Giao Trinh Ky Thuat Mach Dien Tu - Truong Van Tam

Chng 1: Mch Diode
CHNG I
MCH DIODE
Trong chng ny, chng ta kho st mt s mch ng dng cn bn ca diode bn
dn (gii hn diode chnh lu v diode zener - Cc diode c bit khc s c bn n
lc cn thit). Ty theo nhu cu ng dng, cc m hnh l tng, gn ng hay thc s c
a vo trong cng vic tnh ton mch.
1.1 NG THNG LY IN (LOAD LINE):
Xem mch hnh 1.1a

Ngun in mt chiu E mc trong mch lm cho diode phn cc thun. Gi I
D
l
dng in thun chy qua diode v V
D
l hiu th 2 u diode, ta c:

Trong : I
0
l dng in r nghch

=1 khi I
D
ln (vi mA tr ln)
=1 Khi I
D
nh v diode cu to bng Ge
=2 Khi I
D
nh v diode cu to bng Si
Ngoi ra, t mch in ta cn c:
E - V
D
- V
R
= 0
Tc E = V
D
+ RI
D
(1.2)
Trng Vn Tm I-1 Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
Phng trnh ny xc nh im lm vic ca diode tc im iu hnh Q, c gi l
phng trnh ng thng ly in. Giao im ca ng thng ny vi c tuyn ca diode
I
D
= f(V
D
) l im iu hnh Q.
1.2. DIODE TRONG MCH IN MT CHIU
- Ngc li khi E < V
K
, mch c xem nh h, nn:
I
D
= I
R
= 0mA ; V
R
= R.I
R
= 0V ; V
D
= E - V
R
= E

1.3. DIODE TRONG MCH IN XOAY CHIU - MCH CHNH LU
Mch chnh lu l ng dng thng dng v quan trng nht ca diode bn dn, c mc
ch i t in xoay chiu (m thng l dng Sin hoc vung) thnh in mt chiu.
1.3.1. Khi nim v tr trung bnh v tr hiu dng
1.3.1.1. Tr trung bnh: Hay cn gi l tr mt chiu
Tr trung bnh ca mt sng tun hon c nh ngha bng tng i s trong
mt chu k ca din tch nm trn trc 0 (dng) v din tch nm di trc 0 (m)
chia cho chu k.
Mt cch tng qut, tng i s din tch trong mt chu k T ca mt sng tun
hon v(t) c tnh bng cng thc:

Mt vi v d:
Chng 1: Mch Diode
Dng sng Tr trung bnh

1.3.1.2. Tr hiu dng:
hiu dng ca mt sng tun hon( th d dng in) l tr
s tng

Ngi ta nh ngha tr
ng ca dng in mt chiu I
DC
m khi chy qua mt in tr R trong mt chu
k s c nng lng ta nhit bng nhau.

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Vi th d:
Dng sng Tr trung bnh v hiu dng
Chng 1: Mch Diode

Hnh 1.6

Chng 1: Mch Diode
1.3.2. Mch chnh lu na sng (mt bn k)
Trong mch ny ta dng kiu mu l tng hoc gn ng ca diode trong vic phn tch
mch.
Dng mch cn bn cng cc dng sng (th d hnh sin) ng vo v ng ra nh hnh 1.7

Diode ch dn in khi bn k dng ca v
i
(t) a vo mch
Ta c:
- Bin nh ca v
o
(t)
V
dcm
= V
m
- 0.7V (1.6)
- in th trung bnh ng ra:

- in th nh phn cc nghch ca diode l:
V
RM
=V
m
(1.8)
Ta cng c th chnh lu ly bn k m bng cch i u diode.

Chng 1: Mch Diode
1.3.3. Chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia
Mch c bn nh hnh 1.8a; Dng sng 2 cun th cp nh hnh 1.8b

- bn k dng, diode D
1
phn cc thun v dn in trong lc diode D
2
phn cc
nghch nn xem nh h mch (hnh 1.9)

- bn k m, diode D
2
phn cc thun v dn in trong lc diode D
1
phn cc nghch
nn xem nh h mch (Hnh 1.10)

l trong 2 trng hp, I
L
u chy qua R
L
theo chiu t trn xung v dng in
u c mt hai bn k. in th nh 2 u R
L
l:
V
dcm
=V
m
-0,7V (1.9)
V in th nh phn cc nghch mi diode khi ngng dn l:
V
RM
=V
dcm
+V
m
=2V
m
-0,7V (1.10)
- Dng sng thng trc 2 u R
L
c din t hnh 1.11

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Ngi ta cng c th chnh lu to ra in th m 2 u R
L
bng cch i cc ca
2 diode li.
1.3.4. Chnh lu ton sng dng cu diode
Mch c bn

- bn k dng ca ngun in, D
2
v D
4
phn cc thun v dn in trong lc D
1

v D
2
phn cc nghch xem nh h mch. Dng kiu mu in th ngng, mch in c
v li nh hnh 1.13
Chng 1: Mch Diode

- bn k m ca ngun in, D
1
v D
3
phn cc thun v dn in trong lc D
2
, D
4

phn cc nghch xem nh h mch (Hnh 1.14)

T cc mch tng ng trn ta thy:
- in th nh V
dcm
ngang qua hai u R
L
l:
V
dcm
=V
m
-2V
D
=V
m
-1.4V (1.12)
- in th nh phn cc nghch V
RM
mi diode l:
V
RM
=V
dcm
+V
D
=V
m
-V
D
V
RM
=V
m
-0,7V (1.13)

l dng in trung bnh chy qua mi cp diode khi dn in ch bng 1/2
dng in trung bnh qua ti.

