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Xin ni ngay, nhan bi vit ny ly cm hng t bi c tc gi Kishore

Mahbubani vit cch y 12 nm, c nhan Ngi chu c suy ngh c khng?
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Vn chng ti t ra l tm hiu trong truyn thng vn ha Vit c nhng yu
t no thun li cho s chuyn bin, vn ti nhng m hnh qun l gio dc i hc,
trit l o to, phng php dy v hc ph hp hn vi thi hin ti, v nhng yu t
no gy tr lc, kh khn. Du chng ta c mun ti tin l nhiu ngi trong chng ta
khng mun cng khng th no ph nh sch trn hay quay lng vi qu kh, chi
b vn ha ca mnh, mi m ua i hi nhp m khng cn bit mnh l ai, s tr thnh
g v cng vi cng ng dn tc ca mnh i ti mt tng lai ra sao ca loi ngi.
Trong Hi tho ny, chng ta trn tr tm hng i cho gio dc i hc Vit
Nam trong th k 21; v vy, xin gp vi suy ngh nhm hiu r hn u l sc nng tr
ko, u l ci ngun cn sc sinh si; v u na, nhng mnh, yu an xen c c c
hi v thch thc.
Pht huy truy , c xy n ?
Ngi Vit cng nh nhiu dn tc chu khc c truyn thng coi trng s hc.
Trong thi bui cnh tranh ton cu lan rng v khc lit hn hai, ba th k trc y
nhiu, hc vn ngy cng c coi l gp phn quyt nh vo li th cnh tranh. Dn tc
ham hc, ham hiu bit r rng l c tim lc mnh. Trong bit bao cu chuyn c tch
gia i thng, t tiu hc n i hc, t hc sinh, sinh vin n ngi th, ngi
thy, ngi tr thc, ngi lnh o doanh nghip, ngi lm vic c quan khng phn
bit tui tc, nam n, giu ngho, ngy m vt kh n trng n lp, cha k nhiu
phng tin hc tp khc qua truyn thanh, truyn hnh, trc tuyn u c ngi hm m
v chc chn s ngy cng pht trin. So vi nhiu ni khc trn th gii, gng cn c,
hiu hc ca ngi ng ni chung, ngi Vit ni ring l im sng.
Nhng, iu ng quan tm l ngi ta hc v ci g. Thi quen hc v ham hiu
bit, v thch th khm ph ci mi, ci cha bit, cch y vi ba th h hnh nh cn l
thi ph bin ca ngi i hc, nay thng nghe ngi ln than th v bn tr ci
khinh bc coi l ca him. Hc bit, c tht l c chng? Ti khng tin nh
vy. Hay ch t, nh trng khng th u hng, b cuc mc ngi hc chy vy hoc
i ph, cm chng, hc (hay gi b hc) ch v im s, th hng, vn bng, danh li.
Cho du ngi ta khng n gian, khng mua bng, bn im ng bun thay,
Vit Nam khng ch c khen l hiu hc m cn c bit nhiu v kt qu hc tp
khng ng tin cy th s hc cng kh c th coi l thc hc khi n khng gip ngi
ta bit thm iu cha bit, khi iu mi bit thm khng c ngha g cho cuc sng
ca c nhn ngi hc v ca cng ng. Hc v im s, vn bng, danh li l thi
ca (s ng?) ngi hc, c ngi ch o c suy i, c ngi khen l thc t, s

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Kishore Mahbubani, Can Asians think?, Singapore, 1997, trong Can Asians think?, xb ln 1 Times
Media Private Limited, Singapore, 1998, in li 1998, 1999, 2000, xb ln 2 Marshall Cavendish, Singapore,
2002, xb ln 3 Marshall Cavendish, Singapore, 2004, in li 2005. Gs. Kishore Mahbubani l Trng Khoa
ti trng Chnh sch cng L Quang Diu thuc i hc quc gia Singapore (NUS). Quyn sch mi nht
ca ng l The New Asian Hemisphere: the irresistible shift of global power to the East, New York, 2008.
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ng mackeno v cho l v k kh thi. Nhng thi y l h qu ca phng thc
hot ng gio dc, ca trt t x hi m nh nc, nh trng v cng chng c phn
trch nhim ln lao.
Sa thi thng b coi l qu th ng, l thuc sch v, thy c, thi c, thit
ra c khi ch l qu th thin v cm o go tin chuyn sang thc hc khng th
n thun trng cy vo la chn c nhn, m phi c ch trng, bin php t B Gio
dc v cc cp qun l nh nc, t mi c s gio dc. y, ch xin ni cp trng.
To mi trng, c ch t chc hot ng s phm pht huy thc hc l iu chng
nhng thuc s mng m cn trong tm tay ca tng trng i hc, tng nh s phm.
