ROAD CATEGORY

AND HIERARCHY

ROAD CATEGORY

EXPRESSWAY

Bukit Kayu Hitam to Johor Bahru

FEDERAL ROAD

Interstate nationa net!ork an" #om$ements the

e%$ress!ay net!ork

Route & 'Kan(ar to JB)

Route II ' West *oast to East *oast)

Route III 'East *oast+state)

,aintenan#e un"er the Fe"era -o.ernment an" is

"one throu(h the State JKR !ith /un" /rom Fe"era

ROAD CATEGORY

S0A0E ROAD

Roa"s !ithin the state

*onstru#te" !ith state /un"s

,aintenan#e un"er state (o.ernment

1RBA2 AREA ROAD

Lo#a Authority

R1RAL AREA ROAD

1n"er the 3uris"i#tion o/ the Distri#t O//i#e

Fa#tors (o.ernin( ai(nment

O4i(atory $oints

0he o#ation shou" a.oi" o4stru#tions su#h as $a#es o/

#emeteries5 ar#heoo(i#a5 histori#a monument5 $u4i# /a#iities
ike s#hoos an" hos$itas5 utiity ser.i#es

-eometri# "esi(n /eatures

Fa#iitate easy (ra"e an" #ur.ature

Ena4e ruin( (ra"ient in most se#tions

6oi" su""en #han(es in si(ht "istan#e5 es$e#iay near

#rossin(s

A.oi" shar$ hori7onta #ur.es

A.oi" roa" interse#tions near 4en" or at the to$ or 4ottom o/ a

hi

Fa#tors (o.ernin( ai(nment

Pre#autions at ri.er an" rai!ay #rossin(s

Bri"(es shou" 4e $re/era4y 4e o#ate" at

ri(ht an(es to the ri.er /o!5 not o#ate" on a
hori7onta #ur.e

*rossin( rai!ay ines shou" a.oi"

interse#tions at (ra"ient5 /re8uent #rossin(
an" re#rossin(

Fa#tors (o.ernin( ai(nment

0o$o(ra$hi#a #ontro $oints

0he ai(nment5 !here $ossi4e shou" a.oi" $assin( throu(h

,arshy an" o! yin( an" !ith $oor "raina(e

Foo" $rone areas

1nsta4e hiy /eatures

A.aan#he $rone areas

Fat terrain+4eo! 9:

Roin( terrain +9 to ;<:

,ountainous terrain = a4o.e ;<:

A o#ation on hi(h (roun" shou" 4e $re/erre" rather than .aey

to a.oi" #ross "raina(e !orks

Fa#tors (o.ernin( ai(nment

,aterias an" #onstru#tiona /eatures

Dee$ #uttin( shou" 4e a.oi"e"

Earth !ork is to 4e 4aan#e"> 8uantities /or

/iin( an" e%#a.ation

Ai(nment shou" $re/era4y 4e throu(h 4etter

soi area to minimi7e $a.ement thi#kness

Lo#ation may 4e near sour#es o/

em4ankment an" $a.ement materias

GEOMETRIC DESIGN

Eements o/ "esi(n?

Si(ht "istan#e

0he en(th o/ roa" ahea" .isi4e to "ri.ers

Sto$$in( si(ht "istan#e

Passin( si(ht "istan#e

Hori7onta ai(nment

Su$eree.ation rates '@A& /or rura areas5 @A@B /or ur4an)

,inimum ra"ius

6erti#a ai(nment

Pa.ement "esi(n

Interse#tion an" #rossin( "esi(n

Hori7onta ai(nment
A"3ustments in hori7onta ai(nment #an he$ re"u#e the $otentia /or (eneratin(
roa"!ay se"imentA 0he o43e#ti.e in mani$uatin( hori7onta ai(nment is to stri.e to
minimi7e roa"!ay #uts an" /is an" to a.oi" unsta4e areasA When unsta4e or
stee$ so$es must 4e tra.erse"5 a"3ustments in .erti#a ai(nment #an minimi7e
im$a#ts an" $ro"u#e a sta4e roa" 4y re"u#in( #uts an" /is



