Nhap Mon SPSS

Bs Trn Qu Phi-Trng CYT Qung Nam
I. Cc khi ni ........................................................................... 2
A. Chy SPSS v ng SPSS 2
B. File d liu 2
C. Cc loi file chnh 3
D. M file, lu file, ng file 3
E. Ca s bin v ca s d liu 4
F. Cch to mt bin mi 5
G. Quy nh kiu. Type 5
H. Quy nh rng (di). Width 6
I. S ch s thp phn. Decimal 7
J. Nhn ca bin. Label 7
K. Nhn ca gi tr. Values 7
L. D liu b thiu. Missing 7
M. rng ca ct. Column 8
N. Canh dng. Alignment 8
O. Thang o. Measure. 8
II. Nh ..................................................................................................... 9
A. Nhp 9
B. Sa 9
C. Hy vic nhp hoc sa 9
D. Chn cc 10
E. Chn c ct 10
F. Chn c hng 10
G. Xa d liu 10
H. Xa mt hng (1 trng hp) 10
I. Xa mt ct (1 bin) 10
J. Copy d liu 10
K. Ct d liu 11
L. Di chuyn v tr cc bin 11
III. Cc thao tc chung ............................................................................................. 12
A. Hy lnh mi lm 12
B. Ly lnh hy 12
C. Lu cc sa i 13
D. Cu hi 13
E. Bi tp: 13

IV. M ha l .............................................................................................. 15
A. Recode li chnh X 15
B. Recode qua mt bin khc 18
C. Gii thch thmv Old Value v New Value 22
V. Tnh ton d .................................................................................. 25
A. Ghi ch v cch g cng thc 28
VI. S ................................................................................................................ 29
VII. Ch ......................................................................................... 30
A. Chn cc trng hp tha mn iu kin no 30
B. Hy chn 33
VIII. T equency) ........................................................................................... 33
A. Ring bit Error! Bookmark not defined.
B. Tnh tn sut ca bin ny trong bin kia 36
IX. L th .................................................................................... 36
A. Gi li lnh bng Recall 36
B. Lu lnh bng file syntax 37
X. m t ..........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

I . Cc khi nim v thao tc c bn
A. Chy SPSS v ng SPSS
B. File d liu
D liu c lu vo file c ui l sav.

Hnh 1. Cc file d liu ca SPSS
Cch lu file d liu:
File

Save
t tn file
Bm nt Save

File s c ui l sav
C. Cc loi file chnh
1. Fil e d (data)
Nh ni trn.
2. Fil e k
L file cha kt qu sau khi phn tch.
3. Fil e c php (syntax)
L file cha cc dng lnh.
D. M file, lu file, ng file
M:
File
Open
Lu
File
Save

ng
File
Close
E. Ca s bin v ca s d liu
1. Cc khi ni
Variable: Bin. mt tnh cht ca cc trng hp cn nghin cu: m, tui, gii, tnh trng hn
nhn
Case: mt trng hp trong nghin cu, v d : mi ngi bnh l mt trng hp
Case cn c gi l mt quan st (Observation).

Hnh 2. Case Hng ; Variable Ct
2. C
Dng nh ngha cc bin (tn bin, kiu l s hay ch).
Bm chut vo Variable View di

Ca s bin nh sau:

Name: Tn bin
Type: Kiu l s (numeric) hay chui ch (string)
Width: rng ca chui ch hay ln ca s.

Decimals : S ch s thp phn.
Label : Nhn ca bin ( d hiu hn) v n s xut hin trong cc phn tch Phn bit vi
tn bin.
Values : nh ngha nhn cho tng gi tr ( d hiu hn), v d 0 l DB, 1 l MN. Phn bit
vi gi tr thc ca cc bin.
Missing : X l cc trng hp khng c d liu.
F. Cch to mt bin mi
1. n. Name
Vo ca s bin
G tn vo ct Name.
Quy tc:
Khng qu 8 k t. Khng c du cch. Khng bt u bng con s.
Thng bo khi t tn sai:

Hnh 3. Bin cha k t u tin khng hp l

Hnh 4. Bin cha k t khng hp l
Ghi ch: Nn cn nhc khi t tn bin. Tn bin c th da vo m ca bng iu
tra, chng cau1, cau2 vic nhp d liu c thun li. Nht thit phi dng
Label trnh nhm ln.