Chng 1: Mch Diode
1.3.5. Chnh lu vi t lc
Ta xem li mch chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia. Nh kt qa phn
trn:
- in th nh 2 u R
L
l: V
dcm
=V
m
-0,7V
- in th trung bnh 2 u R
L
l: V
DC
=0,637V
dcm
Nu ta thay R
L
bng 1 t in c in dung C. Trong thi im t t=0 n t=T/4, t C
s np nhanh n in th nh V
dcm
. Nu dng r ca t in khng ng k, t C s khng
phng in v in th 2 u t c gi khng i l V
dcm
. y l trng hp l tng.
Thc t, in th trung bnh thay i t 0,637V
dcm
n V
dcm
. Thc ra ngun in phi cung
cp cho ti, th d R
L
mc song song vi t C. bn k dng t C np in n tr V
dcm
.
Khi ngun in bt u gim, t C phng in qua R
L
cho n khi gp bn k k tip t C
mi np in li n V
dcm
v chu k ny c lp i lp li. Hnh 1.16 m t chi tit dng sng
2 u t C (tc R
L
). Hiu th sng d nh i nh c k hiu l V
r(p-p)
.

Do in th nh ti a l V
dcm
nn in th trung bnh ti thiu l
V
dcmin
=V
dcm
-V
r(p-p)

Chng 1: Mch Diode

* H s sng d: (ripple factor)
Ta xem li dng sng 2 u R
L
. Bng nguyn l chng cht, ta c th xem nh in
th 2 u ti bng tng ca thnh phn mt chiu V
DC
vi thnh phn sng d xoay chiu c
tn s gp i tn s ca ngun in chnh lu.

V thi gian np in thng rt nh so vi thi gian phng in nn dng ca thnh
phn sng d c th xem gn ng nh dng tam gic

Chng 1: Mch Diode

H s sng d quyt nh cht lng ca mch chnh lu.
* Phng trnh in th sng d
Nu gi i
c
l dng phng in ca t in c in dung C v V
C
l in th 2 u t
in th:

Nu s thay i in th 2 u t l tuyn tnh th dng in i
c
l dng in mt
chiu.
Nu coi sng d c dng tam gic th dng phng ca t l hng s v k hiu l I
DC
.
chnh l dng in qua ti

Vi f l tn s ca ngun in chnh lu.
Nu gi f
r
l tn s sng d, ta c

Nh vy sng d t l thun vi dng in trung bnh qua ti v t l nghch vi in
dung C. Sng d s tng gp i khi chnh lu na sng v lc f=f
r

1.4. MCH CT (Clippers)
Mch ny dng ct mt phn tn hiu xoay chiu. Mch chnh lu na sng l mt
th d n gin v mch ct.

Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.4.1. Mch ct ni tip
Dng cn bn nh hnh 1.20. Hnh 1.21 cho thy p ng ca mch ct cn bn i
vi cc dng sng thng dng khi coi diode l l tng.

By gi nu ta mc thm mt ngun in th mt chiu V ni tip vi diode nh hnh
1.22b. Nu tn hiu vo v
i
(t) c dng hnh sin vi in th nh l Vm th ng ra s c dng
nh hnh v 1.22c vi in th nh V
m
-V tc V
0
=V
i
-V (coi diode l tng)

1.4.2. Mch ct song song
* Mch cn bn c dng
Chng 1: Mch Diode

Hnh 1.24 l p ng ca mch ct song song cn bn vi cc dng sng thng dng
(diode l tng)

* Mch c phn cc
Ta cng c th mc thm mt ngun in th 1 chiu V ni tip vi diode. Dng
sng ng ra s ty thuc vo cc tnh ca ngun in mt chiu v diode.
Th d: ta xc nh v
0
ca mch in hnh 1.25 khi v
i
c dng tam gic v diode xem nh l
tng

- Khi diode dn in: v
0
=V=4V
- Khi v
i
=V=4V, Diode i trng thi t ngng dn sang dn in hoc ngc li
- Khi v
i
<V=4V, diode dn in vo=V=4V
- Khi v
i
>V=4V, di
Hnh
ode ngng dn V
o
= v
i
1.26 l dng v bin
ca ng ra

v0

Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.5. MCH GHIM P (Mch kp - clampers)
u. Mch phi c mt t in, mt
diode

n tr s V v v
0
=0V
nn C x in
khn
y l mch i mc DC (mt chiu) ca tn hi
v mt in tr. Nhng mch cng c th c mt ngun in th c lp. Tr s ca
in tr R v t in C phi c la chn sao cho thi hng =RC ln hiu th 2 u
t gim khng ng k khi t phng in (trong sut thi gian diode khng dn in). Mch
ghim p cn bn nh hnh 1.27

D ng kiu mu diode l tng ta thy:
- Khi t: 0 T/2 diode dn in,t C np nhanh
- Khi t: T/2 T, diode ngng, t phng in qua R. Do =RC ln
g ng k, (thng ngi ta chn T10).
Lc ny ta c: v
0
=-2V

im cn ch l trong mch ghim p bin nh i nh ca vi v v
o
lun bng
nhau.
inh vin th xc nh v
0
ca mch in hnh 1.29

