PHYSICS

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1
1. rfa ani +i iiai-ai :
l-, i lzi+ lzilni~- < - n t , i +i lni i i. ni-i -l-+ -i i ni- -i+ + i+in +i + l- ++
--- ti-i t i lzi+ ti- + +ii :- - ni +i -ii-i--i + ln( nin n ( vi-i-i + n ii +i ti-i
~iz+ t l- - n , <i + =-i- ln- + n ~in c -i t i l+ l+=i +l-- zi = --- ti - t
l- - n --- +- in (+ -lzi l-i +il( -
A
B
v foLFkkfi r Lofj =k
l kekU; ok; qe. My h; nkc
i i (B) i i -+ i-i t -i t :=+ =in- +i ti +i <i-i t l== <i n lz ti -i t t -i zi (=-i-
--<) +tni-i t i l+ ii = < l- +i nl- = c-i t
=-i- --< --- +- + i< i i B ~-i nl- +i l<zii <n-i t ~i ~-< +i ~i nl- +-i t l== :=+
i= in -i zi +i <i i nni <i = ii i +n ti i-i t := -i zi +i ln- --< +t- t t ii l- + nl-
= ~in c -i t
A
B
l Ei hMu
Li Un
v
}
foj y au
Li Un
. . .
. . .
. . .
~n i i =n ~i- nl- +i -t +l-- ti . -i n + i= + <i n ii =n ~i- nl- ti -i t ~- <i n lz
l--- =ni+i = <- t
oP = oP
0
sin et
ti oP
0
<i n ~li+-n ci -i (=ini- = -) t
- l+ l-ii i <i i ~i - n nl- v = -n-i t ~- <i l- - n ~ili+ l+=i ii =n(t) l+=i ii l-il- x + ln(
l--- -t = <- t
oP = oP
0
sin e(t x/v) (1.1)
p = oP, p
0
= oP
0
~- - +i =ni+i +i l--- n lni =+- t
p = p
0
sin e(t x/v) (1.2)
Example 1.
<i n: -n =ni+i + ln( l--- +i ni- ai- +i
P = 0.02 sin [(3000 t 9 x] (=ii - S.I. :+i: n t )
(a) ~i l-i (b) - n< . (c) l- -n +i -in
(d) l< =i-i-ii n ti +i <i 10
5
t -i ~li+-n - --n <i ai- +i ?
Solution : (a) ni-+ =ni+i = -n-i +-
p = p
0
sin [e (t x/v)]
tn <i- t l+ e= 3000 s
1
, ~- ~i l- ti ni
v =
t
e
2
=
t 2
1000
Hz = 480 Hz.
:=i -t , e/v = 9.0 m
1
.
PHYSICS
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2
i v = 1
m 0 . 9

e
=
1
1
m 0 . 9
s 3000

=
3
1000
m/s
-n< =
f
v
=
m
9
2
Hz 2 / 3000
s / m 3 / 1000 t
=
t
(b) <ii ~iin p
0
= 0.02 N/m
2
~- ~li+-n ---n <i -n nl- n (1.0 10
5
0.02) N/m
2
tin
2. rfa ani +t ifa y ai-
i fa
l- - ni + v + -+ n (+ =-i- (+ ln- ti -i t -ii ~i l-i (+ = + n ti - in + n -+i +i = i
ti -i t . i l+ <i n: l-il- = n - t =ini-- t ~i l-i -lzi +i ~i l-i + i ti -i t l< = i - (+ ti ~i l-i
+i =n ~i- nl- n +l-- ti -i t -i --- l- ii (+ ti ~i l-i +i ti ni l= zi z - +ti i-i t
=iiii-i l- = i - tn zii =n ~i- nl- n +l-- -ti ti - (t ~-ii =ini--i + z = i - = lni l- n ni-i
l- -i n +i =-t ~il< n ti -i t) ~- :=+ ,ii --- - < +i ~i|l- i+i - n =i ti -i i -ti
:= -t +i - ni +i ~li+ = i n ~nn~nn ~iin ~i l-i +i i+i - ni +i ~ii l- ++ vi-- l+i
i =+-i t l=n t =ii ~i l-ii ni < ti -i t
ia ra -4 if-i +t siu
=ini-- ni- +i- 20 = 20 KHz -+ +i =ii l- - n = - =+- t t i= vii ln+ liin t i l+ li--li--
ni- + ln( ii i ll- - ti =+-i t = -- +i -in-i -n c - + =ii +n ti -i i-i t nn -n +i l+- + n
12 = 14 KHz -+ +i l- -n =- =+-i t
-4 rfa i si-4 rfa
l- - n l-+i ~i l-i 20 Hz = +n ti -i t . -4 rfa -ii 20 KHz = ~li+ si-4 rfa +tni-i t n-
:-t -ti = - i- ~- i = - =+- t -<iti + -i n =iiii-i 5Hz = +n +i ~ ~i l-i = i-
+ =+- t -ii -nni<. -- + ln( 100 KHz = ~li+ +i ~i l-i +i -i n +- t
ai-
~ -+ ci n: ~i l-i (+ - zin+ n iin t . :=+i :+i: Hz n nii n: t ~i l=+i (+ ~l,-i ni- ti =+-i
t l+ ii (+ l+- +i ~i l-i +i -ii i -in+ t nl--+ ~i l-i +i -ii i -in+ t nl--+ ~i l-i +i il-i+
= (+ i -in+ n i + <i n +- +-i l= -i +t- t --- ~i l-i +i (+ zi z l- ~li+ -i +i
l- -ii l--- ~i l-i +i (+ zi z l- +n -i +i l- +tni-i t
Example 2. (+ -n i l+ 4 mm - n< +i t . ti n 300 m/s +i nl- = -n-i t +i := = -i i =+-i t ?
Solution : =ni+i v = v, = -n +i ~il-i
v =

