MATHS

"manishkumarphysics.in"
1
l+- ~i ---ii n l+=i =l-lz-- +n = l-i- =i(. i ~i-i+i t n lnii ti. ~it +tni-i t
~it +i +n l< l+=i ~it n m l+-i -ii n ---i ti. -i ~it +i +n m n lnii i-i t -ii (m
by n) +n +i ~it +tni-i t
=ini- n m n +n +i ~it l--- +i = +- l+i i-i t
A =
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

mn mj 3 m 2 m 1 m
in ij 3 i 2 i 1 i
n 2 j 2 23 22 21
n 1 j 1 13 12 11
a ..... a ..... a a a
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
a ...... a ...... a a a
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
a ..... a ...... a a a
a ..... a ...... a a a
ti a
ij
~. ~it A+i i i l+- ~i j ---i +i <lzi - +-i t := tn [a
ij
]
m n
= <lzi- +- t
ai a : (i) ~ a
11
, a
22
, a
33
,........ l+i ~ +tni- t ~i --+i i n+n A+i = (Trace) +tni-i t l= T
r
(A)
= <lzi - +- t
(ii) ~i t +i ~ n i i nini + ~-ii = +- l+i i-i t
(iii) ~it +i +n l< l+=i ~it n m l+-i -ii n ---i ti. -i ~it +i +n m n lnii i-i t
-ii mn +n +i ~it +tni-i t
s fa i-4 r (Row matrix) :
t ~it l=n +n (+ ti l+- ti. l+- ~it +tni-i t l+- ~it +i A= [a
11
, a
12
, a
13
, ...., a
1n
]
= <lzi- l+i i-i t
:= ~i t +i +n "1 n" t (i n +n +i l+- ~i t)
ai i-4 r (Column matrix) :
t ~it l=n +n (+ ti ---i ti. ---i ~it +tni-i t ---i ~it +i A=
(
(
(
(

1 m
21
11
a
...
a
a
= <lzi- l+i
i-i t
:= ~it +i +n "m 1" t (i m +n +i ---i ~it)
Matrices and Determinants
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
2
n i-4 r (Square matrix) :
t ~it l=n l+-i ~i ---ii +i =i i ti. n ~it +tni-i t =ini- n n ~it
A =
(
(
(
(

nn 2 n 1 n
n 2 22 21
n 1 12 11
a ....... a a
....... ....... ....... .......
a ........ a a
a ....... a a
ti -i t l= A= [a
ij
]
n
= <lzi - +- t
:= ~i t +i +n "n n" t (i n +n +i n ~i t)
zi -4 i-4 r (Zero matrix) :
A = [a
ij
]
m n
zi - ~i t +tni-i t l< a
ij
= 0 i ( j.
= : (i) (

0 0 0
0 0 0
(ii)
(
(
(

0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
ast fii i+i i-4 r (Upper triangular matrix) :
l< A= [a
ij
]
m n
n i > j + ln( a
ij
= 0 (n l+i + -i- + =ii ~ zi - ti ) ti . -i ~i t. -i lzii i+i
~it +tni-i t
= : (i)
(
(
(

v u 0 0
z y x 0
d c b a
(ii)
(
(
(

z 0 0
y x 0
c b a
faa fii i+i i-4 r (Lower triangular matrix) :
l< A= [a
ij
]
m n
n i < j + ln( a
ij
= 0 (~nn l+i + - + =ii ~ zi - ti ) ti . -i ~i t l--- lzii i+i
~it +tni-i t
= : (i)
(
(
(

z y x
0 c b
0 0 a
(ii)
(
(
(

0 z y x
0 0 c b
0 0 0 a
f+i i-4 r (Diagonal matrix) :
t n ~it [a
ij
]
n
l=n n l+i + ~l-l+- zii ~ zi- ti ~ii- a
ij
= 0 l< i = j (~ii- n ~it
+ l+i + ~nii =ii ~i zi - ti )
ai a : n +n +i l+i ~i t +i Diag (a
11
, a
22
, ......a
nn
) = <lzi- l+i i-i t
= : (i)
(
(
(

c 0 0
0 b 0
0 0 a
(ii)
(
(
(
(

c 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 b 0
0 0 0 a
f<zi i-4 r (Scalar matrix) :
t l+i ~it l=n n l+i + =ii ~ =ni- ti. ~l<zi ~it +tni-i t ~ii- A= [a
ij
]
n
n l< (i)
i = j + ln( a
ij
= 0 ( (ii) i = j + ln( a
ij
= k ti . -i A(+ ~l<zi ~i t tini
= : (i) (

a 0
0 a
(ii)
(
(
(

a 0 0
0 a 0
0 0 a
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
3
r+ir i-4 r {a-u+ i-4 r) (Identity matrix) :
t l+i ~i t l=+ n l+i + =ii ~ :+i: (1) ti . :+i: ~i t +tni-i t n +n +
:+i: ~i t +i I
n
i I = l-l- +- t
~ii - A = [a
ij
]
n
(+ :+i: ~i t ti ni l<

= =
= =
j i ; k a
j i ; 0 a
ij
ij
= I
2
= (

1 0
0 1
, I
3
=
(
(
(

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
.
anai-+ i-4r (Comparable matrices) :
<i ~i t A~i B +i -n-in+ +ti i-i t l< --+i +n =ni- ti (~ii- A~i B n l+-i ~i ---ii
+i = i - i t )
= : (i) A = (

2 1 3
4 3 2
-ii B = (

3 1 0
2 4 3
-n-in+ ~it t
= : (ii) C = (

2 1 3
4 3 2
-ii D =
(
(
(

3 2
1 4
0 3
-n-in+ ~it -ti t
i-4 r +t uiaai (Equality of matrices) :
<i ~it A~i B +i =ni- +ti i-i t l< - n-in+ t ~i --+ =ii = n- ~ i t
ni-i A = [a
ij
]
m n
-ii B = [b
ij
]
p q
A = B l< ~i + n l< (i) m = p, n = q
(ii) a
ij
= b
ij
i, j.
a<iri # 1 : ni-i A =
(
(
(

u u
u
u
tan cos
cos 2 / 1
2 / 1 sin
~i B =
(
(
(

u
u u
u
1 cos
cos cos
sin 2 / 1
. l< A = B ti . -i u +i ni- ai- +il(
rn : liiii- =i A( B =ni- ti - t . l< --+i +n =ni- ti ~i =ii = n- ~ i ti
:= +i tn +t =+- t l+
sin u =
2
1
, cosu =
2
1
-ii tan u = 1 u = (2n + 1) t
4
t
.
i-4 r +i y+ f<zi u 4i u n ii (Multiplication of matrix by a scalar) :
ni-i (+ ~l<zi (i--l+ i =l-n =i) ~i A= [a
ij
]
m n
(+ ~it ti . -i ni- A+i A= [b
ij
]
m n
ti b
ij
= a
ij
i , j liili- l+i i-i t
= : A =
(
(
(

2 1 0 0
3 1 2 0
5 3 1 2
~i 3A (3) A =
(
(
(

6 3 0 0
9 3 6 0
15 9 3 6
ai a : l< A ~l<zi ~i t t . - A = I, ti ~i t A +i l+i ~ t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
4
i-4 r +i 4i n (Addition of matrices) :
ni-i A~i B =ni- +n + <i ~it (~ii- -n-in+ ~it) ti. -i A+ B +i l--- +i liili- l+i i-i
t
A + B = [a
ij
]
m n
+ [b
ij
]
m n
.
= [c
ij
]
m n
ti c
ij
= a
ij
+ b
ij
i ~i j.
= : A =
(
(
(