S
Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.6. MCH DNG DIODE ZENER:
Cng tng t nh diode chnh lu, vi diode zener ta cng dng kiu mu gn ng
trong vic phn gii mch: Khi dn in diode zener tng ng vi mt ngun in th
mt chiu v
z
(in th zener) v khi ngng n tng ng vi mt mch h.
1.6.1. Diode zener vi in th ng vo v
i
v ti R
L
c nh
Mch cn bn dng diode zener c dng nh hnh 1.30
Khi v
i
v R
L
c nh, s phn tch mch c th theo 2 bc:
- Xc nh trng thi ca diode zener bng cch tho ri diode zener ra khi mch v
tnh hiu th V hai u ca mch h

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Cng sut tiu tn bi diode zener c xc nh bi
P
z
=V
z
.I
z
(1.23)
Cng sut ny phi nh hn cng sut ti a P
ZM
=V
Z
I
ZM
ca diode zener (I
ZM
: dng
in ti a qua zener m khng lm hng)
Diode zener thng c dng trong cc mch iu ha in th to in th
chun. Mch hnh 1.30 l 1 mch iu ha in th n gin to ra in th khng i
2 u R
L
. Khi dng to in th chun, in th zener nh l mt mc chun so snh vi
mt mc in th khc. Ngoi ra diode zener cn c s dng rng ri trong cc mch
iu khin, bo v...

1.6.2. Ngun V
i
c nh v R
L
thay i
Khi V
i
c nh, trng thi ngng hoc dn ca diode zener ty thuc vo in tr ti R
L

Do R c nh, khi Diode zener dn in, in th V
R
ngang qua in tr R s c nh:
V
R
=Vi - Vz
Do dng I
R
cng c nh:

Dng I
Z
s nh nht khi I
L
ln nht. Dng I
Z
c gii hn bi I
ZM
do nh sn xut cho
bit, do dng in nh nht qua R
L
l I
Lmin
phi tha mn:

Chng 1: Mch Diode
Cui cng khi V
i
c nh, R
L
phi c chn trong khong R
Lmin
v R
Lmax
1.6.3. Ti RL c nh, in th ng vo Vi thay i
Xem li hnh 1.30
Nu ta gi R
L
c nh, vi phi ln th zener mi dn in. Tr s ti thiu ca V
i

zener c th dn in c xc nh bi:

1.7. MCH CHNH LU BI P
1.7.1. Chnh lu tng i in th
Hnh 1.31 m t mt mch chnh lu tng i in th mt bn k

- bn k dng ca ngun in, D
1
dn ,D
2
ngng. T C
1
np in n in th nh V
m
- bn k m D
1
ngng v D
2
dn in. T C
2
np in n in th C
2
=V
m
+V
C1
=2V
m
- Bn k dng k tip, D
2
ngng, C
2
phng in qua ti v n bn k m k tip C
2
li
np in 2V
m
. V th mch ny gi l mch chnh lu tng i in th mt bn k. in th
nh nghch 2 u diode l 2V
m
.
- Ta cng c th dng mch ghim p gii thch hot ng ca mch chnh lu tng i
in th.
Chng 1: Mch Diode

- Ta cng c th mc mch chnh lu tng i in th theo chiu dng

- bn k dng ca ngun in D
1
dn, C
1
np in V
C1
=V
m
trong lc D
2
ngng.
- bn k m D
2
dn, C
2
np in V
C2
=V
m
trong lc D
1
ngng.
- in th ng ra V
0
=V
C1
+V
C2
=2V
m
1.7.2. Mch chnh lu tng ba, tng bn

Chng 1: Mch Diode
u tin C
1
np in n V
C1
=V
m
khi D
1
dn in bn k dng. Bn k m D
2
dn
in, C
2
np in n V
C2
=2V
m
(tng in th nh ca cun th cp v t C
1
). Bn k
dng k tip D
2
dn, C
3
np in n V
C3
=2V
m
(D
1
v D
2
dn, D2 ngng nn in th
2V
m
ca C
2
np vo C
3
). Bn k m k tip D
2
, D
4
dn, in th 2V
m
ca C
3
np vo C
4
...
in th 2 u C
2
l 2V
m
2 u C
1
+C= l 3V
m
2 u C
2
+C
4
l 4V
m

BI TP CUI CHNG 1
******
Dng kiu mu in th ngng gii cc bi tp t 1 n 8
Bi 1: Xc nh V
D
, V
R
v I
D
trong mch in hnh 1.36

Bi 2: Xc nh V
D2
v I
D

Bi 3: Xc nh V
0
, v I
D

Bi 4: Xc nh I, V
1
, V
2
v V
0
trong mch hnh 1.39

Bi 5: Xc nh V
0
, V
1
, I
D1
v I
D2
trong mch hnh 1.40
Chng 1: Mch Diode

Bi 6: Xc nh V
0
trong mch hnh 1.41

Bi 7: Xc nh I
1
, I
2
, I
D2
trong mch hnh 1.42

Bi 8: Xc nh dng in I trong mch hnh 1.43

Bi 9: Dng kiu mu diode l tng, xc nh V
0
trong 2 mch hnh 1.44a v 1.44b

Bi 10: Dng kiu mu in th ngng, xc nh v
0
trong mch hnh 1.45

Bi 11: Thit k mch ghip p c c tnh nh hnh 1.46 v hnh 1.47
Chng 1: Mch Diode

Bi 12: Cho mch in hnh 1.48

a. Xc nh V
L
, I
L
, I
Z
v I
R
nu R
L
=180
b. Xc nh gi tr ca R
L
sao cho diode zener hot ng khng qa cng sut
c. Xc nh gi tr ti thiu ca R
L
zener c th hot ng c.