v
=
m 10 4
s / m 300
3

= 75000 Hz.
t i i= = +ti ~li+ t t (+ i t ~- = -- ni+ -ti t t -nni< + ln( = --
ni+ t
3. <i i4i fiisa i4i :
tn l- - ni +i i -i ~ili+ <i =ni+i (=ni+i 1.1) i +ii ,ii i-- ~- < l-ii- + n < =+-
t
l< s = s
0
sin e(t x/v) l- - n +i <zii -i t ti
s = nin + +ii +i ni ~-ii = l-ii-. ~- l=z l+i i =+-i t l+
s = s
0
sin (et kx) ...(3.1)
PHYSICS
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3
~i-- n l-- = AV = (Ax + As)A AxA = AsA
x
s
xA
sA
V
V
A
A
=
A
A
=
A
V
V B
P
A
= A
x
s B
P
A
A
= A
dx
Bds
dp =
dp = B (k s
0
) cos (et kx)
dp = Bks
0
cos (et kx)
dp = (dp)
max
cos (et kx)
p = p
0
sin {w(t x/v) + t/2} .... (3.2)
ti p = dp = l-il- x <i n <ni -ii
p
0
= Bks
0
= ~li+-n <i l--
t l-il- x =ini- = ~li+ <i P+i =ni+i +i <zii -i t i i <i = ~li+ t -ii :=+i ~iin
P
0
=
v
s B
0
e
= BKs
0
..... (3.3)
(B = nin +i ~i-- i-i-i nii+, K = +iii -n =i)
- =nic (3.1) -ii (3.2) <zii -i t l+ nin + +ii +i l-ii- -ii --+ <i n ~ili+ +i =nic n
2
t
+i
+ni-- t ~- l-ii- ~li+-n ti -i <i - --n tini ( :=+ li-
Example 3. 40 cm - n< +i l- - n ti n -n-i t l< l+=i l-< ~li+-n ---n <i n ~-- 2.0
10
3
N/m
2
, t -i nin + +l-- +ii +i ~iin ai- +i ~i-- i-i-i n ii + 1.4 10
5
N/m
2
Solution : <i +i ~iin
p
0
=
2
m / N 10 0 . 2
2 3

= 10
3
N/m
2
.
l-ii- ~iin s
0
l<i i-i t
p
0
= B k s
0
i s
0
=
k B
p
0
=
B 2
p
0
t

=
2 6
2 2 3
m / N 10 14 14 . 3 2
) m 10 40 ( m / N 10



=
t 7
100

= 4.54
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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4. rfa ani +t nfa :
4.1 ii ai = nin n l- - ni +i n

=
Y
v
....(4.1)
ti Y = vi-i-i +i n nii+ -ii = i-
4.2. < nin (-n i n =) n l- - ni +i n

=
B
v
....(4.2)
ti B = nin +i ~i-- i-i-i nii+ -ii = nin +i i-
B = V
dV
dP
.....(4.3)
-4aa + ui : - - - ni-i l+ n =i nin n l- -ni +i =-i =n-ii v+n t
PV = l-ii+

V
P
dV
dP
=
~- B = P
- - + ~-=i n=i n l- +i n
M
RT P
v =

=
ti M = nin <ni-
0C-ii Hg + 76 cm i +i i- = 1.293 kg/m
3
ti -i t t -ini- ~i <i, ni-+ -ini- ~i
STP <i +tni-i t i n l- +i -in 280 m/s ti -i t t ni-, i n l- +i -in + ii ln+
ni- 332 m/s = +n t ~- ni-ni= = zii i- l+i ni
niniu uziiria : i< n ni-ni= - -ii l+ n=i nin n l- -ni +i =-i =n-ii -ti ~l-
zin v+n t ~-

PV
= l--i+

V
P
dV
dP
=
ti B = V
dV
dP
= P
~- n = n l- +i n,
v =
M
RT P
=

.... (4.4)
4.3 rfa n +i viifa +a in iaiit4 +i+
(a) ais +i vii : = -i (T) c ni -in (v) ii c ni
v
T
-i + +n ~-- + ln( (+n + -i = -) v, 0.6 m/s = ii = c-i t. v+ 1C-i n
lz
2 / 1
T
M
R
v

=
T
T
2
1
v
v A
=
A
T
T
v
2
1
v A |
.
|

\
|
= A
T ) 6 . 0 ( v A = A
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
5
(b) i<ai +i vii : ~i< -i c - + =ii i- i-i t . +i l+ n +i ni n < ni- ti + ni n < ni- =
+n ti -i t
(c) <i +i vii :
l- n n=i nin n v =
M
RT P
=

-i l-- t- P + c- + =ii ii := -t c-i t l+ P/ l-- t-i t ~- <i n lz nl- +i :

vii -ti -i l< -i l-- t
Example 4. l+=i -ini- T , ti: i - (H
2
) n l- +i -in ai- +i l< :=i -ini- ~i+=i- (O
2
) n l-
+i -in 450m/s t
Solution :
M
RT
v

=
-l+ -i l-- t

) O ( v
) H ( v
2
2
=
2
2
H
O
M
M
=
2
32
= 4
v (H
2
) = 4 450 = 1800 m/s Ans.
+fs+ : l- +i -in n=i nin n v =

P
STP 22.4 litres ~i+=i- +i <ni- 32 g l+
ti: i- +i =ni- ~i-- 2 g < ni- i-i t ~- ~i+=i- +i i- ti: i - i- +i 16 n -i ~li+
ti ni =ni- <i -i <i-i + ln( l-- t
) ( v
) ( v
vkSDlhtu
kstu gkbM
=
) (
) (
kstu gkbM
vkWDlhtu

i v (ti:i-) = 4v (~i+=i-)
= 4 450 m/s = 1800 m/s. Ans.
5. rfa ani +t atai :
~- vnini - ni +i -t l- - n ii (+ -ii- = < = -ii- -+ -i +i -ii-i--i +-i t :=+i -i n +i
+- n l+i i =+-i t = +i <i +i +l- +- i :-+ +ii +i - + ziizi ii -+ i- t
-i +i nizii vl- :+i: i l+ - n ~- =ii n i-i t , zil+- +tni-i t -ii zil+- vl- -i zi+n (i l+ =-t + n--
ti -i t ) l- +i -i -i +tni-i t
(+ l- - n il+ i-in+ x- ~-i +i -+ -n-i t l--- -t v<lzi- +- t
s = s
0
sin (et kx + |)
P = p
0
cos (et kx + |)
t
s
o
o
= es
0
cos (et kx + |)
-i-ili+ zil+- P= F.v = pA
t
s
o
o
P = p
0
cos (et kx + |) Aes
0
cos (et kx + |)
P
~i =-
= <P>
= p
0
Aes
0
<cos
2
(et kx + |)>
=
2
A s p
0 0
e
v =

