AIR-CONDITIONING LOAD ESTIMATION

INTRODUCTION:
The following will serve as a guide for estimating the cooling load requirement for
a given space or building
!efore going into a detailed heat load anal"sis the appro#imate load ma" be
obtained b" using the factors in column $ of Table % The appro#imate tonnage &%
Ton ' %()*** !TU+,R- is obtained and an idea of the t"pe of equipment to be
used can be formed If room units are to be used then the anal"sis usuall" ends
b" selecting the ne#t highest capacit" unit or combination of units Otherwise) a
more detailed anal"sis) set out as follows is adopted to get a more accurate heat
load
T.!/0 % : Design 1 Cooling /oad Chec2 3igures
Applications
Occupan
cy
ft
2
/perso
n
Li!tin"
#/ft
2
$res! Air
cf%/ft
2
&
Refriera
tion
'tu!/ft
2
&
Supply Air
cf%/ft
2
&
A(
&
)
i!
A(& )
i!
A(& )
i!
A(& )
i!
A(& )i!
.partments &3lats-
.uditoriums)
Theatres
0ducational 3acilities
&e# 4chools)
Colleges)
Universities) etc-
3actories :
.ssembl" .reas
/ight 5anuf
,ospitals :
6atient Rooms
6ublic .reas
,otels) 5otels)
Dormitories
/ibraries 1 5useums
Office !uildings
6rivate Offices
T"ping Department
Restaurants:
/arge
5edium
%*
*
%*
(7
87
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*
7*
9*
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:*
%%
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7
97
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%
%
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%
%
%
%
$
(
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R5>+,eat /oad Calculation edited 9+(+(**= ,/+%
Drug 4tores %7
(8
< Includes other loads e#pressed in ?atts+ft
(

DE$INITIONS
% Air Con*itionin
. process which heats) cools) cleans and circulates air and
controls its moisture content This process is done
simultaneousl" and all "ear round
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
% Desin Con*itions @ Outdoor .ir and Indoor .ir Temperature
&Dr" bulb and ?et !ulb-) ,umidit") 5oisture Content
( Orientation of +uil*in @ /ocation of the space to be air
conditioned with respect to :
a- Compass points @ sun and wind effects
b- Nearb" permanent structures @ shading effects
c- Reflective surfaces @ water) sand) par2ing lots) etc
8 ,se of space -s. @ Office) hospitals) department store) specialt"
shop) machine shop) factor") assembl" plant) etc
$ Di%ensions of space @ /ength) width) and height
7 Ceilin !ei!t @ 3loor to floor height) floor to ceiling) clearance
between suspended ceiling and beams
: Colu%ns an* +ea%s @ 4iAe) depth) also 2nee braces
; Construction %aterials @ 5aterials and thic2ness of walls) roof)
ceiling) floors and partitions and their relative position in the
structure
9 Surroun*in con*itions @ 0#terior colour of walls and roof)
shaded b" adBacent building or sunlit .ttic spaces @ vented or
unvented) gravit" or forced ventilation 4urrounding spaces
conditioned or unconditioned@temperature of non@conditioned
adBacent spaces) such as furnace) boiler room) 2itchen etc 3loor
on ground basement etc
= /in*o#s @ 4iAe and location) wood or metal sash) single or
double hung T"pe of glass @ single or multipane T"pe of shading
device Dimensions of reveals and overhangs
%* Doors @ /ocation) t"pe) siAe and frequenc" of use
%% Stair#ays0 ele(ators an* escalators @ /ocation) temperature
of space if open to unconditioned area ,orsepower of
machiner") ventilated or not
R5>+,eat /oad Calculation edited 9+(+(**= ,/+(
%( 1eople @ Number) duration of occupanc") nature of activit") an"
special concentration At times, it is required to estimate the
number of people on the basis of square feet per person or on
average traffic
%8 Li!tin @ ?attage at pea2 T"pe @ incandescent) fluorescent)
recessed) e#posed If the light are recessed) the t"pe of air flow
over the lights) e#haust) return or suppl") should be anticipated
At times, it is required to estimate the wattage on a basis of
watts per sq. ft. due to lac2 of information
%$ Motors @ location) name plate and bra2e horsepower and usage
The latter is of great significance and should be carefull"
evaluated It is alwa"s advisable to measure power input where
possible This is especiall" important in estimates for industrial
installations where the motor machine load is normall" a maBor
portion of the cooling load
%7 Appliances0 +usiness %ac!ines0 electronic e2uip%ent @
/ocations) rated wattage) steam or gas consumption) hooded or
unhooded) e#haust air quantit" installed or required) and usage
.void p"ramiding as not all machines will be used at the same
time 0lectronics equipment often requires individual air@
conditioning @ the manufacturers recommendation for
temperature and humidit" variation must be followed
%: 3entilation @ Cfm per person) cfm per sq ft) scheduled
ventilation 0#cessive smo2ing or odours) code requirement
0#haust fans @ t"pe) siAe) speed) cfm deliver"
%; T!er%al storae @ Operating schedule &%() %: or ($ hours per
da"-) specificall" during pea2 outdoor conditions) permissible
temperature swing in space during design da") rugs on floor)
nature of surface materials enclosing the space
%9 Continuous or inter%ittent operation @ ?hether s"stem be
required to operate ever" business da" during cooling season) or
onl" occasionall") such as ballrooms and churches If intermittent
eg churches) ballrooms) determine duration of time available for
pre@cooling or pull@down
LOAD COM1ONENTS
. /oad components can be divided into two &(- t"pes:
i- SENSI'LE LOAD
results when !eat entering the conditioned space that causes
*ry +ul+ te%perature &D!- to increase
ii- LATENT LOAD
results when %oisture entering the space causes the !u%i*ity
to increase
R5>+,eat /oad Calculation edited 9+(+(**= ,/+8
. load component ma" be all sensible) all latent) or a combination
of the two