Bi 13: a. Thit k h thng mch c dng hnh 1.49 bit rng V
L
=12V khi I
L
thay i t
0 n 200mA. Xc nh R
S
v V
Z
b. Xc nh P
ZM
ca zener.

Bi 14: Trong mch in hnh 1.50, xc nh khong thay i ca v
i
sao cho V
L
=8V v
diode zener hot ng khng qa cng sut.
Chng 1: Mch Diode

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT
Chng II
MCH PHN CC V KHUCH I TN HIU NH
DNG BJT

Ta bit BJT c th hot ng trong 3 vng:
- Vng tc ng: (Vng khuch i hay tuyn tnh)
vi ni B-E phn cc thun
ni B-C phn cc nghch
- Vng bo ha: Ni B-E phn cc thun
Ni B-C phn cc thun
- Vng ngng: Ni B-E phn cc nghch
Ty theo nhim v m hot ng ca transistor phi c t trong vng no. Nh
vy, phn cc transistor l a cc in th mt chiu vo cc cc ca transistor nh th
no transistor hot ng trong vng mong mun. D nhin ngi ta cn phi thc hin
mt s bin php khc n nh hot ng transistor nht l khi nhit ca transistor
thay i.
Trong chng ny, ta kho st ch yu BJT NPN nhng cc kt qa v phng
php phn tch vn ng vi BJT PNP, ch cn ch n chiu dng in v cc tnh ca
ngun in th 1 chiu.
2.1. PHN CC C NH: (FIXED-BIAS)
Mch c bn nh hnh 2.1

Phng php chung phn gii mch phn cc gm ba bc:
- Bc 1 : Dng mch in ng vo xc nh dng in ng vo (I
B
hoc I B
E
).
- Bc 2: Suy ra dng in ng ra t cc lin h I
C
=I
B
I
C
=I
E
Trng Vn Tm II-1 Mch in T
- Bc 3:Dng mch in ng ra tm cc thng s cn li (in th ti cc chn,
gia cc chn ca BJT...)
p dng vo mch in hnh 2.1

* S bo ha ca BJT:
S lin h gia I
C
v I
B
s quyt nh BJT c hot ng trong vng tuyn tnh hay
khng. BJT hot ng trong vng tuyn tnh th ni thu - nn phi phn cc nghch.
BJT NPN v c th hnh 2.1 ta phi c:

th BJT s i dn vo hot ng trong vng bo ha. T iu kin ny v lin h I
C
=I
B
ta
tm c tr s ti a ca I
B
, t chn R B
B
B sao cho thch hp.

2.2. PHN CC N NH CC PHT: (EMITTER -
STABILIZED BIAS)
Mch c bn ging mch phn cc c nh, nhng cc pht c mc thm mt
in tr R
E
xung mass. Cch tnh phn cc cng c cc bc ging nh mch phn
cc c nh.

* S bo ha ca BJT:
Tng t nh trong mch phn cc c nh, bng cch cho ni tt gia cc thu v
cc pht ta tm c dng in cc thu bo ha I
Csat

Ta thy khi thm R
E
vo, I
Csat
nh hn trong trng hp phn cc c nh, tc BJT d
bo ha hn.
2.3. PHN CC BNG CU CHIA IN TH:
(VOLTAGE - DIVIDER BIAS)
Mch c bn c dng hnh 2.3. Dng nh l Thevenin bin i thnh mch hnh 2.3b

Trong :

Mch nn - pht:
V
BB
= R
BB
I
B
+V B
BE
+R
E
I
E
Thay: I
E
=(1+)I
B

Suy ra I
C
t lin h: I
C
=I
B

* Cch phn tch gn ng:
Trong cch phn cc ny, trong mt s iu kin, ta c th dng phng php tnh
gn ng. l in tr ng vo ca BJT nhn t cc B khi c R
E
l:

Ta thy, nu xem ni tr ca ngun V
BE
khng ng k so vi (1+)R
E
th
R
i
=(1+)R
E
. Nu R
i
>>R
2
th dng I
B
<<I
2
nn I
1
# I
2
, ngha l R
2
//R
i
# R
2
. Do in th
ti chn B c th c tnh mt cch gn ng:

V R
i
=(1+)R
E
# R
E
nn thng trong thc t ngi ta c th chp nhn cch tnh
gn ng ny khi R
E
10R
2
.
Khi xc nh xong V
B
, V
E
c th tnh bng:

Trong cch tnh phn cc ny, ta thy khng c s hin din ca h s . im tnh
iu hnh Q c xc nh bi I
C
v V
CE
nh vy c lp vi . y l mt u im ca
mch phn cc vi in tr cc pht R
E
v h s rt nhy i vi nhit mc d khi c
R
E
khuch i ca BJT c suy gim.
2.4. PHN CC VI HI TIP IN TH: (Dc Bias With
Voltage Feedback)
y cng l cch phn cc ci thin n nh cho hot ng ca BJT

2.5. MT S DNG MCH PHN CC KHC
Mch phn cc bng cu chia in th v hi tip in th rt thng dng. Ngoi ra
ty trng hp ngi ta cn c th phn cc BJT theo cc dng sau y thng qua cc bi
tp p dng.