Tn bin l Cau1, Label l Gioi tinh Tn bin l Cau2, Label l Tuoi
G. Quy nh kiu. Type
Ban u bin mc nhin c kiu l Numeric.

i kiu, bm vo nt chm chm bn cnh:

Xut hin ca s chn kiu

Chn kiu v bm OK.
Ghi ch:
1) Kiu s nhp nhanh hn v khng gy nhm ln bng kiu chui ch.
Ngha l trong khi thu thp s liu nn m ha trc bng s
V d ngh nghip c th m ha thnh
1- Nng 2-Bun bn 3- Cng chc
Cn din gii cc gi tr d hiu ta dng tnh cht Values gn nhn cho cc
gi tr.
2) Trong khi phn tch SPSS s km theo mt hnh ta bit l bin s hay bin k
t

Trong hnh trn ta bit Ma bn [id] l kiu s. Dia chi [diachi] l kiu chui.
H. Quy nh rng ( di) . Width
G con s vo ct Width.

V d chui c gi tr l 8 th ngi nhp khng g tip c ch s th 9 nu s ch g
n 8.
I . S ch s thp phn. Decimal
G con s vo Decimal
V d bin tui, bin huyt p ti a nn c Decimal l 0. Cn nng (kg) c decimal l 1
Chiu cao (m) c decimal l 2, nhng tnh bng cm th c decimal l 0 (?).
J. Nhn ca bin. Label
G tn nhn vo ct Label.
Ghi ch: Nhn s xut hin km theo, hoc thay th tn bin trong cc thao tc, c
bit l kt qu phn tch.
K. Nhn ca gi tr. Values
Gi s mun quy c gi tr 0 l Nam, 1 l N cho bin c2

Bm vo nt ct Values.
G Value l 0 (s l gi tr nhp vo).
G Value Label (s l nhn ca gi tr 0).
Bm vo nt Add.

G b nhn c : Chn nhn, bm Remove.
Sa nhn c : Chn nhn, bm Change.
Ghi ch : Phn bit gi tr v nhn ca gi tr. Ngi dng phi nhp 0, 1 m khng
nhp Nam, Nu nhng khi phn tch th xut hin l Nam, Nu.
L. D liu b thiu. Missing
1. System missing
Nu khng nhp th b trng (c du chm nu l s).

Hnh 5. Hng th nht v th ba cau4 l system missing.
2. User missing
Bin nhn gi tr nhng ta cho l missing.
V d:
Cu 10: Theo Anh, Ch chng trnh hc l:
1- Qu nng 2-Va phi 3- Rt nh 4-Khng tr li.
C hai kiu missing xy ra:
Cu ny khng c ghi nhn (khng nhp liu, v khng nh du vo la chn no c); tc
l xem nh b st cu ny. y l system missing
Ngi c phng vn t chi tr li v la chn 4 c ghi nhn.
Khi phn tch ta c th xem 4 l gi tr missing. y l user missing.
M. rng ca ct. Column
L rng hin th ca ct trong ca s Data View. Khng lin quan n rng (width)
ca bin.
N. Canh dng. Alignment
O. Thang o. Measure.

Hnh 6. Cc loi thang o
Scale: Nhn cc con s lin tc (c th xp th t, c th nh gi ln hn, nh hn, v d
huyt p, chiu cao)
Nominal: nh danh (khng c th bc, v d gii tnh)
Ordinal: nh danh nhng c th bc, v d: Thu nhp thp, thu nhp trung bnh, thu nhp
cao. Hc lc gii, hc lc trung bnh, hc lc km
Ch :
Cn xc nh r thang o ca bin v cc phn tch bao gi cng km theo iu kin bin
a vo l theo kiu g.

Bin c kiu s cha chc l Scale, l cc trng hp dng cch m ha. Chng
hn nu quy c 1 l nam 2 l n, th bin s nhn gi tr 1, 2. Nhng bin ny l
kiu Nominal (nh danh khng th bc), ni cch khc y ta khng th cho l 2
ln hn 1 v ngc li khng th cho l 1 nh hn 2.
C mt loi gi l Dischotomous (nh nguyn) ch nhn hai gi tr, l 0 v 1. Loi
bin ny hay gp din t mt tnh cht ch c hai gi tr (c bnh hay khng c
bnh, nam hay n, c gia nh hay khng c gia nh)
II . Nhp, sa d liu
Chuyn qua ca s d liu
Bm nt Data View.

