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Edge-Triggered Flip-flops
Asynchronous Inputs
CS1104-11 Lecture 11: Sequential Logic: Latches & Flip-flops 2
Introduction
A sequential circuit consists of a feedback path,
and employs some memory elements.
Combinational outputs Memory outputs
Combinational logic
Memory elements
External inputs
Introduction
There are two types of sequential circuits:
synchronous: outputs change only at specific time
Bistable logic devices: latches and flip-flops. Latches and flip-flops differ in the method used for
changing their state.
CS1104-11 Introduction 4
Memory Elements
Memory element: a device which can remember
value indefinitely, or change value on command from its inputs.
command Memory element Q stored value
Characteristic table:
Command (at time t) Set Reset Memorise / No Change
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Q(t) X X 0 1
Q(t+1)
Memory Elements
Memory element with clock. Flip-flops are memory
elements that change state on clock signals.
command
Memory element
Q stored value
clock
Positive edges
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Negative edges
Memory Elements 6
Memory Elements
Two types of triggering/activation:
pulse-triggered
edge-triggered
Pulse-triggered
latches ON = 1, OFF = 0
Edge-triggered
flip-flops positive edge-triggered (ON = from 0 to 1; OFF = other
S-R Latch
Complementary outputs: Q and Q'. When Q is HIGH, the latch is in SET state. When Q is LOW, the latch is in RESET state. For active-HIGH input S-R latch (also known as NOR
gate latch), R=HIGH (and S=LOW) a RESET state S=HIGH (and R=LOW) a SET state both inputs LOW a no change both inputs HIGH a Q and Q' both LOW (invalid)!
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S-R Latch
S-R Latch
For active-LOW input S'-R' latch (also known as NAND
gate latch), R'=LOW (and S'=HIGH) a RESET state S'=LOW (and R'=HIGH) a SET state both inputs HIGH a no change both inputs LOW a Q and Q' both HIGH (invalid)!
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S-R Latch
S-R Latch
Characteristics table for active-high input S-R latch:
S 0 1 0 1 R 0 0 1 1 Q NC 1 0 0 Q' NC 0 1 0 No change. Latch remained in present state. Latch SET. Latch RESET. Invalid condition.
S R Q Q'
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S-R Latch
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S-R Latch
Active-HIGH input S-R latch
10 100 R Q 11000 Q' 0 0 1 1 0
S 1 0 0 0 1 R 0 0 1 0 1 Q Q' 1 0 initial 1 0 (afer S=1, R=0) 0 1 0 1 (after S=0, R=1) 0 0 invalid!
10 001 S
S'
Q Q'
S-R Latch
R'
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S' R' 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
S EN
Q'
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Under what condition does the invalid state occur? Characteristic table:
EN=1
Q(t) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 S 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 R 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Q(t+1) 0 0 1 indeterminate 1 0 1 indeterminate
S R 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
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Gated D Latch
Make R input equal to S' gated D latch. D latch eliminates the undesirable condition of
invalid state in the S-R latch.
D EN Q'
D EN
Q
Q'
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Gated D Latch
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Gated D Latch
When EN is HIGH,
D=HIGH latch is SET
Characteristic table:
EN 1 1 0 D 0 1 X Q(t+1) 0 1 Q(t) Reset Set No change
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Gated D Latch
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Edge-Triggered Flip-flops
Flip-flops: synchronous bistable devices Output changes state at a specified point on a
triggering input called the clock.
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Edge-Triggered Flip-flops
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Edge-Triggered Flip-flops
S-R, D and J-K edge-triggered flip-flops. Note the >
symbol at the clock input.
S C R Q' Q D C Q' Q J C K Q' Q
Q'
Q'
Q'
S-R Flip-flop
S-R flip-flop: on the triggering edge of the clock pulse,
S=HIGH (and R=LOW) a SET state R=HIGH (and S=LOW) a RESET state both inputs LOW a no change both inputs HIGH a invalid
S-R Flip-flop
It comprises 3 parts:
a basic NAND latch
a pulse-steering circuit
a pulse transition detector (or edge detector) circuit
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SR Flip-flop
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S-R Flip-flop
The pulse transition detector.
S CLK Pulse transition detector R Q
Q'
CLK'
CLK CLK* CLK CLK' CLK* CLK
CLK'
CLK* CLK CLK' CLK*
D Flip-flop
D flip-flop: single input D (data)
D=HIGH a SET state
Q follows D at the clock edge. Convert S-R flip-flop into a D flip-flop: add an inverter.
D CLK S C R Q' Q
D 1 0 CLK Q(t+1) 1 0 Comments Set Reset
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D Flip-flop
Application: Parallel data transfer.
To transfer logic-circuit outputs X, Y, Z to flip-flops Q1, Q2 and Q3 for storage.
D CLK X Q' D CLK Q' D Transfer CLK Q' * After occurrence of negative-going transition CS1104-11 D Flip-flop 23 Q Q3 = Z* Q Q2 = Y* Q Q1 = X*
Y Z
J-K Flip-flop
J-K flip-flop: Q and Q' are fed back to the pulsesteering NAND gates.
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J-K Flip-Ffop
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J-K Flip-flop
J-K flip-flop.
J CLK K Pulse transition detector Q
Q'
Characteristic table.
J 0 0 1 1 K 0 1 0 1 CLK Q(t+1) Q(t) 0 1 Q(t)' Comments No change Reset Set Toggle
Q 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
J K 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Q(t+1) 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
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T Flip-flop
T flip-flop: single-input version of the J-K flip flop,
formed by tying both inputs together.
T CLK Pulse transition detector Q
T CLK
J C K
Q Q'
Q'
Characteristic table.
T 0 1 CLK Q(t+1) Q(t) Q(t)' Comments No change Toggle
Q T 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 Q(t+1) 0 1 1 0
T Flip-flop
Application: Frequency division.
High J CLK C K CLK Q CLK QA QB Q CLK High J C K QA High J C K QB
Asynchronous Inputs
S-R, D and J-K inputs are synchronous inputs, as
data on these inputs are transferred to the flip-flops output only on the triggered edge of the clock pulse. independent of the clock; example: preset (PRE) and clear (CLR) [or direct set (SD) and direct reset (RD)]
When PRE=HIGH, Q is immediately set to HIGH. When CLR=HIGH, Q is immediately cleared to LOW. Flip-flop in normal operation mode when both PRE
and CLR are LOW.
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Asynchronous Inputs
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Asynchronous Inputs
A J-K flip-flop with active-LOW preset and clear inputs.
PRE J PRE Q Pulse transition detector Q'
J C K
Q
CLK
Q'
K CLR
J = K = HIGH
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Toggle
Clear 29
End of segment