Elect Protection-NTPC

ELECTRICAL PROTECTION
(PMI Workshop)

ENGINEERING

Knowledge Management System

ELECTRICAL ENGG.

Key Words : Aux Power Supply, Generator, Transformers, Bus-duct, DC
System

Presentation by : Ms C.Saroj, DGM(PE-Elect),CC, 9868391368,
csaroj@ntpceoc.co.in

5/1/2007

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION
@ PMI
TODAYS TOPIC
(1) PROTECTION OF AUX POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
(2) PROTECTION OF GENERATOR
WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI
AUXILIARY POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
It is the Electric power supply system
required to run the auxiliary equipment of
a power plant smoothly, reliably and
economically. In case of interruption it
should be possible to restore in fastest
possible time.
The auxiliary power system is best
described by the Key SLD.
KSLD.pdf/SLD.pdf
ELEMENTS OF Aux Power Sup System ARE
Transformers
Motors
Switchgears
Connectors like Bus-duct/Cables
DC System
All these above elements are to be protected
against faults and abnormal operating
conditions. Therefore the other element is
Protection system
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Transformer faults are of 5 categories
Winding & terminal faults(70% of all faults)
Core faults
Tank faults
Abnormal operating conditions
Un-cleared external faults
SEVERAL CASES OF FAULTS
Earth fault with star connected transformer
having NGR (Neutral Grounding Trans/Resitr.)
In this case Fault Current depends on
(i) NGR value
(ii) Distance of fault from the neutral
Primary side relay can not detect if the fault is at
< 30% distance away from neutral.
It would be necessary to provide a 64R LV
100%
100%
Distance From Neutral
Earth
Fault
Current
Primary Current
Secondary Fault Current
10%
30%
Earth fault with star connected transformer
having Neutral solidly grounded
In this case Fault Current depends on
(i) Transformer Impedence only; NGR value is zero
(ii) Distance of fault from the neutral
This is the case for LT Transformers where the
system is solidly earthed. Heavy earth fault current
flows in the secondary and primary current is also
substantial.
20
100%
Distance From Neutral
PerUnit
Earth
Fault
Current
Primary Current
Secondary Current
10
15
5
Phase to Phase fault
This case shall be like the previous slide. There is
no additional resistance to restrict phase to phase
fault so heavy fault current flows in the secondary
and primary.
Inter-turn fault
This is not very likely phenomenon , unless the
transformer is subjected to several Short-Circuit
stress.
For transformers connected to O/H line directly,
very steep-front high voltage may cause inter-turn
insulation failure & inter-turn fault.
Shorted turns shall have very high current but
primary relay may not see the fault as very high turn
ratio shall be applicable for the shorted turns.
100
25%
Percent Of Winding turns Shorted
Per Unit
Fault
Current
Primary input Current
Fault Current in shorted turns
60
80
40
20
0
5 10 15 20
10
8
6
4
2
Per Unit
Primary
Current
Core fault
Any conducting bridge across laminated structure or
defective core insulation may allow eddy current to
flow across. This will generate local heating and
degeneration of transformer oil and further gas
generation.
Electrical relays shall not be able to detect this
other than the gas operated relays.
Tank fault
This fault results in
loss of cooling oil
over heating of core & winding
deterioration of insulation
Electrical relays shall not be able to detect this
unless it develops into an electrical fault.
EXTERNAL FAULTS
Over load
Transformer is designed based on temperature rise
criteria. Any over load is viewed in terms of the
heating caused by the over load.
Over load can be allowed considering the initial
thermal status of the transformer. IEC 60354 gives
the guide for transformer overloading.
The time constant of forced cooled transformers is
less as compared to that of the natural cooled ones.
EXTERNAL FAULTS
System Fault
Current fed by a transformer is responsible for
heating of its winding. Heat generated is
proportional to Sq of the current.
For a transformer having 4% impedance may feed
