Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4L kh>
<n
2=
= & 5!
2 U <n5
2
= 2 !
2
5 4L o;i ho
<n
2=
= !
2
5
2
= 2 5!
<n5
2
= 2 !
2
5
c0 2 <n5
&
= N !
B
5
=
= 6 U <n
2=
= 12 !
2
5 4L kh>
6 !
2
5
2
= 2 !
2
5 2 U 5
2
= 2 !
B
5
=
4L o;i ho
2<n5
&
?
= 6 !
2
5
2
= Z !
B
5
=
2 <n
2=
= 6 5
2
= 1& !
2
5
#^ 1c vi ht 1!
2
B+
2
: 1a
2=
: !
B
Cs kh8ng cD nguIFn t> @$ icn $nh nFn kh8ng
thE to liFn k)t hi+o vi ph@n t> nc'
1c vi ht A
?
: 1!
2
5: 31
2
!
6
0
2
5 cD nguIFn t> @$ icn $nh nFn cD thE to
liFnk)t hi+o vi ph@n t> nc/
1'ctvc
. . .
H
C
H
H
O
H
. . .
F O
H
H
C
2
H
5
O
C
2
H
5
H
O
H
O
$^ a0 M
2BN
tL phDng ; to +a Kng vO 7Pn
d2
"7
;
ceng vi 7a loi ht c* 7Jn/
2
&
:
?1
o
v
o
o
' hUo Onh luft 7Jo ton khi l.ng/ ; g 2BN & N g 2%Z' (fI cD
N2
"7
2%Z
'
hUo Onh luft 7Jo ton icn t2ch /V d2 h 3N2 = 2 N0X ^ 310 g Z' (fI cD Z
ht
?1
o
'
`o D ph*ng t+nhchung cQa qu t+nh nI l/
d2
M
2BN
N2
"7
2%Z
= N !U =
Z'
70 1Tu hnh UlUct+on VWnX6Y
B
Zd
1
[s
2
cD s UlUct+on ngoi .c 7iEu di]n nh
sau/
(fI nguIFn t>
d2
M
2BN
cD & U c th@n 3cha ghip 8i0j $Sc 3s0 o;i ho cao
nhTt
l =Z v MVWnX6Y
B
Zd
1
[s
2
h
Z U M VWnX
=Z
'
c0 "hJn Sng 2 1lA
B
= B MA
&
B MA
Z
= 1l
2
'
C !! (4,5 im): ". 3,5 im ; #. 1 im
"' +ong nguIFn t> hokc ion d*ng t*ng Sng cD tl 2 UlUct+on t+_ lFn: UlUct+on
chuIEn ng t+ong t+-ng lLc .c to +a tl ht nh@n nguIFn t> v cc UlUct+on
khc' `o D $,i t+ng thi cQa $t cTu hnh UlUct+on cD $t t+O s n#ng l .ng'
(i nguIFn t Bo 3s *n vO icn t2ch ht nh@n m g 60 _ t+ng thi c* 7Jn cD
s licu nh sau/
1Tu hnh
UlUct+on
\#ng l.ng 3thUo U(0 1Tu hnh
UlUct+on
\#ng l.ng 3thUo U(0
1s
1
1s
2
1s
2
2s
1
?B&%:%%%
? Z%%:N&N
? ZB[:N[&
1s
2
2s
2
1s
2
2s
2
2p
1
? ZZ%:%26
? ZZd:N%%
+ong D/ U( l *n vO n#ng l.ngj dTu ? 7iEu thO n#ng l.ng t2nh .c
khi UlUct+on cnn chOu lLc hot ht nh@n'
a0 !HI t+nh 7I chi ti)t v k)t qQa t2nh cc t+O s n#ng l.ng ion ho cD
thE cD cQa nguIFn t Bo thUo U( khi deng dp kicn cho t+ong 7Jng t+Fn'
70 !HI nFu ni dung v giJi th2ch qui luft liFn hc gipa cc n#ng l.ng ion
ho D'
#' \#ng l.ng liFn k)t cQa \?\ 7qng 1ZB kr'$ol
h1
: cQa \\ 7qng d&6 kr'$ol
h1
'
l & nguIFn t> \ cD thE to +a 1
ph@n t> \
&
tS dicn Pu hokc 2 ph@n t> \
2
th8ng th-ng' +-ng h.p no thufn l.i h*nG !HI giJi th2ch'
H ng dn gii:
1^ a0 2nh cc t+O n#ng l.ng ion ho cD thE cD cQa Bo/
l cTu hnh UlUct+on H cho : ta ;c Onh .c cc vi ht t*ng Sng ceng vi
t+O n#ng l.ng nh sau/
2'ctvc
1Tu hnh
UlUct+on
(i ht \#ng l.ng
3thUo U(0
1Tu hnh
UlUct+on
(i ht \#ng l.ng
3thUo U(0
1s
1
1s
2
1s
2
2s
1
B
&=
B
B=
B
2=
? B&%:%%%
? Z%%:N&N
? ZB[:N[&
1s
2
2s
2
1s
2
2s
2
2p
1
B
=
B
?
