Chapter 7: Evaluation of

Improper Integrals
Advice 1:

Page No. 257: Q. Nos.: 1 - 5
exists.
RHS on limit the provided
) ( lim ) (
then 0, x
all for continuous is f(x) Let ) 1 (
0 0
} }

=
>
R
R
dx x f dx x f
( )
}

-
) ( then
x. all for continuous is f(x) Let 2
dx x f
exist. RHS on limits both the provided
, ) ( lim ) ( lim
0
1
2
0
2 1
} }

+ =
R
R
R R
dx x f dx x f
exist. RHS. on limit the provided
, ) ( lim dx f(x) P.V.
number the is (2) integral
the of (P.V.) value principal Cauchy
R
R - -
R
} }

= dx x f
}
}

dx x f
dx x f
) ( P.V.
of existence the implies ) (
integral improper of Existence (1)
: Remark
-
not true. is converse But
0
2
x
lim
xdx lim dx ) x ( f P.V.
x.Then f(x) Let . Ex
R
R
2
R
R
R -
R

2
lim
2
lim
lim lim
) (
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
0
2
0
1
1
R R
xdx xdx
dx x f But
R R
R
R
R
R

+ =
+ =
} }
}

. exist to fails dx ) x ( f
integral improper The
exist to fails RHS on Limit
If the function f(x) ( ) is
an even function i.e. f(-x) =f(x) for
all x, then the symmetry of the
graph of y = f(x) with respect to y
axis leads to



< < x
} }
=

R R
R
dx x f dx x f
0
) ( 2 ) (
When f(x) is an even function
and the Cauchy pricncipal value
exists, then


} } }

= =
0
) ( 2 ) ( ) ( . . dx x f dx x f dx x f V P
To evaluate improper integral of
Even Rational Functions
f(x)=p(x)/q(x)
p(x) and q(x) are polynomials with
real coefficients and no factors in
common
q(z) has no real zeros but has at least
one zero above the real axis.
Method
Identify all distinct zeros of the polynomial q(z)
that lie above the real axis
They will be finite in number
May be labeled as z
1
, z
2
,..z
n
where n is less than
or equal to the degree of q(z)
Now, integrate the quotient
f(z)=p(z)/q(z)
around the positively oriented boundary of the
semicircular region.
The simple closed contour
consists of
The segment of the real axis from
z = -R to z =R and

The top half of the circle
R z =

described counterclockwise and
denoted by C
R
.

Remark:

The positive number R is large
enough that the points z
1
,
z
2
,z
n
all lie inside closed
path.

.
-R
R
C
R

O
z
i

z
1

( ) z f i dz z f dx x f
n
k
R
C
R
R

} }
=
=

= +
1
k
z z
Res 2 ) ( ) ( t
From Cauchy Residue theorem
( ) z f i dx x f V P
n
k

}
=
=

=
1
k
z z
Res 2 ) ( . .
follows it then
t
, 0 ) ( lim =
}

R
C
R
dz z f If
If f(x) is even, then
( )
( ) z f i dx x f
and
z f i dx x f
n
k
n
k

}
=
=

=
=

=
=
1
k
z z
0
1
k
z z
Res ) (
Res 2 ) (
t
t

0
2 2
2
4 x 1 x
dx x
I Evaluate 4 . Q
-R
R
c
R

( )( )
| |
R
C U R R C
z z
, &
4 1
z
f(z) Let
2 2
2
=
+ +
=
( )( )
} }

=
= +
+ +
R
R
R
C
s
k
z z
z f i dz z f
x x
dx x
then
) ( 2 ) (
4 1
Re
2 2
2
t
C. region the outside lie zi - -i, z but
f(z) of 1 of order of poles are 2 ,
=
= i i z clearly
( )( )
6 3 2
4
) ( Re
2
2
2
i
i
i
z i z
z
z f s
i z
i z
=

=
+ +
=
=
=
( )( )
3 4 3
4
2 1
) ( Re
2
2
2
2
i
i
i z z
z
z f s
i z
i z

=
+ +
=
=
=
( )
( )( )
3 /
3 6
2 ) (
4 1
1
2 2
2
t
t
=
|
.
|

\
|
= +
+ +

} }

i i
i dz z f
x x
dx x
R
R
R
C
( )( ) 4 1 4 1
) (
2 2
2
2 2
2

s
+ +
=
z z
z
z z
z
z f
.