A. Nhp
Nhp vo ,
Bm enter hoc bm nt mi tn.
B. Sa
Chn mun sa.
Bm F2 v sa.
Phn bit gia vic sa v nhp:
Khi nhp th gi tr c ca s bin mt.
Khi sa th gi tr c ca cn , ta ch sa m thi.
C. Hy vic nhp hoc sa
Bm phm Esc
D liu tr v nh c (hoc trng, nu trc cha c).

D. Chn cc
Nhn phm Shift.
Bm phm mi tn theo chiu thch hp.
E. Chn c ct
a chut ln u ct
Bm chut
F. Chn c hng
a chut ra u hng.
Bm chut.
G. Xa d liu
Chn (hoc nhiu ) mun xa.
Bm phm Delete.
H. Xa mt hng (1 trng hp)
Chn hng mun xa.
Bm phm Delete.
Ghi ch: Xa mt hng l xa c mt trng hp (case). Xa cc ( c d liu) ca mt
hng ch c ngha l xa d liu ca trng hp , nhng trng hp ny vn cn (vn cn
c tnh trong cc phn tch).
I . Xa mt ct (1 bin)
Chn ct mun xa.
Bm phm Delete.
Ghi ch:
Xa mt ct l xa c mt bin, ng nhin d liu km theo bin cng b mt lun. Xa
cc ( c d liu) ca mt ct ch c ngha l xa d liu ca bin , nhng bin ny vn
cn.
J. Copy d liu
Chn (hoc nhiu ) mun copy.
Bm Ctrl + C
Bm chut vo mun chp.
Bm Ctrl + V

K. Ct d liu
Chn (hoc nhiu ) mun ct.
Bm Ctrl + X (d liu s bin mt).
Bm chut vo mun chp.
Bm Ctrl + V
Ghi ch:
ng tc ny c xem nh chuyn ch.
L. Di chuyn v tr cc bin
Vo ca s Variable View
Bm chn mt hng
Nhn gi chut
Ko chut ln trn hoc xung.
V d sau chuyn bin tuoi ln trn bin gioi

Ghi ch:
C th thc hin vic ny ca s Data View nhng lc ny li chn c ct v ko qua tri
hoc phi.

II I . Cc thao tc chung
A. Hy lnh mi lm
Bm chut vo nt Undo.

B. Ly lnh hy
Bm chut vo nt Redo
V d:
1. Nhp 9
2. Nhp 10

Undo ln u (hy thao tc nhp 10)

Undo ln na: (hy thao tc nhp 9)

Redo mt ln: ly li thao tc mi hy, tc thao tc nhp 9, kt qu l:

Redo ln na: ly li thao tc hy tip tc l thao tc nhp 10, kt qu l

Ghi ch: Khng phi lnh no cng undo c.
C. Lu cc sa i
Nu d liu thay i th phi lu (nu mun) bng cch bm Ctrl + S
Ghi ch v bi tp: Nghin cu 200 bnh nhn c chn on l cao huyt p v cn. Mc
tiu nghin cu l nh gi t l mc bnh v cc yu t lin quan, s liu c ly t phiu
khm (xem bng s liu).
D. Cu hi
E. Bi tp:
1) Chy SPSS

2) Lu file vi tn l HA
3) Chn Variables View v
To cc bin sau
Tn bin Kiu rng S s l Nhn bin Nhn gi tr
ID S 8 0 Ma bn
Cau1 S 8 0 Gioi tinh 0: Nam
1: Nu
Cau2 S 8 0 Tuoi
Cau3 Ch 10 0 Dia chi
Cau4 S 8 0 Nghe nghiep 0: Nong
1: Cong nhan
2: Buon ban
3: CNVC
Cau5 S 8 1 Chieu cao
Cau6 S 8 1 CanNang
Cau7 S 8 0 HA tam thu
Cau8 S 8 0 HA tam truong

4) Vo Data View v
Nhp 20 d liu sau:

5) Nhn xt v bin Cau3 (a ch)
6) ng file li
7) ng SPSS
8) Chy li SPSS

9) M file HA ni trn.
I V. M ha li (recode)
Recode l cng on cn lm sau khi nhp d liu, v cc l do sau:
- D liu nhp b nhm.
- Nhm cc d liu thnh cc nhm, v d quy nh cc nhm tui da vo tui c th
ca mi ngi.
Khi recode mt bin X th c th:
- Recode li chnh X: Thay i lun d liu ca bin X. Trng hp ny c th xem
Recode l thao tc thay i d liu hng lot.
- Recode v a d liu mi vo bin mi Y, (X vn nh c).
A. Recode li chnh X
Gi s, bin Cau3 ta cn i T Binh thnh TB, Duy xuye thnh DX
Transform
Recode
Into Same Variables

Bm chn bin Cau3


Bm nt mi tn, bin DiaChi[cau3] xut hin bn phi.

Bm chn Old and New Values.
G gi tr c khung Old Value v gi tr mi khung New Value.

Bm nt Add th khung Old New c dng Duy Xuye DX cho bit gi tr c Duy
Xuye s thnh gi tr mi DX.


Lm tng t vi cc gi tr khc

Nu khng mun tin hnh i mt gi tr no th bm khung Old New v chn
Remove.

Sau khi xc nh cc gi tr cn i. Bm Continue.
Bm OK


B. Recode qua mt bin khc
Recode bin X thnh bin Y. X vn nh c. Nn s dng cch ny v 2 l do :
- Gi li d liu gc. Nu Recode nhm X th c nguy c khng truy li c d liu
gc.
- Recode ch c mc ch phn nhm, chng hn recode tui thnh cc nhm tui, th
tui vn nn gi li, s dng phn tch sau ny (chng hn tnh tui trung bnh, ln
nht, nh nht v.v).
Gi s, ta cn phn nhm tui theo quy nh sau :
1- 19 gp thnh nhm 1
20-29 gp thnh nhm 2
30-39 gp thnh nhm 3
40-49 gp thnh nhm 4
50-59 gp thnh nhm 5
60-69 gp thnh nhm 6
70 tr ln gp thnh nhm 7
Ta s Recode bin Cau2 v phn thnh nhm vo bin mi gi DoTuoi.
Transform
Recode
Into Different Variables

Chn Tuoi[cau2]
Bm nt mi tn

Trong Output Variable (bin u ra) g DoTuoi. Bm nt Change.

Lc ny dng cau2 ? s tr thnh cau2 Dotuoi, ngha l d liu ( tui) s c vo
bin mi l Dotuoi

Bm nt Old and New Values
a) i t 1 n 19 vo nhm 1:
Old Value:
Bm nt Range (dy), G 1 (through, n) 19
New Value:
Bm nt Value, G 1

Bm nt Add.

Trong khung Old New ta c dng 1 thru 20 1 c ngha l cc gi tr 1 n 20 bin
Cau2 s c chuyn thnh 1 bin Dotuoi.
v.v
Tip tc lm nh vy cho cc nhm khc

Ring nhm cui cng (t 70 tr ln) th:
Old Value:
Bm chn Range ( through highest) v g 70,
New Value
Chn Value g 7.
Ngha l dy t 70 n cc s ln hn, c quy thnh nhm 7 trong Dotuoi

Bm Continue.
Bm OK.
Lu : Khi recode xong th hai bin khng cn lin h g vi nhau. V d ban u tui bnh
nhn (bin Tuoi) l 30, ta ra lnh recode qua bin DoTuoi l nhm 3. Th sau ny nu c sa
tui thnh 50 (DoTuoi l 5) th phi Recode li. Kinh nghim cho thy l cc lnh Recode nn
lu li trong file syntax sau ny chy li cho nhanh.
Xem mc Lp li lnh.
C. Gii thch thm v Old Value v New Value
1. nh 1 gi tr
Recode gi tr 1 (old value) bin X thnh 2 (new value) bin Y


2. nh 1 gi tr
Recode cc gi tr t 10 n 20 (old value) bin X thnh 3 (new value) bin Y

3. nh 1 gi tr
Value
Recode cc gi tr nh hn hoc bng 30 (old value) bin X thnh 7 (new value) bin Y

4. Value t n thnh 1 gi tr
Value
Recode cc gi tr t 70 (old value) tr ln bin X thnh 9 (new value) bin Y

5. n l nh 1 gi tr
V d: Ta c cc huyn (bin DiaChi) sau: TM, TP, TK, DX, DL
Ta quan tm n 2 vng min ni v ng bng.
Cch nhanh nht l Recode vo bin Vung bng cch:
i TM, TP thnh MN.
Cc gi tr cn li l DB

6. Bi (new value) l bi
Ban u, bin mi mc nh l bin s.
Mun cho ra bin chui, V d:
Di 20 gp thnh nhm c tn Duoi 20 thay v l nhm 1
20-29 gp thnh nhm c tn l 20 den 29 thay v l nhm 2
v.v
ta phi chn Output Variables are string, v g di ca bin vo Width.

