COURSEWORK: CONTINUITY AND BERNOULLIS EQUATION Issue date: Tuesday 1 March 2005 Hand-in date: Tuesday 15 March 2005

SPRING 2005

Question 1 (6 marks) The critical Reynolds number for laminar-to-turbulent transition in a round pipe is 2300. At what volumetric flow rate and mass flow rate is this attained in a 6-mm-diameter pipe for: (a) air; (b) water? (You must look up the relevant fluid properties for yourself. Assume a sensible laboratory temperature.)

Question 2 (10 marks) Water is being siphoned from a large tank through a pipe of diameter 30 mm, discharging through a nozzle of diameter 20 mm at a depth 2.5 m below the level of the water in the tank. Assuming no losses and an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa, find: (a) the exit velocity; (b) the quantity of flow; (c) the maximum height h of the siphon tube if the absolute pressure on its centreline is not to fall below 50 kPa.
30 mm h

2.5 m 20 mm

Question 3 (10 marks) Oil (s.g. 0.9) is being pumped at mass flow rate 200 kg s1 through a circular pipe whose diameter is reduced from 0.4 m to 0.2 m. On the upstream side of the contraction there is a piezometer and on the downstream side a piezometer and Pitot tube as shown. Assuming no losses, find the height differences z2 and z3.

1
z2

3
z3

20

Question 4 (4 marks) A V-notch weir is used to meter the flow of water to a laboratory flume. If the height over the weir is 40 mm when the volumetric flow rate is 0.45 L s1, find the volumetric flow rate when the height over the weir is 80 mm.

Hydraulics 1

Coursework: Continuity and Bernoullis Equation

David Apsley

Answer 1 For a round pipe the Reynolds number is based on average velocity and diameter: UD 4Q Re = where U = D2 Hence, 4Q Re = D Rearranging for Q: D Re Q= 4

Here, D = 0.006 m, Re = 2300. (a) For air, = 1.5105 m2 s1, = 1.2 kg m3. Hence, 0.006 1.5 10 5 2300 Q= = 1.626 10 4 m 3 s 1 4 m = Q = 1.2 1.626 10 4 = 1.951 10 4 kg s 1

(b) For water, = 1.0106 m2 s1, = 1000 kg m3. Hence, 0.006 1.0 10 6 2300 Q= = 1.084 10 5 m 3 s 1 4 m = Q = 1000 1.084 10 5 = 0.01084 kg s 1

Answers: (a) 0.163 L s1 and 1.95104 kg s1;

(b) 0.0108 L s1 and 0.0108 kg s1

Hydraulics 1

Coursework: Continuity and Bernoullis Equation

David Apsley

Answer 2 (a) Apply Bernoullis equation between the free surface of the tank (z = 0) and exit from nozzle (z = hexit): 2 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 ghexit + 1 2 U exit Hence, U exit = 2 ghexit = 2 9.81 2.5 = 7.004 m s 1

(b)

Q = U exit

2 Dexit 4

= 7.004

0.02 2 4

= 2.200 10 3 m 3 s 1

(c) First find the velocity in the main pipe: 4Q 4 2.200 10 3 U= = = 3.113 m s 1 2 2 D 0.03

Apply Bernoullis equation between free surface and the maximum height htop: 2 0 + 0 + 0 = ptop + ghtop + 1 2 U

g The gauge pressure is ptop = 50000 101000 = 51000 Pa. Hence, 2 51000 1 2 1000 3.113 htop = = 4.705 m 1000 9.81

htop =

2 ptop 1 2 U

Answer: (a) 7.0 m s1; (b) 2.2103 m3 s1; (c) 4.7 m

Hydraulics 1

Coursework: Continuity and Bernoullis Equation

David Apsley

Answer 3

The mass flow rate gives u1 and u2: D2 m = uA = u 4 4m u = 2 D Hence, 4m 4 200 u1 = 2 = 900 0.4 2 D1 4m 4 200 u 2 = 2 = D2 900 0.2 2

= 1.768 m s 1 = 7.074 m s 1

Several methods can be used to find the height differences. They are all equivalent ... but some are easier than others! Consider the streamline which leads to the front of the Pitot tube. Let z1, z2, z3 be the heights of the streamline and h1, h2, h3 be the actual water levels in the three tubes.

Method 1

Apply Bernoullis equation along the streamline: 2 2 1 p1 + gz1 + 1 2 u1 = p 2 + gz 2 + 2 u 2 = p 3 + gz 3 + 0

(*)

Let h be the water level in the first tube and apply hydrostatics along each tube: p1 = g (h z1 ) p 2 = g (h z 2 z 2 ) p3 = g ( h + z 3 z 3 )

Substituting these in (*): gh + 1 u 2 = g (h z ) + 1 u 2 = g (h + z ) 1 2 2 3 2 2 Subtract gh: 2 = g z 2 1 = g z 2 + 1 3 2 u1 2 u2 Divide by g: 2 u12 u2 = z2 + = z3 2g 2g From these, 2 2 z = u 2 u1 = 2.391 m 2 2g 2 z = u1 = 0.1594 m 3 2g

Method 2

Apply Bernoullis equation along the streamline:

Hydraulics 1

Coursework: Continuity and Bernoullis Equation

David Apsley

 2 2 1 p1 + gz1 + 1 2 u1 = p 2 + gz 2 + 2 u 2 = p 3 + gz 3 + 0

(*)

Apply hydrostatics along each tube by keeping the piezometric pressure p + gz constant, and noting that p = 0 at the free surface: p1 + gz1 = 0 + gh1 p 2 + gz 2 = 0 + gh2 p3 + gz 3 = 0 + gh3

Substituting these in (*): gh + 1 u 2 = gh + 1 u 2 = gh 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 Divide by g: u2 u2 h1 + 1 = h2 + 2 = h3 2g 2g From these, 2 2 z h h = u 2 u1 = 2.391 m 2 1 2 2g 2 z h h = u1 = 0.1594 m 3 3 1 2g

Method 3 (probably the quickest)

Note that the Pitot tube indicates the total head H (which is constant), whilst the piezometer 2 tubes indicate the piezometric heads h1 and h2, distances u12 / 2 g and u 2 / 2 g below it. Hence, u2 u2 h1 + 1 = h2 + 2 = H 2g 2g whence 2 2 z h h = u 2 u1 = 2.391 m 2 1 2 2g 2 z H h = u1 = 0.1594 m 3 1 2g as above.

Answer: 2.4 m and 0.16 m

Hydraulics 1

Coursework: Continuity and Bernoullis Equation

David Apsley

Answer 4

Have H1 = 40 mm, Q1 = 0.45 L s1, H2 = 80 mm. Since Q H 5 / 2 ,

Q2 H2 = Q1 H1
5/ 2

80 = 40

5/ 2

= 25 / 2

Hence, Q2 = 2 5 / 2 Q1
Answer: 2.55 L s1

= 2 5 / 2 0.45 = 2.546 L s 1

Hydraulics 1

Coursework: Continuity and Bernoullis Equation

David Apsley