c th gii thch ISI tin
xung v ISI hu xung bng p ng xung kim knh gi nh cho hnh 6.13.

121
p ng xung kim knh (CIR: Channel Impulse Response) trn hnh 6.13 c th coi nh l
gm ba loi thnh phn khc nhau. Thnh phn c bin cao nht h
2
c gi l thnh phn
c xt (thnh phn chnh). Cc thnh phn xy ra trc, h
0
v h
1
, c gi l tin xung v cc
thnh phn xy ra sau, h
3
v h
4
,

c gi l hu xung. Nng lng ca tn hiu mong mun ch
yu c to ra bi thnh phn chnh. Ngoi ra tn hiu thu cng gm c nng lng gy ra bi
tch chp ca cc tin xung v cc hu xung, cc nh hng ny c gi l ISI tin xung v ISI
hu xung. Nh vy tn hiu thu b mo dng do xp chng tn hiu mong mun vi cc ISI tin
xung v hu xung.

Vic m rng thi gian cu cc k hiu dn n cc k hiu thu hin thi chng ln ln
cc k hiu thu trc v dn n nhiu gia cc k hiu (ISI). Trong OFDM, ISI thng c
coi l nhiu i vi mt k hiu gy ra bi cc k hiu trc .

h
0
h
1
h
2
h
3
h
4

Hnh 6.13. p ng xung kim knh (CIR)

Trong OFDM, ph ca cc sng mang chng ln ln nhau nhng trc giao vi nhau. iu
ny c ngha l ti gi tr ph cc i ca mt sng mang con tt c cc gi tr ph ca cc sng
mang con khc u phi bng khng. My thu s ly mu cc k hiu ti tng sng mang con ti
cc im cc i ny v gii iu ch chng m khng b nhiu gy ra do cc sng mang con
khc. Trng hp tnh trc giao ni trn khng c m bo, nhiu gy ra cc k hiu trn cc
sng mang con ln cn s xy ra. Nhiu ny dc gi l nhiu gia cc sng mang (ICI: Inter-
Channel Interference). Ta c th xt tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con trong min thi gian
v min tn s. Xt trong min thi gian, mi sng mang con phi l mt hm sin c s nguyn
ln chu k trong khang thi gian T
FFT
, hay ni mt cch khc c tn s l mt s nguyn ln i
lng nghch o ca thi gian T
FFT
(f
i
=i/T
FFI
= i.f). Hnh 6.14 cho thy ph ca bn sng mang
c gi tr cc i ti tn s trung tm ca chnh chng v khng ti tn s trung tm ca cc sng
mang con khc trong trng hp trc giao.

122

Hnh 6.14. Ph ca bn sng mang con trc giao

Nu tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang con b mt, cc sng mang con s c ph khc
khng ti ph cc i cu cc sng mang con khc. Nu xt trong min thi gian, s chu k hm
sin ca sng mang con khng cn l mt s nguyn trong thi gian FFT. Hnh 6.15 cho thy ph
ca bn sng mang con trong min tn s khi tnh trc giao b mt.

Hnh 6.15. Ph ca bn sng mang con khi tnh trc giao b mt

ICI xy ra khi knh a ng thay i trong thi gian mt k hiu OFDM. Khi xy ra
iu ny, cc dch Doppler trn mi ng s gy ra dch tn s trn cc sng mang con lm mt
tnh trc giao gia chng. ICI cng xy ra khi k hiu OFDM b ISI. Ta c th xt tnh hung ny
trong min thi gian. Khi ny cc sng mang khng cn m bo s chu k l mt s nguyn
trong thi gian T
FFT
do dch pha gy ra bi k hiu trc . Cui cng s dch cc tn s ca
my pht v my thu cng dn n ICI i vi mt k hiu OFDM. Chn khong bo v cng
nh la chn bng tn tn hiu ph hp vi bng thng ca knh cho php gim nh hng ca
ISI v ICI.

Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, Not Bold
Deleted:

123
6.7. DUNG LNG H THNG OFDM

6.7.1. M u

Mt trong cc muc tiu ca iu ch thch ng l ci thin dung lng. V th trc ht ta
cn nghin cu cc thng s no nh hng ln dung lng. Trong phn ny ta s nghin cu cc
thng s ny v a ra cng thc xc nh chng. Dung lng knh ph thuc vo t s tn
hiu trn tp m (SNR) c xc nh bng cng thc ni ting sau:

2
C = Blog (1+ SNR) [bps], (6.13)

trong C l dung lng knh cn B l bng thng.

6.7.2. Cng thc tnh ton dung lng knh cho cc h thng OFDM

Ta bit r rng mc iu ch v t l m nh hng ln dung lng. Trong cc h thng
OFDM, do truyn dn song song v m rng nh k nn c nhiu thng s quyt nh dung
lng hn.
Ta s bt u xt cho trng hp n gin vi gi thit l cu hnh cc sng mang con
ging nhau, ngha l tt c cc sng mang con u c chung mt cu hnh (iu ch, m ha, bng
thng, cng sut). Trong trng hp ny tc bit tng ca h thng OFDM bng [6]:

[bps]
tb
(s bit/sng mang con/k hiu) s sng mang con
R =
thi gian k hiu
, (6.14)

Nu ta r
c
l t l m, M l mc iu ch, N l s sng mang con, T l thi gian k hiu, B
l rng bng tn ca tn hiu thng tin hay s liu, T
FFT
l thi gian FFT, phn cch sng mang
con l f=1/T
FFT
v FSR l t s thi gian FFT v thi gian k hiu OFDM, tc bit tng c
xc nh nh sau:

R
tb
=(r
c
log
2
M)N/T=(r
c
log
2
M)(B/f)/T
= (r
c
log
2
M)B
d
(T
FFT
/T)=(r
c
log
2
M).B.FSR, (6.15)

T phng trnh (3.15) ta thy rng tng tc bit tng, ta cn tng: hoc mc iu
ch (M), hoc t l m (r
c
), hoc t s N/T.
Hnh 6.16 gii thch ngha ca phng trnh (6.15).

