P-block Elements - 1

saiai
p-ni + +i -i +i ~i- =iii + 13 = 18 =n t -+ ii i-i t p-ni +. ii- . -ii- -ii =ii ti ~ii- +-
ti- t
pni+ - +i =ini- = i i+i zi :n + il-+ l-i= ns
2
np
16
t
p-ni+ - +i 1317 n + =n t +i in =<- :=+ ~- =n t + =<- = +: -t = li-- ti - +i +ii
zi i ~i+i. --- l - +i-i -ii d-+-i+ +i ~- l-il- ti -i t =n t + in =<- +i - + =ii (-<i. C=C,
CC, NN) -ii l,-i ~i- + ~- -i +i ~i= n (-<i. C=O, C=N, CN, N=O) pt pt -i -i- +i -in-i
=ni- =n t + ~- -i +i ~ -ii ~li+ ti -i t pni + - +i ----n ~i +=i+i ~-ii (=n t = i 10) ti -i
t =n t n -i- i- ~i+=i+i ~-ii =n t +i ----n ~i +=i+i ~-ii = <i = +n ti -i t -ii ~l+ n
ii + +ii t =n t 13 = 16 n ~li+ -iii ti -i t (i=il-+ -i- n iin n - + ln( s--+i zi :n + i -i +i
zi +)
ur 17 + a- : rnia sfi
+n~i i-. +ni i-. i ni-. ~ii i- -ii ( -l- =nt 17 + =<- t - = +- = rnia +tni- t [n i+
iiii n t ni +i ~i t ni -ii - = +i ~i t --- +-i ~ii - ni <i +- in ] t ni - ~l- l+iziin ~
iil+ - t
rnaifa+ fif-4iu
:- =ii -i + in-n +i i n =i- :n + i- (ns
2
np
5
) ti - t i l+ ~nni -+ n = = (+ :n + i- +n ti -i t
sif+ aii i4fa+ fi4i
~li+-n iii -ili+i ~i zi + +ii t ni -i +i nil+ lzii ~- = li- ~i- n == zi i ti -i t +i-n
+i zii +i = i n lz + +ii +n ~i i- = ~ii i- -+ nil+ -ii ~il-+ lzii n lz ti -i t
i4aa y-ist
:-+i :n + i- in- +i l-i +n ti -i t :=ln( :-+i ~i-- (-i -i t - --- ti -i t nil+ ~i+i n lz
ti - + +ii =n t n -i- +i ~i i- ~i-- (-i-i n +ni ti-i t
rnaia nri y-ist
=n- ~i- n t ni- +i :n +i- nti (-i -i == ~li+ +iin+ ti -i t :=+i +ii t t. l+ :- -i +
nii ~i n -iii -+ n = ~lil-i= = +n (+ :n +i- +n ti -i t =nt n -i- i- =nt + -i +i
:n + i - n ti (-i -i +n +iin+ ti -i i-i t zl +n ~i i- +i +iin+ :n + i - n ti (-i -i +ni i- +i - n-i
n +n ti-i t (=i +n~ii- nii + zi ~i+i + +ii ti-i t liin- +n~ii- + zi 2p +-i+i n
~ -ii+- n ~--:n + il-+ l-+i i ti - t ~- ~i- ini :n + i- i<i ~i+ii ~-i -ti +-i t
fuawii-+ai
:-+i l -+iin+-i t- --- ti-i t =nt n -i- +i ~i l-+iin+-i n +ni ti -i i-i t ~i- =iii
n +n~i i- == ~li+ l -+iin+ - t
iifa+ ni
+n ~i i- -ii +ni i- n = t . i ni- (+ < l+ ~ii i- (+ ai = t c- t ( nii +ni + + =ii :-+ nn-i +
-ii +i-i +i n l-ln- = lz ti -i t =ii t ni - ni- ti - t :=+i +ii t t l+ < z -i zi n ll+ii
+i ~zii ii ti -i t -ii in-n +i zi + :n + i- --i l- ti + --- -i -- n -n i- t ll+ii + li--li--
+i-n ~zii li- +- + +ii ~nn~nn n <lzi - +- t = +n ~i i- ini. +ni i- ti- ln( t ( ini.
i ni- nin -ii ~ii i- n-i n +i ti -i t +n ~i i- -ii +ni i- n = ~lil+i +-i t i ni- -ii ~ii i-
n n ~- ln t -- t- = +il-+ lni+i =l+ +nii+in. +i- i+nii:. +i- i:=-+i:.
ti:i+i- n ln t -ii ni- ln- --i t
Cl
2
+i - n-i n +n ~i i- F
2
+i li - (-i -i +i ni- +n t l+ +ni i- + i< XX i li - (-i -i + ni-i
n ~il-i- l-i i: i-i t. ClCl > BrBr > II := ~=nl- +i (+ +ii F
2
+ (+i+i ni + n
:n + i-:n +i- l-+ii +i =i-i- ~li+ ti -i t i l+ +ni i- +i - n-i n (+ <= + ~li+ =l--+ t
p-ni+ a-
P-block Elements - 2
uiit : 7
sif+ aii iifa+ ni
rRo
F Cl Br I
i j ek. kqekd
9 17 35 53
i j ek. kqHkkj
19 35.45 79.90 126.90
bySDVkWfud vfHkfoU; kl [He] 2s
2
2p
5
[Ne] 3s
2
3p
5
[Ar] 3d
10
4s
2
4p
5
[Kr] 4d
10
5s
2
5p
5
l gl a; kst d f=kT; k
64 99 114 133
vk; fud f=kT; k
X

/ pm 133 184 196 220

vk; uu , FkSYi h
/ (kJ mol
1
) 1680 1256 1142 1008
bySDVkWu xzg. k, UFkSYi h
/(kJ mol
1
) 333 349 325 296
X -X
cU/kyEckbZ
/pm 143 199 229 266
fo; kst u dh, UFkSYi h
(X
2
)/kJ mol
1
158.8 242.6 192.8 151.1
fo| qr_ . krk
4 3.2 3.0 2.7
xyukad
/ K 54.4 172 265.8 386.6
DoFkukad
/ K 84.9 239.0 332.5 458.2
iui4fa+ ni
iut+i iiy aii iui4fa+ f+4izitnai +t sf-i
=ii t ni - 1 ~i +=i+i ~-ii <lzi - +-i t -iil +ni i-. i ni- -ii ~ii i- +1, +3, +5 -ii +7 ~i+=i+i
~-ii( ii <lzi - +-i t +ni i-. i ni- -ii ~ii i- +i --- ~i +=i+i ~-ii( n -i - i-- ti -i t t ni -
zi -ii --- l -+iin+-i in +n ~i i- -ii ~i +=i- nii ~i + =ii = i n +- t . = ~--it ni - i ln+i .
~i +=i: -ii ~i +=i~-n n
+n ~i i- + nii + = i +-i +i zi n +i : d +-i+ -ti ti -i ~- t ~- ~+ +i =i -ti + =+-i == ~li+
l - +iin+-i ti - + +ii t + n 1 ~i +=i+i ~-ii <lzi - +-i t
=ii t ni - ~l-l+iziin ti - t ii- -ii ~ii- ~i + =ii ~lil+i + t ni: -i- t =n t n -i- +i ~i i-
t ni-i +i l+iziin-i +n ti-i t
(+ :n+i- -+in nti + n- +i l-i + +ii tni-i +i n ~i+=i+i+ +l- ti-i t F
2
n-n
~i +=i+i+ t ~i t < = t ni: ~i-i +i ln- n ~ii ti -+ l+ ai = i-ii n ii ~i +=i+ - + < -i t
=nt n -i- +i ~i i- t ni -i + ni ln- n i-i t : ~i+=i+i+ l-i +i l --+ ni-+ :n + i
lii = ti -i t +n ~i i- n +i ~i +=i- n ~i +=i+ - + < -i t l+ +ni i- -ii i ni- n + =ii ~lil+i
+ = n- ti: i t ln+ ~i ti:i t n= ~-n -i-i t ~ii i- +i n + =ii ~lil+i ~-- ti -i t I

~-ni ni
n n ~i+=i- ,ii ~i+=i+ - l+i i =+-i t. i l+ +n ~i i- ,ii <lzi - ~lil+i +i ai+ li- t
2F
2
(g) + 2H
2
O() 4H
+
(aq) + 4F

(aq) + O
2
(g)
X
2
(g) + H
2
O() HX(aq) + HOX(aq) ; (ti X = Cl ~ii Br)
4I

(aq) + 4H
+
(aq) + O
2
(g) 2 I
2
(s) + 2H
2
O ()
ia+ s4a fi (Standard Reduction Potential) (SRP)
X
2
+ 2e

2X

F
2
+ 2e

2F

c = + 2.87 V ; Cl
2
+ 2e

2Cl

c = + 1.36 V
Br
2
+ 2e

2Br

c = + 1.09 V ; I
2
+ 2e

2I

c = + 0.54 V
SRP +i ni- l--i ~li+ ti -i t . ---i ti ~i+=i+i+ =in (inli-i = ) n- ti -i t ~- ~i+=i+i+
=in +i +n F
2
> Cl
2
> Br
2
> I
2
t
- l+ F
2
+ ln( (~i- =iii + =ii -i n = ) SRP+i ni- ----n ti -i t . :=ln( t (+ n-n ~i+=i+i+
ti -i t
F
2
, O
3
+i ~ -ii ~li+ n ~i +=i+i+ t
P-block Elements - 3
-<iti-19 F +i =t= i + lzii =64 pm -- F
2
+i -i n-i: 128 pm -ti ti -i t :=+i i n-i: 143 pmti -i
t -ii -i -i I
2
= - n-i t =nni:i +i `
Solution t =-i- F nii + zi ~i+i + +ii .p .p l-+ii + liin- t
-<iti-20 +ni i- +i - n-i n F +i :n + i - -i -i ~li+ ti -i t l+ ii F
2
~-zi ~i+=i+i+ t +i `
Solution Cl
2
+i - n-i n F
2
+i SRP~li+ ti -i t +i l+ F
2
+i i li - -i +n ti -i t
X