Trc tin, nu nh trng thit s to iu kin khm ph kin thc b ch th
cho du ngi hc c ng c v im s, vn bng, danh li, cc mc tiu y h cng s
t c thng qua con ng lm giu tri thc, k nng ca mnh, gii hn na l gp
phn lm giu tri thc nhn loi, ch t h cng s l ngi hu dng ch khng cn n
bm hay ch mu li c nhn bng kin thc o.
Ngoi ra, tri thc, k nng, phm cht, sc sng to tht bao gi cng c s hp
dn t thn ca n. Cha tri nghim tin sc hp dn , sao gi c l ngi
c hc? Cha truyn th ni mnh lc hp dn , ngi thy cha phi dy hay, cha
to c s gn b bn vng trong quan h thy tr. Cha tp hp, t chc ni cho ng
nghip mnh truyn th, chia s v cng sinh vin pht trin tri thc, k nng mi mt
cch ho hng, hng say, hn cha phi l nh qun l gio dc gii. Thay v hoi nim
v vng ci gi l tinh thn tn s trng o nh mn c trong bo tng m cha
chc l gia bo chn truyn! sao chng ta khng n lc to iu kin pht trin nhiu
ngi c thc hc, pht trin nh gio gii, nh nghin cu ti nng, nh qun l giu
nng lc v bn lnh? Hu x t nhin hng; truyn thng c sc sng th t n sng
lu, sng mnh. Xy dng c nhiu trng i hc, cao ng tt theo t duy thc hc,
s lm ti mi li truyn thng hiu hc qu bu ca ngi Vit.
Nh ngho, con, h
Ti dng ch con ng, nh ngho y theo tm quc gia, Vit Nam l nc
ng dn, ng thanh nin v cn cht vt ngng thot ngho. Song trc ht, hy th
nhn thc t cc gia nh ng con nc mnh, ngoi tr th gia vng tc, nh giu hoc
sn truyn thng t lu i, phn ln ngi ta u phi chn la. Trc kia, ch con
trai c i hc; sau ny ngi ta chn u t theo sc hc ca con hoc hon cnh kinh
t gia nh vo thi im chuyn cp hc ca tng ngi con. S chn la ngy cng c
tnh dn ch hn, nhng khng th tt c u hc i hc, cng khng phi tt c u ly
bng tin s. Hp l, theo ngha bit iu, thun theo thc t (common sense, bon sens)
cp v m t l phi a dng ha o to sau ph thng. Khng phi theo hng iu
tit, phn lung bng cch giao ch tiu tuyn sinh nhiu hn, d di hn bc Trung
cp, sit cht hn bc i hc, theo ch trng ca B ngnh hay a phng thay v
cn c trn chin lc pht trin v ngun lc thc t ca c s o to. Hc tp kinh
nghim cc nc, chng ta nn chn ly nhng chng loi chng trnh sau ph thng
ph hp, thit k thch ng vi nhu cu v iu kin nc mnh, pht trin hp tc quc
t khng ch bc hc c nhn, cao hc, tin s m c cc bc hc ngn hn; bo
m i hc ngn hn (2-3 nm sau T ti) khng phi l th phm. Truyn thng Vit
tt lnh l nhn n, nhn mc nui con n hc nn ngi; nn ngi, ch khng phi nn
ng Ngh, ng Cng. Nh ngho tht lng buc bng nui con m ng Ngh th d
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sanh ra mt ngi lm quan, c h c nh, c h m rng ra l c x, c huyn, c
tnh ng hng. Ci cng c trong truyn thng Vit, nhng khng phi truyn thng
tt m l gen xu sanh si nhiu tc t. Gn y, vi kinh t th trng ngn ngang hng
ha, nhiu hng nhi, hng gi, cng ph bin t trng ngi ngi ua chen hc cha ti
thc s, tin s cha chu thi. Quan h ng h, ng hng v th lc kim tin, a v
cng nhau bao che, dung tng hc v, hc hm hu danh v thc hay bng thit, hc
gi. C cung th c cu, ngi ta ngy bin. V truyn thng hiu hc li c vin
dn, bin hiu hc t truyn thng tt thnh gi tr gi v c hi.
Th hiu, thi s din ho, s ua i cho bng ch bng em cng vi tnh trng
dy ngh yu km khin hc ch c coi l cn cu cm khng th b qua nc
ngho; tng y nguyn nhn vn c y mi nm hng triu th sinh vo k thi tuyn sinh
i hc. Nhiu thanh nin v gia nh eo ui c m tm bng i hc sut nhiu nm
di, khng khc lm so vi xa kia lu chng i thi, ht T n ri T Kp, T Mn cho
ti rng long u bc. C mt tch cc ca s cu hc, ngy nay lan rng hn xa, bt
phn bit giu ngho, nam n. Nhng s rt o tng nu m mng tin ngi Vit sn
sng cho trit l v nhu cu hin i v hc sut i (lifelong learning). Rt nhiu ngi
tuy khng phi l tt c, v sc mnh cho tng lai c khi nm s t khng eo ui
hc lin tc (formation continue), hc sut i v bn thn s hc, m v danh li, nhiu
khi ch l h danh. Chiu theo th hiu s ng m tr tr l p ng nhu cu x hi, c
th gip mt s k lm giu, hay c ngh kinh doanh kh n nh. n gian lm di tic
thay khng c bit s dn n thng mi ha gio dc theo ngha t hi ca t ny, kt
qu tc nhin rt phi gio dc.