R5>+,eat /oad Calculation edited 9+(+(**= ,/+$
! .dditionall" load components can be classified into three &8-
categories:
i- E4TERNAL LOADS
a- 4olar heat gain through glass &Formula 1- @ 4un ra"s entering
windows
b- 4olar and transmission gain through walls and roofs &Formula
2- @ 4un ra"s stri2ing walls and roofs
c- Transmission gain through glass) partition) floors &Formula 3- @
The air temperature outside the conditioned space
d- Infiltration @ The wind blowing against a side of the building
e- Centilation @ Outdoor air usuall" required for ventilation
purposes as in T.!/0 %%
C INTERNAL LOADS
a- 6eople @ ,uman bod" generates heat within itself and releases
it b" radiation) convection and evaporation from the surface
&sensi+le-) and b" convection and evaporation in the respirator"
tract &latent- The amount of heat generated and released
depends on surrounding temperature and on the activit" level of
the person as in T.!/0 %* !oth sensible and latent loads will
enter the space
b- /ights &Formula 4- @ Illuminants convert electrical power into
light and sensible heat /ighting is either fluorescent or
incandescent
c- 5otors
d- 0quipment and .ppliances
D OT)ER LOADS -AIR CONDITIONING E5,I1MENT AND D,CT
S6STEM.
a- 4uppl" duct heat gain
b- 4uppl" duct lea2age loss
c- 4uppl" air fan heat
d- !"pass outdoor air
e- Return duct heat gain
f- Return duct lea2age gain
g- Return air fan heat
R5>+,eat /oad Calculation edited 9+(+(**= ,/+7
R5>+,eat /oad Calculation edited 9+(+(**= ,/+:
0 GRAND TOTAL )EAT
The total load seen b" the coil in the central air handling unit is
referred to as Drand Total ,eat &DT,- or Dehumidified /oad It is
the sum of the total room loads) outdoor air loads)
3 RE$ERIGERATION LOAD
Two &(- additional loads are introduced to the refrigeration
machine which are not e#perienced b" the coil The" are:
i- 6iping sensible heat gain as the cold pipe passes through warm
surroundings andE
ii- 6umping heat gain as the pump does wor2 on the water
III Design Conditions:
The following are usuall" used for comfort design:@
Dr" bulb &
*
3- ?et bulb &
*
3- F R, Dr+lb
Outsi*e 72 -*ay./-89 -ni!t. :; -*ay./8< -ni!t. 9; -*ay./7<
-ni!t. =>:
Roo% 8< 9? << 82
These are filled in the heat estimate form as shown
IC 4olar heat gains:
The e#posure with the ma#imum sunlit glass area is used and the
design month is then fi#ed from Table $ b" selecting the month
with the ma#imum value at that e#posure The pea2 value for
other e#posures of sunlit can than be read for that month
R5>+,eat /oad Calculation edited 9+(+(**= ,/+;
T.!/0 $: 6ea2 solar heat gain through Ordinar" Dlass
!tu+&hr-&sqft-
Mont!
E@posure
N NE E SE S S/ / N
/
)oriAont
al
Gune
Gul" 1 5a"
.ugust 1 .pril
4ept 1 5arch
Oct 1 3eb
Nov 1 Gan
Dec
7=
$9
(7
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%*
%*
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4olar gain
Correction
4teel sash
or no sash
# %%;
,aAe @
@@@@@@@%7F
&5a#-
.ltitude <
<*;F
per %***
ft
Dew
point
.bove
:;
*
3 @@
;F per
%*3
Dew
point
!elow
:;
*
3
<;F per
%*3
R5>+,eat /oad Calculation edited 9+(+(**= ,/+9
T.!/0 7 : 4torage /oad 3actors &at $ pm-
E@posu
re
/ei!t
-l+/ft
2
of
floor
area."
2? !r& Operation
Constant Space
Te%perature
=2 !r& Operation
Constant Space
Te%perature
/it!
internal
s!a*e
/it!
e@ternal
s!a*e
/it!
internal
s!a*e
/it!
e@ternal
s!a*e
N0
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The solar heat gains for the glass area sunlit at $ pm are obtained from :@
Cooling Load (Btu/hr) = (Peak solar heat gain - Table 4)
x (window area, ft