B
B = v
2
p
0
= Bks
0
= = v
2
ks
0
P
~i =-
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

e
k v
p
A p
2
1
2
0
0
=
v 2
A p
2
0

=
2
s pAv
2
0
2
e
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
6
~li+-n zil+- = P
max
=
v
A p
2
0

= (pA) v
2
max , p
v = pAve
2
s
0
2
+n -ii-i--l- -i = P
av
t =
2
s Av
2
0
2
e
t
~i=- -i -i = ~i =- zil+- / -i zi+n
~- l+=i l-il- x ~i =- -i -i
<I> =
2
1
v
B s
2
0
2
e
=
B 2
v P
2
0
... (5.1)
B = Pv
2
i-
I =
v 2
P
2
0

.... (5.2)
4 f-< :
- l< l-< =i- ti -i I o
2
r
1
-ii s
0
o
r
1
-ii s =
r
a
sin (et kr + u)
- l< ii =i- ti -i I o
r
1
-ii s
0
o
r
1
-ii
s =
r
a
sin (et kr + u)
- 1000 Hz - + ln( - --n l- -i-i il+ ni- +i = - =+- t . 10
12
watt./m
2
ti-i t -ii nni-i 1W/m
2
= ~li+ +i -i -i ini l- = -- -ii: ti- ti =+-i t
Example 5. li = vi-- l- - ni +i ~iin 2.0 10
3
N/m
2
t -ii -i -i l+=i l-< 10
6
W/m
2
t l< ''l-''
+ - +i i ni- <i +i ~iin 3 10
3
N/m
2
-+ c-i t -i -i-i ai- +i
Solution : -i -i <i ~iin + n + =ni- i-i ti-i t
~-
I
' I
=
2
p
p
0
0
|
|
.
|

\
| '
i I' =
2
p
p
0
0
|
|
.
|

\
| '
I =
2
0 . 2
3
|
.
|

\
|
10
6
W/m
2
= 2.25 10
6
W/m
2
.
Example 6. 0.4 cm
2
-i zi+n ini (+ l-i -n , tW zil+- in l+=i -zii - = 2.0 m< i ii t : t -n ,ii 5
= + n nti l+ n: -i +i ni- ai- +i
Solution : (+ =+ n -=l- -i t J t -i+ +i +-< ni-- t( 2.0 m lzii +i nini ni-- t t J -i :=
nin +i =-i =-t (+ = + n ln-i t :=ln( 0.4 cm
2
+ ni:+i+i - (+ = + n ln- ini
-i
=
2
4
2 4
10 4 . 0
t

t = 2.5 10
6
J
~- 5.0 =+ n ni:+i+i- ln- ini -i
2.5 10
6
J 5 = 12.5 J.
Example 7.
1.2 kg/m
3
i- ini i + +ii +i l-ii- ~iin ai- +i l< l- +i -i -i, ~i l-i ~i l- +i -in +nzi
8 10
6
w/m
2
, 5000 Hz ~i 330 m/s t
Solution :
l- +i -i -i -ii l-ii- ~iin + n =--i =
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
7
I =
v 2
P
2
0

,
P
0
= I v 2
s
0
=
Bk
P
0
=
f 2 v
v 2
2
t
I
v
=
2 v
I
f
1
t
or, i s
0
= 6.4 nm.
6 rfa snai
ia ra -4 atai +t siu
n- ,ii -i -i n ti +- +i -in-i li--li-- ~i l-i li-- ti -i t ~li+-n 1000 Hz -+ -i -i n ti +i i
=+-i t -ii -i -i n ti +-i ~i l-i + i- + =ii i-i t i 1000 Hz = c-i t
(+ 1000 Hz - t- ---n l- -i-i i l+ (+ ni- +i =- =+-i t t t 10
12
watt./m
2
-ii nni-i
1W/m
2
= ~li+ +i -i -i ini l- nni-i = -- -ii: ti- ti =+-i t
ni- + +i- + ln( l- +i -i-i +i n-i +i l- n-i +t- t
ni- +i l- n-i +i ii -i-i + ni- nti -ti +- l-+ n-i +i nini+i -i-i ni-
n ti +- t
-<iti
l< -i-i +i 10 n -i c i < -i ni- +i n-i n 10 n -i +i lz +i nt== -ti +- t . < ii ni t
l+ -i-i 10 n -i c i- n-i <n-i ti i-i t ~- -i-i ni ni+i ni- liili- +-i ti =ti
ti ni
fun siai
=in <i l- -i -i~i +i -n-i +- ini ni ni+ ni-i t ~- -i-i -- | =in + n
| =10 log
|
|
.
|

\
|
I
I
0
(dB)
ti I
0
<tni -i-i t. =-- +i
~ii - I
0
= 10
12
watt/m
2
.
- ti -i-i -- | (+ lniti- ilzi t il+ -i -i W/m
2
n <i i-i t + i -ti ti -i
Example 8. l< -i-i 20 + n ii+ = c -i l+-- =in -i-i -- n lz ti ni
Solution : ni-i vi-i n -i -i I t -ii -i -i -- |
1
t ~i -i -i 20 n -i c-i t -i -i -i -- |
2
-+ c -i t
~- |
1
= 10 log (I / I
0
)
-ii |
2
= 10 log (20I / I
0
)
:= v+i, |
2
|
1
= 10 log (20I / I)
= 10 log 20 = 13 dB.
Example 9. (+ -ii ni ti t (+ l+- i l+ -i +i -+ i-i t -i -i n 10 dB+i lz i-i t -ii
~i<ni n vi-i -ii i< n < i +i ~- i- ai- +i
Solution : |
1
= 10 log
0
1
I
I
|
2
= 10 log
0
2
I
I
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
8
|
2
|
1
= 10 log
1
2
I
I
i 40 = 10 log
10
|
|
.
|

