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Basic Well Log Interpretation 2012. SHAHNAWAZ MUSTAFA
Basic Well Log Interpretation 2012. SHAHNAWAZ MUSTAFA
b
= bulk density of the formation.
f
= pore fluid density in the borehole.
Cross-Plot Porosity
There are a variety of methods--visual, mathematical, and graphical--used to determine the
cross-plot porosity of a formation. Porosity measurements taken from logs are rarely adequate
for use in calculating water saturation. There are two methods for the determination of
porosity:
1. Cross-Plot Porosity Equation
Where:
D
= density porosity
N
= neutron porosity
2. Cross- Plot Porosity from Chart
The proper Cross-Plot Porosity (CP) chart is determined first by tool type, and second by the
density of the drilling fluid.
SONIC POROSITY
Sonic Tool Cross-Plot Charts
The "Sonic versus Bulk Density" and "Sonic versus Neutron Porosity" charts may be
interpolated and extrapolated in the same manner as the "Bulk Density versus Neutron
Porosity" charts. These charts may be used as an alternative to the neutron-density cross-plots,
or an additional method for providing more information on the possible lithology of a
formation.
Wyllie-Time Average Equation:
Consolidated and compacted sandstones:
Unconsolidated sands:
Where:
t
log
= travel time from the log.
t
ma
= formation matrix travel time.
t
f
= fluid travel time
Cp = compaction factor.
Determining Formation Water Resistivity (Rw) by the Inverse Archie Method:
Determining a value for formation water resistivity (Rw) from logs may not always provide
reliable results; however, in many cases logs provide the only means of determining Rw. Two
of the most common methods of determining Rw from logs are the inverse-Archie method and
the SP method. Another method of Rw determination is by means of Hingle plot.
INVERSE ARCHIE METHOD: Rwa
Where:
Rt = resistivity of the uninvaded zone
= porosity
Sw Calculations:
Water saturation may now be calculated for those zones that appear to be hydrocarbon bearing.
The water saturation equation for clean formations is as follows:
Archie's Equation
Where:
Sw = water saturation
n = saturation exponent
a = tortuosity factor.
= porosity.
m = cementation exponent.
Rt = formation resistivity
Rw = formation water resistivity
Among the most difficult variables to determine, but one which has a tremendous impact upon
calculated values of water saturation (Sw). Often best obtained from the customer, but can be
obtained from logs under ideal conditions. Other sources include measured formation water
samples (DST or SFT), produced water samples, or simply local reservoir history.
Moveable Hydrocarbon Index (MHI)
One way to investigate the moveability of hydrocarbons is to determine water saturation of the
flushed zone (Sxo). This is accomplished by substituting into the Archie equation those
parameters pertaining to the flushed zone.
Where:
R
mf
= resistivity of mud filtrate.
R
xo
= resistivity of flushed zone.
Once flushed zone water saturation (Sxo) is calculated, it may be compared with the value for
water saturation of the uninvaded zone (Sw) at the same depth to determine whether or not
hydrocarbons were moved from the flushed zone during invasion. If the value for Sxo is much
greater than the value for Sw, then hydrocarbons were likely moved during invasion, and the
reservoir will produce.
An easy way of quantifying this relationship is through the moveable hydrocarbon index
(MHI).
SHALYSAND INTERPRETATION
The presence of shale (i.e. clay minerals) in a reservoir can cause erroneous results for water
saturation and porosity derived from logs. These erroneous results are not limited to
sandstones, but also occur in limestones and dolomites.
Whenever shale is present in the formation, porosity tools like, (sonic and neutron) will record
too high porosity. The only exception to this is the density log. It will not record too high a
porosity if density of shale is equal to or greater than the reservoirs matrix density. In addition,
the presence of shale in a formation will cause resistivity logs to record lower resistivity.
Calculation of V
shale
:
The first step in the shalysand analysis is the calculation of volume of shale from a gamma ray
log. Volume of shale from gamma ray log is determined by the chart or by the following
formulas:
Where:
I
GR
= gamma ray index
GRlog = actual borehole-corrected GR response in zone of interest
GRmin = minimum borehole-corrected GR response against clean zones
GRmax = maximum borehole-corrected GR response against shale zones
Determining Effective Porosity (e):
The second step of shaly sand analysis is to determine the effective porosity of the formation
i.e. determining porosity of the formation if it did not contain clay minerals.
Effective Porosity from Neutron-Density Combinations:
n-corrected
=
n
- (Vcl x
nsh
) For Neutron
d-corrected
=
d
- (Vcl x
dsh
) For Density
These values of neutron and density porosity corrected for the presence of clays are then used
in the equations below to determine the effective porosity (effective) of the formation of
interest.
Determining Water Saturation (Sw) :( Indonesian Equation)
There are many different equations by which water saturation (Sw) of a clay-bearing formation
may be calculated. However, the most suitable equation is the Indonesian Equation, which is as
follow
Where:
R
t
= resistivity of uninvaded zone
V
cl
= volume of clay
e = effective porosity
R
cl
= resistivity of clay
R
w
= resistivity of formation water