)
x (storage fa!tor - Table ")
x (shade fa!tor - Table #) $%&'(L) *
R5>+,eat /oad Calculation edited 9+(+(**= ,/+=
The correction factors at the bottom table $ are to be used for other application
The storage load factor in table 7 depends on the t"pe of building $or nor%al
+ricB -7C. +uil*in t!e #ei!t of t!e +uil*in is nor%ally a+out =;; l+/ft
2
an* a nor%al +ricB -? =/2C. +uil*in #it! </:C plaster is a+out 9; l+/ft
2

3or timber or light weight buildings the values for 8* lb+ft
(
are ta2en The values
for %7* lb+ft
(
and over are used for heavier bric2 buildings
T.!/0 : : OC0R.// 4,.D0 3.CTOR
T"pe of Dlass No
4had
e
Inside Cenetian !lind Outside .wning
/ight
Colour
5edium
Colour
Dar2
Colour
/ight
Colour
5edium
Colour or
Dar2
Colour
Regular plate
%+$H
*=$ *7: *:7 *;$ *%= *($
4tained Dlass
.mber colour
Dar2 red
Dar2 blue
Dar2 Dreen
Dra"ed Dreen
/ight
Opalescent
Dar2 opalascent
*;*
*7:
*:*
*8(
*$:
*$8
*8;
/ight Colour ' white) cream) etc
5edium Colour ' light green) light blue) gre" etc
Dar2 Colour ' dar2 blue) dar2 red) dar2 brown) etc
The various factors for solar heat gain of the sunlit glass areas at $ pm are thus
found and substituted in the 0stimate form and the load+s calculated
NOT04:
R5>+,eat /oad Calculation edited 9+(+(**= ,/+%*
C 4olar heat gain for walls and roof
These are found using Tables ;) 9 1 = from the formula :@
+eat gain thro, walls/roof = ()rea (ft

))
x (e-ui.alent te/01 diff (
2
$) - Table 3,4alls 5
Table 6,&oofs)
x (trans/ission !oeffi!ient (() - Table 7)
$%&'(L)
T.!/0 ;: 0quivalent Temperature Difference &
*
3-
at $ pm for dar2 coloured) shaded 1 sunlit walls
&insulated and un@insulated-
E@posur
e
/ei!t of /all
-=+/ft
2
.
2; D less 9; =;; =?;
N0
0
40
4
4?
?
N?
North
&4hade-
%9
%9
(*
8*
$$
$$
(9
%9
%:
%:
((
8*
8:
8*
%:
%$
%$
((
((
(*
%9
%:
(*
9
%9
((
(*
%$
%(
%$
(*
:
The weight of a
$IH bric2 wall
with 7+9H plaster is
about :*
%b+ft
(

