Chapter 4: Reproduction and Growth

4.1 Gamete Formation

1. Why need to reproduce? to replace those that die continuation of species

offsprin" identical to parents

2. Types of reproduction se!ual reproduction microor"anisms di#idin" into two in#erte$rates $inary fission% $uddin"% fra"mentation &e!ual reproduction #arious inherited traits $etter sur#i#al chances
'. (ecessity for the formation of "ametes) to preser#e num$er of

chromosomes in offsprin"
Gamete Formation

-ale

Gonads

Female

Testes

.#aries

&perm *2' chromosomes+

.#um *2' chromosomes+

/y"ote *40 chromosomes+

4. Formation of sperm *&permato"enesis+ ta,es place in testis *made up of many small seminiferous tu$ules+ from pu$erty onwards% mature diploid cells at the outer layer of the seminiferous tu$ules di#ide $y meiosis

&ta"es of sperm formation

&ertoli cell helps to nurture sperm cell

&ection throu"h part seminiferous tu$ule

of a

The structure of a human sperm

1. Formation of o#um *.o"enesis+

occurs in o#ary from foetus to $efore pu$erty )2rimordial "erm cell di#ides mitoticallyto form oo"onium. 3t then "rows into primary oocytes. 4ach primary oocyte is surrounded $y follicle cell. This structure forms primary follicle. fter pu$erty ) few primary follicles de#elop $ut only one completes its de#elopment% while others de"enerate. 2rimary oocyte under"oes first meiotic di#ision to form secondary oocyte and polar $ody. &econdary oocyte surrounded $y follicle cell is ,nown as secondary follicle. &econdary follicle matures and forms Graafian follicle% while polar $ody de"enerate. .#ulation ) Graafian follicle which contains secondary oocyte $ursts and releases secondary oocyte fter o#ulation )Follicle cells left form corpus luteum )&econdary oocyte enters Fallopian tu$e where it may $e fertilised $y a sperm )3f e"" is not fertilised% corpus luteum de"enerates Fertilisation )secondary oocyte completes second mitotic di#ision to form another polar $ody and o#um 0. Cycle of formation of Graafian follicle% o#ulation and corpus luteum is called o#arian cycle

&ta"es of o#um formation

&ta"es of the cycle in o#ary

o#arian

5. Comparison $etween sperm and o#um formation

 &imilarities occur in reproducti#e or"ans in#ol#e meiosis produce haploid "ametes 6ifferences &permato"enesis .o"enesis 2roduces sperm diploid cell di#ide e7ually Ta,es place continuously from pu$erty onwards Forms 4 haploid cell *sperm+ 2roduces two spermatocytes of same si9e in meiosis 3 -eiosis 33 occurs continuously 2roduces o#um cytoplasm does not di#ide e7ually in meiosis 8e"ins in the o#ary of a foetus Forms one lar"e o#um and ' polar $odies 2roduces the secondary oocyte that is $i" and polar $ody that is small in meiosis 3 -eiosis 33 occurs only if the secondary oocyte is penetrated $y the sperm cell

4.2 Role of :ormones in the -enstrual Cycle

1. What is menstruation? 2rocess of e!cess $lood and tissue of the endometrium lea#e the uterus throu"h the #a"ina 2. What is menstrual cycle? -onthly cycle of o#ulation and menstruation in the human female *mostly 2; days+ '. What are the e#ents of menstrual cycle? Time *days+ 3n the o#ary 1)1 0)1' 2rimary follicle de#elops Graafian follicle matures

3n the uterus -enstruation occurs 4ndometrium is repaired and thic,ens to prepare for the implantation of a

9y"ote 14 .#ulation occurs *secondary oocyte is released+ Corpus luteum de#elops 4ndometrium continues to thic,en 4ndometrium $ecomes thic,er. -any $lood #essels de#elop in it. 4ndometrium that is fully thic,ened $e"ins to $rea, down

11)24

21)2;

Corpus luteum de"enerates if fertilisation does not occur

4. What are the hormones in#ol#ed in the menstrual cycle? Follicle stimulatin" hormone *F&:+ causes a Graafian follicle to de#elop in the o#ary stimulates follicle cells and the tissues of the o#ary to secrete oestro"en <uteinisin" hormone *<:+ causes o#ulation and formation of corpus luteum from the follicle cell .estro"en to heal and repair the uterine wall causes the endometrium to thic,en in preparation for implantation when its le#el reaches certain point% it stops pituitary "land from producin" F&: and stimulates it to produce <: 2ro"esterone released $y corpus luteum stimulates the "rowth and de#elopment of $lood #essels in the endometrium and further thic,ens the endometrium