0 1
3 2
1 1
, B =
(
(
(

7 5
3 2
2 1
, A + B =
(
(
(

7 6
0 0
1 0
i-4 r +i -4+na (Substraction of matrices) :
ni-i A~i B <i =ni- +n + ~it ti. -i A B +i A+ ( B) = liili- l+i i-i t . ti B, ( 1) B
t
i-4 r + 4i n i f<zi n ia + n iri (Properties of addition & scalar multiplication):
ni-i m n +n + =ii ~i ti l-+ ~ =n -- F = =-z t (l+ F Q, R i C +i <lzi- +-i
t ) ni-i := +i + ~i ti +i M
m n
(F) = <lzi - l+i i-i ti , -i
(a) A e M
m n
(F) -ii B e M
m n
(F) A + B e M
m n
(F)
(b) A + B = B + A
(c) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(d) O = [o]
m n
i -=n+ t
(e) + A e M
m n
(F) + ln( A i l-ni n t
(f) (A + B) = A + B
(g) A = A
(h) (
1
+
2
) A =
1
A +
2
A
i-4 r +i n ia (Multiplication of matrices) :
ni-i A~i B <i ~i t := +i t l+ An ---ii +i = i B n l+-i +i =i + i t
~- A = [a
ij
]
m p
~i B = [b
ij
]
p n
.
-i AB = [c
ij
]
m n
ti c
ij
=

=
p
1 k
kj ik
b a
, i A+ i i l+- =l<zi ~i B + j ---i =l<zi +i l-< ni- t
= : A = (

1 3 2
3 2 1
, B =
(
(
(

0 2 1 1
0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
, AB = (

2 7 3 1
1 9 4 3
ai a : (1) AB liili- ti ni l< ~i +n l< A+ ---ii +i =i B +i l+-i +i =i + i t ~it
n i- AB n A+i < ( B +i --i < +t- t AB liili- t / BAliili- t
(2) =ini-- AB = BA, l+ <i -i n i- liili- t
(3) A (BC) = (AB) C, t liili- t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
5
i-4 r n ia + n iri (Properties of matrix multiplication) :
ni-i n +n +i =ii n ~i ti + =n -- +i M
n
(F), <lzi - +-i t . (ti F Q, R i C t ) -
(a) A, B e M
n
(F) AB e M
n
(F)
(b) =ini-- AB = BA
(c) (AB) C = A(BC)
(d) ~i t n i- n I
n
(n +n +i :+i: ~i t), n i- -=n+ +i +i +-i t
AI
n
= A = I
n
A A e M
n
(F)
(e) M
n
(F) n + +nii ~i t A e M
n
(F) + ln( (i.e., |A| = 0) (+ ~l,-i ~i t
B e M
n
(F) := +i t l+ AB = I
n
= BA:= l-il- n t +ti i-i t l+ A~i B (+ <=
+ n i- l-ni n t -i+in+ n B = A
1
i A = B
1
.
(f) l< ~l<zi t (A) B = (AB) = A(B).
(g) A(B + C) = AB + AC A, B, C e M
n
(F)
(h) (A + B) C = AC + BC A, B, C e M
n
(F).
aia : (1) ni-i A= [a
ij
]
m n
, - AI
n
=A~i I
m
A=A, ti I
n
( I
m
+nzi n ~i m +n + :+i: ~i t t
(2) (+ n ~it A+ ln(. A
2
= A.A, A
3
= A.A.A ~il<
a<iri # 2 : -i- ~=ni- = i~i a, b, c + ln( (+ l,ii- + f(x) := +i t l+
(
(
(

1 c c
1 b b
1 a a
2
2
2
(
(
(

) 1 ( f
) 1 ( f
) 0 ( f
=
(
(
(

+
+
+
1 c 2
1 b 2
1 a 2
. f(x) ai- +il(
rn : <i n: ~i t =ni+i =
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
+ +
) 1 ( f ) 1 ( cf ) 0 ( f c
) 1 ( f ) 1 ( bf ) 0 ( f b
) 1 ( f ) 1 ( af ) 0 ( f a
2
2
2
=
(
(
(

+
+
+
1 c 2
1 b 2
1 a 2
-i- ~=ni- = i~i a, b, c + ln( x
2
f(0) + xf(1) + f(1) = 2x + 1, .....(i)
(i) (+ ==ln+i t f(0) = 0, f(1) = 2 ( f( 1) = 1
f(x) = x (ax + b)
2 = a + b ( 1 = a + b.
b =
2
1
( a =
2
3
f(x) =
2
3
x
2
+
2
1
x.
4iu +i4
(1) l< A(u) = (

u u
u u
cos sin
sin cos
ti , -i =il- +il( l+ A(o) A(|) = A(o + |).
( := l-il- n <lzi - +il( l+ A(o). A(|) = A(|) . A(o)
(2) ni-i A =
(
(
(

5 2 1
2 0 3
1 6 4
, B =
(
(
(

2 1
1 0
4 2
~i C = [3 1 2] ti . -i n i- ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA,
CAB, CBA n = +i- liili- t ` i liili- t -=+i n i+n ai- +il(
Answer (2) + n CAB liili- t ( CAB = [25 100]
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
6
i-4 r +i sfa (Transpose of a matrix) :
l< A=[a
ij
]
m n
ti. -i A +i l- A'( i A
T
) = <lzi - l+i i-i t ~i A' = [b
ij
]
n m
ti b
ij
= a
ji
i. j. =
liili- l+i i-i t
~ii- A+i =ii l+-i (---ii) +i ---ii (l+-i) + n <ii lni+ A' +i i-- l+i i-i t
= : A =
(
(
(

w z y x
d c b a
4 3 2 1
, AA' =
(
(
(
(

w d 4
z c 3
y b 2
x a 1
sfii : (i) l+=i ~i t A = [a
ij
]
m n
+ ln(, (A')' = A
(ii) ni-i ~l<zi t ~i A(+ ~it t. -i (A)' = A'
(iii) <i - n-in+ ~i t A ( B + ln( (A + B)' = A' + B' ( (A B)' = A' B'
(iv) (A
1
A
2
..... A
n
)' = A
1
' A
2
' ..... A
n
', ti A
i
- n-in+ t
(v) ni-i A = [a
ij
]
m p
~i B = [b
ij
]
p n
, - (AB)' = B'A'
(vi) (A
1
A
2
.......A
n
)' = A
n
'. A
n 1
' ...........A
2
' . A
1
', l+ n i-+n liili- ti
ufa i fi ufa i-4 r (Symmetric & skew symmetric matrix) :
(+ n ~i t A=nln- ~i t +tni-i t l< A' = Ati
~ii - ni-i A = [a
ij
]
n
ti . -i A =nln- ~i t ti ni l< ~i + n l< a
ij
= a
ji
i ( j.
(+ n ~i t Alin =nln- ti ni l< A' = Ati
~ii - ni-i A= [a
ij
]
n
ti . -i A lin =nln- ti ni l< ~i + n l< a
ij
= a
ji
i ( j.
= A =
(
(
(

c f g
f b h
g h a
(+ =nln- ~i t t
B =
(
(
(

0 z y
z o x
y x o
(+ lin =nln- ~it t
ai a : (1) l+=i lin =nln- ~it n l+i + =ii ~ zi- ti- t ( a
ii
= a
ii
a
ii
= 0)
(2) l+=i n ~it A + ln( A+ A' =nln- ti-i t ~i A A' lin =nln- ti-i t
(3) + n ~it +i ~l,-i = <i n ~iti + in+n + n +- l+i i =+-i t. l-n
= (+ =nln- ti -i t ~i <=i lin =nln- ti-i t
A = B + C, ti B =
2
1
(A + AA') ~i C =
2
1
(A AA').
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
7
a<iri # 3 : <lzi- +il( l+ BAB' =nln- i lin =nln- ti ni l< A+nzi =nln- i lin =nln- ti (ti
B +i: n ~it t l=+i +n A+ i t ).
rn : fifa - I A =nln- t A' = A
(BAB')' = (B')'A'B' = BAB' BAB' =nln- t
fifa - II A lin =nln- t A' = A
(BAB')' = (B')'A'B'
= B ( A) B' = (BAB') BAB' lin =nln- t
4iu +i4
(3) l+=i n ~it A+ ln(. <lzi- +il( l+ A'A( AA' =nln- ~it t
(4) l< A( B =ni- +n +i =nln- ~i t ti. -i <lzi - +il( l+ AB + BA=nln- t ~i AB BAlin
=nln- t
asi-4 r (Submatrix) :
ni-i A(+ l<i ni ~it ti. -i t ~it l= A+i +z l+-i i ---ii +i ti+ i-- l+i i-i t.
~i t A+i -~i t +tni-i t
= A =
(
(
(