=H bric2 wall is
about %** %b+ft
(
T.!/0 9: 0quivalent Temperature Differencen &
*
3-
at $ pm for dar2 coloured sunlit 1 shaded Roofs
Con*ition
/ei!t of Roof -=+&/ft2.
=; 2; ?; 9; :;
0#posed to 4un
Covered with
?ater
4pra"ed
4haded
$;
@
@
@
$7
((
(*
%9
$(
(*
%9
%:
8=
%9
%:
%(
8:
@
@
@
Nomal $H TJ
concrete flat roof is
about 7* %b+ft
(

Notes:3or attic ventilated and ceiling insulated roofs) reduce equivalent temp
difference b" (7F 3or pea2 roofs use proBected area on horiAontal plane
R5>+,eat /oad Calculation edited 9+(+(**= ,/+%%
The equivalent temp difference in Tables ; and 9 should be corrected for light
coloured and medium coloured walls and roofs as follows:@
/ight coloured wall or roof: &0stimate fig *;9-
Kt
e
' *77Kt
em
< *$7Kt
es

and 5edium coloured wall or roof: &0stimate fig *9;-
Kt
e
' *;9Kt
em
< *((Kt
es
where Kt
e
'equivalent temp diff for colour of wall or roof desired
Kt
em
' equivalent temp diff for wall or roof e#posed to the sun
and Kt
es
' equivalent temp diff for wall or roof in shade
NOT04:
R5>+,eat /oad Calculation edited 9+(+(**= ,/+%(
T.!/0 = : Transmission Coefficient) for common building structures
!tu+&hr-&sqft-&
*
3 temp diff-
D04CRI6TION U
Roofs $H @ :H concrete roof with suspended ceiling
board
Corrugated asbestos sheets with suspended
ceiling boards
Corrugated Ainc sheets with suspended ceiling
boards
Cla"@tiled pitch roof with suspended ceiling
boards
,oriAontal glass s2"light
*(%
*(9
*(=
*(9
*9:
0#ternal
?alls
&; mph
wind-
$ IH bric2 wall with cement plaster on both
sides
=H bric2 wall with cement plaster on both sides
8+9H L IH g"psum or plaster board with pl"wood
and %H pol"st"rene sandwiched in between
.s above but with % IH @ (H pol"st"rene
.s above but with airspace instead of
pol"st"rene
5etal sliding door with air space in between
6l"wood door &sandwich-
Dlass &Certical-
*$9
*8$
*%;
*%*
*8=
*7:
*$(
%%8
Internal
walls:
&to
unconditione
d space-
$IH bric2 wall with plaster on both sides
4andwich g"psum) plaster board or pl"wood with
%H pol"st"rene
.s above but with %IH@ (H pol"st"rene
.s above but with airspace instead of
pol"st"rene
6l"wood door &sandwich-
*$*
*%7
*%*
*88
*87
Ceiling and
floor:
None or floor tile on $H # :H concrete floor with
suspended board ceiling &heat flow up-
4ame as above but heat flow down
*(7
*((
R5>+,eat /oad Calculation edited 9+(+(**= ,/+%8
CI Transmission ,eat Dains:
The transmission through all glass whether sunlit or in shade is obtained b"
+eat gain thro all glass = ()rea (ft