up to 25 times its rated current. Which means 625
times heat will be generated as compared to its full
load operation.
Normally transformers are specified to stand the
fault for 2 secs. Over current relays are provided to
clear the fault before it reaches the limit.
EXTERNAL FAULTS
Over voltage
There could be two types of over voltage
Transient O/V
Power frequency O/V
Power frequency over voltage causes stress
in insulation, increase in the value of Flux
associated with excessive increase of
magnetizing current.
EXTERNAL FAULTS
Reduced system frequency
Like power frequency over voltage, it
increase the value of Flux associated with
excessive increase of magnetizing current.
Reduction in frequency associated with
increase in voltage would be very harmful to
the transformer.
For bigger transformer V/f protection is
provided.
OVER HEATING OF TRANSFORMER
Rating of a transformer is based on a specific
value of allowable temperature.
At low temperature over loading may be
allowed as per IEC60354 guidelines.
Sustained over load ,if it takes the
temperature of the winding 10 deg C above
permissible temperature, the life of insulation
will be eaten away by about a half of original.
WTI/OTI is used for alarm as well as tripping
of the HV side breaker. LV side is isolated by
inter-tripping of LV breaker.
SUMMARY OF FAULTS AND PROTECTION
(i) Primary winding Ph-Ph 87,50
(ii) Primary winding Ph-E 87,50
(iii) Secondary winding Ph-Ph 87
(iv) Secondary winding Ph-E 87,64R
(v) Inter-turn 87,63
(vi) Tank Fault 87,63
(vii) Core Fault 87,63
SUMMARY OF FAULTS AND PROTECTION
(i) Primary winding Ph-Ph 87,50
(ii) Primary winding Ph-E 87,50
(iii)Seccondary winding Ph-Ph 87
(iv) Seccondary winding Ph-E 87,64R
(v) Inter-turn 87,63
(vi) Tank Fault 87,63
(vii) Core Fault 87,63
(viii) Over Fluxing 99
(ix) Over Loading/ Design margin,WTI(Alarm/Trip)
Heating OTI (Alarm), Cooler Alarm
(x) Gas generation 63
(xi) Fire Protection Trip and Alarm
PROTECTIONS FOR Stn TRANSFORMER
(i) 87 Internal Ph-Ph / Ph-Earth
(ii) 51 Ph-Ph / Ph-Earth (Covers up to 11kv
System also. So def time for co-ordination)
(iii) 64R HV HV Winding Ph-Earth
(iv) 64R LV LV Winding Ph-Earth
(v) 51N LV Winding Ph-Earth (upto 1kV)
(vi) 63
(vii) WTI Alarm/Trip
(viii) OTI Alarm/Trip
(ix) Cooler/OLTC Alarm
(x) Fire Protection Alarm/Trip
PROTECTIONS FOR UNIT TRANSFORMER
(i) 87 Internal Ph-Ph / Ph-Earth
(ii) 51 Ph-Ph / Ph-Earth (Covers up to 11kv
System also. So def time for co-ordination)
(iii) 64G1/64G2 HV Winding Ph-Earth
(iv) 64R LV LV Winding Ph-Earth
(v) 51N LV Winding Ph-Earth (upto 1kV)
(vi) 63
(ix) Cooler/OLTC Alarm
(x) Fire Protection Alarm/Trip
PROTECTIONS FOR LT TRANSFORMER
(i) 87 (>5MVA) Internal Ph-Ph / Ph-Earth
--OR--
50 (<5MVA) Ph-Ph / Ph-Earth
(ii) 51 Definite time over current
(iii) 64R LV LV Winding Ph-Earth
(v) 51N LV Winding Ph-Earth (upto next level)
(vi) 63
MOTORS PROTECTIONS
Causes for Motor failure
External
Unbalanced Supply
Under Voltage
Single Phasing
Reverse Phase Sequence
MOTORS PROTECTIONS
Causes for Motor failure
Internal
Bearing Failure
Winding Fault
Over Load
POSSIBLE FAULTS & ITS PROTECTION
Thermal (Over Load) protection
Majority of winding failure are caused by
over loading on either unbalanced supply
voltage or by single phasing.
Excessive heating leads to winding
insulation failure and further electrical
Faults.
Sustained over load of a few percentage
may result in premature aging of the motor
insulation.
Start/Stall Protection
Motor draws around 6 times current during
starting. But it is not a constant value. The
quantum of current reduces as it reaches its
rated speed.
So to distinguish starting from stalling, it is
required to measure the time also along
with the inrush of current.
Some times it is found that starting time is
more than safe stalling time. Then it
becomes difficult to provide the stalling
protection.
Stalling Means
Motor draws large current
Resulting in high temperature
No cooling as Speed is zero or very low
Resulting in winding damage
Starting can be sensed by
The event of breaker closing followed by
increasing of current.
Stalling Protection when tSTARTING < tSTALLING
It is very simple to have this protection by
following current and time settings:
tSTARTING < tSETTING < tSTALLING
and
IFULL-LOAD < ISETTING < I STARTING
Stalling Protection when tSTARTING > tSTALLING
Over and above time & current sensing a speed
switch signal is also required to sense that the
motor has taken-off. Here as motor speeds up,
current reduces and cooling increases and motor
remains safe even after tSTARTING exceeds tSTALLING
The following current and time settings:
tSTARTING < tSETTING < tSTALLING and IFULL-LOAD < ISETTING < I STARTING
when ANDED with the speed switch contact
gives desired stalling protection. The speed switch
setting is normally kept at 20%.
SHOULD A MOTOR STALL WHILE RUNNING
The motor current will increase from rated value
to its starting current value. Presently this
situation is protected by 51I,alarmed by 50A
and RTD tripping through control system.
However with numerical relays it is possible to
capture the conditions of Motor has started
and current is nominal which signifies motor
running. Now if current again reaches its
starting time value , stalling situation can be
detected.
However, this protection shall operate in the
event of restarting of motors after a voltage dip
( EHV Fault nearby or Auto C/O).
The difference could be only the duration of
high current flow which will be less as
compared to the situation at the time of starting.
Short circuit Protection
Motor short circuit protection is provided for
motor terminal flash-over or major winding
faults.
Motor instantaneous over current protection
(50) is provided for this. However 50 setting
is kept at 800% of rated current to take care
of motor starting.
Earth Fault Protection
Any fault due to any cause, in stator
winding will result into an earth fault.
For LT motors, where system is solidly
earthed, earth fault relay in the residual
circuit with 20% setting serves the purpose.
HT motors where system is earthed through
NGR, sensitive earth fault relay with CBCT
is provided.
Under Voltage Protection
Motor may stall under severe under voltage
causing serious damage to it.
Time delayed under voltage trip is provided
having system voltage falling below 80% for
a duration of 1000 mS.
RTD Temperature Detection
This gives actual direct measurement of
motor temperature. Severe over load/
development of hot spot is detected by
RTD.
RTDs are provided in all HT motors which
are embedded during manufacturing.
RTDs are fed into the control system which
further sends trip signal/ generates alarm.
Protection against excessive no. of Starts
Starting should be blocked if the permitted
number of starts are exceeded.
It is possible to build a thermal replica of the
motor in a numerical relay which will allow
number of starts considering actual thermal
status of the motor.
Summary Of Motor Protection
HT Motors
87 For >2000MW Ph-Ph & Ph-Erth(Intnl)
50x3 For <2000MW
51x2 For Over Load (IDMT)
50Ax1 For Alarm
50N For Earth Fault
50L/R For Motors tSTARTING > tSTALLING
U/V For under voltage protection
LT Motors (Breaker Controlled)
50x3 For Ph-Ph & Ph-Erth
51x2 For Over Load (IDMT)
50Ax1 For Alarm
50N1 For Earth Fault
U/V For under voltage protection
LT Motors (Contactor Controlled)
Fuse For Ph-Ph & Ph-Erth
49 For Over Load (IDMT)
U/V Contactors drop @ V<70%
OUR NEXT TOPIC
GENERATOR PROTECTION
GEN. PROTN. PHILOSOPHY
The numerical relays constituting the protection
for each Main Generator Circuit, is configured
into two independent Numerical Protection
Systems
each fed from a separate DC supply,
At least one numerical protection system shall be
always available to detect and operate for any
type of fault in the Generator Circuit, under
condition of failure of the other numerical
protection system AND/OR on failure of the
associated DC supply systems of other numerical
protection system.
AC/DC SEGREGATION
CLASSIFICATION OF GENERATOR
PROTECTIONS
INTERNAL FAULT
i) PHASE TO PHASE FAULTS PROTECTION
ALL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTIONS
II) PHASE TO EARTH PROTECTION FOR STATOR WINDING
64G1, 64G2, 64R, 64IT
EXTERNAL FAULT
21G, 51NGT, 46G,
ABNORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS
98, 50GDM, LFPR/RP, 59, 99
PROTECTION FUNCTION CLASS
OF TRIP
Remark on grouping of
protection