s r q p
w z y x
d c b a
-
(
(
(

r p
z x
c a
,
(

s q p
d b a
,
(
(
(

r q p
z y x
c b a
=ii A+ -~it t
n i-4r +i uifi+ (Determinant of a square matrix) :
ni-i A= [a]
11
(+ 11 ~i t t =ili+ A+i |A| = a = liili- l+i i-i t
= A = [ 3]
11
|A| = 3
ni-i A=
(

d c
b a
, - |A| +i ad bc = liili- l+i i-i t
= A = (

4 1
3 5
, |A| = 23
asuifi+ y uri (Minors & Cofactors) :
ni-i A (+ =ili+ t -i ~ a
ij
+i -=ili+ M
ij
= l<i i-i t ~i t. ~it A+ i
th
l+- ( j
th
---i
+i ti- = i-- -~it + =ili+ + n liili- l+i i-i t :=i +i ~ a
ij
+i =ti
C
ij
i A
ij
= l<i i-i t i l--- n liili- ti -i t
C
ij
= ( 1)
i + j
M
ij
.
u 1 A =
d c
b a
M
11
= d = C
11
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
8
M
12
= c, C
12
= c
M
21
= b, C
21
= b
M
22
= a = C
22
u 2 A =
z y x
r q p
c b a
M
11
=
z y
r q
= qz yr = C
111
.
M
23
=
y x
b a
= ay bx, C
23
= (ay bx) = bx ay etc.
f+ut + +i uifi+ (Determinant of any order) :
ni-i A= [a
ij
]
n
(n > 1) (+ n ~it t A+i =ili+ l+=i (+ l+- (i (+ ---i) + ~i +
= n- =tii + =ii ni-+n + in + i ti-i t
u1 A =
(
(
(

33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
|A| = a
11
C
11
+ a
12
C
12
+ a
13
C
13
( in l+- +i -in ++ ).
= a
11
33 32
23 22
a a
a a
a
12
33 31
23 21
a a
a a
+ a
13
32 31
22 21
a a
a a
|A| = a
12
C
12
+ a
22
C
22
+ a
32
C
32
(l,-i l+- +i -i n ++ ).
= a
12
33 31
23 21
a a
a a
+ a
22
33 31
13 11
a a
a a
a
32
23 21
13 11
a a
a a
.
sfa uifi+ (Transpose of a determinant) :
l+=i =ili+ +i l- =ili+ :=+ = n- ~i t + l- =ili+ + i ti-i t
D =
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
T
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
c c c
b b b
a a a
D
c b a
c b a
c b a
=
uifi+ + n iri (Properties of determinant) :
(1) l+=i n ~it A+ ln( |A| = |A'|
~ii - l< l+=i =ili+ n =ii l+-i +i ---ii n ~i ---ii +i l+-i n <n <. -i =ili+
+ ni- n +i : l-- -ti ti -i t
~ii - D =
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
c c c
b b b
a a a
c b a
c b a
c b a
= = D'
(2) l< l+=i =ili+ n <i l+-i i <i ---ii +i - <n l<i i . -i =ili+ +i
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
9
= in+ ni- ti t-i t n l+- -=+i l--t <n i-i t
ni-i D =
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
c b a
c b a
c b a
( D' =
3 3 3
1 1 1
2 2 2
c b a
c b a
c b a
-i D' = D.
(3) ni-i ~l<zi t. -i |A| +i |A| +i (+ l+- (i (+ ---i) +i = nii ++ i-- l+i
i =+-i t
D =
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
c b a
c b a
c b a
-ii E =
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
c b a
c b a
Kc Kb Ka
- E = KD
(4) |A| =
n
|A|, A = [a
ij
]
n
.
(5) (+ lin +n +i lin =nln- =ili+ +i ni- zi- ti-i t
(6) l< l+=i =ili+ n l+=i l+- i ---i + =ii ~ zi- t. -i :=+i ni- zi- tini
~ii - D =
3 3 3
2 2 2
c b a
c b a
0 0 0
= 0.
(7) l< l+=i =ili+ +i <i l+-i i <i ---i = =n (i =ni-i-i) ti . -i :=+i ni- zi- ti ni
~ii - D =
3 3 3
1 1 1
1 1 1
c b a
c b a
c b a
= 0.
(8) l< l+=i =ili+ n l+=i l+- i ---i +i + ~ <i = i~i +i in ti . -i -=
=ili+ +i -=i +n + <i =ili+i + in + n +- l+i i =+-i t
3 3 3
2 2 2
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
c b a
c b a
z y x
c b a
c b a
c b a
c b a
c b a
z c y b x a
+ =
+ + +
(9) =ili+ +i l+- i ---i + + ~ n . l+=i ~- l+- i ---i + = n- ~i +i l+=i
~- = nii + i - i ii- =ili+ + ni- n +i : l-- -ti ti-i t
~ii - D
1
=
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
c b a
c b a
c b a
~i D
2
=
1 3 1 3 1 3
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
c n c b n b a n a
c b a
c m c b m b a m a
+ + +
+ + +
. - D
2
= D
1
(10) ni-i A = [a
ij
]
n
, l+=i l+- + ~i +i l+=i < =i l+- + = n- =tii + =ii
ni-+ni +i in zi- ti-i t (:=i +i ---i + ln().
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
10
a<iri # 4
b a c
a c b
c b a
+i tn +il(
rn ni-i R
1
R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3

b a c
a c b
c b a c b a c b a + + + + + +
= (a + b + c)
b a c
a c b
1 1 1
= l+i C
1
C
1
C
2
, C
2
C
2
C
3
+-
= (a + b + c)
b b a a c
a a c c b
1 0 0


= (a + b + c) ((b c) (a b) (c a)
2
)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc ca b
2
c
2
+ 2ca a
2
)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca a
2
b
2
c
2
) 3abc a
3
b
3
c
3
a<iri # 5
ab ca bc
c b a
c b a
2 2 2
+i tn +il(
rn <i n: =ili+
=
abc
1
abc abc abc
c b a
c b a
3 3 3
2 2 2
=
abc
abc
1 1 1
c b a
c b a
3 3 3
2 2 2
= l+i C
1
C
1
C
2
, C
2
C
2
C
3
+-
=
1 0 0
c c b b a
c c b b a
3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2