ZZ%:%26
?
ZZd:N%%
1D Onh nghsa/ \#ng l.ng ion ho 3cQa $t nguIFn t>0 l n#ng l.ng 2t nhTt
cbn E tch 1 U khi nguIFn t> _ t+ng thi c* 7Jn $ kh8ng t+uIPn thF$
ng n#ng cho U D'
(fI gipa n#ng l.ng cQa1 U _ t+ng thi c* 7Jn v n#ng l.ng ion ho t t*ng
Sng cD liFn hc/ t g ? 310'
(fI vi sL ion ho <
3k h 10=
? U
<
k=
j t
k
320:
a cD liFn hc/ t
k
g ? g ? [u
<
3k ?10= ? u
<
k= ] 3B0
+ong D/ k chv s U H 7O $Tt 3do sL ion ho0 cQa vi ht L*c ;it: cD t+O s
tl 1 )n nj do D k= chv s *n vO icn t2ch d*ng cQa ion <
k=
j
t
k
l n#ng l.ng ion ho thS k cQa nguIFn t < .c 7iEu thO thUo 320'
wit c thE vi nguIFn t Bo/ v m g 6 nFn nguIFn t> cD 6 Uj vfI k g 1
)n 6' p dng ph8ng t+nh 320 v 3B0: deng s dp kicn 7Jng t+Fn cho Bo: ta
cD/
x B
o
U
B
=
j t
1
3 vfI k g 10j
t
"
g ? V u
B
u
B
=X g 3ZZd:N%% = ZZ%:%26 0' (%& !
"
' ()**+ ,- '
x B
=
U
B
2=
j t
2
3 vfI k g 20j
t
2
g ? V u
B=
u
B
2=X g 3ZZ%:%26 = ZB[:N[&0' (fI !
#
' ##)"+" ,- '
x B
2=
U
B
B=
j t
B
3 vfI k g B0j
t
B
g ? Vu
B
2= u
B
B=X g 3ZB[:N[& = Z%%:N&N0' (fI !
$
' $*).#/ ,- '
x B
B=
U
B
&=
j t
&
3 vfI k g &0j
t
&
g ? Vu
B
B= u
B
&=X g 3Z%%:N&N = B&%:%%%0' (fI !
0
' #/.)101 ,- '
x B
&=
U
B
6=
j t
&
3 vfI k g 60j
t
6
g ? Vu
B
&= u
B
6=X g 3B&%:%%% = %:%%%0' (fI !
+
' $0.)... ,- '
70 l k)t quJ t+Fn: ta thTI cD qui luft liFn hc cc t+O n#ng l.ng ion
ho cQa Bo nh sau t
1
< t
2
< t
B
< t
&
< t
6
3&0'
yiJi th2ch/ zhi vi ht <
3k h 10=
$Tt thF$ 1 U to thnh <
k=
cD s *n vO icn
t2ch k= ln h*n 3k h 10 nFn lLc hot tc dng lFn U ti)p thUo t+ong vi ht <
k=
$nh
h*n so vi t+ong <
3k h 10=
' `o D phJi tn n#ng l.ng ln h*n E tch 1 U ti)p thUo
khi <
k=
j nghsa l t
3 k h 10
< t
k
nh H .c chv +a t+ong 3&0 t+Fn @I'
B'ctvc
; g 1%
?&:&
g [!
