FORM 1

CHAPTER 1
Mass
Mass is the quantity of matter in an object.
SI unit : Kilogram (kg)
Lever balance
Weight
eight is the !ull of gravity on an object
SI unit : "e#ton (")
S!ring balance
Basic physical quantities & S..
Physical quantities S !nit
Length Metre (m)
Mass Kilogram (kg)
$ime Secon% (s)
$em!erature Kelvin (K)
&lectric current 'm!ere (')
Measu"ing t##ls
Length :
Measuring ta!e
Metre rule
(ali!ers
Measure area of irregular sha!e:
)ra!h !a!er
Measure volume of liqui%:
Measuring cylin%er
*urette
+i!ette
CHAPTER $
Structure of cell an% its function
,nicellular organism
+lant :
(hlamy%omonas
-east
&uglena
'nimal :
'moeba
+aramecium
+lasmo%ium
Multicellular organisms:
+lant :
S!irogyra
Sea #ee%
)rass
'nimal :
&agle
Squirrel
'nt
(ell organisation
(ell $issue .rgan System .rganism
System an% function
Skeleton system:
+rotects internal organs an% gives su!!ort to
the bo%y
*loo% circulation system:
$rans!ort %issolve% foo%/ gases/ an% #aste
materials
"ervous system:
(onveys nerve im!ulses an% reacts to
stimuli
0e!ro%uctive system:
+ro%uces re!ro%uctive cells
0es!iratory system:
&nables the e1change of gases #ith the
surroun%ings
&1cretory system:
0emoves #astes materials from the bo%y
2igestive system:
*reaks u! foo% into sim!les form to be
absorbe% an% use% by the bo%y
Muscular system:
Moves the !arts of the bo%y
3
%ucleus
(ell control centre
Cell &e&'"ane
(ontrols the entry an% e1it
of materials from the
cell
Cyt#plas&
Stores %issolve% materials
Chl#"#plast
+ro%uces chloro!hyll
(acu#le
(ontains #ater an%
solute
Cell )all
Maintains the sha!e
of the cell
CHAPTER *
What is &atte"+
Matter is everything that has mass an%
occu!ies s!ace
Matter is ma%e u! of tiny !articles
Matter e1ist in either:
Soli%: Liqui% : )as :
+articles vibrate
in their !osition
+articles move
gli%ing among
each other
+articles move
fast an% ran%omly
2ensity:
2ensity is the mass !er unit volume of a
substance.
,nit : g4cm
5
2ensity formula:
CHAPTER ,
*asic resources of earth :
ater
'ir
Soil
Living things
Minerals
6ossil fuels
(lassification of matter:
Matter is classifie% into:
3. &lement
Substance #hich is ma%e u! of one ty!e of
!article only
7. (om!oun%
Substance that is ma%e u! of t#o or more
ty!es of elements.
(hemically combine%
Se!aration metho% : electrolysis
5. Mi1ture
Substance that consist of t#o or more
substance
8oine% !hysically
Se!aration metho% :
o 2istillation
o 6iltration
CHAPTER -
(ontents of air:
"itrogen : 9:;
.1ygen : 73;
(arbon %io1i%e : <.<5;
Inert gases : <.=;
Microorganisms
ater va!our
2ust
+ro!erties of o1ygen:
(olourless/ o%ourless an% tasteless gas
slightly on #ater
no effect on litmus !a!er
su!!orts combustion an% res!iration
(onfirmation test for .1ygen:
)lo#ing #oo%en s!linter:
+resence of o1ygen causes the glo#ing
#oo%en s!linter to ignites.