+t n4ia ai
zi ~i- +i ni- ~li+ ti-i t
F

Cl

Br

515 381 347 305 in kJ/mol

snita +i uii-4 -4ri
+n ~i i- +i ~=ini- ti :=+ zi ~i+i. --- l - +iin+-i. l--- FF i li - (-i -i -ii = i +-i
+i zi n d-+-i+i +i ~- ni-i + +ii ti -i t
+n ~i i- +i ~li+i zi ~lil+i( -ni-i i ti -i t (:=+i n +ii t < = -i + =ii :=+ zi -ii n ~i ii
+i --i) t + n (+ ~i +=i ~-n -i-i t l+ < = t ni - +: ~i +=i ~-n -i- t ti: i - +n ~i i: n
ti: i - ~i ii + +ii (+ < (+i-i + 293 K) t . l+ <= ti:i - t ni: n = t
(i) riria + sfa fif+4izitnai
=ii ti: i - + =ii ~lil+i + ti: i - t ni: -i-i t -- +n ~i i- = ~ii i- -+ nii +ni + n l,
+ =ii ti: i - + l- i -i n +ni ~i-i t n n ln ti + ti: i t ln+ ~-n -i-i t :- ~-ni +i ~-ni
=in l--- +n n c -i t HF < HCl < HBr < HI :- t ni:i +i -iil =n t n -i- +i ~i c- i-i t
:=+i +ii ~ii (H X) +i li- (-i-i n +ni +i +n. H F > H Cl > H Br > H I, ti-i t
(ii) iuta + sfa fif+4izitnai
t ni - ~i +=i- = = i n + t - = ~i +=i: -i- t -- :-n = ~li+i zi ~-iii ti - t +n ~i i- <i ~i +=i:.
OF
2
-ii O
2
F
2
-i-i t -- +n OF
2
ti 298 K -i -iii ti-i t ~i+=i: ~iz+ = ~i+=i-
+n ~i i: t +i l+ +n ~i i- +i l- +iin+-i ~i+=i- = ~li+ t <i -i n +ni i+ - +i+ t O
2
F
2
,
-n i l-n +i PuF
6
n ~i +=i+ - + < -i t := +i := ~lil+i +i -i n i +-zi i -ili+i : i- (nuclear fuel)
= -nil-n +i PuF
6
+ n ti- t- l+i i-i t
+ni i-. i ni- -ii ~ii i- ii ~i +=i: -i-i t l-n :- t ni -i +i ~i +=i+i = i +1 = +7 -+ ti -i t nl-
-ii -ninl-+ +i+i + =i n + +ii =ini--i t ni -i ,ii l-ln - ~i+=i:i + -iil +i i-i +n l > Cl
> Br ti -i t tni -i + ---- ~i+=i:i +i l-i l---- ~i+=i:i +i ~ -ii ~li+ -iii ti - +i ti -i t
+ni i- + ~i +=i: Cl
2
O, ClO
2
, Cl
2
O
6
-ii Cl
2
O
7
~li+ l+iziin ~i +=i+i+ -ii l-+i + l-i + ti - t ClO
2
+i -i n +in +i n n<i -ii -zii + l i+i ~i i- + i-i + zi lz+i n l+i i-i t
i ni- + ~i+=i: Br
2
O, BrO
2
, BrO
3
== +n -iii ti - t (n l+- ~l-ln--i) -ii :-+i ~l-- + n +n
-i ti -i t t - n ~i+=i+i +n + ti - t
~ii i- + ~i +=i:. I
2
O
4
, I
2
O
5
, I
2
O
7
~ln ai = t -ii nn +- lil- ti i- t I
2
O
5
t - ~-zi ~i +=i+i
+n+ t -ii :=+i -i n +i- ni -i+=i: + ~i+n- n ti-i t
(iii) riiai + sfa fif+4izitnai
t ni - ii- + =ii ~lil+i ++ ii- t ni: -i- t -<itiii . i ni- n -ilzin + =ii ~lil+i ++ n -ilzin
i ni: <-i t
(iv) rnia +t fif+4izitnai -4 rniai + sfa
tni - ~- tni -i + =ii =in + t - = i ln+ -i- t . i ~ -i tni- +tni- t l-+ +i t AB
1
,
AB
3
, AB
5
-ii AB
7
ti A ~i+i +i t ni- -ii B zi ~i+i +i tni- t
P-block Elements - 4
snita (F
2
) :
fa :
(i) fua siaat4 ffri :
:= lli n . CaF
2
+i =i-< H
2
SO
4
+ =ii --il- +- HF +i ni lni < -i t t ~i=l- l+i i-i t
l== ~-i< < HF vi-- ti-i t ~-i< HF n KHF
2
+i ai ln- (KHF
2
(1 iin) + HF (5 iin)) l- ~il-
ti -i t :=n ni -n ii- = - izi n +i - +i (-i + n -ii -in +i + ii + n v +- l+i i-i t
CaF
2
+ H
2
SO
4

CaSO
4
+ 2HF ; KF + HF

K [HF
2
]

is electrolys
H
2
+ F
2
uasiaa +a s : +ii : 2H
+
+ 2e

H
2
(g)
(-i : 2F

F
2
+ 2e

F
2
n =. i l+ l-+il=- ti -i t . +i HF = n +- ii i-i t i l+ +n ~i i- +i ~ -ii ~li+ = -ii+ ti -i t
+n~i i- +i HF = n+- i- + ln( n = +i NaF n = ilt- l+i i-i t i l+HF +i ~ziili- +-i t.
+i - (-i n +i: = n +- ti -i -ilt +i l+F
2
~i=i-i = n +i: = l+i + (+ t n+i <ii -i-i t l= n +i:
+n~ii: + -in = i-i i-i t
ti l-+i n l+=i +i +i ~i< -i -ti ti -i -ilt( ~-ii +n~i i-. n + =ii l--- ~lil+i + ~- =i.
2F
2
+ 2H
2
O

4HF + O
2
l+i + nni
fasit : NaF ~ii KF + ni ln- + -~i- ,ii +n ~i i- +i --i =-i -ti t :=+i +ii t l+ KF
+ ni ln- +i -~i- ti -i t -i ti (-i l--ii n l--- <i +i ~i+=i+i ti -i t
(-i
H
2
O

1/2O
2
+ 2H
+
+ 2e

SOP = 1.23 V
-ii
F

1/2F
2
+ e

SOP = 2.87 V
l-n + ~- =i t <ii ~i+=i+- ti -i t l=+i SOP---- ti -i t :=ln( (-i n ~i+=i+ - ti i-i t
nl+- F

-ti
(ii) iui4fa+ ffri : K
2
[MnF
6
] - ilzin t+=i+niin- (IV) =
K
2
[MnF
6
] + 2 SbF
5

2K [SbF
6
] + MnF
3
+
2
1
F
2
;

+
2 3 4
F
2
1
MnF
via
MnF
:= ~lil+i n n n : = ~-nSbF
5
:=+ ni = (+ < nMnF
4
+i l-iil- +-i t MnF
4
~-iii ti -i t -ii
~i=i-i = lil- ti+ MnF
3
-ii +n~ii- <-i t
niri :
(i) l,nil+. t-+i tiini n = i l+ nnin i -t nti- l<iii < -i t t i = iii t . t 188
0
C
in < n = il-- -ii 223
0
C in ai = n ll- - ti i-i t t -i-i (~l-+) n i ini n = t -ii ~li+
lii+- t
(ii) iut+i+ fin+ii : t == n ~i +=i+i+ ~li+n + t
F
2
+ 2NaX

2NaF + X
2
; where (X = Cl, Br, I)
(a) t =ii t ni: ~i-i +i t ni - ~i ~i n ~i+=i+ - + =+-i t
(b) t ClO
3

+i ClO
4

-ii IO
3

+i IO
4

n ~i +=i+ - + =+-i t
F
2
+ ClO
3

+ H
2
O

2F

+ ClO
4

+ 2H
+
(c) t HSO
4

+i S
2
O
8
2
n ~i+=i+ - + =+-i t
2HSO
4

+ F
2

2F

+ S
2
O
8
2
+ 2H
+
P-block Elements - 5
(iii) NaOH fn4a + uii fif+4i : -- -ii + =ii ~i+=i- i:+n~i i: -ii =i-< -ii + =ii O
2
--- +-i
t
2F
2
+ 2 NaOH (--)

OF
2
(g) + 2 NaF + H
2
O
2F
2
+ 4 NaOH (=i-<)

O
2
(g) + 4 NaF + 2H
2
O
(iv) NH
3
+ uii fif+4i : (-4 rnia fi<)
2NH
3
+ 3F
2

N
2
+ 6 HF
~- tni- =i-< NH
3
(<l- ~nil-i) + =ii l-+i+NX
3
-i- t
(v) H
2
S+ uii fif+4i :
H
2
S + 4F
2

SF
6
+ 2 HF
(vi) SiO
2
+ uii fif+4i : t nnin 100
0
C +i - l+i +-i t
SiO
2
(s) + 2F
2
(g)

SiF
4
(g) + O
2
(g)
zi + F
2
+ =ii ~lil+i iini ti -i t
(vii) SO
3
+ uii fif+4i : 2SO
3
+ F
2 AgF
C 180

FSO
2
OOSO
2
F
(viii) O
2
+ uii fif+4i : O
2
+ F
2
r esa dh mifLFkf
foltZu rq | fo uhjo dsoy
O
2
F
2
(ix) riia aii riia + uii fif+4i t ~li+i zi ii- ~i + =ii = i l- ti -i t -ii O
2
N
2
+i zi + F
2
+i -l-il-
n nnin =ii ~ii- -- n-ziin ti - t
2 Ag + F
2
2 AgF ; 2 Al + 3 F
2
2 AlF
3
C + 2 F
2
CF
4
; Si + 2 F
2
SiF
4
+ni i +i - ~li+ ~l+ t CF
4
+i i n l-i ni nn l+i i =+-i t 100C +ni i +i - = i<
HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
-ii vn ~i +=i+i+ <ii = l+ KMnO
4
~ii O
3
-ii vn ~-i+ = l+LiAlH
4
~ii
+ vl- ~l+ t
nita (Cl
2
) :
fa :
(i) =i-< H
2
SO
4
+ =ii. MnO
2
+i -l-il- n . +nii: +i nn ++
4H
+
+ MnO
2
+ 2X

X
2
+ Mn
+2
+ 2H
2
O
=i-< H
2
SO
4
-ii MnO
2
+ =ii i ni: -ii ~ii i: ii +nzi Br
2
-ii I
2
n +- +- t
(ii) (a) NaCl + HNO
3

NaNO
3
+ HCl 3
HNO
3
+ 3HCl

NOCl + Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O

3NaCl + 4 HNO
3

3 NaNO
3
+ NOCl (-i:il=n +nii:) + Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
2NOCl + O
2

2NO
2
+ Cl
2
;
NO
2
+ H
2
O HNO
3
(- -+i l+i i-i t)
(b) Cl
2
+i ti: i +i - + +ni i-i+i + ln( +in n n - t -i t HCl +i =t-i< -i-i t < n i n <i ii-
+ =ii +i -i +i +- +- HCl, H
2
O Cl
2
n - l- = ~i+=i+ - ti i-i t
4 HCl + O
2

+ DyksjkbM k nqyZHk e`n pw.kZ Cu
2H
2
O + 2Cl
2
(c)
Ca
O l C
Cl
+ 2HCl

CaCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ H
2
O
(d) 2KMnO
4
+ 16 HCl 2 KCl + 2 MnCl
2
+ 5 Cl
2
+ 8 H
2
O
(e) PbO
2
+ 4 HCl PbCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2 H
2
O
t llii n i-i = + n +ni i- + ln( +- +i i-i t
P-block Elements - 6
(iii) nita +i iuifn+ a-si<a :
(a) +ia ffri :-n 723 K ti: i - +ni i: n = +i CuCl
2
(- +) +i -l-il- n i nni ~i +=i-
,ii ~i+=i+i +- t
4 HCl + O
2

2
CuCl
2 Cl
2
+ 2 H
2
O
(b) uasiaa s+ +ni i-. i:- (brine) (=i-< NaCl ln-) + -~i- ,ii i-- +i i-i t ) +ni i-
( -i i-- ti -i t t t - = i=il-+ -i ni n =t-i< + n ii i-- ti -i t -<iti- =i ln
ti:i+=i: + ~iiln+ -i<- n
NaX (ni)

Na
+
(ni) + X

(ni)
(-i : 2X

X
2
+ 2e

niri :
(i) t (+ -i-i <nii in t n +i n = t . i = <i = i - n -i iii t t in t < n < i+ - +i i =+-i
t i l+ 239 K -n-i t n n ln t
(ii) l--- -i t n + =ii (+ ni l- -i-i t l=+i = zi Cl
2
. 8H
2
Ot i l+ i-- n t (+ +n i i ln+
ti -i t
(iii) iut+i aii f+ f+4i : +nii- +i n n ln +- HCl -ii HOCl l-nii +-i t -- ini
ti:i +ni = ~-n (HOCl) l+iziin ~i +=i- < -i t . i l+ :=+ ~i +=i+i+ n i -ii +ni i- + l + n i + ln(
--i<ii t
(a) t += +i + l+ n. =-+i: +i =-+ n. =-+ i:~i+=i: +i =-+ l+ ~-n n -ii ~ii i- +i
~ii l+ ~-n n ~i +=i+ - +-i t
2 FeSO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
+ Cl
2
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2 HCl
Na
2
SO
3
+ Cl
2
+ H
2
O Na
2
SO
4
+ 2 HCl
SO
2
+ 2 H
2
O + Cl
2
H
2
SO
4
+ 2 HCl
I
2
+ 6 H
2
O + 5 Cl
2
2 HIO
3
+ 10 HCl
(b) +nii- Br

-ii l

<i -i +i +nzi Br
2
-ii I
2
n ~i+=i+ - +-i t
2X

+ Cl
2
X
2
+ 2Cl

(c) t (+ n l + <ii t l + l+i ~i+=i+i lli ,ii ti -i t

Cl
2
+ H
2
O 2 HCl + O
ni- <ii + O nti- <ii
t -ni +i -l-il- n =ii -ii +i l-+ <iii n l+ l+i <zii -i t i l+ -ii: l+i ti-i t
fasit :l+ SO
2
+i l + l+i ~-ii: ti-i t +i l+ t ~-- ,ii ti -i t
SO
2
+ 2 H
2
O

H
2
SO
4
+ 2 H
SO
3
2
+ ni- <ii

SO
4
2
+ ~-l- ni- <ii (nti-)
~-l- ni- <ii (nti-)
2
O q dh ok;
ni- <ii
(iv) NaOH+ uii fif+4i :
(a) 2 NaOH (ai -ii --) + Cl
2

NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O
(b) 6 NaOH (nn -ii =i-<) + 3 Cl
2

5 NaCl + NaClO
3
+ 3 H
2
O
t ~lil+i Br
2
-ii I
2
,ii ii <i i-i t
(v) zi+ Ca(OH)
2
+ uii fif+4i : l + - i < -i t
2 Ca(OH)
2
+ 2 Cl
2

CaOCl
2
+ CaCl
2
+ 2 H
2
O
as4in : Cl
2
+i -in
1. +ia n n<i (+in -ii ~i- + -i<- n ~iz+ ti-i t ) +i= -ii -zii + l - n
P-block Elements - 7
2. +i. ~iilii -ii +il-+ <iii = CCl
4
, CHCl
3
, DDT, zii-+i :il< + -i<- n
3. =i- -ii -nl-n + l-+ii n
4. i- + n +i l-ni+- (iiilt-) +- n
5. lini n =i . = +i=i- (COCl
2
), ~ n = (CCl
3
NO
2
) n- n = (ClCH
2
CH
2
SCH
2
CH
2
Cl) + -i- n ti-i t
ita (Br
2
) :
fa :
(i) uii-4 ffri : 2 NaBr + 3H
2
SO
4
(conc.) + MnO
2

A
Br
2
+ MnSO
4
+ 2NaHSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
(ii) u<t n u :
=n < i n n NaCl n ~ t n l+- NaBr ii =n < n + z nizii n -l-i- t-i t =n < i n n = Cl
2
n = +i
ilt- l+i i-i t i ni- +i i l-+il=- ti -i t
2 Br

(aq) + Cl
2

2Cl

(aq.) + Br
2
Br
2
+i i +i iii ,ii i+ l+i i-i t . +i l+ Br
2
~- iziin t -+ l+ Br
2
i n-i -ti ti -i t n =
+i Na
2
CO
3
+ ln- = ilt- l+i i-i t ti Br
2
~zii li- ti -i t -ii NaBr -ii NaBrO
3
+i lni -i-i
t ~ ln- +i ~-ni+ - -ii ~i=l- l+i i-i t l== zi z i ni- i-- ti -i t
3Br
2
+ 3Na
2
CO
3

5NaBr + NaBrO
3
+ 3CO
2
5NaBr + NaBrO
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4

5HBr + HBrO
3
+ 3Na
2
SO
4
5HBr + HBrO
3

3Br
2
+ 3H
2
O
niri :
(i) nin i i < i n n ~-zi ln t t Cl
2
=i ti: ii -i-i t
(Br
2
. 8H
2
O)

+ni iln+
(ii) zi i ~lil+i( . Cl
2
+ =ii =ni- t
i4ita (I
2
) :
fa :
(i) uii-4 ffri : 2NaI + 3H
2
SO
4
(conc.) + MnO
2

A
I
2
+ MnSO
4
+ 2NaHSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
(ii) +int ii ifa fnt ziii u (Crude chilli salt-petre) :
~ii i- +i n -zii - NaIO
3
(=i ln ~ii ) t i NaNO
3
(l-ni =i - i) + =ii + l- = i-- ti -i t NaIO
3
+n nizii n -l-i- ti -i t NaNO
3
+ l+-ni+i + z-i-. n n < . i NaIO
3
(ln ) +- t . t i-i t :=
ln- + ln( NaHSO
3
+i lnnii i-i t ti l+I
2
~-i l- ti -i t
2IO
3

+ 6HSO
3

2I

+ 6 SO
4
2
+ 6H
+
; 5I

+ IO
3

+ 6H
+

3I
2
+ 3 H
2
O
(iii) u<t sirii u :
+ z =n < i i i I

+i = n- Cl

-ii Br

+i -l-il- n . ~zii li- -ii =il-< - +- t =n < i i ii +i = ii + =+

- - n nii i-i t -ii i ii t i-i t t + - +tni-i t nn n + =ii ii + l-+i i = =i ln -ii
i lzin + +ni i:. +ii - . =-+ -ii ~ii i: ln ti i- t ln- +i =il-< - +- :=n = =ii i+
ti i- t -ii ln- n ~ii i: t i- t ln- +i ni t + l- + (retort) n MnO
2
-ii =i < H
2
SO
4
+ =ii
lnl- + nn l+i i-i t n +- ~ii i- +i ii +n n n <i izii n = il-- l+i i-i t :- izii +i (n n
+t- t
2NaI + MnO
2
+ 3H
2
SO
4

2NaHSO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ I
2
+ 2H
2
O
(iv) CuSO
4
+ 2KI K
2
SO
4
+ CuI
2
; 2CuI
2
Cu
2
I
2
+ I
2
t I
2
, KI n in+ KI
3
-i-i t -l+ I
3

~i- ini ti-i t. :=ln( ln- ini n ti i-i t

niri :
(i) t -ii- -ii nti n-i ai= t. i n n (tni-i n) == +n lnziin t nl+- KI
3
+ l-nii + +ii
KI(ni) n ~ -ii+ - ~li+ ln ziin t t CHCl
3
, CCl
4
:il< lni+i n ln t ~i n-i n i-- ti -i t
P-block Elements - 8
(ii) rirsi + uii fif+4i :
S
2
O
3
2
(iii=-+ ~i-) + I
2

S
4
O
6
2
(iiiin ~i-) + 2I

t ~lil+i ~ii i ln-i (=iii I

2
~- ni-) ~- ni- +i ~iii t i l+ -i- = -+ +i +- + ~ii i- +i nizii
l-ii i + ln( +in n ni i-i t
(iii) NH
3
+ uii fif+4i :
NH
3
(g) + I
2
+i: ~lil+i -ti
8NI
3
. NH
3

5N
2
+ 9 I
2
+ 6NH
4
I
(iv) KClO
3
ii KBrO
3
+ uii fif+4i :
2 KClO
3
+ I
2

A
2 KIO
3
+ Cl
2
; 2 KBrO
3
+ I
2

A
2KIO
3
+ Br
2
-<iti-21 (A) -ii (B) +i t-i- +il `
Br
2
+ OH

(nn) (A) + (B)

(A) + (B) + H
+
Br
2
(A) AgNO
3
+ =ii ini ~-i < -i t. i l+NH
3
ln- n i - i n-ziin t
Solution Br
2
+ OH

(hot) Br

+ BrO
3

Br

+ BrO
3

+ H
+

vklou
Br
2
rnia n (HCl, HBr aii HI) :
fa :
(i) a-i + utri u4ia + zii :
H
2
+ Cl
2

2HCl ; H
2
+ Br
2

Pt
2HBr ; H
2
+ I
2

C 450 , Pt
2HI
(ii) n + uii y+ rnir +i n +:
(a) NaCl + H
2
SO
4

C 150
NaHSO
4
+ HCl ; NaHSO
4
+ NaCl

C 550
Na
2
SO
4
+ HCl
t lli =i- + + lli +tni-i t +i l+ t NaHSO
4
=i- + + + l-ni i n +- ti -i t
HCl +i P
2
O
5
(P
4
O
10
) ~ii n t -- zi + -ti l+i i =+-i t - l+ t i=il-+ n n = +
=ii l+i +-i t
CaO + 2HCl

CaCl
2
+ H
2
O
P
4
O
10
+ 3HCl

POCl
3
+ 3HPO
3
~- HCl +i =i-< H
2
SO
4
n = ilt- + zi+ l+i i-i t
(b) HBr (~ii HI) +i =i-< H
2
SO
4
+ =ii i ni: (~ii i:) +i nn + ll-- -ti l+i i =+-i t +i l+
HBr ~ii HI n ~-i+ ti- t -ii :=ln( H
2
SO
4
+i SO
2
n ~-il- + <- t -ii - ini-
-ii ~ii i- n ~i+=i+ - ti i- t
KX + H
2
SO
4

KHSO
4
+ HX
H
2
SO
4
+ 2HX

SO
2
+ X
2
+ 2H
2
O (X = Br i I)
~- =i-< H
3
PO
4
+ =ii +nzi i ni: -ii ~ii i: +i nn + HBr -ii HI i-- l+i i-i t
3KBr(KI) + H
3
PO
4

K
3
PO
4
+ 3HBr (HI)
P-block Elements - 9
(iii) P
4
+t fif+4i zii (s4inziini ffri) :
P
4
+ 6Br
2
(6I
2
)

4PBr
3
(4PI
3
) (~lil+i ln- n ti -i<)
PBr
3
(PI
3
) + 3H
2
O

3HBr (HI) + H
3
PO
3
(iv) rnia + fn4a u H
2
S/ SO
2
+i sifra + :
H
2
S + X
2
2HX + S
SO
2
+ 2H
2
O + X
2
2HX + H
2
SO
4
niri :
(i) nti- ~-ni -i< + =ii -i n-i ini n = t
(ii) - -i n-i t ~i - ti n- n =ti-i +-i t
(iii) t i-i zi+ ti- lnn= +i: l+i -ti ti -i t nl+- ~i< -i +i -l-il- n -in lnn= +i
nin n <n+ ~-ni +l- <zii-i t HX n HI vn-n ~-n -ii HF == < n ~-n t
(iv) t n n ln ti - t
HCl l--- +i ~il-- ti-i t HCl(g) + H
2
O () H
3
O
+
(aq) + Cl

(aq) ; K
a
= 10
7
:=+i ni ln- ti: i +nii+ ~-n +tni-i t li - l-ii + (K
a
) +i --- ni- <lzi - +-i t l+
t n n (+ n ~-n t
=i-< HCl + -i- iin -ii =i < HNO
3
+ (+ iin +i lnni- ~-n i ((+i li) --i t i l+
=i- -ii -nl-n =i ~l+ ii-~i ( = =i-i. -n l-n) +i ii n- + ln( +in n nii ni t
Au + 4 H
+
+ NO
3

+ 4 Cl

[AuCl
4
]

+ NO + 2 H
2
O
3 Pt + 16 H
+
+ 4 NO
3

+ 18 Cl

3 [PtCl
6
]
2
+ 4 NO + 8 H
2
O
(v) ririni +i si4+ niri aii iif4-:
HCl : t +i+i -iii t -ii :=ln( n ~i+=i+i+i = MnO
2
, KMnO
4
, K
2
Cr
2
O
7
, PbO
2
, Pb
3
O
4
+ ,ii
~i +=i+ - ti -i t
(i) MnO
2
+ 4HCl

MnCl
2
+ 2H
2
O + Cl
2
(ii) 2KMnO
4
+ 16HCl

2KCl + 2MnCl
2
+ 8H
2
O + 5Cl
2
(iii) K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 14HCl

2KCl + 2CrCl
3
+ 7H
2
O + 3Cl
2
(iv) PbO
2
+ 4HCl

PbCl
2
+ 2H
2
O + Cl
2
; (v) Pb
3
O
4
+ 8HCl

3PbCl
2
+ 4H
2
O + Cl
2
:=ln( HCl <n ~-i+ ti-i t
HBr : t i<i -iii -ti ti -i t :=ln( ~li+ ~i=i-i = ~i +=i+ - ti -i t ~ii (+ n ~-i+ +i -t +i
+-i t HCl + -+- ~-i+ nii + =ii=ii t H
2
SO
4
+i ii SO
2
n ~-l- +-i t i l+HCl +
,ii -ti l+i i-i t
H
2
SO
4
+ HBr

SO
2
+ Br
2
+ 2H
2
O
inn n ni HBr +i i ni i- ~i+=i-. := ini- (in) n ~i+=i+- + <-i t
4HBr + O
2

2 Br
2
+ 2H
2
O
HI : t == +n -iii ti: i - t ni: t t ~i=i-i = ~i+=i+ - ti -i t -ii :=ln( t n- ~-i+
+i -t +i +-i t HCl + =ni- ~lil+i <zii - + ~l-l+- t. l--- ~lil+i( ii <zii -i t
(a) H
2
SO
4
+ 2HI

SO
2
+ I
2
+ H
2
O ; H
2
SO
4
+ 6HI

S + 3I
2
+ 4H
2
O;
H
2
SO
4
+ 8HI

H
2
S + 4I
2
+ 4H
2
O ;
(b) 2HNO
3
+ 2HI

2NO
2
+ I
2
+ 2H
2
O (c) 2HNO
2
+ 2HI

2NO + I
2
+ 2H
2
O
(d) HIO
3
+ 5HI

3I
2
+ 3H
2
O (e) K
2
S
2
O
8
+ 2HI

K
2
SO
4
+ I
2
+ H
2
SO
4
(f) 2FeCl
3
+ 2HI

2FeCl
2
+ I
2
+ 2HCl
~-n +i ni ln-. l< O
2
n l-+i l- ti -i t - t ~ii i- n ~i+=i+ - ti-i t
4HI + O
2