=
] j p! g &:&%
2'a0 `ung dOch B/ hF$ zt / 1
Cg=
g %:%26 <j 1
"72=
g %:%6%
1
t
? g %:126< j 1
!=
g %:1%<
Cg
=
= t
Cgt
&'ctvc
%:%26 %:126
? %:1%
"7
2=
= 2 t
"7t
2
%:%6 %:1%
? ?
+ong dung dOch cD Kng th-i hai k)t tQa Cgt v "7t
2
Cgt Cg
=
= t
j z
s1
g 1'1%
?1Z
3B0
"7t
2
"7
2=
= 2 t
j z
s2
g 1'1%
?[:NZ
3&0
z
s1
}} z
s2
: vfI t+ong dung dOch c@n 7qng 3&0 l chQ I)u' 4L
to phSc hi+o;o cQa "7
2=
l kh8ng ng kE v cD !
=
d/
"7
2=
= !
2
5 "75! = !
=
j z
2
g 1%
?[:N
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
+ +
+
+
<< = =
2 8 , 6
1
8 , 7
2
Pb PbOH 10
10
10
Pb
PbOH
+ong dung dOch "7t
2
"7
2=
= 2 t
z
s2
g 1'1%
?[:NZ
; 2 ;
32;0
2
; g 1%
?[:NZ
; g 1:61'1%
?B
< 2; g Vt
+
= = =
'
u cQa cLc Cg t+ong dung dOch C/ Cg
=
= U Cg
[ ]
V 001 , 0 E
10 . !1 , ! lg 0592 , 0 799 , 0 Ag lg 0592 , 0 E E
1
1$ 0
Ag
Ag
1
=
+ = + =
+
+
`ung dOch w/ Cg
=
= 41\
Cg41\ j 1%
12:%
%:%1% %:%&%
? %:%B% %:%1%
Cg41\ Cg
=
= 41\
j 1%
?12:%
%:%B%
; 3%:%B% = ;0
;%:%B% = ;0 g 1%
?12
[ ]
11
2
12
10 . !! , !
10 x !
10
x Ag
+
= = =
[ ]
V 179 , 0 E
10 . !! , ! lg 0592 , 0 799 , 0 Ag lg 0,0592 0,799 E
2
11
2
=
+ = + =
+
( u
2
| u
1
: ta cD pin gK$ cLc Cg t+ong w l cLc = : cLc Cg t+ong B l cLc
h
70 u
pin
g %:1[d h %:%%1 g %:1[N( 4* K pin/
Cgt Cg41\
"7t
2
41\
%:%B <
6'ctvc
Cg Cg
c0 "h*ng t+nh phJn Sng/ Cg = t
h
Cgt = U
Cg41\ = U Cg = 41\
h
Cg41\ = t
h
Cg = 41\
h
d0 z g g g 1%
&
B' a0 zhi thF$ l.ng nh \a5! vo dung dOch B : cD thE ;JI +a B t+-ng h.p/
? ~.ng \a5! qu 2t kh8ng Q E t+ung ho !\5
B
/ 4L to phSc hi+o;o cQa
"7
2=
vn kh8ng ng kE: do D u
pin
kh8ng thaI Ri'
? ~.ng \a5! Q E t+ung ho !\5
B
/ 1D sL to phSc hi+o;o cQa "7
2=
do
D ["7
2=
] giJ$: \Kng t
?
sa t#ng lFn: do D nKng Cg
=
giJ$ ;ung: u
1
giJ$ j vfI >
?in
t@ng=
? ~.ng \a5! Q d E t+ung ho h)t !\5
B
v ho tan "7t
2
to thnh "75
2
h
:
do D ["7
2=
] giJ$ v >
?in
t@ng= "7t
2
= & 5!
h
"75
2
h
= 2 !