124
tng tc bit tng (R
tb
tng)
(N/T) tng
T = (T
FFT
+ T
GD
+ T
win
)gim N tng
T
FFT
gim
f tng
B tng
(T
GD
+ T
win
) gim M tng hoc R
c
tng

Hnh 6.16. Cc thng s dung lng v nh hng ca chng ln tng tng dung lng.

Ta d rng nhn thy rng tng N/T ta cn tng N gi T khng i hoc gim T gi N
khng i. Ta c th s dng ba phng php tng tc bit: (1) tng mc iu ch hoc t l
m, (2) tng bng thng truyn dn thng tin, (3) tng FSR. Ta ch c th s dng cc phng
php ny khi tnh trng knh cho php thay i cc gi tr ny ca cc thng s ny.
Khi cho trc bng thng truyn dn v gi thit rng ton b bng thng ny v cc sng
mang u c s dng truyn thng tin, ta c th biu din tc bit tng cc i nh sau:
Max(R
tb
)= (r
c
log
2
M).B.FSR (6.16)
i vi trng hp tng qut ta khng th s dng cu hnh cc sng mang con nh nhau,
mi sng mang con s c cc gi tr thng s khc nhau. Trong trng ny tc bit tng s l
tng tc bit c cc sng mang con. Khi ny ta c th vit:
.log . .
N
tb ci i i i
i
R M FSR f r
=
=
2
1
(6.17)
Khi cu hnh cc sng mang con ging nhau: r
ci
=r Vic m rng thi gian cu cc k hiu dn n
cc k hiu thu hin thi chng ln ln cc k hiu thu trc v dn n nhiu gia cc k hiu
(ISI). Trong OFDM, ISI thng c coi l nhiu i vi mt k hiu gy ra bi cc k hiu
trc .
c
, M
i
=M, FSR
i
=FSR v f
i
=f, phng trnh (6.17) chuyn thnh phng trnh (6.15).
Trong trng hp f tin n khng ta c th vit phng trnh (6.17) dng tch phn
nh sau:
( ). log ( ). ( ).
tb c
B
R f M f FSR f df r =
2
(6.18)
Phng trnh (6.18) ch c ngha v mt ton hc, v trong thc t f khng th tin ti 0. V th
phng trnh (6.17) c ngha thc tin hn c. Lu rng gi tr cc thng s v phi ca cc
phng trnh (6.15), (6.17) v (6.18) ph thuc vo tnh trng knh thi im xt.


125
6.8. NH HNG CA CC THNG S QUYT NH DUNG LNG
LN QOS TRONG H THNG OFDM

6.8.1. Hiu nng ca cc thng s quyt nh dung lng

Ta gi cc thng s nh hng ln dung lng ca h thng OFDM c nu trn (t l
m, mc iu ch, rng bng v FSR) l cc thng s quyt nh dung lng. Trong phn ny
ta s xt nh hng ca chng ln QoS ca h thng OFDM. y ta s khng xt t l m v n
cng ging nh trng hp mc iu ch. Ta s dng BER ph thuc vo t s tn hiu trn tp
m SNR (E
b
/N
0
) nh gi QoS truyn dn. n gin ta xt knh tp m Gauss trng cng
(AWGN). Ta coi rng ton bng thng v ton b cc sng mang con c dng truyn
thng tin. Ta coi rng suy hao truyn dn bng khng (cng sut pht P
T
bng cng sut thu P
R
).
Cc kt qu m phng c cho hnh 6.17.a, 6.17.b cho trng hp FSR khng i v hnh
6.18 cho trng hp FSR thay i. Hnh 6.17.a xt cho trng hp bng thng thay i cn hnh
6.17.b xt cho trng hp bng thng c nh nhng mc iu ch M thay i. Cc thng s dung
lng m phng cho hnh 6.17 c cho bng 6.1, cn cc thng s m phng cho hnh 6.18
c cho bng 6.2 v 6.3.

Bng 6.1. Cc thng s m phng cho hnh 6.17.a v b
B
(MHz)
R
tb
(Mbps) f(KHz) N T T
FFT
(s) T
GD
(s) P
T
FSR
20 15,6log
2
M 78,125 256 16,4 12,8 2,4
80 62,4log
2
M 312,5 256 4,1 3,2 0,6
160 124,8log
2
M 625 256 2,05 1,6 0,3
M=16
r
c
=1
200 156log
2
M 781,25 256 1,64 1,28 0,24
M=4,8,
16, 64,
256
R
c
=1
200 156log
2
M 781,25 256 1,64 1,28 0,24
-30
dBW
0,78

Bng 6.2. Cc thng s m phng cho hnh 6.17
N B(MHz) T
FFT
(s) T
win
(s) Rc F(KHz) P
T
(dBW)
256 100 2,56 0,12 16QAM 390,625 -30

Bng 6.3. Thay i FSR cho m phng hnh 6.17
FSR T
FFT
/T
GD
T(s) T
GD
(s)
0,995 + 2,56 0
0,934 42,7 2,74 0,06
0,814 21,3 2,8 0,12
0,877 10,7 2,92 0,24
0,853 8 3 0,32
0,805 5,1 3,18 0,5
0,727 3,0 3,52 0,84


126
BPSK
256QAM
16QAM
64QAM
4PSK
10
-7
10
0
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
-
10
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
E
b
/N
0
[dB]
BER
KnhAWGN:N=256,16QAM
a)Bngthngkhcnhau
10
-7
10
0
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
BER
-
10
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
E
b
/N
0
[dB]
b)Mciuchiuch
KnhAWGN:N=256,B=200MHz
B=20MHz
B=80MHz
B=160MHz
B=200MHz

Hnh 6.17. BER ph thuc SNR: a) cho bng thng khc nhau, (b) cho mc iu ch khc
nhau.

Hnh 6.18. BER ph thuc v SNR cho FSR khc nhau.