2I
2
+ 2H
2
O
(vi) riai4a +i aia +ai :
HCl : AgNO
3
+ HCl

AgCl+ (z-) + HNO
3
(CH
3
COO)
2
Pb + 2HCl

PbCl
2
+ (z -) + 2CH
3
COOH
2Hg(NO
3
)
2
+ 2HCl

Hg
2
Cl
2
+ (z-) + 2HNO
3
HBr : AgNO
3
+ HBr

AgBr+ (t-+i ini) + HNO
3
P-block Elements - 10
(CH
3
COO)
2
Pb + 2HBr

PbBr
2
+ (z -) + 2CH
3
COOH
HI : AgNO
3
+ HI

AgI + (-n+ini ini) + HNO
3
(CH
3
COO)
2
Pb + 2HI

PbI
2
+ (ini) + 2CH
3
COOH
HgCl
2
+ 2HI

HgI
2
+ (l=-<i nin) + 2HCl
HI, CuSO
4
+ =ii l+i + + l + ~iii:(HCl ~ii HBr ,ii -ti ) + l-ni i n ~ii i- n +- +-i t
2CuSO
4
+ 4HI

2CuI
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
; 2CuI
2

Cu
2
I
2
+ I
2
as4in :
1. HCl +i Cl
2
, +ni i:. ~-n i. n +i = (+i - -i- = ). ~i ili. i nziini ~li+n + + l-ni i n =i -ln ~ii -
n - +- = tn ii- =-t +i =i+ +- n +- l+i i-i t :=+i -i n tli = -ii n ti- -ii ~l-i
-i+i n +i ziz +- n l+i i-i t
2. =i ln i ni: -ii i lzin ini: = ini-- -i- + ln( HBr +i i nziini ~li+n+ + n
+- l+i i-i t
3. +i l-+ =i- n HI +i ~-i+ + n +- +- t
ririsnif+ n [H
2
F
2
, HF] :
fa :
H
2
-ii F
2
(+< = + =ii t - ziii -i = = i l- ti + (ti -+ l+ ~ i n ii) HF +i l-ni i +- t :=+i -i-
+ ln( =ini- llii +in n - n + llzi llii +- +i i-i t
(i) s4inziini ffri :
+i = il-zi + =ii t ( +i i n zi + i lzin ti: i - +n ~i i: +i nn + l- n HF i-- l+i i-i t
KHF
2

A
KF + HF
(ii) iuifn+ ffri :
=i-< H
2
SO
4
+ =ii +ni -i (CaF
2
) +i nn + HF +i -ii i =+-i t
CaF
2
+ H
2
SO
4

CaSO
4
+ 2HF
ni HF +i - + ln = -ii+ t ~- := ni n +i ~-- nni -i i ni - n +i i -n n = n ti- l+i i-i t +i -
~ii l=ln+i i -n n HF t l--- +i l+i +-i t
Na
2
SiO
3
+ 6HF

Na
2
SiF
6
+ 3H
2
O ; CaSiO
3
+ 6HF

CaSiF
6
+ 3H
2
O
SiO
2
+ 4HF

SiF
4
+ 2H
2
O ; SiF
4
+ 2HF

H
2
SiF
6
l=ln+i (l=ln+) HF +i := l+i = +i- -+ii- +i +in l+i i-i t +i- +i =-t l= -+ii-
+i +in l+i i-i t tn nin = lni l- + -z-i- ni n +i: li- ii -+ -ii i-i t l+ l=+i
:= 40%HF ln- = ~li+- l+i i-i t
niri :
(i) t (+ nti-. -iii n i + =ii = -ii+ < t l=+i ti:i - -i- + +ii --- +i-i + ti -i t
(ii) =iiii ll-il-i + ~-- n- zi + HF ii- ~i l+i -ti +-i t . K+ ~l-l+- n l+- n +i -l-il- n ti: i -
n = +i n +- +- + =ii ii- ~i +i ii n-i t
(iii) t (+ < n l,-iii ~-n(n HF -i + +ii) t -ii ni +i <i ii -i- t
NaOH + H
2
F
2

NaHF
2
+ H
2
O ; NaHF
2
+ NaOH

2NaF + H
2
O
(iv) HF, CCl
4
+ =ii ii ~lil+i ++ l+~i - -i- t
CCl
4
+ HF

CFCl
3
+ HCl ; CFCl
3
+ HF

CF
2
Cl
2
+ HCl
P-block Elements - 11
-<iti-22 (a) HCl +i ni t + nti- - i + =ii l+i +ii i-i t -i t + = +ni i: --i t -ii + l+
+ni i: -ti --i t +i `
(b) HClO(ti:i +ni= ~-nHOCl) -in lnn= +i nin + <-i t nl+- + z =n z-i- ln-
nti- ti i-i t
Solution (a) t H
2
n = -i-i t
Fe + 2 HCl

FeCl
2
+ H
2
.
ti:i- + l-+il=- ti- = +l+ +nii: --i + i-i t
(b) HOCl +i ~-ni + l- (Cl
2
+H
2
OHOCl + HCl) + +ii t -in lnn= +i nin n <n < -i
t . n l+- t l + - i (~i+=i+i+) ii ti -i t . :=ln( t nin lnn= +i nti- + < -i t
ni ta + i uir :
nita iriuir (ClO
2
) :
fa :
(i) 2 NaClO
3
+ SO
2
+ H
2
SO
4
2ClO
2
+ 2NaHSO
4
=i ln i lzin +ni i +i i n l+i i =+-i t
(ii) 2KClO
3
+ 2 H
2
C
2
O
4

C 90
2ClO
2
(g) + 2CO
2
(g) + K
2
C
2
O
4
+ 2H
2
O
(iii) 2AgClO
3
+ Cl
2

C 90
2AgCl
+
(z-) + 2ClO
2
+ O
2
(iv) Cl
2
O
6
+ N
2
O
4
ClO
2
+ [NO
2
+
] [ClO
4

]
(v) 2HClO
3
+ 2HCl

2ClO
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
niri :
(i) +n + -i ini n= t. i n n ln ti+ -ni --- +-i t -ii nt t n +i ln- <-i t
ClO
2

k izdk'
ClO + [O]
t +ni i- +i ~ -ii ~-zi +ili -izi+ t
(ii) iia + uii fif+4i : 2ClO
2
+ 2O
3

+
H
Cl
2
O
6
(ini ai =) + 2O
2
i: +nii- t+=i~i+=i:
:= ~lil+i n O
3
(+ ~i+=i+i+ +i -t +i +-i t
ClO
3
, NaOHn ln ti + +ni i: -ii +ni -i-i t
Cl
2
O
6
(ai =) HClO
3
HClO
4
+i lnl- (-ti: i: t +i l+ n n i n- t :- <i ~-ni +i lni < -i
t
Cl
2
O
6
+ 2NaOH

2NaClO
3
+ NaClO
4
+ H
2
O.
Cl
2
O
6
ai = ~-ii n ClO
2
+
-ii ClO
4

+ n lni- t-i t
(iii) +iit4H
2
O
2
+ uii fif+4i :
:= ~lil+i n H
2
O
2
(+ ~-i+ +i -t +i +-i t -ii ClO
2
+i ClO
2

n ~-l- +-i t
H
2
O
2

2H
+
+ O
2
+ 2e

+ ClO
2

ClO
2

] 2

H
2
O
2
+ 2ClO
2

2ClO
2

+ 2H
+
+ O
2

i H
2
O
2
+ 2ClO
2
+ 2OH

2ClO
2

+ 2H
2
O + O
2
P-block Elements - 12
(iv) HI + uii fif+4i :
:= ~lil+i n HI ~-i+ + n +i +-i t l+ ClO
2
+i Cl

n ~-l- +-i t -ii - +i I

2
n ~i +=i+ -
+-i t
[5e

+ 4 H
+
+ ClO
2

Cl

+ 2H
2
O] 2
[2I

I
2
+ 2e

] 5

2ClO
2
+ 8H
+
+ 10 I

5I
2
+ 2Cl

+ 4H
2
O

irnita iaiiuir (Cl

2
O) :
fa :
2Cl
2
+ + HgO 2 (-ii -i ~-i. ii)
C 300
HgCl
2
. HgO+ Cl
2
O
niri :
Cl
2
Oin i n +i n= t i l+ n n ln t
3Cl
2
O + 10NH
3

6NH
4
Cl + 2N
2
+ 3H
2
O
Cl
2
O + 2NaOH

2NaOCl + H
2
O
f+ i (CaOCl
2
.H
2
O)
l + - i . + l-zin +ni i ti:i +ni i: ii +tni-i t +i l+ t ti: i +ni l+ ~-n -ii ti:i +ni = ~-n + (+
lnl- ni + n ni-i i-i t
Ca(OCl)Cl :
fa
Ca(OH)
2
+ Cl
2

C
0
40
Ca(OCl)Cl + H
2
O
niri
(i) t t-+i ini - i t :=n +ni i- +i n n i ti -i t t n n ln t n l+- ~zi lzi +i -l-il- + +ii :=+i
--z ln- i-- -ti ti -i t
(ii) n- =n -+ i- t -- ~i+=i+i ,ii +l-zin +ni -ii + l-zin +nii: n ll- - ti i-i t
6 CaOCl
2
Ca(CIO
3
)
2
+ 5 CaCl
2
(iii) 2 CaOCl
2

2
CoCl
2 CaCl
2
+ O
2
(iv) -- ~-n +i + z nizii +i -l-il- n t ~i+=i- n +- +-i t
2 CaOCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
CaCl
2
+ CaSO
4
+ 2 HClO
HClO HCl + O
l+iziin ~i+=i- +i -ni-i + ~iii t ~i+=i+i -ii l + n i <zii -i t
(a) ~i +=i+i+ n i
CaOCl
2
+ H
2
S CaCl
2
+ H
2
O + S
CaOCl
2
+ 2 KI + 2 HCl CaCl
2
+ 2 KCl + H
2
O + I
2
3 CaOCl
2
+ 2 NH
3
3 CaCl
2
+ 3 H
2
O + N
2
t NO
2

+i NO
3

n, AsO
3
3
+i AsO
4
3
n -ii Fe
2+
+i Fe
3+
n (~-ni nin n) ~i+=i+- + <-i t
(b) l+ l+i
ni- <ii + [O] nti- -i<
(v) l + - i +i -- ~-n ~ii CO
2
+ =ii l+i +ii i-i t t +ni i- n +- +-i t
CaOCl
2
+ 2 HCl CaCl
2
+ H
2
O + Cl
2
CaOCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
CaSO
4
+ H
2
O + Cl
2
CaOCl
2
+ CO
2
CaCO
3
+ Cl
2
P-block Elements - 13
HNO
3
i l+ n ~i+=i+i+ ~-n t . +i l+i CaOCl
2
= -ti +i: i-i
asn-ri nita +i sf+na :
ni-i l+ l + - i + -n - +i ii = W g t . +i := (+ i+ l=n (=il+ (l= ln- -ii ~ili+ n KI ti
n lnnii i-i t. l=n ini i i ln- (I
3