\
|
I
I
1
2

1
2
I
I
= 10
4
= 10
4
I o P
0
2
2
01
2
02
P
P
= 10
4

01
02
P
P
= 100
P
01
= 10
2
P
01
Example 10. (+ l-< l- -- 40 dB= c-i t -i l+= n ii+ = <i +i ~iin c ni ?
Solution : l- -- dB n
| = 10 log
10
|
|
.
|

\
|
I
I
0
.
l< |
1
|
2
l- -- -ii I
1
I
2
-i-i t,
|
2
|
1
= 10
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
I
I

|
|
.
|

\
|
I
I
0
1
10
0
2
10
log log
i 40 = 10 log
10
|
|
.
|

\
|
I
I
1
2
i
1
2
I
I
= 10
4
.
-i -i <i ~iin + n + =ni- i-i ti-i t
01
02
p
p
=
1
2
I
I
=
10000
~ 100.
7. rfa ani +i -4fa+i :
l< p
1
= p
m1
sin (et kx
1
+ u
1
)
-ii p
2
= p
m2
sin (et kx
2
+ u
2
)
~- O ~li+-n <i
p = p
1
+ p
2
p = p
0
sin (et kx + u)
ti p
0
= | + + cos p p 2 p p
2 1 2 1
m m
2
m
2
m
, | = | k (x
1
x
2
) + (u
2
u
1
) | ...(7.1)
(i) =-iii l-+i + ln(
| =2nt p
0
= p
m1
+ p
m2
(ii) l-izii l-+i + ln(
| = (2n+ 1) t p
0
= | p
m1
p
m2
|
l< | +n ii-- + +ii t -i | =

t 2
Ax, -ii
=-i ii l-+i + ln( zi- : Ax = n, n = 0, 1, 2
l-izii l-+i + ln( zi- : Ax = (2n + 1)
2

, n = 0, 1, 2
=nic (7.1) =
| + + = cos P P 2 P P P
2 1 2 1
m m
2
m
2
m
2
0
~- := l-il- n , I (<i ~iin)
2
,
liini -i-i, I = I
1
+ I
2
+ 2
2 1
I I cos | ....(7.2)
l< I
1
= I
2
= I
0
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
9
I =2I
0
(1 + cos |)
I = 4I
0
cos
2
2
|
....(7.3)
~- := l-il- n ,
=-iii l-+i + ln( : | = 0, 2t, 4t.... -ii I
max
=4I
0
-ii l-izii l-+i + ln( : | = t, 3t ... -ii I
min
= 0
7.1 +ni u&ai : <i = i - ~i= n +ni =-z +tni- t l< --+ n +ni-- =n + =ii ll- - -ti
ti -i t := ~-ii n liini -i -i l+=i l-< =n + =ii l-- t-i t l- + <i -- zi = i - =ini--
~+ni =-z = i - ti - t . ~ii - --+ n +ni-- =n + =ii ll- - ti -i t ~- liini -i -i --+
+ii l+=i l-< =n + =ii ll-- ti -i t
Example 11. l-zii- =i (+ -ni + (+ l= l- -zii - -ii < = l= (+ -i+ l-i- t -zii - 10000 Hz -+ +i
l- - n -=l - +-i t l< l- +i -in400 m/s -= ~i l-i +i ai- + l= vi-- l- +i -i -i
~li+-n t
Solution : :=n l- - n = li l-< = <i iini n liil- ti -i t =ii iin = i- l- ,ii - i +i n-i:
x
1
= 10 cm -ii ~i-i+i ii = i- - <i x
2
= 3 10 cm = 30 cm ~- i +i ~-- <i-i -ni
+ n Ax = x
2
x
1
= 30 cm 10 cm = 20 cm
l+=i (+ -n +i -n<
u
v
=
u
s / m 400
=-iii l-+i + ln( , Ap= n, ti n (+ ii+ t
i Ax = n.
v
v
v =
x
v . n
A

) 1 . 0 (
400 . n
= 4000 n
<i n: i= n ~il-ii il+ ~li+-n -i-i <-i t
4000 1, 4000 2
Example 12. (+ zi i l+ 165Hz ~i l-i +i l- --- +-i t (+ <ii = 2m+i < i l-i- t (+ i -i (= = -+)
ii := < i <ii + =in- ii t zi ( i -i (== -+) + n +i < i ai- +i l=+ ln( i-i
(= =-+) =iii -ii il-- -ni + n 2t +ni-- l-i- +-i t i n l- +i -in=330 m/s.
Solution : l-il- l-zi n v<lzi - t ni-i vi--+-i zi = x ni < i l-i- t zi = vi-- =iii - n x ni < i -n-i
t i -i -+ i- - + i< t -- ini - n ,ii - < i 2[(2)
2
+ x
2
/4]
1/2
ni <i -i - ni + n ii--
A =

(
(

+ x
4
x
) 2 ( 2
2 / 1
2
2
ni
A| =2t + ln( A = ..........(i)
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
10
- n< =
v
u
= 1
s 165
s / m 330
= 2 m.
=nic (i) = 2
2 / 1
2
2
4
x
) 2 (
(
(