Nhng, c th nng theo th hiu ri un nn, nng dn n ln khng? Ti cho l
c th. V s nh gio lng thin, kh vng tay ngh, ang c ngun thu nhp b sung
bng cch tham gia dy hc th trng gio dc gi l ngoi chnh quy : cc lp tin
hc, ngoi ng ngoi gi, lp ngn hn dy k nng, nghip v, kin thc b sung, cp
nht, h o to ngoi chnh quy ca cc trng i hc cng v t... Chuyn gia,
khng loi tr chuyn gia quc t thng thng n Vit Nam ng hn, thuyt trnh, hi
tho nh trm hoa ua n, tuy cht lng khng ng u, nhng s a dng thng tin,
s si ni, rn rng cc vn thi s khoa hc, kinh t, x hi vn l tch cc. Un nn
th hiu thnh thi quen hu dng nng dn tr, hu dn sinh, c th bt u bng xy
dng m hnh, chun mc r rng cho cc chng trnh, bc hc ngn hn, nht l cc
chng trnh c cp vn bng, to nhng lp chuyn tip (bridge-course, passerelle) vi
cc chng trnh chnh quy, va gim thiu dn tnh trng cht lng khng ng u
trong o to ngoi chnh quy va gip cc lp hc sau ph thng c ngun hc vin a
dng, c s c xt nhng tri nghim v cch hc khc nhau, mt xu hng hon ton
hin i. Ngoi ra, cn pht trin thm nhiu m hnh hc tp khc, hc ngay trong cng
vic, ngay rung ng, hc gia v t thin nhin, hc vi ngh nhn, ngh s, hc l
thuyt ri p dng ngay trong hot ng thc t, v.v a dng ha gio dc, o to sau
ph thng cng l m con ng i xa, i vng trong hc vn cho con nh ngho. Ranh
gii gia chnh quy v ngoi chnh quy s m dn, nhng khng phi theo kiu bt nho
cn ph bin Vit Nam m, ti hy vng, theo hng trng i hc cng nhn (c
chun mc minh bch) kinh nghim ngh nghip, tri nghim thc t; ng thi t chc
cho sinh vin t ph thng ln c c hi rn luyn tay ngh, c thm tri nghim thc t,
quc t trong qu trnh hc. Cng ngh hin i cn c tn dng khng ch lm
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sang cho trng cao cp th thnh, m o to trc tuyn, o to t xa, to thm s
linh hot cho ngi hc.
Cc chng trnh gi l chnh quy tuy ch dnh cho t l nh thanh nin trong
tui, song vn l ng con so vi thc trng i ng v phng tin c s vt cht,
thit b. Nh ngho, ng con, m vn mun cht lng bng ngi l bi ton kh v
phc hp, nhng khng phi hon ton khng li gii. Vn l chng ta c mun thit
hay khng. Mun cht lng hay mun h danh, t trn xung di u ch mt mc
phn u cho bng thin h thnh tch b ngoi?
t mc tiu cht lng i hi ch mnh lit, kh nng chu kh, chu cc,
quyt tm st v s nghip lu di; l nhng sc mnh truyn thng ca vn ha
ng, vn ha Vit. Chng ta c thun li mi l thng tin ngy nay lu chuyn d dng,
nhanh chng, vic tham kho kinh nghim quc t c th r tin, nhiu th c cho
khng nh Internet, li bit bao nhiu cho con nh ngho thit s ham hc. Ch khng
phi ham bng cp, chung h danh; y mi l cn bnh trm kha, t trong gan rut!
Nhng cn bnh mn tnh khc ca nc ngho l git gu v vai, bc ngn cn di, l n
xi, l bt chc nng cn, thiu suy ngh phn bin, thiu t duy c lp, cng thiu
sng to. V sng to thng cn nn tng tri thc vng vng, thng tin cp nht v nhiu
sng to khc (state of the arts, tat de lart) v cn t do t duy, cn ci quyn c ni
khc, lm khc, c tng tng v m mng, c th, c sai, c chn la v
quyt nh m nh ngho, ng con (thng c thm ng b c ti, b m nc mt
ngn nc mt di khuyn con nhn nhc, nhiu anh ch em co u rt c, an phn th
thng hoc t hn, ght ghen, k) him khi c c. Vy c sng to ni khng? Vi
hiu bit thng do tch cp t nng nht cht b, vi bit bao rng buc km hm t c
ch li thi, phng tin thiu thn, chp v, con ngi c l, y thnh kin n su, v
nht l thiu hn nhng ging vin-nghin cu vin (enseignant-chercheur) c o to
bi bn, c phng php lun vng vng, chng ta c th thc hin chc nng nghin
cu, sng to tri thc mi, vn l mt trong nhng chc nng c bn ca gio dc i
hc?