Bi tp 2:
1) Chy SPSS
2) M file Cao huyet ap
3) Recode li d liu ca bin cau3 thnh cc tn tt ca Huyn cho vo bin diachi1
4) Xa bin diachi1.
5) i tn bin diachi1 thnh cau3.
6) Phn cc nhm tui thnh 2 loi cho vo bin Tuoi1 vi quy nh di 50 l nhm 0 v
t 50 tr ln l nhm 1.
7) Chuyn v tr bin Tuoi1 cho nm bn cnh bin cau2.
8) Phn cc nhm tui thnh cc loi cho vo bin Tuoi2 vi quy nh sau:
Di 20 gp thnh nhm c tn Duoi 20
20-29 gp thnh nhm c tn l 20 den 29
70 tr ln gp thnh nhm c tn l 70 tro len
9) Lu file v thot SPSS
V. Tnh ton d liu (compute)
i khi cn phi to ra cc bin mi, da trn d liu ca mt hay nhiu bin c, nhng gi tr
mi l mt biu thc phc tp th khng dng Recode m phi dng Compute.
V d: Cn to ra bin mi l BMI (ch s khi c th) da trn Cn nng v Chiu cao ca
mi i tng nghin cu.

BMI =(cn nng)/(chiu cao)
2

Ta lm nh sau.
Transform
Compute

G tn bin mi vo Taget Variable

Trong khung Numeric Expression g cng thc a vo bin
BMI:

G OK.
V d 2: To bin mi l CaoHA vi quy nh
CaoHA l 1 nu HA ti a (cau7) >140 hoc HA ti thiu (cau8) >90
Numeric Expression cho CaoHA l
Cau7>140 | Cau8>90
Biu thc trn gi l biu thc logic hoc. Biu thc ny cho gi tr 1 khi n ng. 0 khi n
sai.
Biu thc logic hoc ny ng khi ch cn 1 trong 2 php so snh Cau7>140 hoc Cau8>90
ng.
V d 3: To bin mi l CaoTT (ch cao HA tm thu, tm trng bnh thng) vi quy nh
CaoTT l 1 nu HA ti a (cau7) >140 v HA ti thiu (cau8) <= 90
Numeric Expression cho CaoHA l
Cau7>140 & Cau8>90

Biu thc trn gi l biu thc logic v. Biu thc ny cho gi tr 1 khi n ng. 0 khi n sai.
Php v ny ch ng khi c 2 php so snh Cau7>140 v Cau8>90 l ng.
A. Ghi ch v cch g cng thc
Cng thc gm cc bin, cc php ton s hc, cc hm.
+Cng
- Tr
* Nhn
/ Chia
** Ly tha
| Php hoc (ng khi ch cn 1 ci ng)
& Php v (ng khi tt c u ng)
Bi tp 3:
1) Chy SPSS
2) M file Cao huyet ap
3) To bin mi BMI tnh ch s khi ca c th
4) To bin mi CaoHA, vi 1 l chn on c cao HA v 0 l khng.
5) To bin mi CaoTT vi 1 ch cao HA tm thu (m khng cao tm trng), 0 l khng.
6) To bin mi CaoTTr vi 1 ch cao HA tm trng (m khng cao tm thu), 0 l
khng c.
7) To bin mi Cao2 vi chn on l cao c hai HA tm thu v tm trng.

VI . Sp xp
Sp xp theo th t theo mt hoc nhiu bin. Gi s ta mun sp xp d liu theo th t tui
(tng dn: ascending), ri n huyt p tm thu (gim dn: descending).
Data
Sort Cases

Trong ca s Sort Cases bm chn tui

Bm nt mi tn a qua khung Sort by:

Sau chn tip HA tam thu (cau7) bm qua. Chn Descending.