T hnh 6.17.a ta thy rng hiu nng BER ph thuc vo E
b
/N
0
gn nh ging nhau cho
cc bng thng khc nhau. T hnh 6.17.b ta thy hiu nng BER ca cc mc iu ch cao hn
gim ng k khi E
b
/N
0
ln hn 3dB. So snh hnh 6.17.a v 6.17.b ta thy rng khi tc bit
tng bng cch tng mc iu ch, BER gim cp nhanh hn khi bng thng tng. Mt khc
phng php tng mc iu ch cho hiu sut bng thng cao hn cn phng php tng bng
thng khng lm thay i hiu sut bng thng. V vic tng tng bng thng l khng thc t nn
phng php ny ch c th c s dng tng bng thng ca mt sng mang con hay mt
nhm sng mang con.
Tng khong bo v dn n tn tht nng lng ln hn. Gim khong bo v dn n
nhy cm hn i vi phainh chn lc. FSR l mt hm ph thuc v khong bo v. Hnh 6.16
cho thy rng FSR t nh hng ln hiu nng BER ca knh AWGN. Tuy nhin i vi knh
phainh chn lc c th d bo rng hiu nng s thay i ln khi FSR thay i. FSR c th c
rt ra t tri rng tr, sau s dng cc phng trnh (6.11), (6.12), (6.13) thch ng t l m,

127
mc iu ch v rng bng theo iu kin knh v dung lng t c QoS yu cu. Cc
tip cn ny rt hu ch cho vic truyn dn tc bit khng i.
Ta c th tng kt phn ny nh sau. Bng cc phng trnh c rt ra trn, chng ta
nghin cu cc nh hng ca vic thay i cc thng s ln hiu nng BER. Tng mc iu
ch (hay t l m ha) dn n hiu nng BER gim ng k; tng FSR khng lm thay i nhiu
hiu nng trong cc knh AWGN; tng bng thng khng thay i BER nhng tt nhin i hi
bng tn rng hn v v th khng thc t. V th khi thit k h thng truyn dn OFDM ta phi
tm gii php dung ha t c hay duy tr tc bit mong mun.

6.8.2. Quan h gia bng thng sng mang v RDS

Trong mt h thng OFDM, ta cn t bng thng sng mang con. Bng thng sng mang
con ln s gy ra mo ln do knh mang tnh chn lc tn s. Bng thng sng mang con cng c
th gy ra mo ln do hin tng phainh chn lc thi gian (hay phainh nhanh do tp m iu
ch tn s ngu nhin). Ngoi ra bng thng sng mang con cng nh th ICI (Inter Carrier
Interference: nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu) cng cao. V th ta khng th t bng thng sng
mang con ty . Bng thng sng mang con mt mt phi khng nh hn rng bng tn nht
qun i vi tng quan tn s ln hn 0,9 chng ICI, mt khc phi ln hn i lng nghch
o ca RDS chng phainh chn lc tn s gy ra do tri tr (hay RDS). V th bng thng
sng mang con phi nm gia i lng nghch o ca RDS v rng bng tn nht qun B
C
i vi tng quan tn s ln hn 0,9:

c
1
B f
RDS
(6.19)

i vi tng quan tn s ln hn 0,9 ta c th ly:

c
1
B
50RDS
(6.20)

Thay B
C
trong (6.20) vo (6.19) ta c:

1 1
f
50RDS RDS
(6.21)
Bng 6.4 cho ta bng thng sng mang con cc tiu: Min(Nsbc) v cc i Max(Nsbc)
i vi mt h thng OFDM c bng thng tng bng 400MHz khi cho trc tri tr trung bnh
qun phng. Tng ng, ta c nhn c s sng mang con cc i v cc tiu.
Bng 6.4. Bng thng sng mang con v s sng mang con ph thuc vo RDS

128

6.8.3. La chn thng s thit k h thng WLAN

thit k h thng OFDM ta c th tin hnh nh sau:
1. Chn T
GD
= (2 n 4) RDS. Trong phn bi tp ta s chn T
GD
=4RDS.
2. Thi gian k hiu T
s
=5T
GD

3. Tc lp k hiu: R
s
=1/T
s

4. Thi gian hiu dng k hiu T
FFT
=T-T
GD

5. Bng thng con f=1/T
FFT

6. S sng mang con bng B
t
/ f; trong B
t
l tng bng thng kh dng

6.9. H THNG OFDMA NHY TN

Tri ph nhy tn da trn nguyn l chuyn i tn s sng mang mt tp hp cc tn
s mu c xc nh bi chui gi tp m PN. Nu ta gn cc mu nhy tn khc nhau ny cho
cc ngi s dng khc nhau ta c OFDMA nhy tn. Nh vy thc cht OFDMA nhy tn l
mt h thng CDMA nhy tn. H thng ny c li phn tp tn s v mi ngi s dng c s
dng ton b bng tn kh dng, ngoi ra nhiu c trung bnh ho nh i vi cc h thng
CDMA khc.
V nhiu v phainh thay i theo tng bc nhy, nn hiu nng h thng ph thuc vo
gi tr trung bnh ca cng sut tn hiu thu v nhiu ch khng ph thuc vo trng hp pha
inh hay cng sut nhiu ti nht.
u im chnh ca cc h thng CDMA nhy tn so vi cc h thng CDMA chui trc
tip l d rng loi b nhiu ni bng cch s dng cc mu nhy tn trc giao trong mt .
Hnh 6.19 cho thy mt th d v v tp nhy tn trc giao. i vi N sng mang con, ta lun
lun c th cu trc c N mu nhy trc giao.

a f e d c b
b a f e d c
c b a f e d
d c b a f e
e d c b a f
T
n

s

f e d c b a
Thi gian

129
Hnh 6.19. Th d v su mu nhy tn vi su tn s nhy khc nhau

Trong phn ny ta s xt mt h thng OFDMA c sut cho UMTS lm th d. Bng 6.5
tng kt cc thng s v c tnh ca h thng ny.