+ro!erties of carbon %io1i%e:
(olourless/ o%ourless an% tasteless gas
Slightly soluble in #ater
>ery soluble in so%ium hy%ro1i%e
(hanges moist blue litmus !a!er from blue
to re%
(onfirmation test for carbon %io1i%e:
Lime#ater test:
(arbon %io1i%e turns the lime#ater clou%y
0es!iration
(om!arison bet#een inhale% an% e1hale% air:
Inhale% &1hale%
"itrogen ? 9:; "itrogen ? 9:;
Inert gases ? <.=; Inert gases ? <.=;
.1ygen ? 73; .1ygen ? 3@;
(arbon %io1i%e ? <.<5; (arbon %io1i%e ? <.<5;
(ombustion:
7
2ensity A BBBBmass of substance (g)BBB
>olume of substance (cm
5
)
Metal
"on C Metal
.1ygen
)lucose
(arbon %io1i%e
&nergy
#ater
)lucose D o1ygen #ater D carbon %io1i%e D energy
(arbon D o1ygen Light &. D Eeat &. D carbon %io1i%e
Ey%rocarbon D o1ygen Light &. D Eeat &. D carbon %io1i%e D #ater
CHAPTER .
FORMS of energy:
+otential energy
Kinetic energy
Eeat energy
Light energy
(hemical energy
Soun% energy
&lectrical energy
"uclear energy
+otential energy:
&nergy store% in an object %ue to its !osition
or con%ition
Kinetic energy:
&nergy store% in any moving object
Eeat energy:
Is a ty!e of energy that rises the tem!erature
of an object.
Light energy:
&nergy that enables us to see
(hemical energy:
&nergy store% in chemical substances
&q: 6oo%/ battery/ fuel
Soun% energy:
&nergy that is !ro%uce% in vibrating object
&lectrical energy:
Is !ro%uce% by an electric charge or current
"uclear energy:
&nergy store% in the nucleus of an atom
SO!RCES of &nergy:
6ossil fuels
*iomass fuels
in%
ater
Sun
0a%ioactive substances
)eothermal energy
0ene#able F "onCrene#able energy sources
0ene#able energy sources:
Solar
ater
in%
*iomass
)eothermal
ave4ti%al
"onCrene#able:
fossil fuels
ra%ioactive substances
CHAPTER /
heat is a form of energy
heat can be !ro%uce% by the follo#ing #ays:
o rubbing t#o objects together
o burning objects
o electricity that runs through a
coile% #ire
heat causes soli%s/ liqui%s an% gases to
e1!an% an% contract
%ifferences bet#een heat an% tem!erature
Heat Te&pe"atu"e
' form of energy $he %egree of hotness
or col%ness of a
substance
,nit A 8oule (8) ,nit A Kelvins (K)
Eeat flo#s in three %ifferent #ays:
3. (on%uction
is the flo# of heat through soli%
7. (onvection
is the flo# of heat through flui%s such as in
gases an% in liqui%s
5. 0a%iation
is the transfer of heat through vacuum
(Heat flows from hotter area to colder area)
Lan% breeGe:
Sea breeGe:
5
't night
Sea is #armer than lan%
(ool air from lan% flo#s to the
sea as lan% breeGe
2uring %ay
Lan% is #armer than the sea
Less %ense hot air on lan% rises
(ool air from the sea flo#s to#ar%s
the lan% as sea breeGe
+hysical !rocess that involve% in the change of
states of matter.
'bsor!tion of heat:
2urk an% %ull objects absorbs heat better
than shiny objects
)ives out heat:
' %ull/ %ark surface/ gives out heat better
than #hite shiny surface.