)) x (( fa!tor - Table 7)
x (outdoor te/0 - indoor te/0) $%&'(L) 8
Infiltration cannot be accuratel" assessed easil" and is usuall" not
computed but allowed for b" ta2ing a factor of safet" of %*F in the load
calculation for both the room sensible and room latent heat totals
CII Internal ,eat
The internal heat gains from people can be divided into sensible heat gain
and latent heat gain These depend on their activit" and the design
temperature of the space The" are as shown in Table %*
T.!/0 %* : ,eat Dain 3rom 6eople
Degree of
.ctivit"
T"pical
.pplications
Room Dr" !ulb Temperature
;9
*
3 ;7
*
3 ;*
*
3
!TU+,R !TU+,R !TU+,R
4ensibl
e
/aten
t
4ensibl
e
/aten
t
4ensibl
e
/atent
4eated at Rest
4eated) ver" light
wor2
Office ?or2er
4tanding)
?al2ing 4lowl"
?al2ing) seated
4tanding ?al2ing
4lowl"
4edentar" ?or2
/ight benchwor2
5oderate
dancing
?al2ing 8mph
,eav" ?or2
Theatre) Drade
4chool
,igh 4chool
Offices) hotels)
colleges
Dept) Retail
4tore
Drug 4tore
!an2
Restaurant <
3actor")
/ightwor2
Dance ,all
3actor") fairl"
heav" wor2
!owling alle")
factor"
(%*
(%7
-
-
(%7
-
-
-
-
((*
-

($*
($7
(;7
88*
$97
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7(7
%(*
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7(7
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(=*
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$**
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=*
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897
$7*
7$*
9$7
R5>+,eat /oad Calculation edited 9+(+(**= ,/+%$
The values for this application include :* !tu+hr for food per individual
The heat gain from lights depends on whether it is fluorescent or incandescent:@
+eat gain = Total light watts x 814 (for in!andes!ent) or
= Total light watts x *1" x 814 (for fluores!ent) $%&'(L) 4
If no lighting power is given then the values in column ( of Table % can be used
The heat gain from other equipment also has to be added This can be obtained
from the name plate horsepower or power input and multiplied b" 8$ !tu+hr per
watt
The room sensible heat &R4,- can then be totaled and a factor of safet" of %*F
added
RS) E Solar Gain-Glass. F Solar Trans%ission Gain F Trans& Gain F
Internal )eat