2
5
= 2 t
h
70 hF$ 2t AU
B=
vo dung dOch w/ AU
B=
= 41\
h
AU41\
2=
\Kng ion 41\
h
giJ$: do D nKng ion Cg
=
t#ng: u
2
t#ng >
?in
t@ng
C !- (5 im): ". 2 im ; #. 1,5 im ; $. 1,5 im
"' zh2 15 g@I c v tc dng vi hU$oglo7in 3!70 cQa $u thUo ph*ng t+nh
B 15 = & !7 !7
&
3150
B
4 licu thLc nghic$ ti 2%
%
1
vP ng hc phJn Sng nI nh sau/
\Kng 3$ol' l
?1
0
c ph@n hu !7
3 $ol' l
?1
's
?1
0
15 !7
1:6%
2:6%
2:6%
2:6%
2:6%
&:%%
1:%6
1:[6
2:N%
!HI t2nh tc phJn Sng khi nKng 15 l 1:B%j !7 l B:2% 3Pu thUo
$ol'l
?1
0 ti 2%
%
1
'
#' \g-i ta nung nDng )n N%%
%
1
$t 7nh ch@n kh8ng thE t2ch 1 l2t chSa
1%:% ga$ can;i cac7onat v 6:Z ga$ can;i o;it' !HI t2nh s $ol kh2 cac7onic
cD t+ong 7nh' <un cho l.ng can;i cac7onat 7an bu ph@n hu h)t th thE
t2ch ti thiEu cQa 7nh phJi 7qng 7ao nhiFuG Bi)t ti nhict D kh2 15
2
t+ong 7nh cD p suTt l %:d%B at$ '
$' i 2%
%
1:
phJn Sng/ !
2
3k0 = B+
2
3lng0 2 !B+ 3k0 310
cD hqng s c@n 7qng z
p
g d:% '1%
1Z
' z2 hicu 3k0 chv t+ng thi kh2'
a0 !HI t2nh z
p
cQa phJn Sng/ !
2
3k0 = B+
2
3k0 2 !B+ 3k0 320
Z'ctvc
Ks
AgSCN
Ks
AgI
10
12
10
16
ti 2%
5
1 v p suTt p g %:26 at$'
70 !HI cho 7i)t sL chuIEn dOch c@n 7qng ho hc cQa phJn Sng 320 n)u giJ$
thE t2ch 7nh phJn Sng _ hai t+-ng h.p/
x0 +ong 7nh kh8ng cD B+
2
3lng0 j xx0 +ong 7nh cD B+
2
3lng0'
H ng dn gii:
1' a0 +c h)t ta phJi ;c Onh L*c 7fc cQa phJn Sng'
z2 hicu 7fc +iFng phbn cQa phJn Sng thUo chTt !7 l ;: thUo 15
l I: ta cD ph*ng t+nh ng hc 3Onh luft tc 0 cQa phJn Sng/
v
p
g k 1
;
!7
1
I
15
310
hUo Onh nghsa: ta cD thE 7iEu thO tc phJn Sng t+Fn thUo tc
ph@n hu !7: nghsa l v
p
g 1^& v
ph@n hu !7
320'
Ghi ch / ( H ghi + tc ph@n hu !7
q
nFn kh8ng c@n deng dTu ?
(fI ta cD liFn hc/ v
p
g 1^& v
ph@n hu !7
g k 1
;
!7
1
I
15
3B0 '
hUo thS tL t+Fn ;ung ta ghi s cc s licu th2 nghic$ thu .c l
h2 nghic$
s
\Kng 3$ol' l
?1
0 c ph@n hu !7 3$ol' l
?1
's
?1
0
15 !7
1
2
B
1:6%
2:6%
2:6%
2:6%
2:6%
&:%%
1:%6
1:[6
2:N%
a ;it cc tv s tc phJn Sng E ;c Onh ; v I t+ong ph*ng t+nh 3B0/
x v
2
^ v
1
g 3 2:6% ^ 2:6% 0
;
3 2:6% ^ 1:6% 0
I
g 1 3
1:Z[0
I
g 1:[6 ^1:%6
3
1:Z[0
I
g 1:Z[ I g 1 '
x
v
B
^ v
2
g 3 &:%% ^ 2:6% 0
;
3 2:6% ^ 2:6% 0
I
g 2:N% ^ 1:[6 j
3
1:Z%0
;
g 1:Z% ; g 1 '
`o D ph*ng t+nh ng hc 3Onh luft tc 0 cQa phJn Sng/
v
p
g k 1
!7