) --i t
I
2
+ I

I
3

~ -i- ln- +i + z < :=n lnnii i-i t (+ nt- -ini n l-i- ti -i t ~ ti:i +i ~- ni+ +
n +- l+i i-i t . -ii t ~i-- l+ln- l+i i-i t . ti -ini n n -- ti i-i t
uf-ria fif+4i :
CaOCl
2
+ 2CH
3
COOH (CH
3
COO)
2
Ca + H
2
O+ Cl
2
Cl
2
+ 2KI 2KCl + I
2
I
2
+ 2S
2
O
3
2
S
4
O
6
2
+ 2I

sf+na : %Cl =
100
W
71
2
1
] V M [

gkbiks gkbiks
(vi) l+ - i (=ii - ~ii (lin (-+i tin +i CHCl
3
n ll- - + <-i t
CaOCl
2
+ H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
+ Cl
2
CH
3
COCH
3
+ 3 Cl
2
CCl
3
COCH
3
+ 3 HCl
2 CCl
3
COCH
3
+ Ca(OH)
2
(CH
3
COO)
2
Ca +2 CHCl
3
r ni a + iutn:
HOX it :
rirsisniu n [HOF] :
t - +n -i ai = N
2
+ ~l+iziin ni- < n F
2
-ii H
2
O+i n + + :- n =i +i +ilzi+ ~i- ,ii HOF
+i -ii i-i t
F
2
+ H
2
O
hv
HOF + HF
- ni- lli ~ii ~ii l-+ lli, 0C + F
2
n = +i ilt- + -- in -i< +i a i+ n (+lzi- l+i
i-i t
H
2
O + F
2
40C
HOF + HF
HOCl, HOBr -ii HOl t - ~li+ -ii: -ti t -ii + n ni ln- n -iii t
rirsiniu n [HClO] :
fa :
(i) ~-n +i + n ln- + n ti n i-i i-i t . := +ni i- n + =ii HgO+ ~-i i +i ltni+ i-- l+i
i-i t
2HgO+ 2Cl
2
+ H
2
O

Hg
2
OCl
2
(n+ i +i ~i+=i+nii:) + 2HClO
P-block Elements - 14
(ii) =il+ = . := l + - i + l-n-- n = CO
2
+i ilt- + i-- l+i i-i t -ii l+ :=+i ~i=l- l+i
i-i t
2CaOCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2

CaCl
2
+ CaCO
3
+ 2HClO
~i=- + +n n . ~li+-n 25%=i-< -i i-- ti -i t ~-n :=+ (-ti: i: Cl
2
On lil- ti i-i t
2HOCl

H
2
O + Cl
2
O
niri :
(i) t (+ < n ~-n t :=+i =i l< - ln- +i n ini ti -i t l+ -- ln- nti- t t ~-iii t -ii l---
v+i lil- ti -i t
2HClO

2HCl + O
2
(ii) t ti:i - + l-+i=- + =ii n-ilzin +i iin-i t
Mg + 3HClO

Mg(ClO)
2
+ H
2
(iii) -ii + =ii. t ni -i-i t i ti:i +ni i: +tni-i t
(iv) t (+ n ~i+=i+i+ -ii l + +i+ t :=+i +ii :=n = ~i=i-i = -i- ~i+=i- +i l-+n-i t
HClO

HCl + O
HXO
2
it :
niu n [HClO
2
] :
fa :
n n l-nl-- ln +ni i: +i H
2
SO
4
+ =ii --il- l+i i-i t - ni ln- n t vi-- ti-i
t ~ln ln =-+ +i zi- lni i-i t
Ba(ClO
2
)
2
+ H
2
SO
4

BaSO
4
+ 2HClO
2
niri :
(i) -ii -ii ni ln- nti- ti -i t n l+- ziii ti t ClO
2
n li l- ti i-i t i ln- +i ini + < -i t
5 HClO
2

4 ClO
2
+ HCl + 2H
2
O
(ii) HClO
2
+ ni. +ni i: +tni- t -ii t l--- llii n = l+=i ii. (+ ,ii -ii i-i t
2ClO
2
+ 2NaOH

NaClO
2
+ NaClO
3
+ H
2
O
2ClO
2
+ Na
2
O
2

2NaClO
2
+ O
2
+ni i: =ini-- l + + =ni- -i n n ln( i- t t -iii ln- n -iii t -ii ln- +i nn +-
ii -iii t -- ~-ni ln- n . t lini- i-- (~=ni- i--) ~lil+i <zii - t lzi i- ln- nn l+i
i-i t
5HClO
2

4ClO
2
+ HCl + 2H
2
O -ii 4HClO
2

2ClO
2
+ HClO
3
+ HCl + H
2
O
(iii) ~-n KI = ~ii i- n +- +-i t
4KI + HClO
2
+ 2H
2
O

4KOH + HCl + 2I
2
HXO
3
it :
nif+ n [HClO
3
] :
fa :
:= ~-n +i + n ln- n i-i i-i t ln +ni -- H
2
SO
4
+i l+i ,ii := ~-n +i -ii i-i t
Ba (ClO
3
)
2
+ H
2
SO
4

BaSO
4
+ + 2HClO
3
.
P-block Elements - 15
~lil+i + z-i-, BaSO
4
+i zi-+ i+ +- t -ii zl-- +i , 40%ln- i-- ti - -+ l-i - n ii+ - l+i
i-i t l ~in =i-< i +i l+i ii+i ,ii. li- + =ii ti -i t
3HClO
3

HClO
4
+ Cl
2
+ 2O
2
+ H
2
O
HBrO
3
+i Ba(BrO
3
)
2
+i -i n ++ =ni- lli ,ii -ii i =+-i t
niri :
=il-< - ~-n nti- -ii -i n-i ini < ti -i t t +izi n li l- ti i-i t l+ ii t ~ i n -iii ti -i
t t +izi n n ~i +=i+i+ -ii l + +i -t +i +-i t . +i -. -- ~il< = +i l-+ <ii . ~-n
+ =ii =-+ n ~i- ~in + n - t
HClO
3
, SO
2
+i SO
3
n ~i+=i+- +-i t
HClO
3
+ 3SO
2

HCl + 3SO
3
HClO
3
+i zi + ti - -+ il- l+i i-i t . - li l- ti + ClO
2
< -i t
4HClO
3

4ClO
2
(g) + 2H
2
O(g) + O
2
(g)
HBrO
3
, ~li+ -iii -ti t n l+- t ln- n -ii ni + n ai- t
HlO
3
+i l-ni i. HNO
3
i O
3
+ ,ii I
2
+ ~i +=i+i = ti -i t
8H
+
+ 10NO
3

+ I
2

2IO
3

+ 10NO
2
+ 4H
2
O
lO
3

, I

+i I
2
n ~i+=i+- +-i t
lO
3

+ 5I

+ 6H
+

3l
2
+ 3H
2
O
~ii l+ ~-n -iii t -ii z - (z -) ai = + n ~l-- i-i t
2KClO
3
2
MnO
C 150

2KCl + 3O
2
4KClO
3

de rki
3KClO
4
+ KCl (-+ +i ~-l-il- n)
2Zn(ClO
3
)
2

A
2ZnO+ 2Cl
2
+ 5O
2
+ni . ~il-ziii n +- ti - t
snif+ n [HCIO
4
] :
fa :
(i) t +ni i- + == -iii ~i +=i ~-n t := vi-- +- + ln i lzin +ni (KClO
4
) +i 96-97.5%H
2
SO
4
+ =ii +n <i -ii 90-160C-i ~i=- l+i i-i t := v+i l-n HCIO
4
vi-- ti -i t
KCIO
4
+ H
2
SO
4

KHSO
4
+ HCIO
4
(ii) -- H
2
SO
4
+i l-lz-- nizii + =ii Ba(CIO
4
)
2
( ln +ni ) +i l+i ,ii ~-n +i (+ ni ln- i-- l+i
i-i t ~ln i ln =-+ +i zi-+ i+ l+i i-i t
Ba(CIO
4
)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+
+ 2HClO
4
(iii) NaClO
3
+ H
2
O
is Electrolys
ClO
4

+ 2H
+
+ 2e

(iv) NH
4
ClO
4
+ HNO
3

HClO
4
+ NH
4
NO
3
(v) 4CIO
3

A
3ClO
4

+ CI

(vi) HClO
4
. 2H
2
O+ 2H
2
S
2
O
7

HClO
4
(~-i< HClO
4
+ n i-- ti-i t ) + 2H
2
SO
4
niri :
(i) l-ni+- HClO
4
+n nti- < t i l+ i- nti +ini ti i-i t t ~i< i n i n -i-i t
(ii) t (+ n-n ~-n t -ii l--- +i = ~i-i+ - ti-i t
HClO
4

H
+
+ ClO
4

(iii) t ~li+- ii- ~i +i ii n-i t

P-block Elements - 16
Zn + 2HClO
4
Zn(ClO
4
)
2
+ H
2
(iv) nn =i-< ~-n (73%) (+ ~i+=i+i+ + =ni- ti +-i t
4HClO
4
2Cl
2
+ 7O
2
+ 2H
2
O
(v) 2HClO
4
+ P
2
O
5
2HPO
3
+ Cl
2
O
7
Mg (ClO
4
)
2
zi + ii n +- ti -i t -ii (+ iii ~-i< +ii (-ti: i - +tni-i t KClO
4
~il-ziii -ii +n
(flares) n +- ti -i t
-<iti-23 CaOCl
2
ni ln- n . Cl
2
n ll-- ti i-i t. t l- - l+= v+i +i t
Solution CaOCl
2
+ H
2
O

Ca(OH)
2
+ Cl
2
li += ~lil+i
-<iti-24 A, B -ii C +i t-i- +il `
Solution
-<iti-25 l--- n = +i-=i lnl- (-ti:i: t `
(A) P
4
O
10
(B) SO
3
(C) Cl
2
O
6
(D) SO
2
Solution (C) Cl
2
O
6
+i n n iini i-i t -i HClO
3
-ii HClO
4
-i- t :=ln( t lnl- (-ti: i: t
-<iti-26 l--- n + + ln( -l-- +ii <il(
(a) Cl
2
+i KI ln- n lnni- t (+ i i n < -i t n l+- Cl
2
+i ~ili+ := nti- -i < -i t
(b) +ni l+ ~-n. =-+ l+ ~-n +i ~ -ii ~li+ n ~-n t
(c) HI +i =i-< H
2
SO
4
+ =ii NaI +i nn + -ti -ii i =+-i t
Solution (a) Cl
2
,I
2
+i ~ -ii (+ n ~i +=i+i+ ti -i t . tn -i KI +i I
2
n ~i +=i+ - l+i i-i t i ln-
+ i n ii in-i t l+-- Cl
2
+i ~ili+ n lnnii i-i t -i -ii ni I
2
~in HIO
3
(nti-) n ~i+=i+ - ti i-i t
2KI (aq) + Cl
2
(g)

2KCl (aq) + I
2
(s) ; 5Cl
2
+ I
2
+ 6H
2
O

10HCl + 2HIO
3
(b) HClO
4
n Cl +i ~i +=i+i ~-ii +7 t -ii H
2
SO
4
n S +i +6 ti -i t (Cl, S +i ~ -ii ~li+
l -+iin+ t ) :=+ liin- ClO
3
i l+ HClO
4
+i iin t . i l+. H
2
SO
4
n SO
2
, +i - n-i
n ~i=i-i = OH i +i -i + vi i - n +- +-i t ~- HClO
4
, H
2
SO
4
= n ~-n t
(c) HI (+ n ~-i+ t t H
2
SO
4
+i SO
2
n ~-l- +-i t -ii - I
2
n ~i +=i+ - ti i-i
t
P-block Elements - 17
NaI + H
2
SO
4

NaHSO
4
+ HI] 2
H
2
SO
4
+ 2HI

SO
2
+ I
2
+ 2H
2
O

2NaI + 3H
2
SO
4

2NaHSO
4
+ I
2
+ 2H
2
O + SO
2
+ si +
(a) ~-ni =in
(i) HI > HBr > HCl > HF (ii) HOCl > HOBr > HOI (iii) HClO
4
> HClO
3
>HClO
2
> HClO
(b) ~i+=i+i+ =in
(i) F
2
> Cl
2
> Br
2
> I
2
(ii) BrO
4

> IO
4

> ClO
4

(:n + i li + ~- =i)
(c) lini-i-i+i +i +n
3 XO

2X

+ XO
3

(ti:itni: ~i-) ; IO

> BrO

> ClO

< rnia aii < rnir:

<i ~ii ~li+ nii ~i = - + z ~+i l-+ i ln+ l-n +n = +n (+ Nti -i t -<itii i =i-i - (CN)
2
,
iii=i-i-. (SCN)
2
=ln-i=i-i-, (SeCN)
2
(i:i+i-i:=-+i:, (SCSN
3
)
2
, ~+il-+ iln+ tni- +
=ni- ti +- t -ii z<n t ni - ai = +tni- t tni- =ni- niin i- in ~i- ii ti- t i l+
z<n tni: ~i- +tni- t. -<iti (CN