= (a b) (b c)
1 0 0
c c bc b b ab a
c c b b a
3 2 2 2 2
2
+ + + +
+ +
= (a b) (b c) [ab
2
+ abc + ac
2
+ b
3
+ b
2
C + bc
2
a
2
b a
2
c ab
2
abc b
3
b
2
c]
= (a b) (b c) [c(ab + bc + ca) a(ab + bc + ca)]
= (a b) (b c) (c a) (ab + bc + ca)
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
11
n iai s 4
=ili+ +i ni- ai- +- n ni-i n +i -in l+i i-i t l< x + -ii- a i- =ili+
+i ni- zi- ti i-i t. -i (x a) =ili+ +i (+ ni-i ti -i t
a<iri # 6 n i-i n = l=z +il( l+
ab ca bc
c b a
c b a
2 2 2
= (a b) (b c) (c a) (ab + bc + ca)
rn ni-i a = b
D =
ab ac bc
c b a
c b a
2 2 2
= 0
~- (a b) =ili+ +i (+ ni-i t
:=i +i ni-i b = c, D = 0
c = a, D = 0
~- (ab) (bc) (ca) =ili+ +i n i-i t -- a.b
2
.ab +i +i l 5 t :=ln(
ab ca bc
c b a
c b a
2 2 2
= (a b) (b c) (c a) ( (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + (ab + bc + ca))
l+ t (+ ==nln+i t ~- ~i + ni- ai- +- + ln( ni-i
a = 0, b = 1, c = 1
2 = (2) (2 )
(2 ) = 1. ........(i)
ni-i a = 1, b = 2, c = 0
2 0 0
0 4 1
0 2 1
= (1) 2 ( 1) (5 + 2)
5 + 2 = 2 .......(ii)
(i) ~i (ii) = = 0 ~i = 1
~-
ab ca bc
c b a
c b a
2 2 2
= (a b) (b c) (c a) (ab + bc + ca).
4iu +i4
(5) A =
0 c b c a
b c 0 b a
a c a b 0



+i ni- ai- +il(
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
12
(6)
2
2 2
2
a ab a c ac bc
ab b b a a ab
ac bc c b ab b



+i tn +il(
(7) l=z +il( l+
b a c c 2 c 2
b 2 a c b b 2
a 2 a 2 c b a



= (a + b + c)
3
.
(8) n i-i n = l=z +il( l+
ab c 1
ca b 1
bc a 1
= (a b) (b c) (c a)
Answers : (5) 0 (6) 0
<i uifi+i +i n ia+n (Multiplication of two determinants) :
l< A ~i B <i =ni- +n +i n ~i t t . - |AB| = |A| |B|.
2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2
2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
m b m a b a
m b m a b a
m
m
b a
b a
+ +
+ +
=

3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
c b a
c b a
c b a

3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
n m
n m
n m

=
3 3 2 3 1 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 3 3 2 3 1 3
3 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 2
3 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1
n c n b n a m c m b m a c b a
n c n b n a m c m b m a c b a
n c n b n a m c m b m a c b a
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +



ai a : =i l+ |A| = |A'|,
|A| |B| = |AB'| (l+-l+- lli)
|A| |B| = |A'B| (---i---i lli)
|A| |B| = |A'B'| (---il+- lli)
a<iri # 7
3 1
2 1

4 1
0 3

+i ni- ai- +il( ~i l=z +il( l+ t

12 6
8 1

+ i t
rn
3 1
2 1

4 1
0 3

=
4 3 0 1 ) 1 ( 3 3 1
4 2 0 1 1 2 3 1
+ +
+
=
12 6
8 1

= 60
a<iri # 8 l=z +il(
3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 3
3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2
3 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
y b x a y b x a y b x a
y b x a y b x a y b x a
y b x a y b x a y b x a
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
= 0
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
13
rn <i n: =ili+ +i l--- +i <i =ili+i + n i- + n +- + =+- t
~ii -
3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 3
3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2
3 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
y b x a y b x a y b x a
y b x a y b x a y b x a
y b x a y b x a y b x a
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
=
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
c b a
c b a
c b a

0 0 0
y y y
x x x
3 2 1
3 2 1
= 0
a<iri # 9 l=z +il( l+
2
3 3
2
2 3
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 2
2
1 2
2
3 1
2
2 1
2
1 1
) b a ( ) b a ( ) b a (
) b a ( ) b a ( ) b a (
) b a ( ) b a ( ) b a (



= 2(a
1
a
2
) (a
2
a
3
) (a
3
a
1
) (b
1
b
2
) (b
2
b
3
) (b
3
b
1
).
rn
2
3 3
2
2 3
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 2
2
1 2
2
3 1
2
2 1
2
1 1
) b a ( ) b a ( ) b a (
) b a ( ) b a ( ) b a (
) b a ( ) b a ( ) b a (



=
3 3
2
3
2
3 2 3
2
2
2
3 1 3
2
1
2
3
3 2
2
3
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2 1 2
2
1
2
2
3 1
2
3
2
1 2 1
2
2
2
1 1 1
2
1
2
1
b a 2 b a b a 2 b a b a 2 b a
b a 2 b a b a 2 b a b a 2 b a
b a 2 b a b a 2 b a b a 2 b a
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
=
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
a 2 1 a
a 2 1 a
a 2 1 a

3 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
b b b
b b b
1 1 1
= 2
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
a a 1
a a 1
a a 1

3
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
b b 1
b b 1
b b 1
= 2(a
1
a
2
) (a
2
a
3
) (a
3
a
1
) (b
1
b
2
) (b
2
b
3
) (b
3
b
1
)
ai a : -i+- z- +i ni-i n lli + ,ii ii tn l+i i =+-i t
4iu +i4
(9) A =
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
c ab 2 a b
a b ca 2 c
b c a bc 2

+i ni- ai- +il(

(10) l< A, B, C i--l+ =i( t. -i A =
1 ) C B cos( ) C A cos(
) B C cos( 1 ) B A cos(
) A C cos( ) A B cos( 1



+i ni- ai- +il(
Answers : (9) (3abc a
3
b
3
c
3
)
2
(10) 0
uifi+i +i 4i n (Summation of determinants) :
ni-i A(r) =
3 2 1
3 2 1
b b b
a a a
) r ( h ) r ( g f(r)
ti a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, b
1
, b
2
, b
3
=ii r = ---zi ~- t . -
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
14

=
A
n
1 r
) r ( =
3 2 1
3 2 1
n
1 r
n
1 r
n
1 r
b b b
a a a
) r ( h ) r ( g ) r ( f

= = =
ti r +i +n- +n (+ l+- i ---i + ~ ti ti =+- t -= ---i i l+- + ~i + ~nii ~-
~ r l-i -ti ti- -ilt( l< (+ l+- i ---i = ~li+ ~ r l-i ti. -i tn =ili+ +i
=i +- t ~i l+ i n +- t
a<iri # 10 ni- ai- +il(
=
n
1 r
2 2 1 2 n
y cos x
2 n 1 r 2
1 n n 2
2
r
C
r

u

+
rn
=
n
1 r
r
D
=
2 2 1 2 n
y cos x
2 n ) 1 r 2 (
1 n n 2
2
n
1 r
r
n
1 r
C
n
1 r
r

u

+
= = =

=
2 2 1 2 n
y cos x
2 2 1 2 n
1 n n 2
2
1 n n 2

u

+
+
= 0
a<iri # 11 l< D
r
=
0 1 2
1 1 3
C C C
r
2 n
1 r
2 n
2 r
2 n

t . -i
=
n
2 r
r
D
=
rn

=
n
2 r
r
D =

=
n
2 r
0 1 2
1 1 3
C C C
r
2 n
1 r
2 n
2 r
2 n

=
0 1 2
1 1 3
C .... C C C .... C C C .... C C
2 n
2 n
3
2 n
2
2 n
2 n
2 n
2
2 n
1
2 n
2 n
2 n
1
2 n
0
2 n

+ + + + + + + + +
=
0 1 2
1 1 3
n 1 2 1 2 2
2 n 2 n 2 n


C
1
C
1
2 C
2
=
0 1 0
1 1 1
n 1 2 1 2 2 2 2
2 n 2 n 1 n 2 n
+

MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
15
= (1)
1 1
n 1 2 2 2 2
2 n 1 n 2 n
+

= 2
n 1
n 3
a<iri # 12 l< A
r
=
2 1 1 r
r 3 r 2
0 1 1 r
+
+

ti . -i

=
A
n
1 r
r
ai- +il(
rn =ili+ +i =i +-
D
r
= (r 1) (3 r) + 7 + r
2
+ 4r = 8r + 4

=
A
n
1 r
r
= 4n (n + 2)
4iu +i4
(11)