FORM $
CHAPTER 1
Sensory organs:
Skin:
sense of touch
Stimuli : hot/ col%/ !ain/ !ressure/ touch
"ose:
sense of smell
Stimuli : (hemical substance in the air
$ongue:
Sense of taste
Stimuli:(hemical substance in the foo%
&ar:
sense of hearing
Stimuli: soun%
&ye:
sense of sight
Stimuli: light
+ro!erties of light:
light can be reflecte% an% refracte%
2efects of vision:
3. long sighte%
(an see far objects clearly
Image forme% behin% retina
(auses:
C eyeball too
small4short
C lens too thin
correction ? ,se conve1 lens
7. short sighte%
can see near objects clearly
image forme% infront of retina
causes:
C eye ball too big4long
C Lens too thick
correction ? use concave lens
+ro!erties of soun%:
is a form of energy
!ro%uce% by vibrating objects
travels in the form of #aves
can be reflecte% (echo)
can be absorbe%
can only travel through me%ium
cannot travel through vacuum
Stimuli an% res!onses in !lants:
+hototro!ism:
Stimuli ? Light
0es!onse to obtain sunlight
)eotro!ism:
Stimuli ? gravity
0es!onse to root itself firmly in the soil4to
obtain mineral salts an% #ater
Ey%rotro!ism:
stimuli ? #ater
0es!onse to obtain #ater an% mineral salts
$higmotro!ism:
Stimuli ? touch
0es!onse to obtain su!!ort an% light
CHAPTER $
(lasses of foo%:
(arbohy%rate:
su!!ly energy
+rotein:
H
soli%
Liqui%
)as
nee%e% for gro#th
!ro%uce ne# cells
fats:
insulator of heat for the bo%y
su!!ly energy
#ater:
hel!s trans!ort e1cretory !ro%ucts from cells
to e1cretory organs
hel!s the %igestion of foo%
vitamins:
maintain goo% health
Minerals:
maintain goo% health
6ibre:
hel!s in !eristalsis
!revents consti!ation
FOO0 TESTS
Starch:
a fe# %ro!s of i#1ine s#luti#n is a%%e% to
foo% sam!le
Dve result A It turns 0a"2 Blue
)lucose:
Bene1ict3s S#luti#n is a%%e% to the foo%
sam!le an% heate%
Dve result A B"ic2 "e1 p"ecipitate forme%
+rotein:
Mill#n3s "eagent is a%%e% to the foo%
sam!le an% heate%
Dve result A B"ic2 "e1 p"ecipitate forme%
6ats:
' little foo% sam!le is !lace% on a !iece of
4ilte" pape"
Dve result A ' t"anslucent sp#t is %etecte%.
2I)&S$I>& S-S$&M
&"2 +0.2,($ .6 2I)&S$I."
Starch glucose
+rotein amino aci%s
6at 6atty aci% D glycerol
CHAPTER *
Ani&al 2ing1#&5
Plant 6ing1#&
I
Mouth .eso!hagus Stomach 2uo%enum
Small intestine Large intestine 0ectum
'nus
(e"te'"ates5
Have backbones
n7e"e"te'"ates5
No backbones
Ma&&als
*o%y covere% #ith hair4fur
*reath through lungs
)ive birth to young alive
Bi"1s
*o%y covere% #ith feathers
*reath through lungs
Lay eggs
Eave #ings
Reptiles
*o%y covere% #ith %ry scales
Lay eggs
A&phi'ians
Live on both lan% an% #ater
*reath through lungs F moist
skin
Eave moist skin
Lay eggs
Fish
Live in #ater
*reath through gills
*o%y covere% #ith slimy scales
Eave fins
Lay eggs
*reath
$hrough
lungs
arm
*loo%e%
6lo#ering !lant "onC6lo#ering !lant
M#n#c#tyle1#ns
(Plants with only one cotyledon)
Leaves #ith !arallel veins
Eave fibrous roots
&q: +a%%y/oil !alm/ maiGe
0ic#tyle1#ns
(Plants with two cotyledon)
Eave net veine% leaves
Eave ta! roots
&q: beans/ hibiscus/ rubber trees
6erns
Mosses
6ungi
'lgae
(onifer
CHAPTER ,
Species 5
' grou! of the same kin% of organisms
#ith common characteristics
P#pulati#n 5
a grou! of organisms of the same
s!ecies living an% re!ro%ucing in a
%efine% area
C#&&unity 5
is ma%e u! of %ifferent !o!ulations of
organisms living together in a habitat
Ec#syste& 5
consists of !lants/ animals an% the nonC
living environment interacting #ith
each other for living
Ha'itat 5
a !lace #here an organism lives
Interaction bet#een living organism:
3. +reyC!re%ator
+re%ator : animal that hunts other
animals for foo%
+rey : $he animal being hunte%
(hubungan pemangsa-mangsa)
7. Symbiosis
a) (ommensalism
satu !ihak men%a!at fae%ah %an !ihak
yang satu lagi ti%ak a%a kesan ?ve atau
Dve
b) Mutualism
Ke%uaC%ua !ihak men%a!at fae%ah
c) +arasitism
Satu !ihak men%a!at men%a!at fae%ah