NOT04:
R5>+,eat /oad Calculation edited 9+(+(**= ,/+%7
CIII Outside .ir :
The outside air required for ventilation purposes can be obtained from table
%% below :@
T.!/0 %% : Centilation 4tandards
Application S%oBin C$M 1er 1erson C$M/ft
2
& of
floor0
Mini%u%
Reco%%en
*e*
Mini%u%
.partments
@ .verage
@ De /u#
Drug 4tores
3actories
Darage
,ospital
@ Operating Rooms
@ 6rivate Rooms
@ ?ards
,otel Rooms
Jitchen
@ Restaurant
@ Residence
/aboratories
5eeting Rooms
Office
@ Deneral
@ 6rivate
@ 6rivate
Restaurant
@ Cafe
@ Dining Room
4chool Rooms
Theatres
Theatres
Toilets &e#haust-
4ome
4ome
Considerab
le
None
@
None
None
None
,eav"
@
@
4ome
Cer" ,eav"
4ome
None
Considerab
le
Considerab
le
Considerab
le
None
None
(*
8*
%*
%*
@
@
8*
(*
8*
@
@
(*
7*
(*
(7
8*
%(
%7
@
;
%7
@
%7
(7
;I
;I
@
@
(7
%7
(7
@
@
%7
8*
%*
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(7
%*
%(
@
7
%*
@
@
*88
@
*%*
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(*
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@
*88
$*
(*
@
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*(7
*(7
*(7
@
@
%*
@
@
(*
4ome
@
NOTES" M ?hen the minimum is used) use the larger
< .ll outdoor air is recommended
The heat gain from outside air is then obtained from :@
%1) 9ensible +eat = (.entilation, !f/ -Table **) x (design te/01
differen!e,
2
$ (:B))
x (b;-0ass fa!tor (B$) x *127) $%&'(L) "
The '61ASS $ACTOR -'$. is a characteristic of the cooling coils used and unit
design It represents the portion of air which is considered to pass through the
cooling coils without being cooled
The !3 ' Celocit" of air through coils &time for air to contact surface of coils-
available coil surface &rows of coils) spacing of coil tubes-
Coil b"pass
factor
T"pe of .pplication 0#ample
*8* to *7*
*(* to *8*
*%* to *(*
**7 to *%*
* to *%*
. small total load or a load that is
larger with a low sensible heat factor
&ie high latent load-
T"pical comfort application with a
relativel" small total load or a low
sensible heat factor with a somewhat
larger load
T"pical comfort application
.pplications with high internal sensible
loads or requiring a large amount of
outdoor air for ventilation
.ll outdoor air applications
Residence
Residence
4mall retail shop)
3actor"
Dept 4tore) !an2)
3actor"
Dept 4tore)
Restaurant) 3actor"
,ospital) Operating
Room) 3actor"
Table %( is a guide for design purposes Usuall" a value of *8 is chosen for
pac2age units and *% for chilled water or central DN s"stems These should be
compared with the final equipment b"pass factor If there should be a difference
of 9F or more than the heat estimate for outside air should be recalculated
The 0ffective Room 4ensible heat &0R4,- is then totaled up
<&9+ = &9+ = %) +eat(b;0ass) = 9u00l; :u!t +eat >ain = 91: Leak
Loss = $an +1P
$%&'(L) #
IN Room /atent heat:
The latent heat gain from people can be obtained from Table %* .n" equipment
latent heat is also added The room latent heat &R/,- can then be totaled and a
factor of safet" of %*F added
The latent heat from the ventilation outside air is obtained from:@
%1)1 Latent heat = .entilation, !f/
x design s0e!ifi! hu/idit;, gr/lb1
x B$ x 21#6 $%&'(L) 3
The 0ffective Room /atent ,eat &0R/,- is then totalled up
<&L+ = &L+ = %)+eat (b;0ass) = 9u00l; :u!t Leakage Loss $%&'(L) 6
The 0ffective Room TOT./ ,eat &0RT,- is then obtained:
<&T+ = <&9+ = <&L+ $%&'(L) 7
N Outdoor air heat:
The remaining heat &less b"pass air- from the outside air is computed as set out
below) and the Drand Total heat is obtained This is the actual amount of heat that
is ph"sicall" seen b" the coil
%1) 9ensible +eat = .entilation, !f/ -Table **
x design te/01 differen!e,
2
$ (:B)
x (*-B$) x *1271 $%&'(L) *2
%1)1 Latent heat = .entilation, !f/
x design s0e!ifi! hu/idit;, gr/lb1
x (*-B$) x 21#6 $%&'(L) **
The Drand Total ,eat &DT,- is thus obtained b" adding this load to the 0RT,
>T+ = <&T+ = %1) +eat = &) +eat >ain = &a Leakage = Blow Thru
$an
$%&'(L) *
NI Refrigeration /oad
The Refrigeration /oad is the actual load that is seen b" the refrigeration machine
&efrigeration Load = >T+ = Pi0ing +eat >ain = Pu/0 +1P$%&'(L)
*8
NII Dehumidified and 4uppl" air quantit":
The effective sensible heat factor &04,3- is obtained from :
<9+$ = <&9+ / <&T+ $%&'(L) *4
Jnowing the 04,3) the apparatus dew point) .D6) of the coil can be found from
table %8
T.!/0 %8 : .pparatus Dew 6oints
Room Conditions
0ffective 4ensible ,eat 3actor &04,3- and .pparatus
Dewpoint &.D6-
D! R, ?! ?
*
3 F
*
3 gr+%
b
;7 7* :
(:
:7 04,3
.D6
%
**
7
7(
*
=(
7$
*
9$
7(
*
;9
7*
*
;$
$9
*
;%
$:
*
:=
$$
*
::
$*
*:$<
8$ <
;7 77 :$ ;%7 04,3
.D6
%
**
7
;9
*
=$
7;
*
9;
7:
*
;9
7$
*
;8
7(
*
:=
7*
*
:7
$;
*
:7
$$
*:% <
8= <
The values shown in the last column indicate the lowest effective sensible heat
factor possible without the use of reheat
The dehumidified air quantit" required is than obtained from :@
C$'
:)
= <&9+
*127 x (*-B$) x (T
&'
- T
):P
) $%&'(L) *"
?here T
R5
is the design room dr" bulb temperature and T
.D6
is the apparatus dew
point found from the above table
The outlet temperature difference is obtained from :
(T
&'
- T
%(TL<T )?&
) = &9+
*127 x C$'
:)
$%&'(L) *#
This difference should be less than (*
*
3 for normal ceiling heights and up to 87
*
3
for high ceiling when using ceiling diffusers and up to (7
*
3 when using suppl" air
grilles
If the temperature difference is too high) cold drafts will be e#perienced The
suppl" cfm should then be calculated from
9u00l; !f/ = &9+
*127 x te/01 diff1 desired $%&'(L) *3
The amount of air to be b"passed ph"sicall" round the coil would then be
!f/
B)
= !f/
9)
- !f/
:)
$%&'(L) *6
NIII Resulting 0ntering and /eaving Conditions at .pparatus :
The conditions of the air entering and leaving the coils can be obtained from :@
T
<:B
= T
&'
= ((!f/
%)
/!f/
:)
) x (T
%)
- T
&'
)) $%&'(L) *7
and T
L:B
= T
):P
= (B$ x (T
<:B
- T
):P
)) $%&'(L) 2
The wet bulb temperatures can then be obtained from the ps"chometric chart
showing the process
Chec2 figures
The values of the items listed at the bottom of the 0stimate form should be
calculated and chec2ed with table % The figures should not var" much) otherwise
a chec2 on the calculations ma" be necessar"
The total air change should not be greater than (* air change or drafts would
occur 0#ceptional to this is the design of special rooms such as Operation
Theatre) Clean Room and 6atholog" /aborator"
LOAD COM1ONENTS
. /oad components can be divided into two &(- t"pes:
i- SENSI'LE LOAD
ii- LATENT LOAD