=
n
1 r
r
D
n 3 n 3 z ) 1 r (
2 n 4 y ) 1 r (
6 x 1 r
2 3
2

+i ni- ai- +il(

Answer : (11) 0
uifi+ +i +na (Differentiation of determinant) : ni-i A(x) =
) x ( h ) x ( h ) x ( h
) x ( g ) x ( g ) x ( g
) x ( f ) x ( f ) x ( f
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
- A'(x) =
) x ( h ) x ( h ) x ( h
) x ( g ) x ( g ) x ( g
) x ( f ) x ( f ) x ( f
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
' ' '
+
) x ( h ) x ( h ) x ( h
) x ( g ) x ( g ) x ( g
) x ( f ) x ( f ) x ( f
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
' ' '
+
) x ( h ) x ( h ) x ( h
) x ( g ) x ( g ) x ( g
) x ( f ) x ( f ) x ( f
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
' ' '
ai a : tn (+ =ili+ +i ---i = (column wise) ii ~+n- + =+- t
a<iri # 13 l< f(x) =
2
4 3 2
a a 1
x x 2 x 6
1 2 3
ti . -i f''(a) +i ni- ai- +il(
rn f'(x) =
2
3 2
a a 1
x 4 x 6 x 12
1 2 3
f''(x) =
2
2
a a 1
x 12 x 12 12
1 2 3
f''(a) = 12
2
2
a a 1
a a 1
1 2 3
= 0.
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
16
a<iri # 14 ni-il+ o l,ii- =ni+i f(x) = 0 +i -i-i nn t ~i A(x), B(x) ~i C(x) +nzi 3, 4 ~i 5 ii-
+ t< t -i l=z +il( l+ =ili+
) ( C ) ( B ) ( A
) ( C ) ( B ) ( A
) x ( C ) x ( B ) x ( A
o ' o ' o '
o o o
, f(x) = liil- t
rn ni-i g(x) =
) ( C ) ( B ) ( A
) ( C ) ( B ) ( A
) x ( C ) x ( B ) x ( A
o ' o ' o '
o o o
g'(x) =
) ( C ) ( B ) ( A
) ( C ) ( B ) ( A
) x ( C ) x ( B ) x ( A
o ' o ' o '
o o o
' ' '
- l+ g(o) = g'(o) = 0
g(x) = (x o)
2
h(x) ~ii - o, g(x) +i (+ -i-i n n t -ii h(x) -i- ii- +i (+ t<
t - f(x) = 0 +i ii o -i l-i n n t . :=ln( g(x) , f(x) = liil- t
a<iri # 15 l=z +il( l+ F + n x
1
, x
2
~i x
3
l-i t
F =
2 3 1
2
3 2 2 1
2
2 2 1 1
2
1
1 3 1 2 1 1
b x b x b x b x b x b x
a x a x a x
1 1 1
+ + + + + +
+ + +
~i F +i tn +i
rn
1
da
dF
=
2 3 1
2
3 2 2 1
2
2 2 1 1
2
1
1 3 1 2 1 1
b x b x b x b x b x b x
a x a x a x
0 0 0
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+
2 3 1
2
3 2 2 1
2
2 2 1 1
2
1
b x b x b x b x b x b x
1 1 1
1 1 1
+ + + + + +
+
0 0 0
a x a x a x
1 1 1
1 3 1 2 1 1
+ + +
= 0
~- F , a
1
= ---zi t
:=i +i
1
db
dF
=
2
db
dF
= 0.
~- F , b
1
~i b
2
= ---zi t
~- F + n x
1
, x
2
, x
3
l-i +-i t
a
1
= 0, b
1
= 0, b
2
= 0 i-
F =
2
3
2
2
2
1
3 2 1
x x x
x x x
1 1 1
= (x
1
x
2
) (x
2
x
3
) (x
3
x
1
).
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
17
a<iri # 16 l<
) x 1 ( n x cos
x sin e
x
+
= A + Bx + Cx
2
+ ..... ti . -i A ~i B +i ni- ai- +i
rn x = 0 i-
) x 1 ( n x cos
x sin e
x
+
= A + Bx + Cx
2
+ .......

0 1
0 1
= AA
A = 0.
<i n: =ili+ +i x + =i -i ~+n- +-
) x 1 ( n x cos
x cos e
x
+
+
x 1
1
x sin
x sin e
x
+

= B + 2 C x + ......
x = 0 i-
0 1
1 1
+
1 0
0 1
= 0
B = 1 + 1 = 0
A = 0, B = 0
4iu +i4
(12) l<
x 1 1 x
1 1 x x 2
x 1 x x
+
+

= ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d ti . -i ai- +il(
(i) d (ii) a + b + c + d (iii) b
Answers : (12) (i) 1 (ii) 5 (iii) 4
uifi+ +i ui+na (Integration of a determinant) :
ni-i A(x) =
2 2 2
1 1 1
c b a
c b a
) x ( h ) x ( g ) x ( f
ti a
1
, b
1
, c
1
, a
2
, b
2
, c
2
=ii x = ---zi ~- t. ~-
}
A
b
a
dx ) x ( =
2 2 2
1 1 1
b
a
b
a
b
a
c b a
c b a
dx ) x ( h dx ) x ( g dx ) x ( f
} } }
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
18
ai a : l< (+ = i<i l+- i ---i x + +n- t . -i tn =ili+ +i =i +- t ~i l+ =ni+n-
+- t
a<iri # 17 l< f(x) =
x cos 2 1 0
1 x cos 2 1
0 1 x cos
ti . -i
}
t 2 /
0
dx ) x ( f ai- +il(
rn ti f(x) = cos x (4 cos
2
x 1) 2 cos x
= 4 cos
3
x 3 cos x = cos 3x
}
t 2 /
0
dx x 3 cos =
2 /
0
3
x 3 sin
t
(

(
=
3
1
a<iri # 18 l< A =
3 2
2 2 2
x x x
3 4 6
3 2 1 | o
ti . -i
}
A
1
0
dx ) x ( +i ni- ai- +il(
rn
}
A
1
0
dx ) x ( =
} } }
| o
1
0
3
1
0
2
1
0
2 2 2
dx x dx x dx x
3 4 6
3 2 1
=
4
1
3
1
2
1
3 4 6
3 2 1
2 2 2
| o
=
12
1
3 4 6
3 4 6
3 2 1
2 2 2
| o
= 0
+ fa4 fi+ ut+i fa+i4 (Cramer's Rule: System of linear equations) :
(i) <i
=ni+ii a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
= 0 ( a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0 + ln( l<
2
1
2
1
2
1
c
c
b
b
a
a
= =
ti . -i
l<( n( =ni+i ~= n- t ~i l<
2
1
2
1
2
1
c
c
b
b
a
a
= = ti . -i l<( n( =ni+i = n- t
(ii) ata
ni-il+ a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
z = d
1
a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
z = d
2
a
3
x + b
3
y + c
3
z = d
3
ti . -i D.x = D
1
, D.y = D
2
, D.z = D
3
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
19
ti D =
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
c b a
c b a
c b a
; D
1
=
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
c b d
c b d
c b d
; D
2
=
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
c d a
c d a
c d a
( D
3
=
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
d b a
d b a
d b a
y+ ut+i fa+i4 +t u naai (Consistency of a system of equations) :
(a) l< D = 0 ~i D
1
, D
2
, D
3
n = +n = +n (+ ~zi- ti . -i l<i ni =ni+i l-+i =n- t ~i
:=+i ~zi - ~l,-i tn ti ni
(b) l< D = 0 ( D
1
= D
2
= D
3
= 0 ti. -i l<i ni =ni+i l-+i =n- t ~i :=+i +n (+ zi- tn
ti ni
(c) l< D = D
1
= D
2
= D
3
= 0 ti . -i =ni+i l-+i + i -i ~--- tn ti n i +i : tn -ti ti ni
(2 2 l-+i + ln( D = 0 = D
1
= D
2
l-+i + ~--- tn tin )
(d) l< D = 0 -- D
1,
D
2,
D
3
n = +n = +n (+ zi- -ti ti. - =ni+i l-+i ~=n- ti-i t -ii
:=+i +i : tn -ti ti -i t
uiiat4 fa+i4 : a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
z = 0
a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
z = 0
a
3
x + b
3
y + c
3
z = 0
:= l-+i +i =< (+ tn (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0) t t tn l-+i +i l-i+ (trival) tn i zi- tn +tni-i
t
D = 0 := l-+i +i +n zi- tn t
D = 0 := l-+i +i zi - tn -ti t (~--- tn)
<i i ata ut+i (Three equation in two variables) :
l< x ~i y ~zi - t . -i =ni+i l-+i a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
= 0 ; a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0 ~i
a
3
x + b
3
y + c
3
= 0 + x ( y n = n- ti - + ln(
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
c b a
c b a
c b a
= 0.
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
20
a<iri # 19 l< n =ni+i l-+i + tni +i + l- ai- +il(
x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y + 4z = 3
3x + 4y + 5z = 0
rn ni-i D =
5 4 3
4 3 2
3 2 1
= l+i C
1
C
1
C
2
, C
2
C
2
C
3
+-
D =
5 1 1
4 1 1
3 1 1