%an satu !ihak rugi
5. (om!etition
interaksi antara organisma untuk
ke!erluan yang sama
*iological control
is a control of !ests by the intro%uction
of their natural enemy
6oo% #eb
+ro%ucer (Selalunya tumbuhan)
+rimary consumer (Yang memakan
tumbuhan-Producer)
Secon%ary consumer(Yang memakan
Primary consumer)
$ertiary consumer(Yang memakan
Secondary consumer)
2ecom!osers (pengurai bahan atau
organisma yang sudah mati)
+hotosynthesis
meru!akan !rocess membuat makanan
oleh tumbuhan hijau
(onservation
means !ro!er management on the use of
natural resources to maintain future
accessibility
+reservation
Measures taken to maintain living
organisms an% the natural environment
in their natural balance state
CHAPTER -
+hysical characteristics of #ater
#ater can e1ist in 5 states : Soli%/
liqui%/ gas
(olourless/ tasteless/ o%ourless at room
tem!erature
6reeGing !oint of !ure #ater : <
o
(
*oiling !oint of !ure #ater : 3<<
o
(
2ensity of !ure #ater : 3 g4cm
5
$est for !resence of #ater:
C#'alt chl#"i1e pape" changes from
'lue t# pin2
(om!osition of #ater
@
(arbon
%io1i%e
ater glucose .1ygen
D
D
sunlight
chloro!hyll
ater is a com!oun%/ ma%e u! of 7
atoms of hy%rogen an% 3 atom of
o1ygen
E7.
&va!oration
is a !rocess by #hich liqui% changes
into #ater va!our at any tem!erature
6actors affecting eva!oration:
o Surface area
o Eumi%ity
o Movement of air
o $em!erature of surroun%ings
Solution F Solubility
a) Solution
a mi1ture of solute an% solvent
b) Solvent
Liqui% that %issolves a substance
c) Solute
' substance that is %issolve%)
3. 2ilute solution
a solution that contains very little solute
7. (oncentrate% solution
Solution that contain a lot of solute
5. Saturate% solution
Solution that contains the ma1imum
amount of solute an% cannot %issolve
any more solute
6actors affecting solubility
"ature of the solute
"ature of the solvent
$em!erature of the solvent
'(I2
$aste sour
(orrosive
!E less than 9
(hange #et blue litmus !a!er to re%
'LK'LIS
$aste bitter an% soa!y
(orrosive
!E more than 9
(hange #et blue litmus !a!er to re%
+,0I6I('$I."
3. 6iltration
strength ? 0emove large insoluble soli%s
(anJt remove %issolve substance F
microorganism
7. *oiling
Strengh ? kills microorganisms
(anJt remove insoluble !articles F %issolve
substance
5. 2istillation
Strengh ? removes insoluble an% %issolve
substance4 removes microorganisms
$asteless
H. (hlorination
Strengh ? kills microorganism
(anJt remove insoluble !articles F
%issolve% substance
CHAPTER .
Kinetic theory of gas
gas !articles move freely in all %irection
)as !articles colli%e #ith the #all of the
container an% bounce back
' force is e1erte% by the !articles onto the
#all
$his force !ro%uces a !ressure on the #alls
of the container
6actors affecting 'ir !ressure ('+)
(#lu&e Te&pe"atu"e
(#lu&e 8 9 AP : Te&pe"atu"e 8 9 AP 8
(#lu&e : 9 AP 8 Te&pe"atu"e : 9 AP :
CHAPTER /
6.0(&
Is an act of !ush an% !ull
(annot be seen
&66&($ can be seen or felt
Eas magnitu%e an% %irection
$-+& .6 6.0(&
6rictional force
o .ccurs #hen t#o surface in contact
o 'l#ays o!!oses the motion of the
object
o 'cts in the o!!osite %irection to
movement
o (an slo# %o#n or sto! moving object
9
)ravitational force
o 6orce that !ull objects to the earth
o (auses all objects to have #eight
&lectrostatic force
o 6orce of attraction or re!ulsion
bet#een charge% substance
o &nables charge substance to attract
neutral substance such as small !ieces
of !a!er
o Same charges re!el each other
o 2ifferent charges attract each other
Magnetic force
o &nables a magnet to attract magnetic
substances like iron/ nickel an% cobalt
.0K
ork is sai% to be %one #hen a 4#"ce &#7es
an #';ect over a %istance in the 1i"ecti#n of
the force
&quation for calculating #ork %one:
+.&0
+o#er is the rate of %oing #ork/ #hich
means the amount of #ork %one !er unit
time.