Ngi Vit ra nc ngoi hc tp, lm khoa hc, tuy chng phi ai cng ot gii
Nobel (nu nh vy gii Nobel chng cn g ngha) nhng khng him ngi c
ng gp c tha nhn trong nhiu lnh vc khoa hc, cng ngh. Vy, ging qut
chua hay ngt khng ti ging loi (k c ci gi l bn sc vn ha), m do t trng
v iu kin chm bn. Chng ta c ci to c t v iu kin pht trin cho cy
khng? Hay tip tc chu chy mu cht xm v ging tt phi em trng t khc?
Li na, o to, nghin cu cng ngy cng cn a lnh vc, lin ngnh, i hi
nhiu chuyn mn khc nhau. i tng nghin cu ca c khoa hc t nhin, khoa hc
x hi v cc d n o to, nghin cu lin ngnh khng n ni khng xc nh c
t thin nhin v thc t Vit Nam. K nng lm vic nhm v cng ngh tin tin cho
php thu ngn khong cch khng gian, xa chiu kch thi gian; lp nhm nghin cu
lin trng i hc, lin quc gia khng cn thuc khoa hc vin tng. Trng i hc
Vit thc lng tm hp tc nghin cu khoa hc (ch khng phi tm tin ti tr i
nc ngoi, hay mua xe, mua ti sn g khng my may dnh dng ti khoa hc) hon
ton c th ch ng thu ht chuyn gia gii t quc t n cng mnh nghin cu nhng
ti c ngha cho s pht trin khoa hc hay cho quc k dn sinh. Bng cch
chng ta c c hi va tng bc nng trnh i ng, va c nhn lc tm, sc,
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m bn thn vic ging dy, nghin cu, hng dn sinh vin nghin cu cng c thc
hin ph hp vi yu cu v xu th thi i hn.
Tm li, nh ngho, ng con, mun hc gii phi thit s ham hc v bit vt
kh. Tc ng Vit tha nhn ci kh b ci khn, nhng cng t lu ci bin thnh
ci kh l ci khn, c hai u l thc t.
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Ni ngi hc ngy nay b n cp tui th, tui tr, l nn nhn ca bnh thnh
tch, c khi l bnh cung v t cha m, thy c, nh trng, x hi th ngi ta ni
nhiu. Nhng hc sinh tt nghip ph thng hu ht trn 18 tui, c quyn cng
dn trn giy chng minh v bng li xe trn 50 phn khi, v sao h khng chu ln?
Trc ht v h qu tht cn l thuc v kinh t. Nc giu, nhng coi trng t do
v trch nhim c nhn hn th thanh nin 18 tui bt l thuc kinh t gia nh hn,
bit t bn chi nui thn lp ch, bit t lp, t ch hn. Tc nhin, x hi phi gia
tng gip . Ngi ta khng ch ti tr hc ph, n m c sinh hot vn ha, ngh
thut, chi ph i li khuyn khch du lch, tham quan, m rng tm nhn, thm tri
nghim khc bit. Cc nc hiu tr cp x hi cho sinh vin, thanh nin l s u t
ca cng ng cho tng lai ca chnh mnh. Vi nm gn y, chnh sch h tr o to
cn b qun l v cp hc bng cho ging vin t ngun ngn sch nh nc khng phn
bit trng cng, trng t, cho sinh vin vay tin ng hc ph t ngn hng cng l
nhng chuyn bin tch cc, va th hin trch nhim ca nh nc Vit Nam vi gio
dc-o to va gii phng tr thc tr khi phn no gnh nng cm cha o m, mt
rng buc khng n thun kinh t. Cc ngn hng, doanh nghip cng bt u vo cuc
tuy cn chm. Ca cho khng v v li vn him hoi, ngi ngho cng thm tha thc
trng . Song mc n ngi xa vn d th hn n ngi gn. Nht l m cha khng
ch c quyn lc ca ngi chi tr hc ph, m cn quyn lc thing ling hn ca ng
sinh thnh, n tnh ngha hay ng hn l tnh cm vn l lt mm buc cht trong
vn ha ng. May thay, x hi hin i, nht l th ln vn c nhiu c hi vic
lm sng nui dng c m; v thanh nin Vit, phn ln con nh ngho, cn
truyn thng chu thng chu kh, li thm s nng ng ca 8x, 9x. Gia nh trung lu
v t con nn ch ng phng trnh con cng l con h bng cch y chng i du hc
nn ngi, mt mi tn bn c nhiu con chim; khng t bn tr Vit trng
thnh nh vy.
