1

1::pq,rqprq

1.pq

2.pq

(1)

3.rq

4.rq

(2)

5.(pq)(rq)
(2)(4)

6.(pr)q

(5)

(6)

7.(pr)q

8.prq

(7)

2::

)
ab,cb,d(ac),db
)
(pq)(rs),(qt)(su),(tu),prp
)
p(qr),sp,qsr

) 1.d(ac)

2.d

3.ac

(1)(2)

4.ac

(3)

5.cb

6.ab

(4)(5)

7.ab

(6)

8.ab

9.ab

(8)

(7)(9)

10.(ab)(ab)

11.(a)b

(10)

12.b

(11)

)
1.(pq)(rs)

2.rs

(1)

3.(qt)(su)

4.su

(3)

5.ru

(2)(4)

6.pr

7.pu

(5)(6)

8.(tu)
9.(tu)
10.tu
11.u
12.p

(8)
(9)
(10)
(7)(11)

:p(qr),sp,q,sr
1.sp

2.s

3.p

4.p(qr)
5.qr

6.q

7.r

)
1.b

2.ab

3.a

4.cb

5.c

6.ac

7.(ac)

8.d(ac)

9.d

10.d

11.^

)
1.p

2.pr

3.r

4.(pq)(rs)

5.rs

6.s

7.(qt)(su)

8.su

9.u

10.(tu)

11.(tu)

12.tu

13.u

14.^

(1)(2)

(3)(4)

(5)(6)

(1)(3)

(1)(4)
(3)(5)
(6)

(7)(8)

(9)(10)

(1)(2)

(4)
(3)(5)

(7)
(6)(8)

(10)
(11)
(4)
(9)(12)

):p(qr),sp,q,sr

1.r

2.sp

3.s

4.p

(2)(3)

5.p(qr)

6.q

7.qr

(1)(6)

8.(qr)

(7)

(8)

9.(qr)

10.p

(5)(9)

11.^

(4)(10)

3: : p r , p q q r .

:
q ,
r .: p r , p q, r q .

1. p r
.
2. r
.
3. p
(2)(3)
.
4. p q
5. q
(3)(4)

4: : p q, q r , r s p s

:
s ,
p .: p q, q r , r s, p s .

1. p
.
2. p q
.
3. q
(1)(2)
.
4. q r
5. r
(3)(4)
.
6. r s
(5)(6)
7. s

5: : p q, r s, p t, t r, t s q r t (s r ) .

:
,
: p q, r s, p t , t r , t s q r
p q, r s, p t , t r , t s t (s r ) .

r ,

q .
p q, r s, p t , t r , t s, q r .

1. q
.
2. p q
.
(1)(2)
3. p
4. p t
.
5. t
(3)(4)
6. t r
.
7. r
(5)(6)

:
p q, r s, p t , t r , t s, t s r .

.
1. t r
2. t
.
(1)(2)
3. r
4. t s

(2)(4)
5. s
6. s r
(3)(5)
(6)
7. s r
.
8. r s
9. r s
(7)(8)

6: : p r, r q, (q r ) ( p r ) p q .

: ,
: p r, r q, (q r ) ( p r ) p q
p r, r q, (q r ) ( p r ) q p .
p r, r q, (q r ) ( p r ) p q :

.
1. p r
2. r q
.
3. r q
(1)(2)

p r, r q, (q r ) ( p r ) q p :
1. (q r ) ( p r ) .
2. (q r ) ( p r ) 1
3. (q r ) ( p r )
2
(3)
4. (q p ) r
(4)
5. q p
6. q p
(5)

7: :
(x )( p(x ) q(x )), (x )(q(x ) r (x )) (x )( p(x ) r (x ))

1. (x )( p( x ) q( x ))
2. p(c ) q(c ) , c (1)
3. (x )(q( x ) r (x ))

4. q(c ) r (c ) , c
(3)
5. p(c ) r (c ) , c
x(2)(4)
(5)
6. (x )( p( x ) r ( x ))

8: :
(x )( p(x ) q(x )), (x )((p(x ) q(x )) r (x )) (x )(r (x ) p(x ))

1. (x )((p( x ) q( x )) r (x ))

(1)
2. (p(c ) q(c )) r (c )
3. (p(c ) q(c )) r (c ) , c (2)
(3)
4. ( p(c ) q(c )) r (c ) , c

5. (x )( p( x ) q( x ))
6. p(c ) q(c ) , c

(5)
(4)(6)
7. (( p(c ) q(c )) r (c )) ( p(c ) q(c )) , c
8.(q(c)(p(c)r(c)))(q(c)p(c)), c (7)
9. p(c) r (c ) p(c) , c

(8)

(9)
10. p(c ) r (c ) , c
(10)
11. r (c ) p(c ) , c

(11)
12. (x )(r ( x ) p( x ))

9: :
(x )( p(x ) q(x )), (x )(q(x ) s(x )), (x )(r (x ) s(x )), (x )p(x ) (x )r (x )

1. (x )p( x )

(1)
2. p(a )
3. (x )( p( x ) q( x ))

p(a ) q(a )
(3)
4.
5. q(a )
(2)(4)

6. (x )(q(x ) s(x ))
7. q(a ) s(a )
(3)
(5)(7)
8. s(a )

9. (x )(r ( x ) s( x ))

10. r (a ) s(a )
11. r (a )
12. (x )r ( x )

5
(9)
(8)(10)
(11)