Bng 6.5. Cc thng s cu h thng c sut cho OFDMA
S TT Thng s Gi tr
1 Khong cch sng mang 4,1666 kHz
2 Thi gian k hiu 288,46 s
3 S sng mang con trn mt khe tn
100kHz
24

4 Thi gian bo v pha trc 38s
5 Thi gian bo v pha sau 8s
5 n v iu ch 1 khe bng v mt khe thi gian (=1 k
hiu)
6 Khi iu ch 4 khe thi gian v mt khe bng

Hnh 6.20 minh ho li thi gian-tn s ca h thng OFDMA ny. Cc ti nguyn (thi
gian v tn s) c cp pht trn c s kiu dch v v mi trng lm vic. S khe thi gian v
khe bng trn mt ngi s dng thay i theo tc s liu. Tc s liu thp nht c m
bo bng mt khe bng c 24 sng mang con trn khe thi gian 288,46s.


130
T
n

s
Thi gian
Khong cch sng
mang con=4,1666kHz
Khe bng=100kHz
Khe thi gian
s , 6 288
Khi iu ch
n

v
u

c
h

Hnh 6.20. Li tn s-thi gian

Hnh 6.21 cho thy cu trc khung TDMA. Mi khung c di 4,615ms c chia thnh
4 khung con c di 1,1534ms. Mt khung con cha 4 khe thi gian c di 288,46 s. Mt
khe thi gian bao gm khong bo v, thng tin iu khin cng sut v s liu. Mi k hiu
OFDM c sp xp vo mt khe thi gian. Cu trc ca mt k hiu OFDMA c cho hnh
6.22.
Ton b bng tn h thng c chia thnh cc khi nh (cc khe bng) c s lng sng
mang con khng i. tng thch vi GSM, mt khe bng c chn bng 100 KHz cha 24
sng mang con. V th khang cch gia cc sng mang con bng 100/24=4,167kHz. Hnh 6.23
cho thy cu trc tn s ca OFDMA.


131
Khung (4,615 ms)
4 khung (18,45 ms) an xen
Khung con (1,1534 ms)
Khe thi gian
) s , ( 46 288
Khong
bo v
iu khin
cng sut
S liu ngi s dng
Cm pht
iu chnh
thi gian
Cm thu

Hnh 6.21. Cu trc khung

Chu k iu ch ) s , ( 46 288
Chu k iu ch hiu qu ) s ( 240
Thi gian bo v trc
Thi gian bo v sau
Thi gian tng
) s ( 10
Thi gian gim
) s ( 10

Hnh 6.22. Cu trc cm iu ch OFDMA


132
Cc khong bo v
(khng dng)
Bng tn h thng
Khe bng (100kHz)
4,17 kHz 24 sng mang con
Khong cch sng mang
con OFDMA (4,17 kHz)

Hnh 6.23. Cu trc tn s OFDMA

6.10. CDMA A SNG MANG, MC-CDMA

Tn hiu MC-CDMA c to ra bng cch kt hp DSCDMA v OFDMA. Mi chip
ca chui trc tip s tri ph cho k hiu s liu sau c t ln mt sng mang con. Nh
vy trong MC-CDMA cc chip ca mt k hiu c tri ph s c truyn song song trn cc
sng mang con khc nhau khc vi trng hp truyn ni tip trong DSCDMA.
Hnh 6.24 cho thy m hnh ca mt h thng MC-CDMA.

B

b
i
i

n
i

t
i
p

t
h
n
h

s
o
n
g

s
o
n
g
O
F
D
M
O
F
D
M

n
g
c
B

b
i
i

s
o
n
g

s
o
n
g

t
h
n
h

n
i

t
i
p
k
d

Hnh 6.24. M hnh h thng MC-CDMA

Hnh 6.4 M t h thng MC CDMA gm K ngi s dng. My thu thc hin tch sng
cho ngi s dng th k. Ti pha pht (hnh 6.24) tng k hiu (d
k
) tc R
b
=1/T
c
ca tng
ngi s dng c tri ph bi chui chip c
k
tng ng c chu k l N v tc chip R
c
=1/T
c
.
Sau tri ph K lung ny c cng i s vi nhau sau c b bin i ni tip thnh song
song chia thnh N lung (tng ng vi N chip tri ph cho k hiu s liu):

[ ]
K
k 0 1 N 1
k 1
s s X , X ,..., X

=
= =
(6.22)

133
trong
k k k
s d = c ,
c
k
=[c
0,k
, c
1,k
,......., c
N-1,k
] (6.23)

ri a ln b iu ch OFDM v u ra ta c mt k hiu OFDM (x) pht n u thu..
Ti pha thu , tn hiu thu y:
y =hx+ (6.24)
trong h l hm truyn t knh v l tp m
c a qua b OFDM ngc ri qua b bin i song song thnh ni tip c:

[ ]
0 1 N 1
r R , R ,..., R

= (6.25)
Cui cng lung r ny c a ln b tch sng (gii tri ph) nhn c c tnh ca k
hiu d
k
:
k
d .

6.11. TNG KT

Chng ny xt nguyn l chung ca iu ch OFDM. OFDM l mt h thng a sng
mang trong lung s liu cn truyn c chia nh v c truyn trn cc sng mang con trc
giao vi nhau. So vi h thng FDMA, OFDM cho php nn ph xung 50%. Cc vi mch x l
tn hiu nh IFFT v FFT cho php n gin ha qu trnh to cc sng mang con trong cc h
thng truyn dn OFDM. Chng ny cng trnh by cc phn t c bn ca my thu v my pht
OFDM trong h thng truyn dn OFDM. Hai phn th c th ca my pht v my thu l b
bin i Fourier nhanh ngc (IFFT) v b bin i Fourier (FFT). Phainh nhiu ng trong
h thng truyn dn OFDM dn n nhiu gia cc k hiu (ISI) v nhiu gia cc sng mang
(ICI). V th ta khng th t bng thng sng mang con ty . Bng thng sng mang con mt
mt phi khng nh hn rng bng tn nht qun i vi tng quan tn s ln hn 0,9
chng ICI, mt khc phi ln hn i lng nghch o ca RDS chng phainh chn lc tn
s gy ra do tri tr (hay RDS).
Chng ny cng xt cc thuc tnh v cc thng s ca OFDM. Quan h gia cc
thng s iu ch OFDM cng c phn tch lm tin cho vic thit k cc h thng truyn
dn OFDM. Chng ny cng a ra phng php thit k h thng truyn dn OFDM trong
WLAN.
Th d v p dng OFDM nhy tn cho thng tin di ng th h mi c xt trn da
trn xut h thng ny cho UMTS.
Phn cui cng ca chng xt nguyn l ca MC-CDMA. Cc s n gin ca
rmy pht v my thu trong mt h thng MC-CDMA cng c xt trong phn cui cng
ny. c th ca MC-CDMA l cc chip ca m tri ph sau khi tri ph cho s liu c truyn
trn cc sng mang con khc nhau. Nh vy s cc sng mang con ca OFDM cng s bng s
chip trong mt chu k chui m tri ph.
OFDM hin c ng dng rng ri trong truyn hnh s v cc h thng WLAN.
OFDM v MC-CDMA cng ang c nghin cu ng dng cho cc h thng thng tin di ng
th h mi.