+o#er can be calculate% using the equation:
CHAPTER <
>ertebrates have
3. &n%oskeleton
also kno#n as internal skeleton
Ma%e u! of bones an% cartilage
Invertebrates have
3. &1oskeleton
Ma%e of cuticle or calcium carbonate
&1am!les animals: centi!e%e/ ant/ crab
7. Ey%rostatic skeleton
(onsist of a muscular #all #hich encloses a
bo%y cavity that is fille% #ith 4lui1
$his bo%y flui% !ressure gives su!!ort an%
sha!e to the animal
&1am!les animals: earth#orm/ leech/
jellyfish
S,++.0$ S-S$&M I" +L'"$S
*uttress 0oot
thick an% #i%e roots that gro# from the stem
above the groun%
e.q: 'ngsana tree/ %urian tree
+ro! roots
0oots #hich gro# from the stem or
branches
&.q.: !an%an !lant/ maiGe !lant
+rickles
'n outgrou#th of the e!i%ermis an% can be
easily remove% from the stem.
&.q: 0ose
$en%rils
(urly stringClike structures mo%ifie% from
stems an% leaves
(url an% t#ine roun% !arts of other !lants or
objects to hel! the !lant to climb
&.q: (ucumber !lant/ bitter gour%/ !um!kin
Stilt roots
0oots that %evelo! from the main stem an%
gro# into the groun% for su!!ort.
&.q: Mangrove tree (*akau)
(las!ing roots
0oots that gri! onto other !lants or structure
to get su!!ort
&.q: betel vine (sirih)/ orchi%
$horns (duri)
Shar! mo%ifie% branches that cannot be
easily remove%
'ct as hooks to hol% on to su!!orts.
&.q: *ouganvillea (unga !ertas)
CHAPTER =
The p#int #4 equili'"iu&
is the !oint #here the #hole #eight of an
object a!!ears to act on.
It is also the !oint #hich an object can be
balance% on an% it is !resent in all objects.
It is also kno#n as the cent"e #4 g"a7ity of
the object
6'($.0S '66&($I") $E& S$'*ILI$- .6
'" .*8&($
3. $he !osition of the centre of gravity.
:
W#"2 >;#ule? 9 F#"ce >%e)t#n? @ 1istance >&et"e?
P#)e" >)atts?
W#"2 1#ne >;#ules?
Ti&e ta2en >sec#n1s?
9
the lo#er the centre of gravity/ the more
stable the object
7. $he base area
$he #i%er the base area/ the more stable the
object
CHAPTER 1A
L&>&0
is a sim!le machine
makes #ork easier
have 5 !arts :
o 6 A 6ulcrum
o & A &ffort
o L A Loa%
(L'SS&S .6 L&>&0
"otice the mi%%le !art of the lever
L 6 & A 3
st
class
6 L & A 7
n%
class
6 & L A 5
r%
class
$E& M.M&"$ .6 6.0(&
$he SI unit for moment of force
A %e)t#nB&et"e >%&?
6ormula for moment of force:
L&>&0 I" &K,ILI*0I,M
#hen a lever is in equilibrium/ the sum of
the anticlock#ise moments is equal to the
sum of the clock#ise moments.
$he !rinci!le of moments can be
re!resente% by the follo#ing formula:
=
M#&ent #4 4#"ce
>%&?
F#"ce
>%?
C
9
Pe"pen1icula" 1istance 4"#& the
pi7#t t# the 4#"ce
>&?
D#a1
>D?
E44#"t
>E?
C 9
0istance #4 l#a1
4"#& the 4ulc"u&
C
0istance #4 e44#"t
4"#& the 4ulc"u&