! .dditionall" load components can be classified into three
&8- categories:
i- E4TERNAL LOADS
a- 4olar heat gain through glass &Formula 1- @ 4un ra"s
entering windows
b- 4olar and transmission gain through walls and roofs
&Formula 2- @ 4un ra"s stri2ing walls and roofs
c- Transmission gain through glass) partition) floors
&Formula 3- @ The air temperature outside the
conditioned space
d- Infiltration @ The wind blowing against a side of the
building
e- Centilation @ Outdoor air usuall" required for ventilation
purposes as in T.!/0 %%
C INTERNAL LOADS
D OT)ER LOADS -AIR CONDITIONING E5,I1MENT AND
D,CT S6STEM.
0 GRAND TOTAL )EAT
The total load seen b" the coil in the central air handling
unit is referred to as Drand Total ,eat &DT,- or
Dehumidified /oad It is the sum of the total room loads)
outdoor air loads)
3 RE$ERIGERATION LOAD
Two &(- additional loads are introduced to the refrigeration
machine which are not e#perienced b" the coil The" are:
i- 6iping sensible heat gain as the cold pipe passes through
warm surroundings andE
ii- 6umping heat gain as the pump does wor2 on the water
III& Desin Con*itions"
The following are usuall" used for comfort design:@
Dr" bulb &
*
3- ?et bulb &
*
3- F R, Dr+lb
Outsi*e 72 -*ay./-89 -ni!t. :; -*ay./8< -ni!t.
9;-*ay./7< -ni!t. =>:
Roo% 8< 9? <<
82
These are filled in the heat estimate form as shown
I3& Solar !eat ains"
The solar heat gains for the glass area sunlit at $ pm are obtained from :@
Cooling Load (Btu/hr) = (Peak solar heat gain - Table 4)
x (window area, ft

)
x (storage fa!tor - Table ")
x (shade fa!tor - Table #) $%&'(L) *
3& Solar !eat ain for #alls an* roof
These are found using Tables ;) 9 1 = from the formula :@
+eat gain thro, walls/roof = ()rea (ft

))
x (e-ui.alent te/01 diff (
2
$) - Table 3,4alls 5
Table 6,&oofs)
x (trans/ission !oeffi!ient (() - Table 7)
$%&'(L)
3I& Trans%ission )eat Gains"
The transmission through all glass whether sunlit or in shade is obtained b"
+eat gain thro all glass = ()rea (ft