6erti#a ai(nment
C6erti#a #ur.es or (ra"e #han(es5 ike hori7onta #ur.es5 re8uire $ro$er
#onsi"eration to minimi7e earth!ork5 #ost5 an" erosion "ama(eA
C6erti#a #ur.es $ro.i"e the transition 4et!een an in#omin( (ra"e an" an out(oin(
(ra"eA
C0he (ra"e #han(e is the "i//eren#e 4et!een in#omin( (ra"e an" out(oin( (ra"eA
0he shorter the .erti#a #ur.e #an 4e ke$t5 the smaer the earth!ork re8uire"A

*ross se#tion
eements

&A Pa.ement

Determine" 4y

0he .oume an" #om$osition o/ tra//i#

Soi #hara#teristi#s

0hree (enera ty$es

Hi(h

Hi(h .oume tra//i#5 smooth ri"in( 8uaities an" (oo" nonski"

$ro$erties in a !eathers

Interme"iate

Si(hty ess #osty an" ess stren(th than hi(h ty$e $a.ement

Lo!

Ran(e /rom sur/a#e treate" earth roa"s an" sta4ii7e" materias to

oose sur/a#e su#h as earth an" (ra.e

;A 2orma #ross so$e

*ross so$e to minimise !ater $on"in( on /at

se#tions o/ un#ur4e" $a.ements "ue to
$a.ement im$er/e#tions or une8ua settement

0o #ontro the /o! o/ !ater a"3a#ent to the #ur4

on #ur4e" $a.ements

;A<: /or hi(h sur/a#e ty$e

;A< :+ 9A<: /or interme"iate sur/a#e

;A< : + B: /or o! sur/a#e

9A Lane !i"ths

9A< m = norma roa" !i"th

;AD< m = minor roa"s an" o#a street

9A< m = 9AD< m !i"th + Di.i"e" hi(h!ays

EA Shou"er

Emer(en#y sto$$in( /ree o/ the tra//i# ane

0he sense o/ o$enness #ontri4utes to "ri.in( ease an" #om/ort

Si(ht "istan#es is im$ro.e" in in #ut se#tions5 there4y im$ro.in(

sa/ety

Hi(h!ay #a$a#ity is im$ro.e" an" uni/orm s$ee" is en#oura(e"

Stru#tura su$$ort is (i.en to the $a.ement

,inimum @AB m shou" 4e #onsi"ere"

,a%imum 9 m /or hi(h ty$e /a#iities

Shou" 4e so$e" su//i#ienty

; to B : + Bituminous an" #on#rete sur/a#e" shou"ers

E to B: + (ra.e or #rushe" ro#k shou"ers

B : + tur/ shou"ers

<A Ker4s

1r4an areas

Draina(e #ontro

Deineation o/ $e"estrian !ak!ays

Aestheti#s

0!o (enera #asses o/ ker4s>

Barrier ker4s

Hi(h an" stee$ /a#e"

Desi(ne" to "is#oura(e .ehi#es /rom ea.in( the roa"!ay

Shou" not 4e use" on e%$ress!ays

Shou" not 4e use" !here the "esi(n s$ee" e%#ee" D@ kmFhr

,ounta4e ker4s

0o "e/ine $a.ement e"(es o/ throu(h #arria(e!ays

BA ,e"ians

Roa" #arryin( /our or more anes

0o $ro.i"e the "esire" /ree"om /rom the

inter/a#e o/ o$$osin( tra//i#

0o $ro.i"e /or s$ee" #han(es an" stora(e

o/ ri(ht+turnin( an" 1+turnin( .ehi#es

0o $ro.i"e /or /uture anes

*ross+se#tion o/ a /e%i4e
$a.ement

Wearin( #ourse

Bin"er #ourse

Roa" 4aseF 4ase #ourse

Su4 4ase

Su4 (ra"e

Su4(ra"e

1$$ermost $art o/ the soi

2atura or im$orte"