134
6.12. CU HI V BI TP

1. Trnh by nguyn l chung ca OFDM
2. Trnh by nguyn l to cc sng mang con
3. Trnh by phng php la chn bng thng sng mang con
4. Trnh by phng php la chn thi gian bo v
5. Gii thch l do to lp ca s
6. Trnh by nguyn nhn gy ra ISI v ICI trong h thng truyn dn OFDM
7. Trnh by hot ng ca s OFDM
8. Trnh by nguyn l OFDMA nhy tn
9. Trnh by nguyn l MC-CDMA
10. Cho mt ng truyn c l lch tr cng sut sau:

(ns)
0 110 190 410
2
a
(dB)
0 -9,7 -19,2 -22,8
Tnh tr tri trung bnh.
(a) 20ns; (b) 45,9ns; (c) 51,5ns ; (d) 60ns
11. (tip) Tnh moment bc hai ca l lch tr cng sut.
(a) 1000 ns
2
; (b) 1530ns
2
; (c) 2314,5ns
2
; (d) 2500ns
2

12. (tip) Tnh tri tr trung bnh qun phng.
(a) 15ns; (b) 25ns; 30,6ns; (d) 46ns
13. (tip) Tm bng thng con cc tiu cho OFDM
(a) 200 kHz; (b) 300kHz; (c) 350kHz; (d) 434,78kHz
14. (tip) Tm s sng mang con cc i cho mt h thng OFDM c bng thng 10 MHz
(a) 10; (b) 18; (c) 23; (d)30
15. Mt h thng OFDM WLAN (802.11a) s dng iu ch 16-QAM vi t l m ha 1/2 cn
m bo tc truyn dn 24Mbps vi tng rng bng tn B
t
=20MHz v thng s knh
RDS bng 200ns. Tnh thi gian bo v cn thit (T
GD
).
(a) 400ns ; (b) 500ns; (c) 800ns
16. (tip). Tnh thi gian k hiu OFDM (T
s
).
(a) 1,5 s; (b) 3s; (c) 4s; (d) 4,5s
17. (tip). Tnh tc k hiu OFDM (R
s
).
(a) 200 ksps; (b) 250ksps; (d)300 ksps; (d) 350 ksps
18. (tip). Tnh thi gian hiu dng k hiu (T
FFT
).
(a) 3s; (b) 3,2s; (c) 3,5s; (d) 4s
19. (tip). Tnh bng thng con (khong cch gia hai sng mang con)
(a) 310 kHz; (b) 312,5 kHz; (c) 324,5kHz
20. (tip). Tnh s bit thng tin trn mt k hiu OFDM
(a) 76; (b) 86; (c) 96; (d) 106
21. (tip). Tnh tnh s bit thng tin trn mt sng mang con.
(a) 1; (b)2; (c)3; (d)4
22. (tip). Tnh s sng mang con nu cn thm bn sng mang con cho hoa tiu
(a) 48; (b) 50; (c) 52; (d) 56
23. (tip). Tnh tng bng thng c s dng

135
(a) 15,25 MHz; (b) 16,25MHz; (d) 17,25 MHz
24. (tip) . Tnh khong bng bo v.
(a) 3,5 MHz; (b) 3,75MHz; (c) 4MHz; (d) 4,25MHz.
25. Nu h thng WLAN 802.11a trong bi 17 s dng iu ch 64 QAM vi t l m ha 3/4
th tc truyn tin s bng bao nhiu.
(a) 44Mbps; (b) 47Mbps; (c) 54Mbps; (d)64Mbps

136
HNG DN TR LI

CHNG 1

Bi 6
P=0,021000+3+0,5+0,5= 24W: (d)

Bi 7
Tng tch theo cp ca hai chui phi bng khng:
(a) v (c)

Bi 8
( )
3
max
2
M
K
2 C
3 I
12, 5.10 / 25 500
61
8,16 2
10
3
= = = = : (b)

Bi 9
( )
3
max
M
K
2 C
3 I
12, 5.10 /(100 : 4) 500
194
2, 58 2
10
3
= = = = : (c)

CHNG 2

Bi 1
Ta c th vit li hm tng quan nh sau:
x
R ( ) 2 3 ( ) = + ; trong
1 ; 1
( )
0
nu khc

Cng sut trung bnh bng R
x
(0)=2+3=5W: (c)

Bi 2
Bin i Fourier cho tn hiu x(t) ta c:
x
(f)= 2(f)+3Sinc
2
f
Thnh phn th nht biu th cng sut mt chiu. Vy cng sut mt chiu l 2W: (a)

Bi 3

Hm tam gic
1000
(f-10
6
) c gi tr bng 1 ti f=10
6
Hz v bng khng ti f0,999MHz v
f1,001MHz. V th cng sut s l 2 ln ca din tch na tam gic t 1MHz n 1,001MHz.
P=21000.10
-4
/2=0,1W: (a)