Generator Differential Protection, 3 pole (87 G) having
operating time of 25 milli sec. or lower at five times
the current rating.

A
Overall Differential Protection (87GT).

A
87 G and 87 GT shall be on two
different channels of protection.
Generator Transformer Differential protection
(87 T)
A 87 T shall be in a different
channel than 87 GT
Over hang differential protection(87 HV) A 87 HV shall be in a differe nt
channel than 87T
Stator Earth Fault Protection covering 100% of winding
(64G1), operating on low frequency signal injection
principle suitable for continuous monitoring of stator
insulation even during machine shut down.

A
Stator Standby Earth Fault Protection covering 95% of
winding (trip) (64 G2) with adjustable time delay.
A
64 G1 and 64 G2 shall be on
two different channels of
protection.
Inter-turn Fault Protection (95G1), through
comparison of zero sequence voltage on generator
phase and neutral side.

A
Duplicated Loss of field protection (40G1/2 ). A 40G1 and 40G2 shall be on two
different channels of protection.
Back up Impedance Protection, 3 pole (21G) along
with suitable timer for Co -ordination with line
protections

A
Backup Earth Fault Protection on Generator
Transformer HV neutral (51NGT)

A

21 G and 51 NGT be in
different channels
Negative Sequence Current Protection, alarm and I
2
2
t
element for trip (46G) matching with the machine
characteristics.

A
Duplicated Low -Forward Power / reverse power
Interlock for steam turbine generator (37 /32G1 &
37/32 G2), each having two stages,

a) short time delayed interlocked with turbine
trip
b) long time delayed independent of
turbine trip.

B

A
37/32 G1 and 37/32 G2 shall be
in two different channels of
protection
Two Stage Rotor Earth Fault Protection (alarm & trip)
operating on principle of continuously monitoring rotor
insulation value even during machine shut down
period (64F).
A

CHANNEL WISE GROUPING AND TRIPPING LOGIC
Definite Time Delayed Over -Voltage Protection
(59G) for alarm and trip.

A
Generator Under Frequency Protection with alarm
and stage tripping (81G) with df/dt elements.

C
Over Fluxing Protection (99) for Generator /
Generator Transformer having inverse time
characteristics suitable for Generator /Generator
Transformer over fluxing capability.

A

Over Flux function (99) shall
be in a different channel than
O/V and U/F functions
Accidental Back Energisation protection for
accidental closu re/flashover of EHV breaker or
EHV disconnecting switch (50GDM)

1. Based on Under voltage and Over current
Measurement

2. Over current relay enabled/disabled by
HV CB aux contact and drop out/pick up
timers.

A

A
50 GDM based on th e two
principle shall be on two
different channels.
Instantaneous and time delayed Over Current
protection to be used on HV side of excitation
transformer.

A
Generator Pole slipping protection

A
Generator under voltage relay for interlocks

Unit Transformer Differential Protection, 3 pole
(87UT)

A
Unit Transformer LV back-up earth fault protection
( 51NUT).
A
Unit Transformer LV REF (64 UT LV)

A
Unit transformer back -up over current protection
(51UT).
A

87 UT & 51 NUT can be in one
channel and 64 UT LV & 51UT
shall be in another channel.
Gen Transformer OTI/WTI trip Turbine Trip After turbine trip through class
B other breakers are tripped.
GT WTI/OTI IN DIFF
CHANNELS
Gen Transformer Buchholtz, PRD /other
mechanical Protections

A GT BUCH & PRD IN DIFF
CHANNELS
Unit Transformer OTI/WTI trip UT LV CB Trip
& signal for
change over of
unit board.
UT WTI & OTI IN DIFF
CHANNELS
Unit Transformer Buchholtz, PRD /other
mechanical Protections
A UT BUCH & PRD IN DIFF
CHANNELS
CLASS A : TO TRIP HVCB,TURBINE,FIELD, UT LV CBCLASS B : TO TRIP HVCB,
FIELD,UT LV CB : CLASS C : TO TRIP HV CB
CHANNEL WISE GROUPING AND TRIP LOGIC
Typical
Generator
protection
scheme
GRP NETWORKING
The numerical relays constituting the protection
system for all the Generator Circuits shall be wired
to a central operator work station, located in Central
Control Room .
From the operators work station,
it shall be possible to
extract all the alarms,
events and fault data captured by numerical relays
change / upload relay Settings for various numerical relays.
Sharing of the data with switchyard SAS through
Substation Level LAN shall also be possible.
The communication protocol IEC 61850 is preferred
for Generator Circuit LAN.
THANKS
FOR
PATIENT HEARING
!

Elect Protection-NTPC

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ELECTRICAL PROTECTION

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