CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 1

GLYCOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS

GLYCOLYSIS (solid lines) and GLUCONEOGENESIS (dotted lines) share some common enzymes.

GLYCOLYSIS

GLYCOLYSIS FUNCTION
Aerobic: To convert be burned for energy (TCA) or converted to fat (fatty acid synthesis). Anaerobic: ATP production. Recycle NADH by making lactate.

GLYCOLYSIS LOCATION
Cytosol of all cells.

GLYCOLYSIS ATP YIELDS

GLYCOLYSIS EQUATIONS

LACTATE OR PYRUVATE
With oxygen present, pyruvate is oxidized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Without oxygen, pyruvate is reduced to lactate. In muscle, lactate is the usual product.

GLUCONEOGENESIS

GLUCONEOGENESIS FUNCTION
Gluconeogenesis makes glucose from pyruvate to help maintain blood glucose levels.

GLUCONEOGENESIS LOCATION
Liver and kidneynot muscle.

GLUCONEOGENESIS ATP COSTS

The formation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate, requires the presence of acetyl-CoA. This is a check to make sure that the TCA cycle is adequately fueled. If theres not enough acetylCoA around, the pyruvate is needed for energy and gluconeogenesis wont happen. However, if theres sufficient acetyl-CoA, the pyruvate is shifted toward the synthesis of glucose

GLUCONEOGENESIS EQUATIONS