Bi 4
137
R
c
()
( )
c
T
1 1
1 ( )
N N
= +
c
Tc
c
1 , 0 T
T
0 ,
nu khc

R
c
(0,7ms)=
( )
( )
( )
3
1 1 1 1
1 1
15 15 15 15
1 0, 75 10 1000 0, 25 0, 2
= + + = = : (c)

Bi 5

k/j 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 R
cc'
(k)
0 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 3/7
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1/7
2 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 3/7
3 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1/7
4 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1/7
5 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -5/7

c
j'
6 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 3/7
C
j
-1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1

Tr li : (a)
Bi 6
c
T
cc c c
c
0
1
R (1, 5T ) c(t)c(t 1, 5T )dt
7T
= +

=
c
T
6 6
i Tc c j Tc c c
i 0 j 0 c
0
1
c p (t iT ) c p (t 1, 5T iT )dt
7T
= =
+

Nhng:
c c
Tc c Tc c c c c
1, iT t (i 0, 5)T khi j i 1
p (t iT )p (t 1, 5T iT ) 1,(i 1)T t (i 1)T khi j i 2
0, khi j i 1hayi 2
< < + = +
+ = + < < + = +
+ +
vi mi t
V th

c c
c c
(i 0,5)T (i 1)T
6 6
cc i i 1 i i 2
i 0 i 0 c
iT (i 0,5)T
1
R ( ) c c dt c c dt
7T
+ +
+ +
= =
+

= +

{ }
{ }
c
c
c
1
0, 5T ( 1 1) ( 1 1) ( 1 1) (1 1) (1 1) ( 1 1) (1 1)
7T
0, 5T ( 1 1) ( 1 1) ( 1 1) (1 1) (1 1) ( 1 1) (1 1)
= + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
=1
/7
Tr li: (a)

138
Bi 7
E[(k+x(t))(k+x(t+)]= k
2
+E[x(t)x(t+)]=k
2
+R
x
(): (c)

Bi 8
Cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu x(t) c xc nh nh sau:
P=R
c
(=0)=a
t1
()=a= (+1)
2
Pr(x(1)=+1)+(0)
2
Pr(x(t)=0)+(-1)
2
Pr(x(t)=-1)=1/3+1/3=2/3
Tr li: (b)

Bi 9
E[(k+x(t)cos(2f
c
t+))(k+x(t+)cos(2f
c
t++2f
c
)]=k
2
+E[x(t)cos(2f
c
t+)
x(t+)cos(2f
c
t++2f
c
)=k
2
+E[x(t)x(t+)]E[cos(2f
c
t+)cos(2f
c
t++2f
c
)]
=k
2
+0,5R
x
()cos(2f
c
)
Tr li: (d)

CHNG 3

Bi 1
G
p
= 10lg(10
6
/1200)=29,2dB: (a)

Bi 2
B= R
c
=1/T
c
= N/T
b
=NR
b
=204710.10
3
Hz=20,47MHz: (d)

Bi 3
R
b
= R
c
/G
p
=10
7
/10
3
= 10
4
bps=10kbps: (c)

Bi 4
b
T
b b
i Tc
b b
0
2E 2E
z c(t)c(t )dt ( )
T T
= =

khi =0,5T
c
Tc
(0,5T
c
)=0,5. Vy=
b
i
b
2E 1
z
2 T
= : (b)
Bi 5
R
b
=64kbps; R
c
=40Mcps. Vy G
p
=R
c
/R
b
=40.10
6
/(64.10
3
)=625: (d)

Bi 6
Tr li: (c)

Bi 7
Theo phng trnh (3.21) ta c:
139
[ ]
[ ]
1 2
b
1 c 2 c
b
b
c c
b
1 2
s(t) s (t) s (t)
E
d(t)c (t) sin(2 f t ) d(t)c (t) cos(2 f t )
T
E
X (t) sin(2 f t ) X cos(2 f t )
T
(t)
= +
= + + +
+ + + =

Do c
1
(t) v c
2
(t) c cng di chip nn:
2
x1 x1 c c
(f) (f) T Sinc (fT ) = =
T gia trnh vi ba s ta c
[ ]
b
s s1 x1 c c x1 c c
b
2 2 b c
c c c c
b
E 2
(f) 2 (f) ((f f )T ((f f )T
4 T
E T
. Sinc ((f f )T Sinc ((f f )T
T 2
= = + +

= + +

Tr li: (d)

Bi 8
T phng trnh (3.22) ta c
=7/4: (d)

Bi 9
Thnh phn tn thp trong (3.24) th nht trong trng hp ny s nhn c t tch sau:
br
b
2E
T
d(t-)sin(2f
c
t+') sin(2f
c
t+")
br
b
2E
T
d(t-)cos('-")
V th tn hiu u(t) s gim.

Tr li: (b)

Bi 10
SNR
0
=
2 br
0
2E
2.10 200
N
= = : (c)
Bi 11
br r
0
0 j c 0 b j p
E 2P
SNR
N / 2 PT / 2 N R P / G
= =
+ +

br r r
0 b
0 0 b br 0
E P P
N R (1/ 100)w=0,01w
N N R (E / N )
= = =
r
0
0 b j p
2P 2
SNR 57,14
N R P / G 0, 01 50 / 2000
= = =
+ +

Tr li: (b)

Bi 12
140
br
0
0 j j
r r
0 b j b c 0 b j p
2E
SNR
N P / B
2P 2P
N R PR / R N R P / G
=
+
= =
+ +

Tr li: (d)

Bi 13
T phng trnh (3.42 ta c
thnh phn gy nhiu khng i thng:
,
0 br1 c
s E cos( )R ( ) =
bng khng ta cn m bo: '=15m/c= 15m/(3.10
8
m/s)T
c
=1/R
c
Vy tc chip cc tiu bng:
R
cmin
= (3.10
8
m/s)/15m= 20Mcps: (d)

Bi 14
(xem bi 13)
Tr li: (b)