+
x = 2
i
2 / 1
2
4
x
4
(
(

+
= 1 +
2
x
i 4 +
4
x
2
= 1 +
4
x
2
+ x
i x = 3.
~- vi--+-ii +i zi = 3 m < i ti -i -ilt(
8. rfa ani +i siaa :
l- -ni +i l+=i <c =ini = i- - =i ti t =i l+ -=i n - n +i i- - <c =-t = il-- -n n
t +i +ni-- ~i i-i t <c =-t l-ii- +i ~iin =n + =ii tnzii zi- t-i -ilt( +il+
nin + +i (+ <c l= +l-- -ti + =+- - l+ <i ~ili+ -ii l-ii- (+ l- -n n t/2 +ni =
l- -ziin ti - t ~- < c l= ti - ini l-ii- +i - --n, ti <i ~li+-n ti ni. i := i- +i -i-i
t l+ il- - <i - n ((+ < c =ini = ) ~il-- - n + =ii =ni- +ni n t ~- =-il- - < i- - + i<
ii =-il - -< ti t ni -ii lln- - n ii i- - + i< lln- ti t ni +i l- - ni +i +n <i + -i zi
= i-- ( = i: +i i ni l=i) l+=i -=i + n+- l= = i-- =i ti-i t
t l-< ~li+-n l-ii- + = n- ti -i t -ii ~il-- il- - - n :- l-< ~i =ni- +ni n ti -i t :==
v-i- ti-i t l+ t l-< <i - n + ln( l-l--a (:- l-< <i +i ~i =- ni-) -ii il- - <i - n ~il--
= t + +ni-- ti ni ~- (+ =-il- -n lni- +i -t il- - ti ni ( :=+i li-
9. a<r4 vnit an
<i ~- < - n l-+i ~i l-i ~iin =ni- t li- l<zii n -n-i t : (+ < = ~ii l- ti -i t -i ~vnini
-n --- ti-i t
l< <i -n l--- ti
p
1
= p
0
sin (et kx)
-ii p
2
= p
0
sin (et + kx + |)
-i liini ~vnini -n +i =ni+i
p = p
1
+ p
2
= 2p
0
cos (kx +
2
|
) sin (et +
2
|
)
p = p
0
sin (et +
2
|
) .... (8.1)
t =.~i.n. +i =ni+i t l=+i ~iin p
0
l-il- l--- v+i l-i +-i t
p
0
= 2p
0
cos (kx +
2
|
) ....(8.2)
:- l-<~i <i ~- ~i =-- ni- + i t ~- <i l--< +tni- t -ii :-+ ln(
p
0
= 0
~ii - cos(kx +
2
|
) = 0
~ii - kx +
2
|
= 2nt
2
t
, n = 0, 1, 2,..... ..... (8.3)
:=i v+i ti <i ~iin ~li+-n ti-i t t <i -< +tni- t -ii :-+ ln( -
p
0
= 2p
0
~ii - cos(kx +
2
|
) = 1
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
11
i (kx +
2
|
) = nt, n = 0, 1, 2,..... ....(8.4)
- ~vnini -n n <i l--<, l-ii- v-< + -ii <i v-<, l-ii- l--< + ~-=i ti - t
- ( =i =nic (8.1)) = <i ~ili+ l+=i ii l-< =.~i.n. = <n-i t l< l- - ni +i l-ii- + n
<ziii i( -i =ni+i 8.1 + = n- ~vnini -ni +i =ni+i
s = s
0
cos(et +
2
|
)
ti s
0
= 2s
0
sin(et +
2
|
) t =n ~i- nl- +i =ni+i t . i l+ ni ~-ii x = nin + +ii
+i =n ~i- nl- +i <zii-i t
Example 13.
N
2
= i (+ ~in - -ni nn ~i l-i 1000 Hz l< N
2
+i H
2
= ll- - + l<i ni -i n n ~il-i ai-
+i
Solution :
ni-i l- +i ti: i - n nl- v
H
-ii -i: i - n v
N
t l+=i ii ~in - i: +i n n ~i l-i l- +i nl- +
=ii =ni-i-i ti-i t l< ti: i- n nn ~il-i n t -i
Hz 1000
n
=
N
H
v
v
=
H
N
M
M
(-l+ ti:i- -ii -i:i- <i-i ti l,+nii+ n= t :=ln( =ni-
t ni)
i,
kHz 1
n
=
2
28
n = 1000
14
Hz. Ans.
Example 14. (+ -ni i (+ l= = i ni t +i <i ~=ni- iini n liil- l+i i-i t + i i <i -i l=i = i ni
t l+ n n ~i l-i 450Hz -ii < = +i n ni - ~i l-i 675Hz t i--l+ -ni +i + in ~li-+ +i ~i l-i
+i ti ni
Solution : 450 =
1
2
v

675 =
2
4
v

i--l+ -ni +i n-i: = (

1
+
2
)
n
1
=
) ( 4
v
2 1
+
=
|
.
|

\
|

+
4 675
v
900
v
4
v
=
( ) 900 2700 4
) 900 2700 (
+

= 168.75
I
st
~li-+ = 3n
1
= 506.25
Example 15. ni- ,ii =-- ini ~i l-i +i i= 20 Hz = 20,000 Hz t l< ti n l- +i nl- 336 m/s t l+=i
i zi +i ~li+-n -ii - --n n-i: +i ti =+-i t . i l+ := -ni i= ~iiil- t
Solution : in l= in i: + ln( , f =
2
v
n
=
f 2
v
.n
-< -ni + ln(
=
f 4
v
(2n + 1)

min
=
max
f 4
v
(2n + 1)
min
=
20000 4
336

= 4.2 mm

max
=
min
f 2
v
n
max
=
20 2
v

n
max
= 8.4 (m) n
max
--i ~li+-n n-i: +i +i : =ini -ti t
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
12
10. i4 ai +i +s-a
~vnini - n i ---i n -i: i =+-i t i l+ n-i+i -ni- ni ti -i t l< ti n -lzi +i ~i l-i i ---i
+i n n ~i l-i + =ni- ti -i . := l-il- n -lzi +i l- ~ -ii+ - ~li+ ti -i t := tn -lzi (tuning fork) -ii
i ---i + n ~- -i< +t- t i ---i +i i--l+ ~i l-i ai- +- + ln( -ni + -< l=i l-ii- l-- <
(<i - <) --i t . +i l+ ti i + +i nl- + ln( n +- -ti ti - -ii v + i n l= (+ l-ii- - < (<i
l--<) --i t
i-- n - < i n l= -ti -- . -- t ii = it -- t l< -ni +i i= n-i: +i -n-i n +n ti
-i l=i =zii i- -n ti-i t
10.1 -< ina sirs
(l-zi n, A
p
= <i v-<, A
s
= l-ii- v-<, N
p
= <i l--<, N
s
= l-ii- l--<)
N
P
A
P
p
A
S
N
S
s
n frii :
t - --n ~i l-i (~li+-n - n< ) i ~- -i< +i =ini zi-i +i i + (l-ii- l-- < i i ~i -ii v- < <i i
~i -ii
0
= 4, ti = ~il-i + ~-=i -< -ni +i n-i:
v
0
=

v
=
L 4
v
+i n n ~i l-i +t- t ..(9.1)
p
A
p
N
p
A
p
N
p
s
N
s
A
s
N
s
A
s
vi fri+ : ti -ni + l=i l-- < -ii -< + ~nii (+ l--< -ii (+ v- < -l-i- ti -i t