( )( )
u i
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
Re z on
) 4 )( 1 (R
R

4 1 4 1
) (
=

=

s
+ +
=
R
z z
z
z z
z
z f
( )( )

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

=
=

s
}
R as
R R
R
R R
R R
dz z f
Hence
0
4
1
1
1
R L as ) inequality L M (
4 1
.
) (

2 2
2 2
2
C
R
t
t
t
( )( )
}

=
+ +
3
4 1
yields which
2 2
2
t
x x
dx x
( )( )
}

=
+ +

0
2 2
2
3
4 1
2 t
x x
dx x
( )( )
}

=
+ +

0
2 2
2
6
4 1
t
x x
dx x
Sec 73 & 74

Advice 2:

Page No. 265, Q. Nos.: 1 and 6
( )
0 y plane half upper in the bounded is
. e
modulus the fact that ith the together w (
iaz
>
= = =
+ ay iaz iax ay iy x ia
e e e e e
} } }

+ =
R
R
R
R
iax
R
R
dx ax x f i dx ax x f dx e x f sin ) ( cos ) ( ) (
}

dx ax x f cos ) (
Evaluation of improper integral of
form and
}

dx ax x f sin ) (



( )( )
}

> >
+ +
= 0 ,
cos
1 .
2 2 2 2
b a
b x a x
dx x
I Q
-R
R
c
R

( )( )
| |
R
C R R C
b z a z
z f Let
=
+ +
=
, &
1
) (
2 2 2 2
poles simple are they & C inside
are bi ai, z which of out
bi ai, z
at y singularit has ) (
=
=
z f
( )( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
) ( Re
a b a
ie
a b ai
e
b z ai z
e
e z f s
a a
ai z
iz
iz
ai z

=
+ +
=

=
=
( )( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
) ( Re
a b b
e i
a bi
e
bi z a z
e
e z f s
b b
bi z
iz
iz
bi z

=
+ +
=

=
=
b
( )( )
} }

+
+ +

R
C
iz
R
R
ix
e z f
b x a x
dx e
) (
2 2 2 2
( )

=
iz
e z f s i ) ( Re 2t
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

a
e
b
e
a b
i i
a b
2 2
2
. 2t
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

a
e
b
e
b a
a b
2 2
t
( )( )
} }

+
+ +
R
C
iz
R
R
e z f
b x a x
dx x
) ( Re
cos
get we parts, real Taking
2 2 2 2
(1)
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

a
e
b
e
b a
a b
t
R
y iz
C on
y e e
&
0 1 > s =

( )( )
( )( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
1
) (
b R a R
b z a z
z f

s
+ +
=
( ) ( )
( )( )

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

=

s
s
} }
R as
R
b
R
a
R
b R a R
R
dz z f e dz z f e
R
C
iz
R
C
iz
0
1 1

Re
2
2
2
2
3
2 2 2 2
t
t
( )
( )( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+ +

}
a
e
b
e
b a
b x a x
dx x
yields
a b
2 2
2 2 2 2
cos
1
t
; R z circle the to exterior are that
0 y plane half upper the in z points
all at analytic is f(z) function a (i)
that Suppose
: Lemma s Jordan'
0
. 0 lim
, ) (
M constant positive is
there , C on z points all ) (
; , 0 , : C ) (
R
R
0 R
=
s
> s s =

R
R
R
i
M
where M z f that
such a
f or iii
R R e R z ii t u
u
}
=

R
C
iaz
dz e z f 0 ) ( lim
a, constant
positive every for Then,
R
}

>
+
= 0 ,
4
sin
6 .
4
3
a dx
x
ax x
I Q
4
) (
4
3
+
=
z
e z
z f Let
iaz
( )
4
1
4 4
4
4 0 4
=
= = +
z
z z
( ) ( )
( )
( )
3 , 2 , 1 , 0 , 2
3 , 2 , 1 , 0 , 4
1 4
2 4
4
1
2
4
1
= =
= =
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
k e z
k e
i
k
k
i k
t t
t t
( )
i
i
e z
i
+ =
+ =
=
1
sin cos 2
2
4 4
0
4
t t
t
For k=0
i
i
i
e z
i
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
1
2
1
2
1
2
2 4
sin
2 4
cos 2
2
2 4
1
t t t t
t t
For k=1
( )
i
i
e z
i
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
(

+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
1
2
1
2
1
2
sin
4
cos 2
2
4
4
2
t
t
t
t
t
t
For k=2
i
i
e z
i
=
(

+ =
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
1
4
7
sin
4
7
cos 2
2
2
3
4
3
t t
t t
For k=3
.
1 & 1 z are poles simple
1 0
C inside are which
i z i + = + =
( ) i ia
i z
iaz
iaz
i z z z
e
z
e z
z
e z
s z f s
+
+ =
+ = =
=
=
+
=
1
1
3
3
4
3
1
4
1