= 0 D = 0
~ D
1
=
5 4 0
4 3 3
3 2 1
C
3
C
3
C
2
D
1
=
1 4 0
1 3 3
1 2 1
R
1
R
1
R
2
, R
2
R
2
R
3
D
1
=
1 4 0
0 1 3
0 1 2

= 5
D = 0 n l+- D
1
= 0
~- +i: tn -ti
*a<iri # 20 =ni+i l-+i x + y + z = 1, 2x + 2y + 2z = 3, 3x + 3y + 3z = 4 +i tn +il(
rn D =
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
= 0
D
1
= 0, D
2
= 0, D
3
= 0
ni-i z = t
x + y = 1 t
2x + 2y = 3 2t
- l+ <i -i =n ii( =ni-- t ~- x ~i y +i +i : ni- -ti t <i n: =ni+i +i +i :
tn -ti t
*a<iri # 21 l< n =ni+i l-+i +i tn +il(
x + y + z = 2
2x + 2y + 2z = 4
3x + 3y + 3z = 6
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
21
rn D =
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
= 0
D
1
= 0, D
2
= 0, D
3
= 0
D, D
1
, D
2
~i D
3
+ =ii =ti zi- t . ~- l-+i + ~--- tn tin
ni-i z = t
1
, y = t
2
x = 2 t
1
t
2
ti t
1
, t
2
e R.
a<iri # 22 l< n =ni+i l-+i + = <i n
x + y + z = 6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + z =
-ii + ni- ai- +i l< =ni+i l-+i +
(i) ~l,-i tn t (ii) ~--- tn t
(iii) +i: tn -ti t
rn x + y + z = 6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + z =
D =
2 1
3 2 1
1 1 1
ti = 3 + ln( l,-i - -i l+- =ni- t . ~- D = 0 , = 3 + ln(
D
1
=
2
3 2 10
1 1 6
D
2
=
1
3 10 1
1 6 1
D
3
=
2 1
10 2 1
6 1 1
l< = 3 ti . -i D
1
= D
2
= D
3
= 0 ; = 10 + ln(
(i) ~l,-i tn + ln( D = 0
~ii - = 3
(ii) ~--- tni + ln(
D = 0 = 3
D
1
= D
2
= D
3
= 0 = 10.
(iii) +i : tn -ti
D = 0 = 3
D
1
, D
2
~i D
3
n = +n = +n (+ zi- -ti ti = 10.
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
22
4iu +i4
(*13) l< n =ni+i l-+i +i tn +il(
x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y + 4z = 2
3x + 4y + 5z = 3
(14) l< n =ni+i l-+i +i tn +il(
x + 2y + 3z = 0
2x + 3y + 4z = 0
x y z = 0
(15) (b + c) (y + z) ax = b c, (c + a) (z + x) by = c a, (a + b) (x + y) cz = a b
ti a + b + c = 0 +i tn +il(
(16) ni-i 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 ; 3x + 5y + 6 = 0, 2x
2
+ 6xy + 5y
2
+ 8x + 12y + 1 + t = 0, l<
l<i ni =ni+i l-+i x ~i y n = n- t . -i t +i ni- ai- +il(
Answers : (13) x = 1 + t y = 2t z = t ti t e R
(14) x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
(15) x =
c b
a b c

+ +
, y =
a c
a b c

+ +
, z =
b a
a b c

+ +
(16) t = 7
uifi+ + a s 4i n (Application of determinants) :
(i) lzii l=+ ziii (x
r
, y
r
), r = 1, 2, 3 ti. +i -i zi+n
D =
1
2
1 y x
1 y x
1 y x
3 3
2 2
1 1
l< D = 0 ti . -i -i-i l-< = ii t
(ii) l-< (x
1
, y
1
) ~i (x
2,
y
2
) = n - ini =n ii +i =ni+i
1 y x
1 y x
1 y x
2 2
1 1
= 0 ti ni
(iii) =n ii( : a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
= 0........ (1)
a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0........ (2)
a
3
x + b
3
y + c
3
= 0........ (3)
= nini t l<
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
c b a
c b a
c b a
= 0.
t <i -i n -i- ii =ni+ii +i = n--i + ln( ~iia l--i t
(iv) =ni+i ax + 2 hxy + by + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 =n ii n +i <lzi - +-i t l<
abc + 2 fgh af bg ch = 0 =
c f g
f b h
g h a
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
23
-4 -+it4 i -4 -+it4 i-4 r (Singular & non singular matrix) :
(+ n ~it A~+nii i +nii +ti i-i t l< |A| +i ni- +nzi zi- i ~zi- ti
uri i-4 r y uri i-4 r (Cofactor matrix & adjoint matrix) :
ni-i A= [a
ij
]
n
+i: n ~it t A+ + ~ + -ii- -=+ =n- =ti +i l--iil- +- = i--
~it +i =ti ~it +t- t
l+ A+i =ti ~it +i l- A+i =ti ~it +tni-i t -ii := adj A= <lzi - +- t
~ii - l< A = [a
ij
]
n
ti. -i =ti A = [c
ij
]
n
l+ c
ij
, i ( j + =ii ni-i + ln a
ij
+i =ti t
-ii adj A = [d
ij
]
n
ti d
ij
= c
ji
i, j.
uri A i A + uri + n iri (Properties of cofactor A and adj A) :
(a) A . adj A = |A| I
n
= (adj A) A ti A = [a
ij
]
n
.
(b) |adj A| = |A|
n 1
, ti n , A +i +n t
-<itiii l+=i 3 3 ~i t + ln |adj A| = |A|
2
(c) l< A=nln- ~i t t. -i adj Aii =nln- ~it t
(d) l< A ~ +nii t . -i adj A ii ~+nii t
a<iri # 23 : (+ 33 lin =nln- ~i t A+ ln( <lzi - +il( l+ adj A (+ =nln- ~i t t
rn A =
(
(
(