Nhng vi s ng ang hc i hc trong nc, chnh l trng i hc Vit
phi thay i, i trc, ng hnh v thc y s thay i t gia nh, x hi v t n lc
t gii phng ca thanh nin.
Quan h thy tr trong trng i hc Vit cn thay i cn c, su sc, ch
khng ch l vn cng ngh gio dc, chng trnh tin tin hay i mi phng
php dy v hc m thng c hiu cn ct l thay s l thuc ca tr vo li vng
ngc ca thy bng cch tng cng s l thuc ca c thy v tr vo thit b nghe nhn
v my tnh. Chuyn sang hc ch tn ch mt cch thc cht, gn vi chun mc quc
t, ch khng hnh thc, qua loa, i ph cng l s ci tri, to thun li cho sinh vin
c quyn (v c trch nhim) chn la, quyt nh, thay i quyt nh ca mnh, bt l
thuc mt quan nim cng, c tn ca ngi ln v ni dung, khi lng kin thc, l
trnh thc hin chng trnh, ng thi bt l thuc s truyn th mt chiu t ngi
thy. Nhng su xa hn hc ch hay mi hnh thc qun l o to khc, l con ngi,
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ngi thy, v sinh vin, ngi hc. Xin dnh mt dp khc s ni v ngi hc. ngi
thy, l tri thc, l ngh thut truyn t, dn dt, l kh nng lng nghe v tranh lun, l
ni lc ca thy bit rn luyn t duy, phng php, k nng v truyn cm hng hc
hi, khm ph, tri nghim, sng to ci mi, bit sut i cng hc vi tr. V cn l
nhn cch ngi tr thc, m ngi thy trong x hi ng vn lun c trch nhim
nu gng sng. Ln na, hu x t nhin hng. Bao lu ngi thy cn xng ng lm
thy th cn c qu trng nh thy, nh bn, nh anh, v qu gi nht, nh ngi ng
nghip tm thi i trc trn con ng khoa hc. S qu trng n t s xng ng ca
c nhn ngi thy, ch khng phi t v th quyn lc trong th bc tn ti, s l thay
i cn c trong quan h thy tr.
C g tri vi vn ha truyn thng khng? S l tri, l phm thng khin ngi
ta than lun thng o ln nu h khng khng khc ng mi, luyn tic hoi mt
di sn Tng Nho c l d x nho bng qun s ph, bng nht t vi s, bn t vi
s hay din Nm thnh Khng thy my lm nn. Nhng s l phn khi, hn
nhin vi truyn thng Vit con hn cha l nh c phc, bi tre gi mng mc, i
cua cua my, i cy cy o; hay bin chng v d dm hn: Sanh con ri mi sanh
cha, Sanh chu m bng ri mi sanh ng. Ngi thy khng sung sng, t ho c
v s trng thnh, v thnh tu ca hc tr mnh th cn bit ru ng mnh bng th h
danh mc rung no?
Thay i quan h thy tr trong trng i hc, ng thi cng cn thay i cn
c, su sc quan h gia ging vin, nhn vin nh trng v ngi qun l, gia cp b
mn, khoa v cp trng (m thng c i din bng c quan tham mu l cp phng
vi tp tc th kho to hn th trng), gia cp trng v cp trn. dn thay khi
nim qun l nh nc cng nh gng km st thp bng nhng trn tr cng nhp vi
gio dc i hc th gii ang t li cc vn qun l i hc vi a dng m thc
governance, cn tranh ci cha ng ng v u, nhng xu th l ci tri, l dung np,
t duy cho c ci phc hp, ng ph trc v thng ca i thay, khai phng
sc sng to v bin ca tr tu con ngi, cng nhc nh, khi phc t gic ca trch
nhim v ngha v ngi c hc i vi cng ng cn ngho i, lm than, thiu hc,
vi x hi y bt cng, bo lc v tai tri ch nc.
L v vng chng, nh b nng chng tri? Nhng quan h hng ngang, an
cho, phi hp, tng tc, ng hnh, ng nghip khng ch theo ngha colleagues
(cng ngh, cng trng) m theo ngha peers (ngang ti ngang sc, v vy ngang hng)
vn khng c coi l hp o l trong x hi ng (nhng tng) hng ngn
nm ly Tng Nho lm chun mc. Nhng no phi ch Vin Ty mi c quyn dn
ch, nhn quyn (dn ch, nhn quyn cng trn din ngn nhiu hn thc t). Tng Nho
l thy du c thi c tn trn t Vit nhng cng ch c quyn trn di bn trm
nm; khng trit tiu ni cng bng y nm tam gio ng nguyn a nguyn, dung hp,
ng quy, ng ring mt ci
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; khng vi lp, ng ha c mt vn ha bn a
dy dn trc ngn nm Bc thuc. l cha ni Tng Nho vo t Vit chc chn
t nhiu Vit ha. Ci ngun xanh ti ca truyn thng vn ha ng Nam m dn
tc Vit l b phn vi quan h hp tc, s chia hn gia ngi v ngi (Thng

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Sau khi Ng Quyn ginh c lp v sau ba triu Ng, inh, Tin L ngn ngi, i Vit c thi thnh
tr L-Trn ko di bn th k (1009-cui th k 14). y l thi hong kim ca Pht gio Vit Nam, cng
l thi Tam gio (Nho, Pht, Lo) ng nguyn. Sau hn hai mi nm Minh thuc, hai triu Hu L v
Nguyn (1428-1884) u c tn Nho gio, thc cht l Tng Nho.