Bi 15
br1 br1 br1 br1
,
r1 b
o 0 r1 c 0 br1 p
0 c
b
E E E E
P T
N N (D11/ D12)P / R N 4E / G
N 4 T
T
= = =
+ +
+

E
br1
=!00N
0
Vy:

br1 br1 br1
,
o 0 0 0
E E E
N N 0, 4N 1, 4N
= =
+

Tr li: (a)

CHNG 4

Bi 1
Z l mt s ngu nhin.
b b
2T 2T
c c
0 0
E n(t)c(t) sin(2 f t )dt E(n(t))c(t) sin(2 f t )dt 0

+ = + =

Tr li: (a)

Bi 2

141
b b
2T 2T
c c
0 0
E n(t)n(s)c(t)c(s) sin(2 f t ) sin(2 f s )dtds

+ +

=
b b
2T 2T
0 c c
0 0
(N / 2). (t s)c(t)c(s) sin(2 f t ) sin(2 f s )dtds + +

b
2T
2 2
0 c 0 b
0
N / 2 c(t) sin (2 f t )dt N T / 2 + =

Tr li: (a)

Bi 4
Khng tn ti quan h tuyn tnh gia P
b
, K
,
N, SNR
Tr li: (e)

Bi 6
S ngi s dng trong 1 cell tnh theo cng thc :
p
max

br 0
G
K 1
(E / N ) (1 )
= +
+

0,6
3
(1 + 0, 5)
(1, 25.10 9, 6).0, 8
0, 6.
2, 5 = 80, 6
10
.
.
/
max
K 1 = + . Vy s ngi s dng trn on l K
max
/3=26,4

Tr li: (b)

Bi 7
Do h thng l tri ph DS/SS BPSK nn ta c xc sut li bit ca h thng xc nh nh
sau:
H thng DS/SS-BPSK c xc xut li l :

p
max

br 0
G
K 1
(E / N ) (1 )
= +
+

b
max
0
E
K (1 )
N 40.4, 8.(1 0, 6).0, 5
G 192
0, 8.1
+
+
= = =
(ln)

c
c
R
G R 9, 6.G 9, 6.192 1, 8(Mcps)
9, 6
= = =
: (c)

Bi 8

b
e
0
2E
P Q
N

=

;
b
0
2E
x 2.4, 8 3
N
= = = ;
9/ 2 3
e
P e /(2, 5 3) 1, 5.10

= = : (b)

142

CHNG 5

Bi 15

8
c 6
3
6
c d
3.10
c / f 0,162m
1850.10
80.10
f f f 1850.10 1850, 000137MHz
3600 0,162
= = =
= + = + =

Tr li: (c)

Bi 16
f=f
c
-f
d
= 1850.10
6
-137.10
-6
= 1849,999863MHz: (c)

Bi 17
(d)

Bi 18
=100:64=1,5625s: (c)

Bi 19

(1)(5) (0,1)(1) (0,1(2) (0, 001)(0)
4, 38 s
[0,01+0,1+0,1+1]
+ + +
= = : (c)

Bi 20
2 2 2
2 2
(1)(5) (0,1)(1) (0,1)(2) (0, 01)(0)
21, 07 s
1, 21
+ + +
= = : (d)

Bi 21

2
21, 07 (4, 38) 1, 37 s
= = : (c)

Bi 22
c
1 1
B 146kHz
5 5(1, 37 s)
= =

: (b)

CHNG 6

Bi 10
Chuyn bng l lch tr cng sut vo s ln
(ns)
0 110 190 410
2
a

1 0,107 0,012 0,0052

143

1(0) 0,107(110) 0, 012(190) 0, 0052(410)
1 0,107 0, 012 0, 0052
+ + +
=
+ + +

=
11, 77 2, 28 2,132
1,1242
+ +
=14,4ns: (b)
Bi 11

2 2 2 2
2
1(0) 0,107(110) 0, 012(190) 0, 0052(410)
1 0,107 0, 012 0, 0052
+ + +
=
+ + +

1294, 7 433, 2 874,12
1,1242
+ +
= = 2314,55ns
2
: (c)

Bi 12

2 2
2314, 55 207, 36 46ns
= = = : (d)

Bi 13
Tnh bng thng sng mang con cc tiu:
1/(50
)=10
9
/(5046)=434,78 kHz: (c)

Bi 14
10.10
6
/(434,78.10
3
)=23 (c)

Bi 1 5
T
GD
=4200ns=800ns: (c)

Bi 1 6
Tnh thi gian ca mt k hiu OFDM: T
s
=5T
GD
= 5800ns=4s: (c)
Bi 17
Tnh tc k hiu OFDM: R
s
=1/T
s
=10
6
/4=250ksps: (b)

Bi 18
Tnh thi gian hiu dng k hiu: T
FFT
= T
s
-T
GD
=3,2s: (b)

Bi 19
Tnh bng thng con: f=1/T
FFT
= 10
6
/3,2= 312,5 kHz: (b)

Bi 20
Tnh s bit thng tin trn mt k hiu: 24Mbps 4s=96: (c)

Bi 21
Tnh s bit thng tin trn mt sng mang con: 4/2=2: (b)

Bi 22
96/2+4=52: (c)

Bi 23
144
Tnh tng bng thng c s dng: 52312,5KHz=16,25MHz: (b)

Bi 24
Tnh khong bng bo v: 20Mhz-16,25Mhz=3,75MHz: (b)

Bi 25
Tc truyn tin s l: 4863/4250.10
3
=54Mbps: (c)

144

THUT NG

AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise Tp m Gauss trng cng
BER Bit Error Rate T s bit li
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying Modulation iu ch kha dch pha hai trng
thi
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo m
DPS Delay Power Spectrum Ph cng sut tr
FFT Fast Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier nhanh
FSR FFT time to Symbol period Ratio in an
OFDM symbol
T s gia thi gian FFT v chu k
k hiu OFDM
ICI Inter Carrier Interference Nhiu gia cc sng mang
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier nhanh o
ISI Inter Symbol Interference Nhiu gia cc k hiu
LOS Line of Sight ng truyn thng
MA Multiple Access a truy nhp
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc
giao
PDF Probability Density Function Hm mt xc sut
PDP Power Delay Profile L lch tr cng sut
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation iu ch bin cu phng
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Modulation
iu ch kha dch pha cu phng
QoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch v
RDS Root mean square Delay Spread Tri tr trung bnh qun phng
rms Root mean square Trung bnh qun phng
SE Spectrum Efficiency Hiu sut ph tn
SINR Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn nhiu cng tp
m
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn tp m