Su$$ortin( the oa" transmitte" /rom the

o.eryin( ayers

Su4 4ase ?+

*onsists o/ (ranuar materias5 either naturay or

#om$a#te" or o#assionay sta4ii7e" !ith #ement or
imeA

0o "is$erse the oa" /rom the 4ase #ourse 4e/ore

transmittin( it to the su4(ra"eA

He$ as a "raina(e ayer

Pre.ent moisture mi(ration /rom su4(ra"e

,enahan tanah su4(ra"e "ari 4er#am$ur "en(an roa"

4ase

San" an" a((re(ate

Stan"ar" *BR : ? *rushe" a((re(ate 9@

San"5 Laterite5 et# ;@

Base #ourse F Roa" 4ase '&G)

Pays a $rominent roe in the su$$ort an"

"is$ersion o/ the tra//i#

0he thi#kest ayer

9 ty$es ?

*rushe" a((re(ates

*ement sta4iise"

Bitumen sta4iise" 4ase #ourses

Sur/a#e #ourse

A the 4oun" ayer's) !ithin the $a.ement iAe !earin( #ourse5

interme"iate #ourse an" 4in"er #ourse

An im$ermea4e an" /e%i4e inin( o/ hi(h easti# mo"uus

Hot+mi%e" 4ituminous mi%tures+#onsist o/ !e (ra"e" mi%ture o/

#oarse a((re(ates5 /ine a((re(ates an" /ier5 4oun" to(ether !ith
4itumen

Bin"er #ourse

O.eryin( the 4ase #ourse

Su$$ortin( an" "is$ersin( the tra//i# oa"

Resists shear

Wearin( #ourse

0o$most ayer

Resist a4rasion an" $re.ent ski""in(

Draina(e system

DRAI2A-E is 6ERYH 6ERYH 6ERYH I,POR0A205 4oth

in reation to roa" $a.ement #onstru#tion an"
maintenan#eA

-oo" "raina(e !i he$ to kee$ the !ater ta4e 'an"

stren(th) o/ the roa" $a.ement in e8uii4riumA

Water 4eo! the roa" $a.ement must 4e ke$t o! an"

not 4e ao!e" to rise u$ into the #onstru#tion ayers

0he roa" $a.ement must 4e #onstru#te" so that it !i

"rain in the e.ent o/ a /aiure o/ the inte(rity o/ the
sur/a#in( ayers5 iAeA i/ !ater is a4e to enter the roa"
$a.ement there must 4e a $ath /or it to e%itA

Im$ortant o/ sur/a#e "raina(e

So/tenin( the roa" sur/a#e !hen it is #onstru#te"

o/ soi or san"+#ay or (ra.e or !ater 4oun"
ma#a"am

Washin( out un$rote#te" areas o/ the to$

sur/a#e5 erosion o/ si"e so$es /ormin( (uies5
erosion o/ si"e "rain

-eneray so/tenin( o/ the (roun" (i.in( rise to

an" si"es or si$s

So/tenin( the su4(ra"e soi an" "e#reasin( its

4earin( $o!er

Draina(e systems

*om$onents o/ sur/a#e "raina(e

Shou"er so$e

Roa"si"e "rainF shou"er "rain

0oe "rain

Ben#h an" Berm "rain

Inter#e$tor "rain

Out /a "rain

,e"ian Drain

Ker4 "rain








Roa" #onstru#tion

0hree sta(es

Sta(e I = *onstru#tion o/ roa" /ormation5 iAe

earth!ork

Sta(e II = *onstru#tion o/ the $a.ement

stru#ture an" "raina(e

Sta(e III = Pro.ision o/ tra//i# en(ineerin(

/a#iities

Roa" #onstru#tion

0y$i#a roa" #onstru#tion e8ui$ment

Pant /or #earin(+ 4u "o7ers5 tra#tors

Pant /or "riin(Fri$$in(

Pant /or ea#h minin( an" mo.in( $ro#ess+

me#hani#a sho!es 4u"o7ers5 s#ra$ers5 tru#ks

Pant /or /ormation #onstru#tion+(ra"ers5 s#ra$ers5

4u"o7ers

*om$a#tion $ant+roers o/ .arious ty$es tra#ke"5

smooth5 or ru44er tyre"