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ngi nh th thng thn), cn bng hn gia nam v n (ng v ng chng tt bin
ng cng cn), bin chng hn gia cc th h (Tr cy cha, gi cy con) cn c tm
hiu nghim tc, k cng th h tr thm vng chi chiu su vn ha Vit. Li na,
nhiu nn vn ha khc c c hi giao thoa, tip bin cng vn ha Vit qua cc bin
thin lch s, khng ch l chin tranh xm lc (nh sch gio khoa lch s thng gin
lc i) m c tn gio, ngh thut, ngn ng, trang phc, m thc, v.v Chng c ci g
nht thnh bt bin, vn ha li cng khng, du t bn sc c khi gy ng nhn. Trong
ha thun ca vn ha Vit tri qua giao thoa (interaction), tip bin (acculturation)
vi nhiu vn ha ng, Ty khc, cm cha o m cng thy s l s tip sc tru nng
n tnh, m bt dn p t v p lc. Chng ta lm c khng? Ti tin l c.

T
T k l ch bit c mnh; ngoi tri ta ra chng cn tri no c. T tn, l lm
tng ngoi giang sn mnh gm vc, bin bc rng vng, ngoi dn tc mnh anh hng
bt khut, cn c, thng minh, hnh nh chng cn bit c ci c sc, ln lao hay p
xinh, k th ca t tri v con ngi no khc. Thm ch au thng, khc lit ca
chin tranh, chng ta cng t k c quyn, t bit cm thng au thng, mt mt din
ra ni no khc trn tri t. Ngoi o l ca ta (trong nhiu iu lm tng ca
ring ta), hnh nh chng cn l phi v o l, gi tr no. Chng phi ngu nhin m ci
bnh t k chng tc (ethnocentrism) vn l bnh chung li trm trng n vy Vit
Nam. C d dng g u, hng ngn nm ni lin ni sng lin sng vi lng ging ln
mnh, c t rng ngi ng, nhn ti vt lc, c khoa hc k thut, c vn ha, tinh
thn, m vn kin cng v th ng ring l ngha t nguyn ca t c lp.
Khng t gng mnh ln, sao ng ring cho ni? Ri trin min chin tranh, i ngho,
lc hu, m ca v pht trin cng mi khonh khc my thp nin, lm sao khi ch
ngi y ging? vy, hc qu kh cha ng li ch ch mc vo chin cng chi sng,
khng chu tha nhn gc khut ca lch s, thc t ca du bin, trm lun, nghch cnh,
m thng ch nhn mt pha, ng mt bn, l gii mt chiu, ng sai, phi quy u
gin lc. Phng php lun khoa hc x hi nhn vn th cnh ca cn ng kh cht;
khng theo di khoa hc, suy t ca th gii din bin ra sao, cng lm cho suy t, nu
c, ca ta x cng, mt sc sng. Tc nhin, thc trng x hi no cng mi gi suy t,
con ngi cn tn ti th cn suy ngh, nh Descartes xc tn; song lung lch phi thng
th git nc mi t thnh sui, thnh sng ri gp vo bin ln ca t duy nhn loi.
Vn ra th gii t thc trng , c nguy c khng? Ti cho l c, nguy c t
chnh bn thn mnh. Nhng nguy c ng quan tm su xa hn nhiu so vi chuyn phi
lm sao nng trnh ting Anh ca c thy v tr, d bt cp v ngoi ng vn l thch
thc khng phi nh nu, mt ln na, ng qun mnh nh ngho, ng con.