) =i-i:~i-. (SCN

) iii=i-i: ~i-, (SeCN

) =ln-i=i-
~i-, (OCN

) =i- ~i-, (NCN

2
) =i-ni: ~i-, (N
3

) (i: ~i- :l<

-arnia 4ifn+ :
tn i-- t . l+ t ni - nii ~i +i li--li-- l - +i-i ti -i t := -+i-i n ~-- + +ii t ni - nii
(+< = + =ii = i l- ti - t -ii l,i+i =t= i i i ln+ -i- t . i ~--t ni - i ln+ +tni- t t -i
+i + ti - t
AB AB
3
AB
5
AB
7
ClF ClF
3
ClF
5
lF
7
BrF BrF
3
BrF
5
ICl ICl
3
IF
5
IF IF
3
fa :
(i) tni- + =ii =i- ,ii :
Cl
2
+ F
2
(=ni- ~i--)
K 473
2ClF ; Cl
2
+ 3F
2
(~ili+)
K 573
2ClF
3
;
I
2
+ Cl
2

2ICl ;
(=nnin)
n + =ii --+i : Br
2
(g) + 3F
2

2BrF
3
F
2
+i N
2
+ =ii -- l+i i-i t : I
2
+ 3F
2

C 78
2IF
3
F
2
+i +i~i- n lni i-i t : Br
2
+ 5F
2
(~ili+)

2BrF
5
IF
7
+i I
2
-ii F
2
+ =ii =i- ,ii ll-- -ti l+i i =+-i t
(ii) faaa -arniai u :
ClF + F
2

ClF
3
; ClF
3
+ F
2
(~ili+)

C 350
ClF
5
BrF
3
+ F
2
(~ili+)

C 200
BrF
5
; IF
5
+ F
2

C 270
IF
7
P-block Elements - 18
:= lli +i t ni - +n ~i i: -i- n =ini-- +- l+i i-i t
(iii) -4 ffri4i :
6HCl + KIO
3
+ 2KI

2KCl + 3H
2
O + 3ICl
Cl
2
+ ClF
3

C 350 250
3CIF ; KCl + 3F
2

C 200
KF + ClF
5
3l
2
+ 5AgF

5Agl + lF
5
; 8F
2
+ PbI
2

PbF
2
+ 2lF
7
niri :
(i) i ln+ n =. < ~ii ai = ti =+- t
n= : ClF, BrF, ClF
3
, IF
7
; < : BrF
3
, BrF
5
; ai= : ICl, IBr, IF
3
, ICl
3
.
(ii) ~-- t ni - i +n ~i i- +- t . nti- ti - t n l+- ~--t ni -. i l+ iii t ni - +- t . ni- ti -
t i ln+ + ~il+ ii n lz + =ii n +i -i -i (nti-) c -i t
(iii) =ii ~-- tni- +i +l- =t=ii -ii l---+i t i-i t +il+ -l-i- li- -ii ~li- =ii
:n+i- ln- ti- t
(iv) A -ii Bnii + i- - +i-i ~-- n lz + =ii +i-i + n lz ti -i t
(v) A-ii Bnii ~i + i- - +i-i ~-- n +ni + =ii AB +i + ~--t ni - i ln+ +i -ii -iil
+n ti-i t IF > BrF > ClF > ICl > IBr > BrCl.
A B-i +i i -i l--i ~li+ ti -i t ~--t ni - +i -iil ---i ti ~li+ ti-i t
(vi) ~--tni- iln+ --+ nn t ni-i = ~li+ l+iziin ti- t nl+- F
2
= +n l+iziin ti- t
ICl + 2Na

NaI + NaCl
+z ~--tni-i +i l+iziin-i +i +n l--- +i t
ClF
3
> BrF
3
> IF
7
> BrF
5
> BrF.
(vii) nsiaa t =ii n ~il- ti+ tni: ~i-. i l+ zi t ni- nii +i -- t -ii
ti:itni: ( AB) tni: ( AB
3
), tn ( AB
5
), -ii tn ( AB
7
) ~i- <- t. il+
tni- nii + -- t
AB + H
2
O

HB + HOA
BrCl + H
2
O

HCl + HOBr ; ICl + H
2
O

HCl + HIO
ICl
3
+ 2H
2
O

3HCl + HIO
2
; IF
5
+ 3H
2
O

5HF + HIO
3
IF
7
+ 6H
2
O

7HF + H
5
IO
6
; BrF
5
+ 3H
2
O

5HF + HBrO
3
n ~i- + <i i- Anii +i ~i+=i+i ~-ii ll- - -ti ti -i t
(viii) ~iil+ -ii iil+ ~i +=i:i + =ii ~lil+i
4BrF
3
+ 3SiO
2

3SiF
4
+ 2Br
2
+ 3O
2
; 4BrF
3
+ 2WO
3

2WF
6
+ 2Br
2
+ 3O
2
(x) -ii ii- t ni:i + =ii ~lil+i :
IBr + NaBr

NaIBr
2
; ICl
3
+ KCl

KICl
4
as4in :
t i ln+ ~ni lni+i +i -t -i n n ni i =+- t ~--t ni- iln+ t - -i ni t +n~i i-i+i
~li+n+ ti- t ClF
3
-ii BrF
3
+i -in l-n
235
U + =i- t- UF
6
+ -i<- n l+i i-i t
U(s) + 3 ClF
3
(l) UF
6
(g) + 3 ClF (g)
P-block Elements - 19
-<iti-27 z<n tni:. ilntni: -ii ~--tni- +i =ti +n l--- t
(A) BrI
2

, OCN

, IF
5
(B) IF
5
, BrI
2

, OCN

(C) OCN

, IF
5
, BrI
2

(D) OCN

, BrI
2

, IF
5
Solution OCN

z<n tni: BrI

2

ilnt ni: -ii IF

5
~--t ni - t :=ln( l+- [D] =ti t
ur 18 + a- : (zi-4 ur sfi)
=nt 18 n z - t tilnn. l-~i-. ~in -. l+-i-. i-i- -ii i- =ii n = t -ii i=il-+ = ~l+
t t- +n iln+ -i- t :=i +ii :-t -+ n= +t- t
asn-riai
i - + ~l-l+- ~- =ii -+ n = i n n n i: i-i t ~i-- + ~- =i. :-+i zi + i n it --i nnin
1%t l=n ~in- ni ~ t tilnn -ii +ii+ii l-~i- liini -l-i + il-i n i( i- t =
l-n -. ni - i:. +nii: tilnn +i n ~i i ln+ -zii - i+ l-+ n = t i-i - -ii i - := =n t + < n i-n
- t i-. ln (
226
Ra) +i li- -i< t
Ra
226
88

Rn
222
86
+ He
4
2
i n =i li+ il+-i ini zi - li +i - ~in - t i n ~l+ n =i + i i- +i it --i +n l--- t
Ar > Ne > Kr > He > Xe.
rnaifa+ f-4iu
tilnn + ~l-l+- =ii -+ n =i +i =ini- :n + i l-+ l-i= ns
2
np
6
ti -i t i l+ tilnn + ln( 1s
2
t (=iii)
-+ n =i + t- = n i l-n ~l+ +l- ziilnn t. --+i i l- +izi =--i + +ii ti-i t
i4aa y-ist
-iii :n + il-+ l-i= + +ii n =i +i ~i-- (-i -i t - ~li+ ti -i t nil+ ~i+i n lz + =ii =n t
n -i- +i ~i c- t +n ti-i i-i t
sii fi4i
nii +ni + n lz + =ii=ii =nt n -i- +i ~i nii lzii n lz ti -i t
rnaia nri y-ist
-+ n=i +i -iii :n+ il-+ l-i= ti- + +ii :-+i l-i :n+i- nti +- +i -ti ti-i t. ~- :-+i
:n + i- n ti (-i -i +i ni- ~li+ i-in+ ti -i t
iifa+ ni
=ii -+ n = (+ niil+ t nti- -ii -i<ti- ti -i t n n ~- ln t :-+ nn-i + -ii +i-i +
~li+ - - ti - t . +i l+ :- -i n (+ nizi ~ -nil+ ~-i -l+i < n l-i i ni + +ii ti -i t ai-
<iii n tilnn +i +i-i + (4.2 K) l----n ti -i t tilnn n i nziini n +- ti- in =iiii <iii . =
l+ . +i - -ii -nil-+ n = l=l- ti - +i ~=ini- n i ii i-i t
uiit : 8
sif+ aii iifa+ ni
rRo
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
i j ek. kqekad
2 10 18 36 54
i j ek. koh; nzO; eku
4 20.18 39.10 83.80 131.30
bySDVkWfud vfHkfoU; kl 1s
2
[He] 2s
2
2p
6
[Ne] 3s
2
3p
6
[Ar] 3d
10
4s
2
4p
6
[Kr] 4d
10
5s
2
5p
6
i j ek. kqf=kT; k
(pm) 120 160 190 200 220
vk; uu , UFkSYi h
/ (kJ mol
1
) 2372 2080 1520 1351 1170
?kuRo
(STP
i j
)/g cm
3
1.8 10
4
9.0 10
4
1.8 10
3
3.7 10
3
5.9 10
3
xyukad fcUnq
/ K 24.6 83.8 115.9 161.3
DoFkukad fcUnq
/ K 4.2 27.1 87.2 119.7 165.0
P-block Elements - 20
iui4fa+ ni :
=ini--i -+ n = == +n l+iziin ti -i t :-+i i=il-+ ~lil+i + l- ~l+-i + l--- +ii ln( i- t
(i) -+ n=i + =i +-i +i zi +i i il- :n+ il-+ l-i= ns
2
np
6
ti -i t [tilnn n (1S
2
)]
(ii) :-+i ~i-- (-i -i ~li+ ti -i t -ii :n + i- nli (-i -i ~li+ i-in+ ti -i t
:-+i ii + =n = ti :-+i =l+-i =n=n ii i-i ti t . -- :-+ i ln+ -i- + =ii i= +i+i
=n -+ ~=+n t ni- 1962 n -in n - . i l+ -= =n l lzi +i nli lzlin n i. (+ -+
n = +i l+iziin-i l-i- +i --ti - tn (+ nin n +i i ln+ l-ln - l+i l= O
2
+
PtE
6

= zi = <zii i i =+-i
t --ti - ~- i l+i l+ ~i +=i- +i in ~i-- (-i -i (1175 kJ mol
1
) l-i - (1170 kJ mol
1
) + nnin i
t --ti - Xe + :=i +i + i ln+ -i- +i i= l+i ~i Xe -ii PtF
6
+i lnni+ nin n + (+ < = i ln+
Xe
+
PtF
6

+ l--i n =+n-i i-- +i

:= ii + z-i- i-i- + t- = i ln+. n i = ~li+ l-+iin+-i in +n~i i- ( ~i+=i- -i
+ =ii. = zn li- l+( n( t
l+-i - + t - +n i ln+ ai- t + n l+-i - i:+n ~i i: (KrF
2
) +i l-- - ~- l+i ni t i - + i ln+i
(e.g., RnF
2
) +i i++i -ti ti ii t -- :-+i t-i- ii li ~- ai+ ( li =) -+-i+ ,ii +i n: t
Ar, Ne -ii He +i +i : ii i--l+ i ln+ ai- -ti t
l< 4.2 K tilnn +i =-il- + ~i < l- + -i t He(I) < -i-i t t =iiii < i +i -t +i < t
n l+- l< := 2.2 K - ai l+i i-i t - t He(II) < -i-i t i l+ = -n +tni-i t +i l+ t
t < t l=+ n i n = + =ni- t t izi +i <ii + =ti -c+ it ~i i-i t :=+i -ii -in+-i ---
ti -i t -ii zi--i t - +n ti -i t
~l+ n=i + iln+ l--- <i +i + ti- t
nia 4ifn+ :
n +i l+-n = --i = -i n l =ni- ll+-i n ~l+ n = + ~i li- ti i- t + + l-ni i + <i i-.
+ +i l+-n = --i n n ~i ,ii -i n l =ni- ll+-i n Xe nii +i ii i-i t := +i i--
i ln+ +n i i ln+ +tni- t ti +i : i=il-+ -i -ti ti -i t t i ln+ +i : l-lz-- i=il-+ = zi -ti i-
t n l+- t nnin 6 n + ~i : 1 ~l+ n = +i ~i ~-i- i- t ll+-i +i ~i+i. -i n n = + nii
= ii i zi i ti -i t ~- +i l-+ < = +i i:ti: i +=i -i- (-<iti + ln( +i-in) ii := +i + i ln+
-i- t zi ~i+i +i -i n n = He -ii Ne +n i i ln+ -ti -i- t . +i l+. n = + nii +i ~i+i :--i zi i
ti -i t l+ t -- ini ll+-ii = ~i=i-i = ni- + =+- t + n i i ln+ -ilil+ l(+i n --- ti -
in Kr -ii Xe + =n-iil-+i + ln(. i-- = -=nt +i -ii- <i- +- t
-<iti-28 -+ (-i n) n= +i -in <il ` i l+.
(A) i nn (i-ii) n =i li+ ii i-i t
(B) ---n +i -i+ l-< i-i t
Solution (A) ~in-
(B) tilnn (+ niii+ ~i~i + n ~l-- i-i t. -ii < n iin ni ,ii =ii=ii
t- t :- i i n ni n ~i+i n lz + =ii=ii lz ti -i t -ii := v+i. He = Rn -+ +i-i +
l-< n lz ti-i t := v+i He ---n +i-i + l-< i-i t
-<iti-29 +n i i ln+ +i -i ln-i +i t `
Solution := ~l+ n = lni i l+ He -ii Xe i-i t . +i i+ +- n +- l+i i =+-i t i++i +
v+ni n t lli ~i=- lli = =--i ti -i t
P-block Elements - 21
taia + 4ifn+ :
taia irsniir (XeF
2
):
fa :
(i) Xe + F
2
) Ni ( Ni
1 ( ) K 673 ( , C 400
/kkrq feJ ds /kkrq uy vFkok eks wc ; ~ V
ckj