Bm OK th SPSS s xp theo tui t nh n ln, nu cng tui th xp theo HA tm thu (t
ln xung).
VI I . Chn cc trng hp
A. Chn cc trng hp tha mn iu kin no
Trng hp ch cn quan tm ti mt s trng hp (case) tha mn iu kin no phn
tch th ta dng lnh Select Cases. Sau khi dng lnh ny, th cc lnh phn tch s ch tnh
ton trn cc trng hp chn. V d sau khi chn cc trng hp c tui di 40 v tnh
trung bnh ca chiu cao, th chiu cao ny l chiu cao ca cc trng hp , m b qua cc
trng hp khc (c tui t 40 tr ln).
V d ta chn cc trng hp c tui di 40 nh sau:
Data
Select Cases

Ban u ta thy du All cases c chn, ngha l ti lc ny tt c cc trng hp u c
tnh n.

Bm chn If condition is satisfied (nu iu kin c tha mn)

Bm nt If
Xut hin khung nh trong trng hp Compute (xem li cch ghi biu thc).

G biu thc.
Bm Continue.
Lc ny ca s Select Cases bn cnh nt if c ghi biu thc trn.

Bm OK.

Cc trng hp di 40 tui c chn, s th t khng b gch cho, cc trng hp b
gch cho s c xem nh khng c trong d liu.
B. Hy chn
Data
Select Cases
Chn li All Cases.

VI II . Tn sut (frequency)
A. Nhc li
L s ln xut hin ca cc gi tr
M Gii tnh
01 Nam

02 Nu
03 Nam
04 Nam
05 Nu
06 Nu
07 Nu
Frequency ca Gii tnh:
Nam: 3
Nu: 4
B. Thc hin
Analyze
Tables
Tables of frenquency

1. Tnh t ng cho t
Chn bin mun tnh tn sut. Bm nt mi tn qua phi

Chn nt Layout

Chn Count Display ( hin th s lng), chn Percents Display ( hin th %)
Bm Continue.
Bm OK.
Kt qu:


Ghi ch: C th tnh tn sut ca nhiu bin cng mt ln.
2. Tnh t ny trong bi
Mun tnh tn sut ca bin ny trong bin kia, v d, tnh tn sut ca Nghe nghiep, sau
trong mi ngh nghip, ta tnh nam bao nhiu n bao nhiu th lm nh sau:
Khi xut hin ca s Table of frequencies sau khi chn Nghe nghiep a qua Frequency
for, sau chn Gioi tinh a qua Subgroup, in each tables: (nhm ph trong mi bng)

Kt qu:

I X. Lp li lnh thc hin
Thng th thc hin mt lnh phi tn nhiu nhiu thao tc: nh bm chn menu, chn cc
bin, chn cc thng s v.v
C hai cch thc hin li mt cch nhanh chng nhng lnh lm l dng nt Recall hay
lu li lnh trong mt file syntax
A. Gi li lnh bng Recall
Chn nt Dialog Recall.

Hin ra danh sch cc lnh dng. Chn lnh mun thc hin li.

B. Lu lnh bng file syntax
lu li mt lnh ta lm nh sau:
Sau khi thc hin vic chn cc bin, tham s ta bm nt Paste

Xut hin ca s syntax:

Ta bm nt lu v t tn file.

Sau ny mun chy li lnh ta lm nh sau:
File
Open
Syntax

Bm chn file syntax lu

Xut hin (cc) dng lnh trong file ny:

Nu mun chy lnh ny th ta bm vo nt mi tn.
X. Kim nh t l
Mc ch: Xc nh t l ca cc nhm c bng nhau hay khng hay ph hp vi cc t l
nh trc hay khng.
Gi thit H0 : cc nhm trong mt bin c t l bng nhau
Tin hnh Chi-square test.
Cn c vo Asym. Sig (p-value) nu nh hn 0.05 : bc b H0- nu ln hn c th kt
lun t l cc nhm l bng nhau
V d 1 : Kho st 100 hc sinh ta c 58 nam, 42 n. S nam ln hn s n (trong mu ca
chng ta); nhng kt lun ny c ngha thng k hay khng ?
H0 : t l nam bng t l n (hoc t l nam :n l 50 :50)
V d 2 : Theo mt l thuyt, bi kim tra nn c 25% hc sinh t im km, 50% t im
trung bnh v 25% t im gii. Kho st ca chng ta trn mt bi kim tra c th c 10 hc

sinh t im km, 17 hc sinh t im trung bnh v 9 hc sinh t im gii. Kt qu ny
c ph hp vi l thuyt hay khng ?
H0 : T l im trong kho st ca ta theo c cu 25 :50 : 25
A. Kim nh cc t l c bng nhau hay khng
V d : T l cc ngh nghip c bng nhau khng ?
Analyze
Non-parametric test
Chi-Square