0 c b
c 0 a
b a 0
cof A =
(
(
(

2
2
2
a ab ca
ab b bc
ca bc c
adj A = (cof A)' =
(
(
(

2
2
2
a ab ca
ab b bc
ca bc c
i =nln- t
i-4 r +i s fani (Reciprocal matrix/Inverse of a matrix) :
ni-i A+nii ~it t - A+i ni- l-nin ~it
| A |
1
adj At (:= tn A+i l-nin +t- t) ~i
:= A
1
= <lzi - +- t ~- A (adj A) = |A| I
n
= (adj A) A
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
A adj
| A |
1
= I
n
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
A adj
| A |
1
AA l+ A +nii ti
A
1
=
| A |
1
adj A.
fVIif.k;k :
1. A ~ ~ f = ~ f=- z- ~ f( ~:4~ ( ~4 : 4z z f~ A 4+=t4 z- fz(
2. A
1
z= : 4 +=t4 z z
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
24
3. 4f A = dia (a
11
, a
12
, ....., a
nn
) z a
ii
= 0 i, A
1
= diag (a
11
1
, a
22
1
, ...., a
nn
1
).
4. f~=t 4 +=t4 ~4 z A ~ f( (A
1
)' = (A')
1
( adj (A') = (adj A)'.
5. (A
1
)
1
= A 4f A 4 +=t4 z
6. =- k (~ ~: -4 ~f: ~ A 4 +=t4 ~4 z z. (kA)
1
=
k
1
A
1
.
7. |A| = 0 ~ f4 |A
1
| =
| A |
1
8. =- A (~ 4 +=t4 ~4 z z AB = AC B = C ( BA = CA B= C.
9. A 4 +=t4 ~ ==f= z A
1
==f= z
10. (AB)
1
= B
1
A
1
l< A ( B +nii ti
11. ==-4 AB = 0 ~ = A = 0 4 B = 0 -zt z f~- 4f A 4 +=t4 ~ AB = 0 z . B = 0. ,=t
~ ~ B 4 +=t4 ~ AB = 0 z . A = 0. ,=f( AB = 0 4 - ~4 +=t4 z 4 -= = (~
0 z
a<iri # 24 : <i +nii ~i t A ~i B + ln( <lzi - +il( l+ adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
rn tn i-- t l+ (AB) (adj (AB)) = |AB| I
n
= |A| |B| I
n
A
1
(AB)(adj (AB)) = |A| |B| A
1
B adj (AB) = |B| adj A ( A
1
=
| A |
1
adj A)
B
1
B adj (AB) = |B| B
1
adj A
adj (AB) = (adjB) (adj A)
4iu +i4
(17) l< A +nii ti . -i <lzi - +il( l+ adj (adj A) = |A|
n 2
A.
(18) l=z +il( l+ adj (A
1
) = (adj A)
1
.
(19) l+=i n ~i t A+ ln( <lzi- +il( l+ |adj (adj A) | =
2
) 2 n (
| A |

.
(20) l< A~i B +nii ~i t ti . -i <lzi - +il( l+ (AB)
1
= B
1
A
1
.
fi+ ut+ii +i fa+i4 i i-4r (System of linear equations & matrices) :
ni-i n =ni+ii +i l-+i l--- t
a
11
x
1
+ a
12
x
2
+ .......... + a
1n
x
n
= b
1
a
21
x
1
+ a
22
x
2
+ ..........+ a
2n
x
n
= b
2
.................................................
a
m1
x
1
+ a
m2
x
2
+ ..........+ a
mn
x
n
= b
n
.
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
25
ni-i A =
(
(
(
(

mn 2 m 1 m
n 2 22 21
n 1 12 11
a .......... a a
..... .......... ..... .....
a .......... a a
a .......... a a
, X =
(
(
(
(

n
2
1
x
....
x
x
( B =
(
(
(
(
(
(

n
2
1
b
...
...
b
b
.
- - l<i ni l-+i ~i t AX = B n +- l+i i =+-i t
l-+i +i =n- +ti i-i t l< :=+i +n = +n (+ tn lni- ti
fi+ ut+ii +i fa+i4 i i-4r sfani
(System of linear equations and matrix inverse) :
l< - l< n l-+i n n =ni+i ~i n ~ai- ti . -i AX = B ti An ~i t t
sfii : (1) l< A ~ +nii ti . -i A X = B +i tn X = A
1
B ti ni
(2) l< A~+nii. (adj A)B = 0 -ii ~it A+ =n-- ---i =ni-i-i -ti ti. -i l-+i +
tni +i = i ~--- ti ni
(3) l< A~ +nii ~i (adj A) B = 0 ti. -i l-+i +i +i: tn -ti t
(tn +t =+- t l+ t ~= n- t)
uiiat4 fa+i4 y i-4 r s fani (Homogeneous system and matrix inverse) :
l< - l<i ni l-+i =nii- t. (n ~ai- ~i n =ni+i ini l-+i) -i ~it n := AX = O lnii
i =+-i t ( := l-il- n b
1
= b
2
= ....... b
n
= 0), ti A (+ n ~i t t
sfii : (1) l< A+nii ti. -i l-+i + + n l-i+ tn t (zi- tn) X = 0 ti tin
(2) l< A~+nii ti. -i l-+i + ~--- tn t (l-i+ tni +i n+) ~- :=+ =ii+ tn
t
i-4 r +t +i fa (Rank of a matrix) :
ni-i A= [a
ij
]
mn
. -i (+ i+- =i +i A+i +i l +ti i-i t l< ~it An +n +i +n = +n (+
+nii -~it lni- ti ~i +n = ~li+ +n +i +i : +nii -~it lni- -ti ti zi- ~it
+i +il ii zi- ti-i t
~ A =
(
(
(

0 5 0 0
0 2 0 0
5 2 1 3
(

2 0
2 3
(+ +nii -~i t t
3 +n +i n ~it t
(
(
(

5 0 0
2 0 0
2 1 3
,
(
(
(

0 0 0
0 0 0
5 1 3
,
(
(
(

0 5 0
0 2 0
5 2 3
,
(
(
(

0 5 0
0 2 0
5 2 1
~i =ii ~ +nii t ~- A +i +i l 2 t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
26
i-4 r +i s ifi+ s fa =si-ai (Elementary row transformation of matrix) :
l---lnli- =l+i~i +i il-i+ l+- i--i +ti i-i t
(a) <i l+-i +i - <n-i
(b) l+=i ii l+- + =n-- ~i +i (+ ~zi- ~l<zi = nii ++ lni-i
(c) l+=i ii l+- +i (+ ~- ilzi = nii + ~- l+- n i <-i
ai a : :=i +i +i ili+ ---i i--i l+i i =+-i t
fasfi4i
1. il-i+ i--ii = ~i t +i +i l ~ll-- t-i t
2. l< +i: ~it A, l+=i ~- ~it B lli-- il-i+ i--ii = i-- ti. -i ~it A( B - =ni-
~i t +tni-i t -ii := A ~ B = lni- t
i-4 r +i ui sia+ =s (Echelon form of a matrix) :
(+ ~i t =i i-+ n +ti i-i t l<:
(a) :=+i + l+- +i in ~zi- ~ 1 ti -ii =n- ---ii + (~ii- i ---i l-n 1 ~i-i t)
zii =n-- ~ zi- ti
(b) l+=i ii ~zi- l+- n in ~zi- ~ = tn zi-i +i =i. ~nni ~zi- l+-i n zi-i +i
= i = +n ti
sfii : =ii-+ n lnii n: ~it +i +il. -=n ~zi- l+-i +i =i + i ti-i t (~ii- (=i
l+-i +i =i + i l-n +n = +n (+ ~ ~zi- ti)
fasit : l+=i <i t: ~it il-i+ l+- i--i +i -in ++ := =ii-+ n <n =+- t ~i
~zi - l+-i +i =i ai- + :=+i +i l l-ii l- + =+- t
fi+ ut+ii +i fa+i4 y i-4r +t +ifa :
(System of linear equations & rank of matrix) :
ni-i l-+i AX = B t ti A(+ m n ~it t X (+n----i =l<zi ~i B (+ m----i =l<zi t ni-i [AB]
= li - ~i t (~ii - ( =i ~i t i B + ~i +i (n + 1)
th
---i + n n + ~i in n ---ii +i A~i t
= n+ -ii ni t ) +i <lzi- +-i t (A). A+i +i l +i <lzi - +-i t ~i ([AB]) . =li- ~i t +i
+i l +i <lzi - +-i t ~- (A) s ([AB]).
sfii : (1) l< (A) < ([AB]) ti. -i l-+i +i +i: tn -ti ti ni (~ii- l-+i ~=n- t )
(2) l< (A) = ([AB]) = ~ai- ilzii +i =i ti . -i l-+i + ~l,-i tn lni- ti n
(~ii - l-+i = n- t )
(3) l< (A) = ([AB]) < ~ai- ilzii +i = i ti. -i l-+i + ~--- tn lni- ti n
(~- t =n- t)
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
27
uiia fa+i4 i i-4 r +t +i fa (Homogeneous system & rank of matrix) :
ni-i n ~ai-i ( m =ni+i ini +i : =nii- l-+i AX = 0 t := l-il- n B = 0 ~i :=ln(
(A) = ([AB]). ~- l< (A) = n ti. -i l-+i + +n zi- tn lni- tin l< (A) < n ti. -i l-+i
+ ~--- tn t
a<iri # 25 : l-ni n ~i t = l-+i
1 z y x 2
2 z y x
6 z y x
= +
= +
= + +
+i tn +il(
rn ni-i A =
(
(
(