:ormone le#els and the menstrual cycle

1. <e#els of reproducti#e hormones are controlled $y ne"ati#e feed$ac, mechanism F&: stimulates production of oestro"en .estro"en inhi$its production of F&: <ac, of F&: causes le#el of oestro"en to fall 2ro"esteron inhi$its production of F&:% thus inhi$itin" de#elopment of another Graafian follicle 0. What is premenstrual syndrome *2-&+? a "roup of symptoms related to the menstrual cycle occurs in the wee, or two wee,s $efore the menstruation usually "oes away after menstruation starts some women are more sensiti#e than others towards the chan"es in hormones can affect menstruatin" women of any a"e 2hysical symptoms headaches% fati"ue% feel $loated% $reast tenderness% a$dominal pain% sleep distur$ances% and appetite chan"es includin" food cra#in"s 4motional symtoms irrita$ility% tension% depression% confusion% an!iety% cryin"% o#ersensiti#ity% and mood swin"s with alternatin" an"er and sadness and lac, of concentration

5. What is menopause? normal chan"e in a woman=s life when he r menstruation stops woman=s $ody slowly produces less oestro"en and pro"esteron often happens $etween the a"es of 41 and 11 a woman has reached menopause when she has not had menstruation for 12 months in a row may e!perience symptoms such as hot flushes% ni"ht sweats% sleepin" pro$lems% osteoporosis% mood chan"es% wei"ht "ain and hair loss

4.' 4arly 6e#elopment of a /y"ote in :umans

1. What is fertilisation?

The union of two nuclei producin" a 9y"ote .ccurs inside the Fallopian tu$es of a woman 2. 6e#elopment of 9y"ote

The 9y"ote tra#els down the Fallopian tu$es and enters the uterus.

While in the Fallopian tu$es% the 9y"ote under"oes a series of cell

di#isions. The sin"le cell forms two cells% then four cells% and so on to produce a solid $all of cells called morula. 4#entually% the "rowin" mass of hundred of cells forms a hollow $all called blastocyst. The $lastocyst attaches to the endometrium of the uterus. This process is ,nown as implantation. For the ne!t ei"ht wee,s or so% the de#elopin" human is called an embryo. The youn" em$ryo is nourished at first $y nutrients a$sor$ed directly from the mother=s endometrium% $ut as further de#elopment ta,es place the placenta is formed. From the ninth wee, of de#elopment until $irth% the em$ryo is called a foetus. fter a$out > months of de#elopment inside the uterus% the $a$y is ready to $e $orn. '. Formation of twins

4. Role of placenta in foetal de#elopment forms selecti#e $arrier $etween the mother=s $lood and the foetal

$lood allows o!y"en and nutrients to pass from the mother to the foetus allows car$on dio!ide and nitro"enous waste materials to pass from the foetus to the mother can "i#e protection to the foetus $y passin" anti$odies which "i#es temporary immunity to the foetus pre#ent mi!in" of the $lood of the mother and the foetus secretes hormones that are essential in pre"nancy

after third month% it ta,es o#er the function of corpus luteum and secretes pro"esterone and oestro"en

1.

d#anta"es of ha#in" a separate circulatory system from that of the mother pre#ents the e!chan"e of some su$stances such as $lood cells and patho"ens to pre#ent the hi"her $lood pressure of the mother=s $lood from dama"in" the delicate foetal $lood #essels 2re#ents a""lutination if the foetus is of a different $lood "roup from the mother

4.4 Contri$utions of &cience and Technolo"y to :uman Reproduction

1. 3nfertility) ina$ility to ha#e any children happens due to dama"e in the female Fallopian tu$es% uterus or

cer#i!% or due to low sperm count or impotence in the male Technolo"y that is associated with reproduction rtificial 3nsemnation 3n ?itro Fertilisation &perm $an, Frosen em$ryos Clonin" &urro"ate mother 2. Family plannin" allows spacin" and timin" of the $irth of children '. 8irth control techni7ues (atural methods used

the calendar techni7ue the temperature techni7ue the mucous techni7ue the withdrawal techni7ue 2hysical $arrier methods used the condom the diaphra"m the intrauterine de#ice *3@6+ Chemical pre#enti#e methods used the contracepti#e pills spermicides &terilisation methods used Tu$al li"ation *female+ ?asectomy *male+ $ortion

4. &e!ually transmitted diseases *&T6+ diseases that are spread from one person to anther durin" se!ual contact are caused either $y $acteria or #iruses 8acterial &T6s chlamydia% syphilis% "onorrhea can $e treated with anti$iotics ?iral &T6s hepatitis 8% "enital herpes% "enital warts% 36& cannot $e treated with anti$iotics can $e a#oided $y a#oidin" se!ual contact $efore marria"e $oth partners in a marria"e to remain faithful