Bituminous mi%in( $ant

Site Preparation Services

Lan" #earin( in#u"in( "emoition an" en.ironmentay

a".an#e" re#y#in( an" "is$osaA

-ra"in( an" earth !orkA

Storm !ater "raina(e5 retention $on"s5 an" erosion

#ontroA

Roa" #ur4in( an" (uttersA

Roa" #onstru#tion in#u"in( as$hat5 $a.in(5

resur/a#in(5 sea #oatin( an" stri$in(A

Site utiity !ork in#u"in( !ater an" se!er inesA

0ru#kin( ser.i#es5 hea.y an" s$e#iai7e" hauin(5 "um$

tru#k ser.i#es /or "irt an" stoneA

Earth !ork

*utF/i

*ut an" /i = in.o.e the #uttin( or e%#a.ation o/ earth materias

an" the #om$a#tion as /i in #on/orman#eA

Fi is $a#e" in hori7onta i/ts an" then ea#h i/t o/ /i is

#om$a#te" to setu$ a uni/ormy #om$a#te" materiaA

Fi materias + Ony suita4e materias su#h as me"ium sti//

#ays5 #ayey san" or other a$$ro.e" sois sha 4e use" /or
/iin(

,aterias /rom s!am$s5 to$ sois an" other hi(hy or(ani# #ay or
sits5 materias #ontainin( 4ou"ers materias5 materias !ith
#hemi#a #om$osition or at their moisture #ontent !i not
#om$a#t $ro$ery sha not 4e use" /or /iin(

Soi #om$a#tion

Pro#ess 4y !hi#h a mass o/ soi

#onsistin( o/ soi" soi $arti#es5 air
an" !ater is re"u#e" in .oume 4y
momentary a$$i#ation o/ oa"s5 su#h
as roin(5 tam$in( or .i4ration

*om$a#tion o/ the soi (eneray

in#reases its shear stren(th5
"e#reases its #om$ressi4iity an"
"e#reases its $ermea4iity

Max.dry
density
Dry
density
Zero-air-voids
line (100%
saturation)
Optimum m/c Optimum m/c Optimum m/c
Moisture Content Moisture Content Moisture Content Moisture Content
i!.1

Fi !i"enin(

Fi !i"enin( o/ @A9@ m are re#ommen"e" !here /i so$e hei(ht is ess than

;A@@ mA

Fi so$e hei(ht in e%#ess o/ ;A@@ m shou" ha.e @5B@ m o/ /i !i"enin(A

Fi so$e hei(ht in e%#ess o/ BA@@ m shou" 4e a.oi"e" ato(ether 4e#ause

o/ $otentia sta4iity $ro4emsA

Roa" #onstru#tion

*om$a#tin( su4(ra"e

Roin( usin( I+&@ t smooth !heee" roer

Roin( #ontinue" ti &@@: ma%imum "ry "ensity is a#hie.e" an"

the sur/a#e a$$ears to 4e !e #ose"

S$rea"in( #oarse a((re(ates

0he re8uire" amount o/ #ourse a((re(ates is s$rea" uni/ormy

on the $re$are" /oun"ation

1sin( a B+&@ t smooth !hee roer F e8ui.aent #a$a#ity .i4ratory

roerA

Bituminous roa" #onstru#tion

Bin"er #oarse

Wearin( #oarse

Dis#ussion to$i#s
&A What are the /a#tors #ontroin( ai(nment o/ roa"s
;A What are the im$ortant en(ineerin( #hara#teristi#s o/
sois that are ikey to in/uen#e the $er/orman#e o/ a
roa"J
9A Dis#uss the 4asi# $rin#i$es o/ /ie" #om$a#tionA *an
#imati# #on"itions in/uen#e #om$a#tion in roa"
#onstru#tionJ
EA Pa.ement "eterioration> #auses an" reha4iitation
<A A $ro$ery "esi(ne" hi(h!ay re8uires a !e+"esi(ne"
"raina(e system