1
=
3
4
=
3
0

-ii ~i l-i
v
1
=
1
v

= 3v
0
t ~il- nn ~il-i +i l-n-i t. := -i=i = -i<i +t- t
ni fri + :
:=n <i l=i + n n ~li-+ n n - < -ii n l-- < ti - t
~- :=+ =n- -n<
n
=
1 n 2
4
+

=
1 n 2
0
+

-ii v
n
= ( 2n + 1)v
0
....(9.2)
t (2n + 1)
th
=--i<i + +nin- t --i lin =--i<i ti < -ni n i: i-i t
10.2 ini ina sirs :
P
A
p
N
p
N
p
n + : nia if-i
t - --n ~i l-i (~li+-n - n< ) i l+ ~- -i< +i =ini zi-i +i i + (~ii - <i -i l=i l-ii-
-<)

0
= 2
:= ~i l-i +i n n ~i l-i +t- t
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
13
v
0
=
2
v
....(9.3)
s
N
s
N
s
A
s
A
s
A
s
p
N
p
A
p
N
p
A
p
N
p
si fri+ +: ti <i - <i + n (+ l-ii- - < ti -i t

1
=
2
2
= =
2
0

-ii, ~il-i
v
1
=
1
v

= 2v
0
-l+ t nn ~il- +i <n-i t :=ln( := <=i =--i<i +t- t
ni fri+ +: :=n l=i +i <i - <i + n n ~li-+ n , n l-ii- - < ti - t

n
=
1 n
2
+

=
1 n
0
+

-ii v
n
= (n + 1) v
0
....(9.4)
t (n + 1)
th
=--i<i + +nin- t --i in ~in- i: n =n ~i lin <i-i +i +i =--i<i i: i-i t
10.3 fui uziiria : =i tn -ii ni t l+ l-ii- v-< i n l= ~in- i: = +z it i( i-
t :- v-<i +i l=i = < i +i l=i =ziii- +t- t :=+i ni- l--- v+i = l<i i-i t
e = 0.6 r
P
A
p
N
p N
p
2r
e=0.6r
ti r = ~in- i: +i lzii
l=i = ziii- +i =l-nln- +- t ( -< ~in - i: ~i l-i (f
c
) -ii i n i: +i ~i l-i (f
0
)
f
c
=
) r 6 . 0 ( 4
v
+
-ii
f
0
=
) r 2 . 1 ( 2
v
+
....(9.5)
Example 16. (+ -lzi 100 Hz = +l-- ti -i t < =i -lzi ii =ii=ii -i t -i vl- = + i - l- < = -i:
< -i t + z < ni- 100 Hz + -lzi i i i-i t -i l- < ~i l-i +n ti i-i t < = -lzi
+i ~i l-i ai- +i
Solution : l< 100| = 5
f = 96 i 104
tn -lzi +i ii- t -i ~i l-i +n ti -i t
~- 100 > f
f = 96 Hz.
Example 17. (+ < ~in - i: +i n-i: :=n i ~li+-n ~iin 'a' + =ii -i= ~li-+ n +l-- ti -i t i:
+ < l= = /7 <i ~iin ai- +i`
Solution : l-zi n (+ < ~in - i: n -i= ~li-+ + ln +i + l-ii- n l- - +i l<iii ni t
-i= ~li-+ t- =
4
7
or =
7
4
or
4

=
7

PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
14
~- P ~iin. < l= =
7

<i a t. +i l+ ti (+ -< --i t

11. u4 r4iisi : fs< :
<i l- - n l-+ =ni- ~iin -ii li-- ~i l-i t . ~ii l- ti -i t . -i l+=i l-< -i -i ti n =n +
=ii ~il- - = ll- - ti -i t := l-< +t- t
l< <i l- =i-i s
1
s
2
= -=l- l- -n i l-< O ~ii l- ti ti t l--- ti -i
p
1
= p
0
sin (2tf
1
t k
1
x
1
+ u
1
)
p
2
= p
0
sin (2tf
2
t k
2
x
2
+ u
2
)
ni-i k
1
x
1
+ u
1
= |
1
-ii k
2
x
2
+ u
2
= |
2
s
1
s
2
x
1
x
2
O
~iii + l=zi-- =
p = p
1
+ p
2
= 2p
0
sin (t(f
1
+ f
2
)t +
2
2 1
| + |
) cos (t(f
1
f
2
) t +
2

2 1
| |
)
~ii - liini l- +i l-< O ~i l-i
|
.
|

\
| +
2
f f
2 1
-ii <i ~iin p
0
(t) =n + =ii l- -ziin t
p
0
(t) = 2p
0
cos
)
`

| |
+ t
2
t ) f f (
2 1
2 1
~- l-< O <i ~iin ~i l-i
|
.
|

\
|
2
f f
2 1
+ =ii =n + =ii ll- - ti -i t
~- l- -i -i f
1
f
2
~i l-i + =ii l- -ziin t
:= ~i l-i +i l- < ~i l-i (f
B
) +t- t -ii <i +nin- ~li+-n - --n -i -i~i + n +i =n~--in l- <
+i =n+in (T
B
) +tni-i t
f
B
= f
1
f
2
T
B
=
2 1
f f
1