145
K HIU

B Bng thng tng
B
C
Bng thng nht qun
B

rng bng tn ca s liu hay thng tin
f
d

Tri Doppler
C Dung lng
E
S
Nng lng k hiu thu
c
Tn s trung tm
K Tha s K knh Rice
M Mc iu ch
N S sng mang con trong h thng OFDM
L S tia a ng
N
B
S bng con trong h thng OFDM
N
0
Mt ph cng sut AWGN (W/Hz)
P Cng sut
P
e
Xc sut li
P
r
Cng sut thu
P
FR
fRDS
P
T
Cng sut pht
r(t) Cng sut thu trong min thi gian
R
b
Tc bit
r
c
T l m
R
tb
Tc bit tng ca h thng
R
S
Tc k hiu
SE Hiu sut ph
T
b
Thi gian bit
T
C
Thi gian nht qun
T
FFT
Thi gian truyn dn hiu dng trong mt k hiu OFDM, thi gian
FFT
T
GD

Khang bo v trong mt k hiu OFDM
T

Chu k k hiu
T
win
Thi gian ca s trong mt k hiu OFDM

Tri tr trung bnh qun phng
f Bng thng sng mang con ca h thng OFDM

146
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, L thuyt tri ph v ng dng, Gio trnh, Hc
vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, Nh xut bn Bu in, 2000
2. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, L thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp v tuyn, Gio
trnh, Hc Vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 2004
3. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, C s truyn dn vi ba s, Gio trnh, Hc vin
Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, Nh xut bn Bu in, 2001

iii
MC LC

CHNG 1. TNG QUAN CC PHNG PHP A 1
TRUY NHP V K THUT TRI PH

1.1. Gii thiu chung 1
1.2.M u 1
1.3. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s, FDMA 5
1.4. a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian, TDMA 9
1.5. a truy nhp phn chia theo m. CDMA 13
1.6. a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian, SDMA 25
1.7.So snh dung lng h thng FDMA, TDMA, CDMA 27
1.8. Tng kt 28
1.9. Cu hi v bi tp 29

CHNG 2. TO M TRI PH 30

2.2. Cc chui PN 30
2.3. T tng quan v tng quan cho 33
2.4. Mt s thuc tnh quan trng ca chui m 34
2.5. M Gold 37
2.6. Cc m trc giao 37
2.7. p dng m trong cc h thng CDMA 38
2.8. Tng kt 39

CHNG 3. CC H THNG TRI PH CHUI 41
TRC TIP

3.2. M gi tp m s dng trong DSSS 41
3.3. Cc h thng DSSS-BPSK 43
3.4. Cc h thng DSSS-QPSK 50
3.5. Hiu nng ca cc h thng DSSS 54
3.6. Tng kt 59

CHNG 4. M HNH KNH A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA 62
THEO M V HIU NNG CA N

4.2. M hnh knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m, DSCDMA 62
4.3. Xc sut li bit 72
4.4. CDMA vi cc phng php iu ch khc 76
4.5. Tng kt 80
iv

CHNG 5. A TRUY NHP V TUYN TRONG MI 82
TRNG PHA INH DI NG V PHN TP

5.2. M u 82
5.3. Min khng gian 84
5.4. Min tn s 85
5.5. Min thi gian 86
5.6. Quan h gia cc thng s trong cc min khc nhau 88
5.7. Cc lai phainh phm vi hp 89
5.8. Cc phn b Rayleigh v Rice 90
5.9. Cc m hnh knh trong min thi gian v tn s 91
5.10. Cc dng phn tp 97
5.11. My thu RAKE 98
5.12. MIMO v phn tp 101
5.13. Tng kt 106
5.14. Cu hi v bi tp 108

CHNG 6. A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO TN S 110
TRC GIAO V CDMA A SNG MANG

6.2. M u 110
6.3. Nguyn l OFDM 112
6.4. S h thng truyn dn OFDM 114
6.5. Cc tn hiu ca h thng OFDM 119
6.6. Nhiu gia cc k hiu (ISI) v gia cc sng mang (ICI) 121
6.7. Dung lng h thng OFDM 123
6.8. nh hng ca cc thng s quyt nh dung lng ln 125
QoS trong h thng OFDM
6.9. H thng OFDMA nhy tn 128
6.10. CDMA a sng mang, MC-CDMA 132
6.11. Tng kt 133
6.12. Cu hi v bi tp 134

HNG DN TR LI 136

THUT NG V K HIU 144

TI LIU THAM KHO 146

L THUYT TRI PH V A
TRUY NHP V TUYN
M s: 411TP460

Chu trch nhim bn tho
TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1

(Ti liu ny c ban hnh theo Quyt nh s: 817/Q-TTT1 ngy
25/10/2006 ca Gim c Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng)

LT Trai Pho Va Da Truy Nhap VT

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

th hin chui bit thu.

, (f) l hm delta c xc nh nh sau:

. Hm t tng quan nhn

x cos(2 fct + ' )

. Gi tr ngng chnh xc bng

l thnh phn tp m c trung bnh khng v

(,t). Hm t tng quan ny l mt

(f). Chng hn, PSD i vi mt tn hiu BPSK l:

. Khi hm tng quan tn s ln hn 0,90.

, l mment bc hai ca PDP chun

m t p ng knh xung kim trong

l cng sut cu bin ngu nhin

, f) c gi l p ng xung kim thay i theo Doppler c cc dng phn b theo tn

(xem bng 5.2).

l chu k ly mu, B l bng thng;

: tri tr trung bnh qun phng;

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