Chn bin a qua
Chn All categories equal (cc nhm bng nhau)
OK

Kt qu :
Nghe nghiep

Observed N Expected N Residual

Nong dan 40 50.0 -10.0
Cong nhan 53 50.0 3.0
Buon ban 57 50.0 7.0
CNVC 50 50.0 .0
Total 200

Test Statistics

Nghe nghiep
Chi-Square(a) 3.160
Df 3
Asymp. Sig. .368

Din gii:
Observed N: s lng quan st
Expected N: tn sut mong i (tn sut theo gi thit H0)
Chi-Square: thng k Chi-Square.
Df: bc t do.
Asymp. Sig: gi tr p-value: xc sut gi thit ng
Gi thit H
0
: t l cc ngh nghip l bng nhau.
Asymp. Sig: xc sut gi thit ng l 0.368 kh ln (ln hn 0.05), ni cch khc:
- c nhiu kh nng t l cc ngh nghip l bng nhau hoc:
- cc ngh nghip khc nhau khng c ngha thng k.
Nu Asymp. Sig nh hn 0.05 ta kt lun l t l ngh nghip khc nhau c ngha thng k.
B. Kim nh t l cc nhm c khc vi c cu t l cho trc
V d : Nghin cu trn 150 bnh nhn, ta thy s mc bnh X l 50 ngi. T l l 50/150 =
30%. T l ca mt tc gi khc l 20%. T l mc bnh ca ta c cao hn c ngha thng k
hay khng ?
Gi thit H0 : t l khng mc bnh : mc bnh l 80 : 20
Gi s bin MacBenh c m ha l : 0 : khng c bnh, 1 : c bnh.
Tin hnh Chi square test nh trn, nhng thay v chn All categories equal (tc l t l khng
c bnh :c bnh l 50 :50) ta s ch nh SPPS tin hnh kim nh vi t l khng c bnh :
c bnh l 80 :20)

Chn Values v g gi tr 0.2 ; chn nt Add.
Li g gi tr 0.8 ; chn nt Add

Cn thn : Khng mc bnh l 0.
Mc bnh l 1.
Th t l 0 ri mi n 1. Do phi a gi tr 0.8 (t l khng mc) trc 0.2 (t l mc)
Kt qu :
MACBENH

Observed N Expected N Residual
.00 50 160.0 -110.0
1.00 150 40.0 110.0
Total 200


Test Statistics

MACBENH
Chi-
Square(a)
378.125
Df 1
Asymp. Sig. .000
a 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 40.0.

Gi thit H0 : t l khng mc bnh : mc bnh l 80 : 20
Asymp Sig. l .000 bc b H0; ni cch khc t l mc bnh ca ta khc tc gi kia (trong
trng hp ny l ln hn) vi mc ngha nh hn 0.01.
Tr li v d v c cu im bi thi.
Nu m ha : 1 : km ; 2 : trung bnh ; 3 : gii
Gi thit H0 : C cu t l 1 :2 : 3 l 25 :50 :25
Khi tin hnh ta phi chn cc value l ln lt l 0.25, 0.50, 0.25
Cng c th chn l 25 :50 :25 hoc 2.5 :5.0 :2.5 v vn y l c cu t l
khng phi l s lng.
XI . Kim nh mi lin h ca hai bin nh tnh
Mc ch : Xem hai bin (hai yu t) c lin h nh th no: c c lp hay c nh hng
nhau?
V d : Nhm tui c nh hng n vic mc bnh hay khng.
Ngh nghip c nh hng n vic mc bnh hay khng.
Ta s dng bng cross-tab (bng cho) v cc kim nh Chi-square.
Gi s ta mun xem gii tnh c c lp vi vic mc bnh cao huyt p hay khng.
Gi thit H0 : Gii tnh c lp vi vic mc bnh cao huyt p