(10.1)
r-isi f-< :
(i) ~il-i | f
1
f
2
| tnzii 16 Hz, = +n ti -i -ilt( -il+ =- =+
(ii) l- < i-i +i -i n l+=i -( zi +i ~i l-i ai- +- n l+i i-i t . := ai- ~i l-i + zi + =ii
+l-- ++ ai- +- t
(iii) l< -lzi +i i i ni n i ii nni < -i ~i l-i +n ti -i t
(iv) l< i i +i li= < -i ~i l-i c-i t
Example 18. (+ l=-i + <i -i X ~i Y 4Hz. ~i l- +i l- < --- +- t -i y n --i +i ii i ci- t -i
l- < ~i l- 2Hz. ii i-i t . l< X +i ~i l-i 300Hz ti . -i Y +i i--l+ ~i l- ii -
(A) 296 Hz (B) 298 Hz (C) 302 Hz (D) 304 Hz.
Ans. (A)
Example 19. (+ 2.5 g <ni- -ii 25 cm n-i -=i i <i-i l=i ii t : t --i +i ~-ii n t (+ i: i
l+ (+ l= = < t . l+ n-i: 40 cmt -=i in ~li-+ n + - + ln l-i- t -ii i:
n i n n ~i l- n t - 8 l- < l- = + = -i: < - t t < ii ni t l+ -=i n --i +n +-
l- < ~il- i-i t l< l- +i n n 320 m/s t . -i -=i n --i ai- +i
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
15
Solution :
25
5 2.
=
= 0.1 g / cm = 10
2
Kg/m
I
st
in ~li-+
s
= 25 cm = 0.25 m f
s
=

T 1
s
nn ~il- n i:
p
= 160 cm = 1.6 m f
p
=
p
V

--i +n +- l-< ~il- i-i t

f
s
> f
p
f
s
f
p
= 8

6 1
320
10
T
25 0
1
2
. .

= 8 T = 27.04 N
Example 20. <i l- -ni +i -n< 49cm -ii 50 cm t l< +n +i -ini- 30 Ct -i --+ ,ii --- l- <i
+i = i nnin tini (i n l- +i n 0
0
C -i = 332 m/s)
(A) 6 (B) 10 (C) 14 (D) 18
Solution : (C) v = 332
273
303
l-< ~il-i = f
1
f
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

2 1
1 1
v
= 332
273
303
|
.
|

\
|

50
1
49
1
100 ~ 14 Ans.
1 2 . in vii :
(+ l-/v+izi = i - -ii i -i + n --+i i - ini ii + ~- l<zi =i -i nl- ti -i t . -i i -i ,ii v l-i-
~i l-i = i - +i ~i l-i = li-- ti -i t := i-i +i i -n vii +t- t l< i -i ( = i - (+ < = +i -+ nl-
+ -i vi-- ~i l-i = i - +i ~i l-i = ~li+ ti -i t -ii l< i -i -ii = i - (+ < = = < nl- + -i vi-- ~i l-i
i--l+ = +n ti -i t
(v = l- +i ni- + =i -i n, c = nin + =i -i l- n, v
m
= nin +i n, v
O
= i -i +i n, v
s
= = i - +i n)
(a) rfa uia nfaia aii iai fi r :
l< (+ = i - i f
s
~i l-i = l- --- +-i t . v
s
n = i -i = i - +i i - ini ii + ~- l<zi nl-ni-
t -i
l-i- ~il-i , f' =
v v
v
s
|
|
.
|

\
|

f ...(11.1)
-ii ~iii=i -n< ' =
|
.
|

\
|
v
v v
s
...(11.2)
- -i +- =ni+i n l- + n +i l<zii n +ve l<zii n - t ~ii - = i - = i -i +i ~i ~- v
s
i-in+ ti ni. l<
=i- i-i +i -+ i( -ii +iin+ tini l< -== < i(
(b) rfa uia fi r aii iai v
0
n u aa+i ia int ii + af<zi nfaia r :
=i- (+i t~i) f ~il-i +i l- --- +-i t il+ v n = nl-ni- t ~- -n< = v/f, ~ii-
- < n +i : l-- -ti ti ni l< i-i v
0
n = <i -i +i i- ini ii + ~- l<zi -n-i t -i l-i-
~i l-i
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
16
f' = f
|
.
|

\
|
v
v v
0
...(11.3)
- - l<( n( =ni+i n i-in+ l<zii l- +i -in +i l<zii n n - t (= i - = i -i +i ~i ) ~ii - v
O
, +ve ti ni
l< i-i =i - = < i( ( +iin+ ti ni l< i-i =i - +i ~i nl-ni- t
(c) iai uia <iai v
o
aii v
s
in u ra+ fnia int ii + af<zi nfaia r :
v l-i- ~i l-i , f' = f
|
|
.
|

\
|

s
0
v v
v v
...(11.4)
-ii ~iii=i -n< ' =
|
.
|

\
|
v
v v
s
...(11.5)
- := =ni+i n ii i-in+ l<zii l- +i l<zii n ti n -i t ~ii - = i - = i -i +i ~i
- - +i =ni+i 11.1 = 11.5 -+ , v l- +i -in ii-n + =i-i t
l< l- +i n nin + =i-i c t -ii nin l- +i l<zii n =i - = i-i +i ~i v
m
,-in = nl-ni- ti -i
v = c + v
m
, -ii l< nin li- l<zii n nl-ni- ti ~ii- i-i = =i- +i ~i ti -i . v = c v
m
Example 21. (+ l=i l=+i ~i l-i 540 Hz t 2 ft lzii + -i 15 rad/s +i l-- +i ii -in = nl-ni- t (+
i -i i l+ -i + + -< = t - ~li+ < i l-i i i t + ,ii = - i =+- ini ~li+-n - --n ~i l-i
+i ti ni ? (l- +i nl- ti n = 1100 ft/sec.)
Solution : -i l-- +iii n e= i n ti t ~- l=i +i ii n
v
S
= eR
O
A
B
P
ti R lzii
l-< A B n v
S
ii OP+ =ni-- ti ni ~ii - i -i i P t . l=i +i ~li+-n n v
s
, l-< P=
< ti ni. l-< A -ii B P+i ~i ti ni (- l+ < i OP, R= t - i t ) -ii l=i OP+ ~- l<zi nl-ni-
t ) ~- ~li+-n ~i l-i i l+ i -i +i = -i: < ni = i - B i -i +i -+ nl-ziin t
f
max
= f
s
v v
v