1
15
3&0
E t2nh hqng s tc phJn Sng k : tl 3&0 ta cD/
k g v
p
^ 1
!7
1
15
360
2nh gi t+O k t+ung 7nh tl B th2 nghic$ _ 7Jng t+Fn: hokc lTI s
licu cQa 1 t+ong B th2 nghic$ _ 7Jng t+Fn: chng hn lTI s licu cQa
th2 nghic$ s 1 a vo ph*ng t+nh 360: ta t2nh .c k/
k g g %:%[ 3$ol' l
?1
's
?1
0
70 a g2a t+O cQa k vla t2nh .c: nKng cc chTt $ P 7i H cho vo
ph*ng t+nh 3&0 E t2nh v
p
/
v
p
g %:%[ 1:B% B:2% g %:2d12 3$ol' l
?1
's
?1
0
2' a0 (i iPu kicn H cho t+ong 7nh cD phJn Sng/
1a15
B
1a5 = 15
2
3k0 3x0
['ctvc
B+2 3k0
1:%6
& 2:6% 1:6%
+ong 7nh chv cD kh2 15
2
' yiJ thi)t D l kh2 l2 t_ng: ta cD/
n g g g %:%1 3$ol0' (fI n g %:%1
$ol'
\hfn ;it/
hUo P 7i: l.ng 1a15
B
cho vo 7nh ch@n kh8ng l/
n g g %:1
$ol
~.ng 1a15
B
H 7O ph@n t2ch chv l %:%1 $ol'
4L cD $kt cQa 6:Z ga$ 1a5 v l.ng 1a15
B
cnn li kh8ng Jnh h_ng ti
k)t quJ t2nh v cc chTt nI _ t+ng thi +n chi)$ thE t2ch kh8ng ng kE'
70 yiJ thi)t l.ng 1a15
B
cho vo 7nh ch@n kh8ng 7O ph@n t2ch h)t :p suTt
kh2 15
2
vn l %:d%B at$ 3v phJn Sng 3x0 t ti c@n 7qng ho hc 0'
`o D/
(
$in
g n W ^ " g %:1 %:%N2%6& 1%[B:16 ^ %:d%B g d:[6 3l2t0
$= a0 "hJn Sng !
2
3k0 = B+
2
3lng0 2 !B+ 3k0 310
cD 3zp0
1
g p
2
!B+
^ p !2 3a0
cnn phJn Sng/ !
2
3k0 = B+
2
3k0 2 !B+ 3k0 320
cD 3zp0
2
g p
2
!B+
^ p !2 p B+2 370
wit c@n 7qng B+
2
3lng0 B+
2
3k0 3B0
cD 3zp0
B
g pB+
2 3k0
3c0
zhi tR h.p 310 vi 3B0 ta cD c@n 7qng 320/
!
2
3k0 = B+
2
3lng0 2 !B+ 3k0 310
B+
2
3l0 B+
2
3k0 3B0
310 h 3B0/ !
2
3k0 = B+
2
3k0 2 !B+ 3k0 320
(fI 3zp0
2
g g g B:Z ' 1%
1[
3at$0
70 zhi giJ$ thE t2ch 7nh phJn Sng nghsa l t#ng p suTt +iFng phbn cQa kh2
t+ong hc' wit g p
2
!B+
^ p !2 p B+2 3d0
+ -ng h.p 1 / zh8ng cD 7+o$ lng t+ong 7nh/ "hJn Sng 320 cD tRng s $ol
kh2 t+c v sau phJn Sng 7qng nhau 3n g %0 nFn sL thaI Ri p suTt D
kh8ng dn ti chuIEn dOch c@n 7qng 320'
+ -ng h.p 2 / 1D 7+o$ lng t+ong 7nh/ p suTt +iFng phbn cQa cc kh2 !
2
: !B+
t#ngj t+ong loc D p suTt +iFng phbn cQa B+
2
kh2 li kh8ng Ri do cnn B+
2
lng'
hUo 3d0: v s $ cQa p!B+ ln h*n s $ cQa p!2 nFn sL t#ng p suTt nDi t+Fn
dn )n sL t#ng v c@n 7qng 320 chuIEn dOch thUo chiPu nghOch'
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
N'ctvc
PV
RT
0,903 1,0
0,082054
1073,15
CO
2
CaCO
3
10
100
(Kp)
1
(Kp)
3
9,0 10
16
0,25