Analyze
Descriptive
Crosstabs

a hai bin vo Rows v Columns

Kt qu :

Gioi tinh * CAOHA Crosstabulation

Count
CAOHA

.00 1.00
Total
Nu
19 47 66
Gioi
tinh
Nam
25 109 134
Total
44 156 200

Chi-Square Test s

Value df
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
2.645(b) 1 .104
Continuity Correction(a)
2.088 1 .149
Likelihood Ratio
2.568 1 .109
Fisher's Exact Test
.146 .076
Linear-by-Linear Association
2.632 1 .105
N of Valid Cases
200
a Computed only for a 2x2 table
b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 14.52.
Din gii: mc ngha Asymp. Sig. l 0.104 nn ta khng bc b c H0, ngha l c th kt
lun gii tnh v bnh cao huyt p c lp vi nhau.
XI I . Tng quan gia hai bin : h s Pearson
Mc ch : Tnh h s tng quan tuyn tnh (Pearson) gia hai bin nh lng.
Nu kt qu gn 0 : hai bin khng c tng quan

Nu kt qu cng gn 1 : hai bin cng c tng quan t l thun, bin ny tng th bin kia
cng tng.
Nu kt qu cng gn -1 : hai bin cng c tng quan t l nghch, bin ny tng th bin kia
gim.
Vi bt k kt qu no, h s tng quan phi c xt vi mc ngha (sig. = significance)
Mc ngha cng thp th h s tng quan cng c gi tr (khng ln hn 0.05)
H s tng quan d gn -1 hoc 1 nhng c mc ngha thp cng khng kt lun.
V d : Chiu cao v cn nng c h s tng quan nh th no ?
Analyze
Correlate
Bivariate

Chn 2 bin cn tnh

OK
Kt qu:
Correlations

Chieu cao Can nang
Chieu cao Pearson
1 -.179(*)

Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
. .011
N
200 200
Pearson
Correlation
-.179(*) 1
Sig. (2-tailed)
.011 .
Can nang
N
200 200
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Din gii
Pearson Correlation l 1 vi mc ngha Sig. l 0.011 (nh).
Ta kt lun hai bin ny c mi tng quan tuyn tnh thun c ngha thng k.
XI I I . So snh tr trung bnh ca mt mu vi mt gi tr- One
sample T-test
Mc ch: Xem gi tr trung bnh ca mt bin c sai khc vi mt gi tr no ?
V d: Ta o chiu cao mt mu 200 thanh nin t 20-30 tui mt a phng v xt xem c
th kt lun chiu cao trung bnh ca h c sai khc vi chiu cao trung bnh ca thanh nin
tui 20-30 c cng b l 160 (cm) hay khng?
Bin c xem xt phi l bin nh lng (scale) v tr trung bnh ca bin nh danh
(phn loi) l v ngha, v d trung bnh ca gii tnh (!?)
H0: Trung bnh ca mu khng sai khc vi gi tr cho trc.
Analyze
Compare Means
One-Sample T Test

Chn bin cn kim nh
Chn gi tr cn so snh

Kt qu:

One-Sample Test

Test Value =160
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Lower Upper
Chieu cao
-1.337 199 .183 -1.11 -2.75 .53

Gi thit H0: Chiu cao trung bnh ca mu bng 160.
Mc ngha 0.183 khng cho php ta bc b H0.
By gi gi s ta so snh vi chiu cao l0 l 170.
Gi thit H0: Chiu cao trung ca mu bng 170.

Kt qu:
One-Sample Test

Test Value =170
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
t Df Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Lower Upper
Chieu cao
-13.379 199 .000 -11.11 -12.75 -9.47

Mc ngha .000 cho php ta kt lun chiu cao trung bnh ca cc thanh nin m ta kho st
khng bng 170.

Khong sai khc 95% Confidence Interval of the Differencei t -12.75 n -9.47 u di 0,
nn ta kt lun l chiu cao trung bnh ca mu kho st thp hn 170 (vi mc ngha
<0.01)
XI V. So snh trung bnh ca hai mu c lp I ndependent
Samples T-Test
Mc ch: Ta c hai nhm c lp. Ta kim nh trung bnh ca mt tnh cht (bin) ca hai
nhm c khc nhau khng,
V d hai mu c lp nam v n, ta kim nh

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