2.6. THIT K MCH PHN CC
Khi thit k mch phn cc, ngi ta thng dng cc nh lut cn bn v mch in
nh nh lut Ohm, nh lut Kirchoff, nh l Thevenin..., t cc thng s bit tm
ra cc thng s cha bit ca mch in. Phn sau l mt vi th d m t cng vic thit
k.
2.6.1. Th d 1:
Cho mch phn cc vi c tuyn ng ra ca BJT nh hnh 2.9. Xc nh V
CC
, R
C
,
R
B
. B

T ng thng ly in: V
CE
=V
CC
-R
C
I
C
ta suy ra V
CC
=20V

c cc in tr tiu chun ta chn: R
B
=470K; R B
C
=2.4K.


Chn R
B
=1,2M B

2.6.3. Thit k mch phn cc c dng nh hnh 2.11

in tr R
1
, R
2
khng th tnh trc tip t in th chn B v in th ngun.
mch hot ng tt, ta phi chn R
1
, R
2
sao cho c V
B
mong mun v sao cho dng qua
R
1
, R
2
gn nh bng nhau v rt ln i vi I
B
. Lc B

2.7. BJT HOT NG NH MT CHUYN MCH
BJT khng nhng ch c s dng trong cc mch in t thng thng nh khuch
i tn hiu, dao ng... m cn c th c dng nh mt ngt in (Switch). Hnh 2.12
l m hnh cn bn ca mt mch o (inverter).

Ta thy in th ng ra ca V
C
l o i vi in th tn hiu p vo cc nn (ng
vo). Lu l y khng c in p 1 chiu phn cc cho cc nn m ch c in th 1
chiu ni vo cc thu.
Mch o phi c thit k sao cho im iu hnh Q di chuyn t trng thi
ngng dn sang trng thi bo ha v ngc li khi hiu th tn hiu vo i trng thi.
iu ny c ngha l I
C
=I
CEO
0mA khi I
B
=0mA v V B
CE
=V
CEsat
=0V khi I
C
=I
Csat
(tht ra
V
CEsat
thay i t 0,1V n 0,3V)
- hnh 2.12, Khi V
i
=5V, BJT dn v phi thit k sao cho BJT dn bo ha.

mch trn, khi v
i
=5V th tr s ca I
B
l:

Th iu kin trn ta thy:

nn tha mn BJT hot ng trong vng bo ha.
- Khi v
i
=0V, I
B
=0A, BJT ngng v I B
C
=I
CEO
=0mA; in th gim qua R
C
lc ny l
0V, do :
V
C
=V
CC
-R
C
I
C
=5V
- Khi BJT bo ha, in tr tng ng gia 2 cc thu-pht l:

Nu coi V
CEsat
c tr trung bnh khong 0,15V ta c:

Nh vy ta c th coi R
sat
#0 khi n c mc ni tip vi in tr hng K.
- Khi v
i
=0V, BJT ngng, in tr tng ng gia 2 cc thu-pht c k hiu l
R
cut-off

Kt qa l gia hai cc C v E tng ng vi mch h
Th d: Xc nh R
C
v R
B
ca mch in hnh 2.15 nu I B
Csat
=10mA

Khi bo ha:

Ta chn I
B
=60A m bo BJT hot ng trong vng bo ha

Vy ta thit k: R
C
=1K
R
B
=150K B
Trong thc t, BJT khng th chuyn tc thi t trng thi ngng sang trng thi dn
hay ngc li m phi mt mt thi gian. iu ny l do tc dng ca in dung 2
mi ni ca BJT.
Ta xem hot ng ca BJT trong mt chu k ca tn hiu (hnh 2.16)
- Khi chuyn t trng thi ngng sang trng thi dn, BJT phi mt mt thi gian
l:
t
on
=t
d
+t
r
(2.14)
t
d
: Thi gian t khi c tn hiu vo n khi IC tng c 10% gi tr cc i
t
r
: Thi gian IC tng t 10% n 90% gi tr cc i.
- Khi chuyn t trng thi dn sang trng thi ngng, BJT phi mt mt thi gian
l: t
off
=t
s
+t
f
(2.15)
t
s
: Thi gian t khi mt tn hiu vo n khi IC cn 90% so vi tr cc i
t
f
: Thi gian t khi I
C
90% n khi gim cn 10% tr cc i.
Thng thng t
off
> t
on

Th d 1 BJT bnh thng:
t
s
=120ns ; t
r
=13ns
t
f
=132ns ; t
d
=25ns
Vy: t
on
=38ns ; t
off
=132ns
So snh vi 1 BJT c bit c chuyn mch nhanh nh BSV 52L ta thy: t
on
=12ns;
t
off
=18ns. Cc BJT ny c gi l transistor chuyn mch (switching transistor)
2.8. TNH KHUCH I CA BJT
Xem mch in hnh 2.17

Gi s ta a mt tn hiu xoay chiu c dng sin, bin nh vo chn B ca BJT
nh hnh v. in th chn B ngoi thnh phn phn cc V
B
cn c thnh phn xoay
chiu ca tn hiu v
i
(t) chng ln.
v
B
(t)=V
B
+v B
i
(t)
Cc t C
1
v C
2
ng vo v ng ra c chn nh th no c th xem nh ni tt -
dung khng rt nh - tn s ca tn hiu. Nh vy tc dng ca cc t lin lc C
1
, C
2
l
cho thnh phn xoay chiu ca tn hiu i qua v ngn thnh phn phn cc mt chiu.