Ch xin phn tch hai nguy c ph bin nht, hai thi cc. Thi cc th nht l
cng thy mnh thua km (v kinh t, khoa hc k thut), li cng gng mnh t tn vn
ha, k th bt c ci g khc bit (crispation identitaire), cc oan bo v tp qun (ng
nhn l vn ha) dn tc, vng min, ra sc phc c, bo tn bn sc bng cch quay
ngc v qu kh hoc khc t, bi bc mi ng x vn ha khc mnh, khng nh
mnh l duy nht, l ngoi l phi thng. Nh hn l quanh qun vi thi quen v sn
phm vn ha quen thuc, nht nh khng chu a dng ha, cng khng thay i, d
ch tm thi. (Biu hin n gin v thng thng nht l i nc ngoi cng tc phi
8
em ni nu cm, em m gi, c ph Vit v nhiu th khc v khng th n thc
n ca h. thy thi hi b khng bnh thng ch cn hi xem ngi nc
khc c lm nh vy khi qua Vit Nam du lch, cng tc hay khng). Xu hng ny
khin ngi ta, nu khng cng khai bi ngoi th cng th vi s a dng, phong ph
trong vn ha, cch t duy, vi nhng th nghim, hoi nghi, trn tr ng thi trn th
gii m ngy nay c th d dng tip cn hn nhiu. Phi chng c phn v b c lp v t
c lp mnh, v t k, t tn m khoa hc x hi nhn vn, ngh thut, vn hc, thi ca
chng ta cn him thy xut hin tc gi, tc phm vi tm vc m cng chng c quyn
ch i, nu ch cn c trn ngn ngn nhng tri nghim lch s-x hi m dn tc ,
ang bit ti? Nu cn v d ngc li (contre-exemple) r hn, c th k trng hp
nhng nh vn n nh Nguyn Ngc T, Nguyn Bch Lan tuy khng hc nhiu
trng lp, li sng xa th ln, ch Bch Lan cn c bit kh khn v sc khe th
cht, nhng mt phn phn na l do ti nng ring v lao ng ngh thut m chng ta
khng cn hoi cng gii thch do tip cn t tng v phong cch t duy ngoi khun
kh Vit ph qut m h c nhng khm ph lay ng lng ngi, khng thua km
bn vn quc t.
Thi cc th hai, hnh nh ri vo s ng hn, l s vng ngoi c khi cng khai
n thnh th thin. Ring trong gio dc, ch cn nhn nhan nhn nh tr, mu gio, ph
thng quc t khp hang cng ng hm cc thnh ph ln (hin tng ang v s ly lan
n thnh ph ln cn v qui m va phi hn) thy i tng m cc c s ny nhm
ti khng ch l thiu s thit s giu c. Chp nhn cho con hc hon ton bng ngoi
ng t tui rt nh khi ang sng trn chnh qu hng mnh l mt biu hin bt thng
khc, cng ang c chiu hng gia tng. bc hc sau ph thng, cho con i hc cc
chng trnh quc t hay i du hc i vi nhiu gia nh l gii php khng cn cn
nhc vi chp ly t ln u con khng u k tuyn sinh i hc, k c khi chi ph
vt sc u t ca gia nh. cc trng i hc Vit, vn hp tc quc t sm
mun phi t ra. Song cn rt nhiu trng hp cha thit s l hp tc bnh ng, m
ch l chun b cho sinh vin i nc ngoi hon tt chng trnh ca trng ngi ta,
hay l rc trng bn chuyn a bn (dlocaliser) chng trnh b nguyn xi t nc
h qua. L do ch l thc lc ca ta cha cho php, hay cn l mc cm t ti ca i tc
i hc Vit Nam v s trnh n u tranh vi tm l vng ngoi ca cng chng, c
ngun gc t thi thuc a (hay ng minh yu th th cng vy) cha xa?
Chng ta hiu v chp nhn thc t l giao lu kinh t v vn ha trn qui m
ton cu khng th khng tp trung s dng ch yu vi ba ngn ng c u th; giao lu
cng trn qui m rng ln, li cun cng nhiu nc tham gia th s lng ngn ng cng
thu hp li, v gin tin cho tt c cc i tc. Nhng, cn c nhiu bin php kin tr v
sng to bo v a dng vn ha v s i thoi t nhiu hiu qu gia cc nn vn
ha, vn minh. Mi quc gia, v trc ht l gio dc i hc ca h khng c qun l
ton cu ha theo hng ng dng ha (uniformity, uniformisation) s dn n mt cn
bng ngy cng nghim trng, khng gim thiu m cn gia tng nguy c bt cng x
hi, bt bnh ng gia cc cng ng ngi, nguy c khng hong, suy thoi khng ch
v kinh t m cn l bc tht li v vn ha, vn minh ca ton nhn loi. Ton cu ha
khng lm phng th gii mt cch gin n bng iu tit kinh t v hnh hay cng
ngh, k thut vn nng. N ch lm khong cch khng gian thu nh li. Khng th lm
con ngi bng chc ging ht nhau, c nh hng ha v tri sn xut i tr. Vn ha
lun lun cng li, c sc khng mnh v su, min vn ha cn tn ti. Nh ngho
9
d hiu thc t ny hn: con ngi ta vn chn ngi mi , cht m cn mnh
hip yu, khng bit tng nhng, tng knh th bun ti, gin hn nhau, ci nhau ri
m chm nhau n mc ni la t nh khi gin mt khn l iu kh trnh.
Ring i vi cc nc thng gi l ang pht trin, li nguyn l thuc a nh
Vit Nam, cng khng th th ng trng ch s t gic bit t trng, t ho dn tc.