)) x (( fa!tor - Table 7)
x (outdoor te/0 - indoor te/0) $%&'(L) 8
Infiltration cannot be accuratel" assessed easil" and is usuall" not
computed but allowed for b" ta2ing a factor of safet" of %*F in the load
calculation for both the room sensible and room latent heat totals
3II& Internal )eat
The heat gain from lights depends on whether it is fluorescent or incandescent:@
+eat gain = Total light watts x 814 (for in!andes!ent) or
= Total light watts x *1" x 814 (for fluores!ent) $%&'(L) 4
CIII Outside .ir :
The heat gain from outside air is then obtained from :@
%1) 9ensible +eat = (.entilation, !f/ -Table **) x (design te/01
differen!e,
2
$ (:B))
x (b;-0ass fa!tor (B$) x *127) $%&'(L) "
The 0ffective Room 4ensible heat &0R4,- is then totaled up
<&9+ = &9+ = %) +eat(b;0ass) = 9u00l; :u!t +eat >ain = 91: Leak
Loss = $an +1P
$%&'(L) #
I4& Roo% Latent !eat"
The latent heat gain from people can be obtained from Table %* .n" equipment
latent heat is also added The room latent heat &R/,- can then be totaled and a
factor of safet" of %*F added
The latent heat from the ventilation outside air is obtained from:@
%1)1 Latent heat = .entilation, !f/
x design s0e!ifi! hu/idit;, gr/lb1
x B$ x 21#6 $%&'(L) 3
The 0ffective Room /atent ,eat &0R/,- is then totalled up
<&L+ = &L+ = %)+eat (b;0ass) = 9u00l; :u!t Leakage Loss $%&'(L) 6
The 0ffective Room TOT./ ,eat &0RT,- is then obtained:
<&T+ = <&9+ = <&L+ $%&'(L) 7
4& Out*oor air !eat"
The remaining heat &less b"pass air- from the outside air is computed as set out
below) and the Drand Total heat is obtained This is the actual amount of heat that
is ph"sicall" seen b" the coil
%1) 9ensible +eat = .entilation, !f/ -Table **
x design te/01 differen!e,
2
$ (:B)
x (*-B$) x *1271 $%&'(L) *2
%1)1 Latent heat = .entilation, !f/
x design s0e!ifi! hu/idit;, gr/lb1
x (*-B$) x 21#6 $%&'(L) **
The Drand Total ,eat &DT,- is thus obtained b" adding this load to the 0RT,
>T+ = <&T+ = %1) +eat = &) +eat >ain = &a Leakage = Blow Thru
$an
$%&'(L) *
4I Refrieration Loa*
The Refrigeration /oad is the actual load that is seen b" the refrigeration machine
&efrigeration Load = >T+ = Pi0ing +eat >ain = Pu/0 +1P$%&'(L)
*8
4II De!u%i*ifie* an* Supply air 2uantity"
The effective sensible heat factor &04,3- is obtained from :
<9+$ = <&9+ / <&T+ $%&'(L) *4
Jnowing the 04,3) the apparatus dew point) .D6) of the coil can be found from
table %8
The dehumidified air quantit" required is than obtained from :@
C$'
:)
= <&9+
*127 x (*-B$) x (T
&'
- T
):P
) $%&'(L) *"
?here T
R5
is the design room dr" bulb temperature and T
.D6
is the apparatus dew
point found from the above table
The outlet temperature difference is obtained from :
(T
&'
- T
%(TL<T )?&
) = &9+
*127 x C$'
:)
$%&'(L) *#
This difference should be less than (*
*
3 for normal ceiling heights and up to 87
*
3
for high ceiling when using ceiling diffusers and up to (7
*
3 when using suppl" air
grilles
If the temperature difference is too high) cold drafts will be e#perienced The
suppl" cfm should then be calculated from
9u00l; !f/ = &9+
*127 x te/01 diff1 desired $%&'(L) *3
The amount of air to be b"passed ph"sicall" round the coil would then be
!f/
B)
= !f/
9)
- !f/
:)
$%&'(L) *6
4III& Resultin Enterin an* Lea(in Con*itions at Apparatus "
The conditions of the air entering and leaving the coils can be obtained from :@
T
<:B
= T
&'
= ((!f/
%)
/!f/
:)
) x (T
%)
- T
&'
)) $%&'(L) *7
and T
L:B
= T
):P
= (B$ x (T
<:B
- T
):P
)) $%&'(L) 2
The wet bulb temperatures can then be obtained from the ps"chometric chart
showing the process