ti v ti n l- +i n -ii :=i +i - --n ~i l-i l-< A -l-i- =i-. i -i = < i ti t

s
min
v v
v
f f
+
=
f = 540 Hz, v
s
= 2 ft 15 rad/s = 30 ft/s, -ii v = 1100 ft/s,
tn i-- +- t v
max
= 555 Hz
-ii, v
min
= 525 Hz.
Example 22. (+ - 40 km/hr +i nl- = (+ ti i +i ~i -n-i t : 600 Hz ~i l-i +i l=i i-i t . l+ t ti i
= 1 km < t 40 km/hr +i -in = ti ii - +i nl- +i l<zii n -n ti t ai- +
(a) tii a l+- ,ii = -i n: l=i +i ~i l-i
(b) ti i = t < i. ti ni i + i: +i l- l- = -i: < -ii :=+i ~i l-i
(ti n l- +i nl- =1200 km/hr)
Solution : ii-n + =i -i - ti i +i ~i v
s
-in = nl-ziin t ti n l- +i n ~ii - l- +i -in nin +
=i -i c t l+ ti - ti i +i ~i v
m
nl- (ii-n + =i -i) = -n ti t (+ i -i i l+ ii-n
i i t i l+ i =i -i n t + ln( ti i +i ~i l- +i -in
v = c + v
m
(a) i-i tii +i t l+ =i- -=+i -+ i-i t ~- =ii +i -=+ ,ii =-i ~il-i
f = f
s
v v
v

f = 600 Hz, v
s
= 40 km/hr, -ii V = (1200 + 40) km/hr, + ln(
f = 600 .
40 1240
1240

= 620 Hz.
PHYSICS
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17
(b) - tii = x < i l=i i-i t -ii ~ii i l+ ii-n + =i -i v -in = nl-ni- t . tii
-+ i- n t =n n-i t -i
t =
m
v c
x
v
x
+
=
....(i)
ti i = i- - + i< l- - n - +i -+ n -i t ~ l- ti + li- l<zii n nl-ni-
t ~- ii-n + =i -i -in
v = c v
m
ni-i l+ vl- l- - -+ t --i t -i - ti i = x < i t vl- l- ,ii x < i - +-
n lni =n
t =
m
v c
' x
v
' x

=
....(ii)
:= v+i + n =n (t + t) l=i - -ii vl- l- + - - -+ t -- n n-i t := =n
n - l-- -in V
s
= (x x) <i -n-i t
il+ x x = (t + t) v
s
.
=nic (i) (ii) = t t +i ni- i-
x x =
m
s
v c
v
+
x +
m
s
v c
v
x i,
m
s m
v c
v v c
+
+
x =
m
m s
v c
v c v

+
x
x = 1 km, c = 1200 km/hr, v
s
= 40 km/hr, -ii v
m
= 40 km/hr, + ln(
40 1200
40 40 1200
+
+
1 =
40 1200
40 1200 40

+
x
i x =
1240
1160
= 0.935 km.
~- - tii = 935 m +i < i t -i vl- l- = -i: <ni
i -i i - + =ii nl-ni- t + ,ii v l-i- vl- l- (+ l-i = i - ,ii --- l- t (~ii - ti i)
= ~- ii-n + =i -i = i - l-i -ii i -i = i - +i ~i 40 km/hr +i -in = nl-ni- t ~- v
O
= 40
km/hr l+ il- - l- ti + li- l<zii n nl- +-i t l+ vl- l- +i nl- ii-n + =i -i v
t -ii =i- (tii) f ~il-i +i l- --- + ti t
:= v+i vl- l- +i ~il-i il+ - n a i-i ,ii = -i i(ni
f = f
v
v v
O
+
f =
1160
)) 40 ( 1160 (
620 = 641 Hz
Example 23. (+ - (nnii), 72 km/hr +i -in = l-< C +i -+ 640 Hz +i ~il-i --- +-i t: nl-ni- t
l-zii- =i (+ l+-, l-< C= 1732 m+i < i ai t ~i t l< l- +i -in 330 m/s t -i l+-
,ii =-i n: ~il-i ai- +i
- +il= n +i ~i 72 km/h +i nl- = -n-i t : 1 km +i < i 640 Hz ~i l-i +i ~- l=i i-i t
ti n l- +i n 330 m/s t (+ = + +i l= n + n-- t +il= n = 1732 m< = + i l+-
,ii =-i n: l- +i ~i l-i ai- +
Solution :
i -i Ati + =i -i l-i t -ii = i - 72 km/h +i -in = nl-ni- t . ~ii - 20 m/s
l-zi = - t l+ l+- l=i +i ~ii BA+ ~- l<zi (i l+ + = u +i +i i -i-i t ) vi-- +-i t
ti tan u =
1000
1732
=
3
, ~ii- u = 60 . =i- + n +i i+ := l<zii n 20cos u = 10 m/s t -l+
= i - l+- +i ~i :=i n = nl-ni- t . ~- l+- ,ii = -i n: ~i l-i
PHYSICS
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18
u =
u cos u v
v
u =
10 330
330

640 Hz = 660 Hz.

Example 24.. l-zii- =i (+ 510 Hz ~i l-i +i l- = i - l-- n v
s
= 20 m/s = <i ni l<zii n nl-ni- t i l--
n v
w
= 20 m/s = (+ -i+ i l+ l-< B lin n t . +i -+ t ti t = i - ,ii l-< A ---
l- +i ~i l-i -i+ +i i-- ti ni - (l- +i -in i + =i -i = 330 m/s)
(A) 485 Hz (B) 500 Hz (C) 512 Hz (D) 525 Hz
Solution : (D)
~iii=i ~i l-i
n' = n
) 60 cos v v u (
) v u (
s w
w
+
+
=
+
+
60 cos 20 20 330
) 20 330 ( 510
= 510
340
350
= 525 Hz Ans.