Nhn cch no , tng chng dn mnh c u th t nhiu c min nhim vi
c t t ti nhc tiu. Nhng, sau i ngho, thiu thn ca nhng nm bom n ri b
c lp v kinh t, cng c l do khin ngi ta mun qun qu kh, v vp n ngy th
khi cnh ca m h ri m toang, b cun i, quay cung trong lc xoy th trng. V
thit ra, tm l t ti vt ngoi khun kh mt quc gia, d quc gia l Vit Nam,
tng l biu tng ca David nh b thng Goliath khng l c th gii cm thng,
ngng m. Tm l l hu qu ca ci Gs. Kishore Mahbubani gi l ch ngha thc
dn tinh thn (mental colonisation) m ng cho l au n v li di chng dai dng
hn ch ngha thc dn vt th (physical colonisation)
3
. N tng ng vi thc t l
trong sut hai th k qua dng chy ca lch s v mi phng din v do lch s vn
ha, t tng cng khng th khc, l dng chy mt chiu, t Ty sang ng, hay ni
ng hn, t u M nh hng, tc ng n phn cn li ca th gii (the impact of the
West upon the Rest). Mahbubani ng tnh vi nhn xt ca tc gi Khi hon ca
phng Ty
4
khi hc gi M ny khng nh: Cc gi tr v gi thit ca phng Ty
thm nhun vi mc su sc ng k vo hu ht cc nn vn ha quan trng khc. Ai
cng bit thc trng ca thi k m lch s th gii gi l thi thc dn v hu thc
dn. Vit Nam chng ta, v thi t k t tn, d lm ln mnh l ngoi l. Khng thy r
nguy c, nguy c cng tc hi bi phn.
vn ra th gii, ngi Vit v i hc Vit Nam phi nhn chn v u tranh
khc phc c thi t k, t cao t i v tm l n l nhc tiu, thit ra ch l hai mt
ca cng mt sang chn tinh thn cha c chm sc, cha tr.


Th k 21, vi tt c chng gai, thch thc v n s ca n vn l thi c vng
nu chng ta nhn xu th chuyn bin v cc vn ang t ra cho gio dc i hc
trong bi cnh chung ca tng quan th lc ng-Ty, ca mt vn hi trong nhng
ngi lc quan c cn c nh Gs. Kishore Mahbubani d bo:

Ln u tin t nhiu th k, chng ta s c mt dng chy hai chiu c v
tng, gi tr v con ngi. Khi nim v dng chy hai chiu ca tng l iu
m nhiu tr thc phng Ty rt kh hnh dung, v nhiu ngi trong s h xc
tn rng h to ra th gii theo hnh mu ca mnh.

Tr li tc gi Khi hon ca phng Ty khi ng ny nhn nh: Gi y c l
chng ta ang bc vo thi i khi hon tuyt diu nht [ca phng Ty], khng ch
trn cu trc nh nc v quan h kinh t, m c trong tri tim, khi c mi ngi. C l
by gi h (nhng ngi khng thuc th gii phng Ty) l ngi phng Ty
(Westerners) ri cng nn, Mahbubani t tin qu quyt:

3
Can Asian think?, 2005, tr. 25.
4
J . M. Roberts, The Triumph of the West, Little Brown and Co, 1985, dn bi Kishore Mahbubani, sd,
tr.114.
10

Ci thc t gin d m J. M. Roberts khng nm bt ni v ti phi nhn mnh
l trong sch ca ng, Roberts t ra l ngi minh trit v khim tn, khng h
hch dch hay hp hi l, trong lc tng v cch lm tt ca phng Ty
thm nhp c vo tr tu thin h, th tri tim v tm hn ca nhng ngi
thuc cc nn vn ha khc vn nguyn vn l ca h. Di lp vc-ni Ty
phng ph khp b mt nhiu x hi khc, vn su thm nhng kho tng cha
sc mnh tm linh v vn ha khng my may b lp sn y lm thng tn. Ban
u ti ni v nhng lp t bn trn m phng Ty ri khp hon cu.
Chng ta cng i vo th k 21 th cc lp t s tri i, l ra nhiu cnh
vt phong ph khc ca loi ngi.
5


Hc Trung Hoa ri dng kin thc, t tng hc c vit Nam quc sn h ri Bnh
Ng i co l iu ngi Vit tng quen sut hng ngn nm gi nc. Hung h vn
hi hin nay cho php hy vng thay i u bng i thoi; cnh tranh kinh t, giao thoa
vn ha tuy khng km thch thc nhng may ra phn tn ph, hy dit nh chin
tranh v ch ngha thc dn. Vai tr ca gio dc, c bit l gio dc sau ph thng,
gio dc nhng ngi trng thnh l v cng thit yu, tuy ngi ta s khng ch hc
gia bn bc tng i hc. L no ngi Vit li khng bit hc trong th k 21 ny?


Bi Trn Phng
10/2009


5
Can Asian think?, sd, tr.115-116.