4

4
Re ) ( Re
0
( )
a
e ai
i ia
i z
iaz
z z
e
e
z
e z
z f s

+
+ =
=
=
=
=
.
1
1
3
3
4
1

4
1

4
) ( Re
1
| |
( )
a e
a i a a i a e
e e e z f s z f s
a
a
ai ai a
z z z z
cos
2
1
sin cos sin cos
4
1
4
1
) ( Re ) ( Re
1 0

= =
=
+ + =
+ = +
( )
a ie
a e i
z f s i
dz z f dx
x
e x
a
a
R
C
iax
cos
cos
2
1
2
Re 2
) (
4
have we Now
R
R -
4
3

=
=
=
+
+

} }
t
t
t
( )
a e
z f s i
dz z f dx
x
e x
a
R
C
iax
cos
) Re 2 Im(
) ( Im
4
Im
have we parts, Imaginary Taking
R
R -
4
3

=
=
+
+

} }
t
t
a e
dz z f dx
x
ax x
a
R
C
cos

) ( Im
4
sin
Hence
R
R -
4
3

=
+
+
} }
t
4 z
z
) z ( Let
4 z
e z
f(z)
have We
4
3
4
iaz 3
}
=

s
=

R
C
iaz
R
R
dz e z
Lemma s Jordan by Hence
R as
R
R
z
get we R z C On
0 ) ( lim
'
0
4
) (
, :
4
3
|
|
a e dx
x
ax x
get we R
when it taking on Thus
a
cos
4
sin
,
lim ,
4
3

=
+

}
t
}

=
+
a e dx
x
ax x
a
cos
4
sin
4
3
t
SEC 78
Advice 3:

Page No. 280: Q. Nos. : 1 - 6
: cosines and
sines involving integrals Definite
( ) u u u
t
d F
}
=
2
0
sin , cos I
integral he Consider t
u u
t u
u
u
d
iz
dz
d e i dz
e z Let
i
i
= =
s s =
.
2 0 ,
( )
( ) u
u
u u
u u
sin
2
1 1
2
1
cos
2
1 1
2
1
1 z Also
= =
|
.
|

\
|

= + =
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

i i
i i
e e
i z
z
i
e e
z
z
( )
}

}
=
= =
=
1 :
2
0
) ( Re 2 ) (
sin , cos
z C
z f s i dz z f
d F I
t
u u u
t
}
+
=
t
u
u
2
0
sin 4 5
. 1
d
I Evaluate Q
}
}
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
=
=
C
z C
i
z iz
dz
z
z
i
iz
dz
I then
e z Let
2 2 5
1
2
1
4 5
2
1 :
u
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
+ + =
+ + + =
+ + =
+
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 4 2
2 5 2
2
2
i
z i z
i z i z
i z i i z z
iz iz z
iz z
( )( ) 2 2 2
1
) (
, ) (
i z i z
z f where
dz z f I
c
+ +
=
=
}
C. inside which pole only the is
2
i -
z but
f(z) of poles simple are
2
, 2
=

=
i
i z
( )
i
i
i
i z
z f s
i z
i z
3
1
2
2
2
1
2 2
1
) ( Re
2 /
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
+
=
=
=
3
2
3
1
2
t
t = =
i
i I
u
u
u
i
e z
z
z
i
z
z
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
,
1
2
1
sin
,
1
2
1
cos have we
1 ,
cos 2 1
2 cos
I 5 .
0
2
<
+
=
}
t
u
u u
a
a a
d
Q
( )
|
.
|

\
|
=
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+
a
z a z
z
a
a
z
z a
a a
1

1
2
1
2 1
cos 2 1
2
2
u
( ) 1
2
1

1
1
4
1
. 2
1 cos 2 2 cos
4
2
2
2
+ =

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
z
z
z
z
u u
( )
( )
}
}
}
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
+
=
+
=
c
a
z a z z
dz z
ai
a a
d
a a
d
I
1
1
4
1
cos 2 1
. 2 cos
2
1
cos 2 1
. 2 cos
2
4
2
0
2
0
2
t
t
u
u u
u
u u
f(z) of 2 order of pole a is 0 z &
poles simple are
a
1
, a z then
a
1
z a z z
1 z
) z ( f Let
2
4
C. inside are which
poles only the are a z & 0 z
1
a
1
1 a
) 1 (
1

1
1
) ( Re
2
4
2
4

+
=
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
=
=
a a
a
a
z z
z
z f s
a z
a z
a
a
a
z a z
z
dz
d
z f s
z
z
1

1
) (
1
) ( Re
2
0
4
0
+
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
=
=
( )
( )
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
) ( Re ) ( Re
2
3
2
4 4
2
2
4
0

+ +
=
+
+

+
=
+
= =
a
a
a a
a a
a
a
a a
a
z f s z f s
z a z
2
2
2
3
1
1
2
4
1
a
a
a
a
i
ai
I

=

=
t
t