metteur

12/07/2014
WELL LOGGING
BASIC, ANALYSIS
AND INTERPRETATION
WHAT IS LOGGING?
In-situ measurement of
Rock properties
Fluid properties

When
Openhole (before casing)
While drilling
(LWD/MWD)
After drilling (Wireline)
Cased hole

Interpretation for
Geological properties
Petrophysical properties
Production properties
Baker-Atlas
Casing
Open hole
WHY RUN LOGGING ?
Wireline logging / LWD :
To know / rock interpretation / located of
reservoir, fluids content for each depth,
vertical and lateral reservoir distribution,
which could be used to determine of HC
content.
WIRELINE: Logging which conducted
after drilling process, sensor run into the
wellbore and transmitting data through
electric cable
LWD: Logging which conducted while
drilling process, sensor run into the
wellbore using drill pipe and transmitting
data through mud pulse
BASIC PRINCIPLE : WIRELINE vs LWD
WIRELINE LOGGING PROCEDURE
1. Rig-up
Place sonde(s) on cat-walk
Erect sheaves
Thread cable through
sheaves
Connect head to sonde
Using cable, lift sonde to rig
floor
Set 0 (zero) depth reference
2. Tool to TD
3. Repeat section 300 ft / 100 m
4. Tool to TD
5. Full survey
6. Pull out of hole
7. Rig down
VALUE AND LIMITATIONS OF WELL LOG DATA
Strengths
Provides remotely sensed values of reservoir
properties and fluids
Among the most abundant reservoir data
Presentation results fairly well standardized
Allows evaluation of lateral (map) and vertical
(cross section) changes in reservoir properties
and fluids

Limitations
Indirect measurements
Vertical resolution
Depth of investigation
DIEFFENBACH
NO. 2907, RIG 7

Pechelbronn, France
First well logged with
Geophysical tools

_______


September 5, 1927
From Schlumberger
HISTORY OF LOGGING
From Schlumberger
HEADER FIRST WELL LOG
Schlumberger, 1927
From Schlumberger
SEGMENT OF THE
FIRST WELL LOG
Schlumberger
155 m
145 m
160 m
165 m
170 m
175 m
155 m
150 m
180 m
From Schlumberger
SURFACE ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
CONRAD SCHLUMBERGERS ASSISTANT, 1914
From Schlumberger
LOGGING ACQUISITION Logging Acquisition System

Real Time Screen Example
Surface Acquisition Unit
REVIEW LOG HEADING LOG
Calibration
Log
LOG PRESENTATION - THE HEADING
Well location
Depth references
Well depth
Date of log
Casing shoe depth
Bit size
Mud data
Type
Properties
Resistivities
Max. Temperature
REVIEW LOG - DIAGRAM OF TOOL AND WELL
REVIEW LOG - MAIN LOG
REVIEW LOG - REPEAT SECTION
REVIEW LOG - CALIBRATION
TOOL CALIBRATIONS
A logging tool collects data that are converted to porosity,
resistivity, and other values

Each tool is calibrated to an industry standard

This ensures that each tool, irrespective of the type of tool or
tool history or service company, reads the same value when
logging the same formation (normalization may still be
required between log)

Check tool calibrations before and after a logging job to
ensure good quality log data
LOGGING TOOL CALIBRATION SUMMARY
All changes should be within tolerance for an acceptable
calibration
Modified from Halliburton (EL-1007)
LOG QUALITY CONTROL
Check all calibrations before and after job
Record a repeat section of about 200 ft to ensure validity
of data and to explain abnormal curve response
Compare log response with offset well logs
Keep hole conditions (hole size, mud type, tool
centralization) in mind when interpreting log data
Ensure that logging speeds are as recommended by the
service company.
LOGGING TOOL SPEEDS
Modified from Halliburton (EL-1007)
CHOOSING A LOGGING TOOL
It is necessary to choose the right tool to get the desired
measurement.

Considerations:
Type of well (wildcat or development)
Hole conditions (depth, deviation, hole size, mud type)
Examples:
Oil based mud : Induction tool
Water based salty mud : Laterolog Tool
Formation fluid content (fresh/salt connate water)
Economics (cost of the job, rig time involved)

TYPES OF LOGS TO BE RUN
Logging suites generally include one resistivity and
one porosity device.
The logging string will also have other tools like the
gamma ray, SP and caliper tools.
However, logging suites usually have two porosity
devices to give more information about rock type,
hydrocarbon type and porosity.
Other considerations to estimate permeability or to
take fluid samples require other special tools like the
formation testers.
BASIC WELL LOGGING TOOLS
Lithology Tools
Spontaneous Potential
Gamma Ray
Fluids Identification Tools
Resistivity
Laterolog
Induction
Petrophysical Tools
Porosity
Neutron
Density
Sonic
Auxiliary Tools
Caliper
Borehole Environment
SOME QUESTIONS ADDRESSED BY
LOG INTERPRETATION
Geophysicist / Geologist
Are the tops as predicted?
Are potential zones porous?
Formation intervals?
Lithology?
Hydrocarbons?
What type of hydrocarbons?
Commercial quantities?

Drilling Engineer
Hole volume for cementing?
Any keyseats or doglegs?
Packer placement for testing?
Best place to set a whipstock?
Reservoir Engineer
How thick is the pay zone?
How homogeneous is the
zone?
Porosity?
Permeability?

Production Engineer
Which zone(s) to complete?
What production rates?
Any water production?
Is zone hydraulically
isolated?
Will well need stimulation?
What stimulation would be
best?
LITHOLOGY AND FLUIDS IDENTIFICATION
DT
(s/f)
Resistivity
(Ohmm)
0.2 200
140 40
RHOB
(G/C3)
Neutron
(v/v)
1.7 2.7
0.6 0
GR
(GAPI)
0 150
Sandstone
with gas contain
and fluid contact
Coal
Limestone
Organic shale
Sandstone
with fluid contact
(gas-oil/water)
HC
HC
DT
(s/f)
Resistivity
(Ohmm)
0.2 200
140 40
RHOB
(G/C3)
Neutron
(v/v)
1.7 2.7
0.6 0
GR
(GAPI)
0 150
Sandstone
with gas contain
and fluid contact
Coal
Limestone
Organic shale
Sandstone
with fluid contact
(gas-oil/water)
HC
HC
CORRELATION
NE SW


RECONSTRUCTION OF GEOLOGICAL HYSTORY
(SUBSURFACE DATA)

Well Log Data
Seismic
CORRELATION : Lithostratigraphy - Biostratigraphy
A
B
C D
LEGEND
Metamorphic
Clay / Shale
Sandstone
Coal
Limestone
No Data
?
WHAT DOES A LOG COST ?
It depends on :

Well type
Vertical / Deviated
Deep / Shallow
Hot / Normal

Measurements
Depth charge
Survey charge

Time / location / special procedures
Land / Offshore
Service charge
Equipment availability
Rig time
Wireline / LWD