XeF
2
~i-- ~-i- 2 : 1 ti-i -ilt( ~-ii ~- --- +n~ii:i +i l-nii ti- nn-i t
(ii) Xe + O
2
F
2
C 118
XeF
2
+ O
2
(iii) Xe + F
2

) ( Hg avkdZ
XeF
2
(iv) - ni- n ti ii i ni lii (~ii l-+-n lli (Recently discorrect method) = vin K
+
[AgF
4
]

[i lzin i+ni i
~- (III)] =+n ll-- l+i i-i t. :=+i l+i BF
3
+ =ii +i: i-i t
K
+
[AgF
4
]

3
BF
AgF
3
(nin ai=) + KBF
4
2AgF
3
+ Xe

2AgF
2
(ii ai=) + XeF
2
niri :
(i) nti- l+-ni ai= 298 K -zil-- ti-i t
(ii) n n i n+ -i-i n i + =ii (+ ln- < -i t HF < n ~li+ ln t
(iii) t (+ izi n ii i-i t i l+ ni -n ii- +i -i ti -i t ni -n ii- l-+n +i (+ lnii- t
(iv) H
2
+ uii fif+4i : 400
0
C-i t H
2
= ~lil+i +-i t
XeF
2
+ H
2

Xe + 2HF
(v) nsiaa :
(a) 2XeF
2
+ 2H
2
O

2Xe + 4HF + O
2
(iini)
t - -i i-il-+ (cationic) n~i - t ~i - ti +iil-+ (anionic) n ~i - t =i l+ ~il-+
=i- n <zii i ni t t (+ =t=ii iln+ t -ii :=+i n~i- PCl
5
+ =ni- ti-i t
(b) -ii + =ii n ~i- ~li+ -i -i = ti -i t
XeF
2
+ 2 NaOH Xe + O
2
+ 2NaF + H
2
O (-i)
=-i- XeF
2
+ HF n i n- + +ii ~lil+i (a) iini ti i-i t
(vi) iut+i niri :
SRP +i ni- l--i --- ti-i t -izii +i ~i+=i+i+ ni ---i ti ~li+ ti -i t
XeF
2
+ ln( ni-+ ~-- li + 2.64 Vnii i-i t :=ln( t n ~i+=i+i+ +i -t +i +-i t
2e

+ 2H
+
+ XeF
2
Xe + 2HF; SRP = + 2.64 V
t t ni:i +i (F

+ ~l-l+-) = l-i- tni - n ~i+=i+ - + < -i t

XeF
2
+ 2 HCl

Xe + 2 HF + Cl
2
t 2Br

Br
2
+ 2e

-ii 2I

I
2
+ 2e

n ~i+=i+ - +-i t
:=i +i t BrO
3

( i n ) +i BrO
4

( i n ~i-) n ~i +=i+ - + =+-i t i l+ - ti (+ ~-zi ~i +=i+i+

t -ii Ce
+3
+i Ce
+4
~i- n ~i+=i+ - +-i t
(vii) iut+i+ + uii rt snitat+i+ niri : t n ~i+=i+i+ ~li+n + + =ii ti +n ~i i-i+i+ ~li+n +
+i -t +i +-i t
C
6
H
5
I + XeF
2

C
6
H
5
IF
2
+ Xe ; CH
3
I + XeF
2

CH
3
IF
2
+ Xe
CH
3
IF
2
, CH
3
+
IF
2

+ n ti-i t IF
2

, I
3

+i =n=--in+ ti-i t
P-block Elements - 22
:
:
:
I
F
F

=+i = sp
3
d
F
3

-ti -ii i =+-i t -l+ :=+ i= sp

3
d = +i i-- +- + ln( +i : d-+-i+ -ti ti -i t
(viii) XeF
2
+ HF (ai<) +t fif+4i :
Pt + 3XeF
2

HF
PtF
6
+ 3Xe ; S
8
+ 24 XeF
2
8SF
6
+ 24 Xe
2CrF
2
+ XeF
2
2CrF
3
+ Xe ; 2MoO
3
+ 6XeF
2
2MoF
6
+ 6Xe + 3O
2
Mo (CO)
6
+ 3 XeF
2
MoF
6
+ 3 Xe + 6CO
2 + XeF
2

HF
2 + Xe
8 NH
3
+ 3 XeF
2
N
2
+ 6 NH
4
F + 3 Xe
2NO
2
+ XeF
2
2 NO
2
F + Xe
(-i:il-n +n~ii:)
(ix) 4ini-+ 4ifn+ +i faii XeF
2
+n ~i i: ~i- n iti + =ii. i-~il-+ -ilzi -i- + ln( -ii +n ~i i:
~i- <i-i + =ii +nii+ii- -i- + ln( ~lil+i +-i t
XeF
2
+ PF
5
[XeF]
+
[PF
6
]

IF
5
(n:= ~-n) + XeF
2
[XeF]
+
[IF
6
]

; 2SbF
5
(n:= ~-n) + XeF
2
[XeF]
+
[SbF
6
]

PF
5
-ii AsF
5
,ii =ni- ti <ziii i-i t
uai : ~i+ l- ii -ii ilnl- lzii i l,lilni ti -i t
=+i = sp
3
d
taia aaisniir (XeF
4
) :
fa
Xe + 2F
2
wc ~; V

Ni
, bar 7
, K 873
XeF
4
1 : 5
P-block Elements - 23
niri
(i) t (+ nti- l+-ni ai= t -ii 298 K -zil-- ti-i t
(ii) t CF
3
COOHn ln ti -i t :=+i t- -i-i = n ~i- ti-i t ~- :=+ l-- + <i i- +i: ~i< -i
-l-i- -ti ti-i -ilt(
(iii) H
2
O+ uii fif+4i : 6 XeF
4
+ 12 H
2
O 4 Xe + 2XeO
3
+ 24 HF + 3O
2
XeO
3
(+ z - ai = l-+i + (zi +) i ln+ t -ii n n ln t (n n ~- + n ti +-i t )
XeO
3
, NaOH+ =ii l+i + =i ln i- -i-i t
XeO
3
+ NaOH

Na
+
[HXeO
4
]

(=iln i-)
:=+i -iii nin n i-~i- n lini-i-i+i ti i-i t
2 [HXeO
4
]

+ 2OH

[XeO ]
6
4
+ Xe + O + 2H O
2 2
(+ t - < n ~-n ti -i t (H
2
XeO
4
) (il-+ ~-n)
(i) [XeO]
6
4 H
+
t y
XeO + O
3 2
( ) /khek fo?kVu
(ii)
[XeO ] +Mn MnO + XeO
6 4 3
4 +2
[XeO
6
]
4
+i Na
4
XeO
6
. 8H
2
O(=iln i-) + n i-- l+i i-i t
(iv) XeF
4
+ iut+i+ niri :
XeF
4
+ 2 H
2
Xe + 4 HF ; XeF
4
+ 2 Hg Xe + 2HgF
2
(v) 4ini-+ fif+4i : XeF
4
+n ~i i: ~i- n iti + =ii. i-il-+ -ilzi -i- + ln( -ii +n ~i i: ~i- <i-i
+ =ii +ni~i i (-i- -i- + ln( ~lil+i +-i t
XeF
4
+ SbF
5
[XeF
3
]
+
[SbF
6
]

(vi) snitat+i+ fi++ :

XeF
4
+ Pt PtF
4
+ Xe ; XeF
4
+ 4NO Xe + 4NOF (-i:il=n +n~ii:)
XeF
4
+ 4 NO
2
Xe + 4 NO
2
F (-i:il-n +n~ii:) ; XeF
4
+ 2C
6
H
6
C
6
H
5
F + 2HF + Xe
uai ~i+l- =nt =n-ni -ii iln-i ~+n+i ti-i t
=+i = sp
3
d
2
taia ruisniir (XeF
6
) :
fa :
(i)
20 : 1
F 3 Xe
2
+
wc ~; V

Ni
bar 70 60 , K 573
XeF
6
(ii) XeF
4
+ O
2
F
2
XeF
6
+ O
2
niri :
(i) nti- l+-ni ai= 298 K -zil-- ti-i t
(ii) t lin- ini < < -i t l+ ~- lini- (t ~- = (+ li---i +i l-< t ) z - < -i- t
(iii) HF =ii -i- +n ~i i: + ln( (+ ~-zi lni+ t
P-block Elements - 24
(iv) n siaa :
(a) i n ~i- : XeF
6
+ 3H
2
O XeO
3
(z- ai=) + 2HF
(b) ~ilzi+ n~i- : XeF
6
+ H
2
O XeOF
4
(nti- ai=) + 2HF
(v) fufn+i (SiO
2
) + uii fif+4i :
2XeF
6
+ SiO
2
2XeOF
4
+ SiF
4
(vi) aist4 fiaa {ai +i sii) :
2XeF
6

A
XeF
2
+ XeF
4
+ 3 F
2
XeF
2
-ii XeF
4
+i li - -ti ti-i t
(vii) 4ini-+ 4ifn+i +i faii :
XeF
6
+ SbF
5
[XeF
5
]
+
[SbF
6
]

; XeF
6
+ BF
3
[XeF
5
]
+
[BF
4
]

(viii) H
2
+ uii fif+4i :
XeF
6
+ 3H
2
6HF + Xe
(ix) XeF
6
+t XeO
3
+ uii fif+4i :
XeO
3
+ 2 XeF
6
3 XeOF
4
(x) F

<iai / F

nirt niri : XeF

6
+n ~i i: ~i- n iti + =ii. i-il-+ -ilzi --i t -ii +n ~i i: ~i- <i-i
+ =ii +nii(-i- -i-i t
XeF
6
+ MF M
+
[XeF
7
]