V BJT, ngi ta thng dng mch tng ng kiu mu r
e
hay mch tng ng
theo thng s h. Hnh 2.20 m t 2 loi mch tng ng ny 2 dng n gin v y

* Dng n gin

* Dng y

Hnh 2.20

Do ngun ph thuc i
b
c th thay th bng ngun g
m
.v
be
2.9. MCH KHUCH I CC PHT CHUNG
Tn hiu a vo cc nn B, ly ra cc thu C. Cc pht E dng chung cho ng vo v
ng ra
2.9.1. Mch khuch i cc pht chung vi kiu phn cc c nh v n
nh cc pht
Mch c bn nh hnh 2.21 v mch tng xoay chiu nh hnh 2.22

Tr s do nh sn xut cho bit
Tr s r
e
c tnh t mch phn cc:

T mch tng ng ta tm c cc thng s ca mch.
* li in th:


Du - cho thy v
o
v v
i
ngc pha

tnh tng tr ra ca mch, u tin ta ni tt ng vo (v
i
=0); p mt ngun gi
tng c tr s v
o
vo pha ng ra nh hnh 2.23, xong lp t s

Khi v
i
=0 i
b
= 0 i
b
=0 (tng ng mch h) nn

Ch : Trong mch c bn hnh 2.21 nu ta mc thm t phn dng C
E
(nh hnh 2.24)
hoc ni thng chn E xung mass (nh hnh 2.25) th trong mch tng ng xoay
chiu s khng cn s hin din ca in tr R
E
(hnh 2.26)

Phn gii mch ta s tm c:

Tht ra cc kt qu trn c th suy ra t cc kt qu hnh 2.22 khi cho R
E
=0
2.9.2. Mch khuch i cc pht chung vi kiu phn cc bng cu chia
in th v n nh cc pht
y l dng mch rt thng dng do c n nh tt. Mch c bn nh hnh 2.27
v mch tng ng xoay chiu nh hnh 2.28
So snh hnh 2.28 vi hnh 2.22 ta thy hon ton ging nhau nu thay R
B
=R B
1
//R
2

nn ta c th suy ra cc kt qu:


Ch : Trong mch in hnh 2.27, nu ta mc thm t phn dng C
E
cc pht (hnh
2.29) hoc ni thng cc pht E xung mass (hnh 2.30) th trong mch tng ng cng
khng cn s hin din ca R
E

Cc kt qu trn vn ng khi ta cho R
E
=0

2.9.3. Mch khuch i cc pht chung phn cc bng hi tip in th v
n nh cc pht
Mch tng qut nh hnh 2.31 v mch tng ng xoay chiu c v hnh 2.32

* li in th:


* Tng tr ra:
o
o
0
i
v
Z = : ni tt ng vo (v
i
=0) i
b
=0 v i
b
=0
Z
o
=R
C
//R
B
(2.47)
Ch : Cng ging nh phn trc, mch hnh 2.31, nu ta mc thm t phn dng C
E

vo cc E ca BJT hoc mc thng cc E xung mass th cc thng s ca mch c suy
ra khi cho R
E
=0

2.10. MCH KHUCH I CC THU CHUNG
Cn gi l mch khuch i theo cc pht (Emitter fllower). Dng mch cn bn
nh hnh 2.33 v mch tng ng xoay chiu v hnh 2.34

Nh kt qu c thy phn sau, im c bit ca mch ny l li in th nh
hn v gn bng 1, tn hiu vo v ra cng pha, tng tr vo rt ln v tng tr ra li rt
nh nn tc dng gn nh bin th. V cc l do trn, mch cc thu chung thng c
dng lm mch m (Buffer) gip cho vic truyn tn hiu t hiu sut cao nht.

* Tng tr ra Z
o
Ni tt ng vo (v
i
=0), p 1 in th v
o
ng ra

Ch :
- Mch khuch i cc thu chung cng c th c phn cc bng cu chia in th
nh hnh 2.36. Cc cng thc trn mch phn gii trn vn ng, ch cn thay R
B
=R B
1
//R
2

- Mch cng c th c mc thm 1 in tr RC nh hnh 2.37. Cc cng thc trn
vn ng khi thay R
B
=R
1
//R
2
. Tng tr vo Z
i
v tng tr ra Z
0
khng thay i v R
C

khng lm nh hng n cc nn v cc pht. R
C
a vo ch lm nh hng n vic
xc nh im tnh iu hnh.