1 1 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
, X =
(
(
(

z
y
x
( B =
(
(
(

1
2
6
.
- l-+i AX = B t
|A| = 6, ~- A +nii t
=ti A =
(
(
(

2 0 2
1 3 2
3 3 0
adj A =
(
(
(

2 1 3
0 3 3
2 2 0
A
1
=
| A |
1
adj A =
6
1
(
(
(

2 1 3
0 3 3
2 2 0
=
(
(
(

3 / 1 6 / 1 2 / 1
0 2 / 1 2 / 1
3 / 1 3 / 1 0
X = A
1
B =
(
(
(

3 / 1 6 / 1 2 / 1
0 2 / 1 2 / 1
3 / 1 3 / 1 0
(
(
(

1
2
6
~ii -
(
(
(

z
y
x
=
(
(
(

3
2
1
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
a<iri # 26 : l-+i
8. z 4y 2x
1 3z 3y x
3 z y x
1 2z x y
= + +
= +
= + +
= +
+i = n--i +i i - +il( l< tn lni- ti . -i -= ii ai- +il(
rn A =
(
(
(
(

1 4 2
3 3 1
1 1 1
2 1 1
X =
(
(
(

z
y
x
, B =
(
(
(
(

8
1
3
1
[AB] =
(
(
(
(

8 1 4 2
1 3 3 1
3 1 1 1
1 2 1 1
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
28
~
(
(
(
(

6 3 6 0
2 1 2 0
2 1 2 0
1 2 1 1
1 4 4
1 3 3
1 2 2
R 2 R R
R R R
R R R



~
(
(
(
(

1 2 / 1 1 0
1 2 / 1 1 0
1 2 / 1 1 0
1 2 1 1
4 4
3 3
2 2
R
6
1
R
R
2
1
R
R
2
1
R

~
(
(
(
(

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 2 / 1 1 0
2 2 / 3 0 1
2 4 4
2 3 3
2 1 1
R R R
R R R
R R R


+
t =ii-+ (Echelon form) t
(AB) = 2 = (A) < ~ai- ilzii +i = i
~- ti n = 1 + ~--- tn t
~- - = i~i n = l+=i (+ +i ~- + i n + zii -i +i -= ~- + <i n lni < -
t
ni-i z = r, ti r +i : = i t
-i x y = 1 2r
x + y = 3 r
x =
2
r 3 4
( y =
2
r 2 +
tn (x, y, z) = |
.
|

\
| +
r ,
2
r 2
,
2
r 3 4
t
4iu +i4
(21) A =
(
(
(

1 1 3
3 2 1
2 1 0
. |A| ~i adj A +i -i n ++ A +i l-ni n ai- +il(
(22) l--- l-+ii + ln( ~i + i--l+ ni- ai- +il( -il+ l-+i +
(i) ~l,l- tn ti (ii) ~--- tn ti (iii) +i : tn -ti ti
x + y + z = 6
x + 2y + 3z = 1
x + 2y + z =
(23) +i t ni- ai- +il( l=+ ln l--- =nii- l-+ii + ~zi- tn lni- t
x + 2y + 3z = x
3x + y + 2z = y
2x + 3y + z = z
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
29
Answers : (21)
2
1
1
2
1
2
3
3
2
1
2
5
4
2
1

(22) (i) = 3, e R (ii) = 3, = 1 (iii) = 3, = 1 (23) = 6

fini+ifi+ r s< y fini+ifi+ ut+i
(Characteristic polynomial & Characteristic equation):
l< 'A' +i : n ~it ti . -i t < | A xI | +i ~it A+i ~lini-ili+ t < +ti i-i t -ii =ni+i |
A xI | = 0 +i ~i t A +i ~lini-ili+ =ni+i +ti i-i t
+ n r faa s 4 (Cayley - Hamilton theorem) :
+ n ~i t. - +i ~lini-ili+ =ni+i +i =- +-i t ~ii - l< ~i t A+i ~lini-ili+ =ni+i
a
0
x
n
+ a, x
n 1
+ ........ + a
n 1
x + a
n
= 0 ti . -i
a
0
A
n
+ a
1
A
n 1
+ ......... + a
n 1
A + a
n
I = 0 ti ni
a<iri # 27 : l< A =
(
(
(

1 0 0
0 1 2
0 2 1
ti , -i <lzi - +il( l+ 5A
1
= AA
2
+ A 5I.
rn ~i t A+i ~lini-ili+ =ni+i | A xI | = 0 ti -i t

(
(
(

x 1 0 0
0 x 1 2
0 2 x 1
= 0 x
3
+ x
2
5x 5 = 0.
+ n t ln-- (cayley - Hamilton) n =
A
3
+ A
2
5A 5I = 0 5I = A
3
+ A
2
5A
A
1
= n ii +-
5A
1
= A
2
+ A 5I
zi -4iit i-4 r (Nilpotent matrix) :
l< +i : n ~i t A:= +i t l+ A
2
= Oti . -i ~i t A+i zi -iii ~i t (+n 2) +t- t (+ n ~i t
p +n +i zi -iii ~it +ti i-i t l< p == +n i-in+ ii + := +i t l+ A
p
= O.
n u i-4 r (Idempotent matrix) :
(+ n ~it +i n =n +ti i-i t l< A
2
=A.
=
(

1 0
0 1
(+ n=n ~it t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
30
-a nat4 i-4 r (Involutory matrix) :
(+ n ~i t +i ~-- n-i +ti i-i t l< A
2
= I, I :+i: ~i t t
= A =
(

1 0
0 1
(+ ~-- n-i ~i t t
nif+ i-4 r (Orthogonal matrix) :
(+ n ~it +i nil-+ ~it +ti i-i t l<
A' A = I = A'A.
a<iri # 28 : <lzi - +il( l+ n ~i t A ~-- n-i t l< ~i + n l< (I A) (I + A) = 0
rn ni-i A ~-- n-i t
- A
2
= I
(I A) (I + A) = II + IA AI A
2
= I + A A A
2
= I A
2
= 0
lni n- (I A) (I + A) = 0 II + IA AI A
2
= 0
I + A A A
2
= 0 I A
2
= 0 A ~-- n-i t
4iu +i4
(24) l< A n =n ti . -i <lzi - +il( l+ B = I A n =n t ~i - AB = BA = 0.
(25) l< A, 2 ii- +i zi-iii ~it ti . -i n e N + ln( <lzi - +il( l+ A(I + A)
n
=A
(26) A lin =nln- ~i t := +i t l+ A
2
+ I = 0 ti . -i <lzi - +il( l+ A nil-+ ~i t t ~i
+n =n t
(27) ni-i A =
(
(
(

0 a b
a 0 c
b c 0
. l< A
3
+ A = 0 ti . -i ai- +il(
Answer a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
.