(M = Na, K, Rb or Cs)
<i-i { XeF
6
+ PtF
5
[XeF
5
]
+
[PtF
6
]

n iti
-<iti-30 +i 80C XeF
4
+i n~i-. li+= ~lil+i ti -i t
Solution XeF
4
+ H
2
O
C 80
XeOF
2
+ 2HF..
-i< n =ii -i +i ~i +=i+i ~-ii l+i+i+i n ~i+=i+i ~-ii + =ni- t-i t := v+i t
li += ~lil+i -ti t
faia aii iuta + 4ifn+
XeF
4
-ii XeF
6
+ n ~i- + +n- XeO
3
i-- ti -i t
6 XeF
4
+ 12 H
2
O 4 Xe + 2 XeO
3
+ 24 HF + 3 O
2
XeF
6
+ 3 H
2
O XeO
3
+ 6 HF
P-block Elements - 25
XeF
6
+ ~i lzi+ n ~i- n ~i+=i+n ~i i: XeOF
4
-ii XeO
2
F
2
i-- ti - t
XeF
6
+ H
2
O XeOF
4
+ 2 HF
XeF
6
+ 2 H
2
O XeO
2
F
2
+ 4 HF
XeO
3
(+ nti- l-+i + ai = <ii t -ii :=+i = --i lilnn t XeOF
4
(+ nti- iziin < t -ii :=+i
~iil+ =--i =nt =n-ni ti-i t
as4in :
tilnn ~n-ziin -ii t-+i n = t ~- :=+i -i n ni =n -ii + n ii n i- + ln( l+i i-i t :=+i
-i n n =ziil-- -ili+i l(+i n ii l+i i-i t < tilnn (+i-i + 4.2 K) +i l--- -i = -iln- i ni
+ ln( l----i +i+ + n -i n l+i i-i t :=+ ~l-l+- < tilnn +i -i n ~l--in+ - + +i ---
-ii +in i- + ln( l+i i-i t i l+ ~ii l-+ NMR- + i ni -ii ~ii l-+ l-l+=i l-<i- n +- ti - in
- -+i ~--i< l-l (MRI) - zi + n ~ t ~iil-+ ni -iiii + -+ii n t ~i+=i- + --+ii +
n -i n n ~i-i t +i l+ +- n :=+i ln -i t - +n t
l-~i- +i -in l= - -ii <i-- -i n lai- <zi- t- l+i i-i t l-~i- -i +i -i n --l-
-i- -ii ni-ti-= n l+i i-i t
~i n - +i -i n ----i ii- l-+i i +ni n ~l+ i-ii --- +- + ln( l+i i-i t (ii- ~i -ii lnii- ~i
+ ~i+ l- n n ) :=+i -i n l - - +i i- + +in ~i-i t i nziini n :=+i -i n i = n iti <iii +
-i- n ii l+i i-i t
i-i- -ii l+-i- +i -i n lzii ~=i + ln( -i( n( -i n l+i i-i t
MISCELLANEOUS SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. +i ti -i t . `
(i) +i =-+ ln- +i H
3
PO
2
i H
2
PO
2

+ =ii nn +- t
(ii) NaH
2
PO
2
+i nn +- t
(iii) NaClO
4
(s) +i nn +- t
Sol. (i) 3H
2
PO
2

+ 4Cu
2+
+ 6H
2
O 4CuH + (nin) + 3H
3
PO
4
+ 5H
+
(ii) 4NaH
2
PO
2
Na
4
P
2
O
7
+ 2PH
3
| + H
2
O
(iii) NaClO
4
NaCl + 2O
2
|
2. ~nil-i l--- + ,ii -ti -ii i =+-i t
(A) NH
4
NO
3
i (NH
4
)
2
Cr
2
O
7
nn +-
(B) NH
4
CI i (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
nn +-
(C) NaNO
3
i NaNO
2
+i l + -i i (- lnl-n i =i ln ti: i +=i: + =ii nn +-
(D) AIN i CaCN
2
+i n + =ii l+i
Sol. =ii ~nil-i <- t . ~i< (A), +i l+
NH
4
NO
3

A
N
2
O+ 2H
2
O; (NH
4
)
2
Cr
2
O
7
N
2
+ Cr
2
O
3
+ 4H
2
O. a-i. (A)
3. +i ti-i t . l< nnin -<i=i- ini ln- i ~i-(III) +ni i: -ii =ni- i lzin t+=i=i-i + (III) +-
ti :=n ti:i- i+=i: + nnin -<i=i- ln- +i lnnii i-i t
P-block Elements - 26
Sol. ini ln- ti ti i-i t . ~i v lz- n ii ii i+ ti -i t
2[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
+ H
2
O
2
2[Fe(CN)
6
]
4
+ 2H
+
+ O
2
4Fe
3+
+ 3[Fe(CN)
6
]
4
Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
+
4. l--- ~lil+i~i +i i +il ~i [A] = [C] +i ai- +il
O
3
+ I
2
(dry) [A] ; [H] + H
2
O [B] + [C]
Sol. [A] = I
4
O
9
; [B] = HIO
3
; [C] = I
2
3O
3
+ 2I
2
(dry) I
4
O
9
; 5I
4
O
9
+ 9H
2
O 18HIO
3
+ I
2
5. i:l-n (IV) ~i- ti:i- i+=i: + =ii (+ -ininin n n -ni ~-ni ln- <-i t
(A) ~i+=i i:=-+ii:l-n(IV) ~i- (B) ~i+=i i:=-+ii:l-n(II) ~i-
(C) i:l-n(IV) =-+ (D) :-n = +i: -ti
Sol. n ~i+=ii:l-n ~-n HCOO-Ti(OH)
3
i ~i+=ii:=-+ii:l-n(IV) ~i-. [TiO
2
(SO
4
)
2
]
2
= --i t
a-i. (A)
6. Na
2
S
2
O
3
+i ni ln- Ag
+
~i- + =ii z - ~-i < -i t , ~-i Na
2
S
2
O
3
ln- +i ~li+-i n i n i-i
t l< ~-i n + =ii nn +- t -i t <n+ +ini ti i-i t ~i - Ba
2+
~i- +- ln- + =ii
~l-=--- < z- ~-i <-i t := i=il-+ =ni+i + ,ii =nni: `
Sol. 2Ag
+
+ S
2
O
3
2
Ag
2
S
2
O
3
+ (z-) ; Ag
2
S
2
O
3
+ 3S
2
O
3
2
2[Ag(S
2
O
3
)
2
]
3
Ag
2
S
2
O
3
+ + H
2
O
gqvk mcyk
AgS + (+ini) + H
2
SO
4
; H
2
SO
4
+ Ba
2+
BaSO
4
+ (z-) + 2H
+
.
7. iil+ +i =i< =-+ l+ ~-n + =ii nn +- t . ~i +i(II) =-+. CuSO
4
~i SO
2
lnni- t -i + z
+i(II) =-+i: CuS ii --i t ii +il(
Sol. =i-< H
2
SO
4
, + =ii. Cu, Cu
2+
n ~i+=i+ - ti -i t . ~i SO
4
2
, SO
2
n ~-l- ti-i t
Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e

; SO
4
2
+ 4H
+
+ 2e

SO
2
+ 2H
2
O.
(+ iz ~lil+i [H
+
] +i ~li+ =i < -i CuS +i +n ln -i + +ii ti -i t t i=il-+ ~lil+i l--- t
SO
4
2
+ 8H
+
+ 8e

S
2
+ 4H
2
O.
8. l--- n +i- -i< vi-- ti - t. Na
2
S
2
O
4
(ai=) +i nnin 190C nn +- t `
(A) Na
2
SO
4
(B) Na
2
SO
3
(C) Na
2
S
2
O
3
(D) SO
2
Sol. 2Na
2
S
2
O
4
Na
2
SO
3
+ Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ SO
2
|. a-i. (B,D).
9. ii- =-+i:i = H
2
S+i -i- + ln( HNO
3
-i n -ti + =+- +i `
Sol. FeS + 2H
+
Fe
2+
+ H
2
S
HNO
3
vn ~i+=i+i+ +i -t +i +-i t . i H
2
S+i =-+ n ~i+=i+ - +-i t
2HNO
3
2NO
2
+ H
2
O + [O] ; H
2
S + [O] H
2
O + S.
P-block Elements - 27
10. i lzin =i-i: NaOH+ =ii -iii -ii ni -z-i- iii =-+ ~i-i + =ii -ini ni ln- +i ai
++ ~i HCl + =ii ~-ni+- ++. t ln- ~i-(III) +ni i: + =ii l+i +i- < -i t
(A) ~i=ni-i -ini n ln- (B) nti nin n ln-
(C) i i n ln- (D) ti n ln-
Sol. (i) S
2
O
3
2
+ CN

NaOH
SCN

+ SO
3
2
(ii) 3SCN

+ Fe
3+

+
H
Fe(SCN)
3
(nin n) a-i. (B)
11. Na
2
CO
3
+ ni ln- + =ii =-+ ~i SO
2
+i -i n + ~i =i ln iii =-+ + = vi-- +i n ` (+ n
-i- <i n)
Sol. Na
2
CO
3
+ 2SO
2
2NaHSO
3
+ CO
2
2NaHSO
3
+ Na
2
CO
3
2Na
2
SO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
Na
2
SO
3
+ S

A
Na
2
S
2
O
3
.
12. [A] [B] ~i [C] ai- +il ~i i i=il-+ ~lil+i <il
Ans. [A] = Br

; [B] = BrO
3

; [C] = =i< H
2
SO
4
Sol. 3Br
2
+ 6OH

5Br

+ BrO
3

+ 3H
2
O
5Br

+ BrO

3
+ 6H
+
3Br
2
+ 3H
2
O.
13. l--- l-ii lnii
(a) lli- ln- n ICN +i l- ~i-
(b) ~ilnn n ~ii l- i n-i t
(c) nln- ~iii- +i l- -in+-i
Sol. (a) ICN + ~i-- n I
+
~i CN

vi-- ti- t. l== +ii ~iii- -=l- ti-i t

(b) -n+<i -ini ln- --i t. i l+ I
2
+
~i I
3
+
+i -l-il- <zii-i t
2 I
2
+ 6H
2
SO
4
. SO
3
2I
2
+
+ 2HS
3
O
10

+ 5H
2
SO
4
+ SO
2
3 I
2
+ 6H
2
SO
4
. SO
3
2I
3
+
+ 2HS
3
O
10

+ 5H
2
SO
4
+ SO
2
.
(c) t (I
3
+
-ii I
3

) +i -l-il- + +ii ~iii- + -- ~i-- ,ii lzii -il<- 3I

2
I
3
+
+ I
3

.
14. l-ni HF < ~+n l - ~i- ,ii F
2
-ti <-i t. +i `
Sol. l- ni HF + n ii i ~il-- ti -i t . ~i := +ii l - +i +n -in+ t . := +ii KF ~i HF +i lni l -
~i +i -in+-i +i ci-i t
15. l--- n +i-=i -i< l--- ~lil+i n vi-- ti-i t
KBrO
3
+ F
2
+ KOH -i< (ai=)
(A) KBrO
4
(B) KF (C) HOF (D) Br
2
P-block Elements - 28
Sol. KBrO
3
+ F
2
+ 2KOH KBrO
4
+ 2KF + H
2
O. a-i. (A,B)
16. faa +i ufna +tf4+
ai- I ai - II
(A) CIO
2
CI
2
O
3
(p) NaOH ln- + =ii nn +-
(B) [AI (OH)
4
]

AI(OH)
3
+ (q) ~ii - vilt- +-
(C) P
4
PH
3
+ H
2
PO
2

(r) ti: i- + =ii ~lil+i

(D) XeF
2
Xe (s) CO
2
n= vilt- +-
Sol. (A q) ; (B s) ; (C p) ; (D p,r)
(A) 2CIO
2
+ 2O
3
CI
2
O
6
+ 2O
2
~ii - ,ii ~i+=i+i
(B) CO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
CO
3
CO
3
2
+ 2H
+
; 2AI
3+
+ 3CO
3
2-
+ 3H
2
O 2AI(OH)
3
+ 3CO
2
AI(OH)
3
+i ~-ni n i t - +n t
(C) P
4
+ 3NaOH + 3H
2
O
mcyk@xeZ
PH
3
+ 3NaH
2
PO
2
.
-iii n~i-
(D) 2XeF
2
+ 4OH
-
2Xe + 4F

+ 2H
2
O + O
2
-iii n~i-
XeF
2
+ H
2
2Xe + 2HF
ti:i- ,ii ~--
17. Na
2
S
2
O
3
---i-I n l< n i ln+i + =ii l+i +-i t Na
2
S
2
O
3
---i-II n l< n n ii +i v<lzi- +-i t
ai - I ai - II
{fi+i+) {nii + v+i)
(A) +nii- (CI
2
) (p) = +ln- ~li+n +
(B) l=- i ni: (q) lini-i-i+i
(C) ti: i +ni l+ ~-n (r) +n ~-i+ +i -t
(D) ~ii i- (I
2
) (s) (+ (-i+ni (An-antichlor)
Ans. (A - r, s) ; (B - p) ; (C - q) ; (D - r)
Sol. (A) Na
2 3
2
2
O S
+
+ 4CI
2
+ 5H
2
O 2NaH
4
6
O S
+
+ 8HCI
t l + -i n n zii +ni i- +i ~li+-i +i - +-i t
(B) Ag
+
+ 2S
2
O
3
2
[Ag (S
2
O
3
)
2
]
3
(lnziin =+n)
(C) Na
2 3
2
2
O S
+
+2HCI 2NaCI +
2
4
O S
+
+
O
S+ H
2
O.
(D) 2Na
2
3
2
2
O S
+
+ I
2
Na
2
S
4
O
6
+ 2NaI.