2.11. MCH KHUCH I CC NN CHUNG
Dng mch thng dng v mch tng ng xoay chiu nh hnh 2.38

Phn gii mch tng ng ta tm c:

2.12. PHN GII THEO THNG S h N GIN
Vic phn gii cc mch dng BJT theo thng s h cng tng ng nh kiu mu
re. y ta s khng i su vo cc chi tit m ch dng li nhng kt qu quan trng
nht ca mch. Cc thng s h thng c nh sn xut cho bit. Ngoi ra ta cn nh
n cc lin h gia 2 mch tng ng

2.12.1. Mch khuch i cc pht chung
Th d ta xem mch hnh 2.39a v mch tng ng hnh 2.39b
Phn gii mch tng ng ta tm c
- Tng tr vo Z
i
=R
1
//R
2
//Z
b
(2.56)
vi: Z
b
=h
ie
+(1+h
fe
)R
E
#h
ie
+h
fe
R
E

- Tng tr ra: Z
o
=R
C
(2.57)

Ghi ch: Trng hp ta mc thm t phn dng C
E
hoc mch in khng c R
E
(chn
E mc xung mass) th trong mch tng ng s khng c s hin din ca R
E
Cc kt qu s l:

2.12.2. Mch khuch i cc thu chung
Xem mch hnh 2.40a vi mch tng ng 2.40b

- Tng tr vo: Z
i
=R
1
//R
2
//Z
b

- Tng tr ra: Mch tnh tng tr ra nh hnh 2.40c

Thng thng h
ie
<< h
fe
R
E
A
v
# 1
- li dng in:

2.12.3. Mch khuch i cc nn chung
Dng mch v mch tng ng nh hnh 2.41

Phn gii mch tng ng ta tm c:

2.13. PHN GII THEO THNG S h Y
im quan trng trong cch phn gii theo thng s h y l cng thc tnh cc
thng s ca mch khuch i c th p dng cho tt c cc cch rp. Ch cn ch l
mch cc pht chung l h
ie
, h
fe
, h
re
, h
oe
; mch cc nn chung l h
ib
, h
fb
, h
rb
, h
ob
v
mch cc thu chung l h
ic
, h
fc
, h
rc
, h
oc
.
M hnh sau y l mch tng ng tng qut ca BJT theo thng s h mt cch
y , ngi ta xem BJT nh mt t cc.


Khc vi phn trc, y li dng in A
i
c xc nh trc.

Nu h
o
R
L
<< 1 A
i
# h
f

Ta tm li c dng quen thuc Z
i
=h
i
nu s hng th hai rt nh so vi s hng
th nht
- Tng tr ra Z
o

L t s ca in th ng ra v dng in ng ra khi ng vo ni tt (v
s
=0)

Ta s tm li c dng quen thuc Z
o
=1/h
o
khi s hng th hai (ca mu s) khng
ng k so vi s hng th nht.
BI TP CUI CHNG II
Bi 1: Hy thit k mt mch phn cc dng cu chia in th vi ngun in V
CC
=24V,
BJT s dng c =100/si v iu hnh ti I
CQ
=4mA, V
CEQ
=8v. Chn V
E
=1/8V
CC
. Dng
in tr c gi tr tiu chun.
Bi 2: Thit k mch o vi thng s nh hnh 2.44. BJT dng c =100/si v
I
Csat
=8mA. Hy thit k vi I
B
=120%I B
Bmax
v dng in tr tiu chun.

Bi 3: Trong mch in hnh 2.45
a. Xc nh cc tr phn cc I
B
, I B
C
, V
E
, V
CE
.
b. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh (khng c C
E
)
c. Tnh tng tr vo Z
i
v li in th

ca mch (khng c C
E
)
d. Lp li cu b, c khi mc C
E
vo mch


a. Xc nh tr phn cc I
C
, V
C
, V
E
, V
CE .
b. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh (khng c C
E
)
c. Tnh tng tr vo Z
i
v li in th A
v
=v
o
/v
i
ca mch (khng c C
E
)
d. Lp li cu b, c khi mc C
E
vo mch.

a. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh
b. Thit lp cng thc tnh Z
i
, A
v
c . p dng bng s tnh Z
i
v A
v


c. Nhn xt g gia v
o1
v v
o2

a. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh
b. Thit lp cng thc tnh tng tr vo Z
i
v li in th A
v
c. p dng bng s tnh Z
i
v A
v.

Bi 8: Trong mch in hnh 2.50, Hy xc nh:

Chng 3: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng FET
Chng 3
MCH PHN CC V KHUCH I TN HIU NH
DNG FET

FET, s lin h gia ng vo v ng ra khng tuyn tnh nh BJT. Mt s khc
bit na l BJT ngi ta dng s bin thin ca dng in ng vo (I
B
) lm cng vic
iu khin, cn FET, vic iu khin l s bin thin ca in th ng vo V
B
GS
.
Vi FET cc phng trnh lin h dng phn gii mch l:
I
G
= 0A (dng in cc cng)
I
D
= I
S
(dng in cc pht = dng in cc ngun).

FET c th c dng nh mt linh kin tuyn tnh trong mch khuch i hay
nh mt linh kin s trong mch logic. E-MOSFET thng dng trong mch s hn, c
bit l trong cu trc CMOS.
3.1 PHN CC JFET V DE-MOSFET IU HNH
THEO KIU HIM:
V khi iu hnh theo kiu him, 2 loi FET ny u hot ng in th
cc thot dng so vi cc ngun v in th cc cng m so vi cc ngun (th d
knh N), nn c cng cch phn cc. tin vic phn gii, y ta kho st trn JFET
knh N. Vic DE-MOSFET iu hnh theo kiu tng (in th cc cng dng so vi
in th cc ngun) s c phn tch phn sau ca chng ny.
3.1.1 Phn cc c nh:
Dng mch nh hnh 3.1
Trng Vn Tm III-1 Mch in T


Ta c: I
G
= 0; V
GS
= -R
G
I
G
- V
GG

R
G
I
G
= 0 V
GS
= -V
GG
(3.1)

ng thng V
GS
=-V
GG
c gi l ng phn cc. Ta cng c th xc nh c
I
D
t c tuyn truyn. im iu hnh Q chnh l giao im ca c tuyn truyn vi
ng phn cc.
T mch ng ra ta c:
V
DS
= V
DD
- R
D
I
D
(3.2)
y l phng trnh ng thng ly in. Ngoi ra:
V
S
= 0
V
D
= V
DS
= V
DD
- R
D
I
D
V
G
= V
GS
= -V
GG
3.1.2 Phn cc t ng:
y l dng phn cc thng dng nht cho JFET. Trong kiu phn cc ny ta ch
dng mt ngun in mt chiu V
DD
v c thm mt in tr RS mc cc ngun nh
hnh 3.3


V I
G
= 0 nn V
G
= 0 v I
D
= I
S
V
GS
= V
G
- V
S
= -R
S
I
D
(3.3)
y l phng trnh ng phn cc.
Trong trng hp ny V
GS
l mt hm s ca dng in thot I
D
v khng
c nh nh trong mch phn cc c nh.
- Thay V
GS
vo phng trnh schockley ta tm c dng in thot I
D
.

- Dng I
D
cng c th c xc nh bng im iu hnh Q. l giao im ca
ng phn cc vi c tuyn truyn.

Mch ng ra ta c:

V
DS
= V
DD
-R
D
I
D
-R
S
I
S
= V
DD
-(R
D
+ R
S
)I
D
(3.5)
y l phng trnh ng thng ly in.
Ngoi ra: V
S
=R
S
I
D
; V
G
= 0; V
D
= V
DD
-R
D
I
D
3.1.3 Phn cc bng cu chia in th:
Dng mch nh hnh 3.5


Ta c: V
GS
= V
G
- V
S

V
S
= R
S
I
S
= R
S
I
D

V
GS
= V
G
- R
S
I
D
(3.7)
Do JFET iu hnh theo kiu him nn phi chn R
1
, R
2
v R
S
sao cho V
GS

< 0 tc

I
DQ
v V
GSQ
chnh l ta giao im ca ng phn cc v c tuyn
truyn.
Ta thy khi R
S
tng, ng phn cc nm ngang hn, tc V
GS
m hn v
dng I
D
nh hn. T im iu hnh Q, ta xc nh c V
GSQ
v I
DQ
. Mt khc:
V
DS
= V
DD
- (R
D
+ R
S
)I
D
(3.8)
V
D
= V
DD
- R
D
I
D
(3.9)
V
S
= R
S
I
D
(3.10)
3.2 DE-MOSFET IU HNH KIU TNG:
Ta xt DE-MOSFET knh N.
iu hnh theo kiu tng, ta phi phn cc sao cho V
GS
>0 nn I
D
>I
DSS
,
do ta phi ch n dng thot ti a I
Dmax
m DE-MOSFET c th chu ng c.
y l dng mch phn cc thng dng nht. Nn ch l do iu hnh theo kiu
tng nn khng th dng cch phn cc t ng. Cc in tr R
1
, R
2
, R
S
phi c chn
sao cho V
G
>V
S
tc V
GS
>0. Th d ta xem mch phn cc hnh 3.7.



- c tuyn truyn c xc nh bi:
I
DSS
= 6mA
V
GS
(off) =-3v

- ng phn cc c xc nh bi:
V
GS
= V
G
-R
S
I
D

Vy V
GS
(off) = 1.5volt - I
D
(mA). 0,15 (k)
T th hnh 3.8 ta suy ra:
I
DQ
=7.6mA
V
GSQ
= 0.35v
V
DS
= V
DD
- (R
S
+R
D
)I
D
= 3.18v
3.2.2 Phn cc bng mch hi tip in th:
Mch c bn hnh 3.9

- c tuyn truyn ging nh trn.
- ng phn cc xc nh bi:
V
GS
= V
DS
= V
DD
- R
D
I
D
(3.11)
trng vi ng thng ly in.
V hai c tuyn ny ta c th xc nh c I
DQ
v V
GSQ

3.3 MCH PHN CC E-MOSFET:
Do E-MOSFET ch phn cc theo kiu tng (V
GS
>0 knh N v V
GS
<0
knh P), nn ngi ta thng dng mch phn cc bng cu chia in th hoc hi tip
in th.
E-MOSFET knh N khi V
GS
cn nh hn V
GS(th)
th dng thot I
D
=0 mA,
khi V
GS
>V
GS(th)
th I
D
c xc nh bi:

H s k c xc nh t cc thng s ca nh sn xut. Thng nh sn
xut cho bit V
GS(th)
v mt dng I
D(on)
tng ng vi mt in th V
GS(on).
Suy ra:

xc nh v v c tuyn truyn ngi ta xc nh thm 2 im: mt
im ng vi V
GS
<V
GS(on)
v mt im ng vi V
GS
>V
GS(on)

3.3.1 Phn cc bng hi tip in th:

V I
G
= 0 nn V
D
= V
G
v V
GS
= V
DS
V
GS
= V
DS
= V
DD
- R
D
I
D
(3.13)
Ta thy ng phn cc trng vi ng thng ly in. Giao im ca ng
phn cc v c tuyn truyn l im iu hnh Q.
Mch ny thng dng hn v c dng nh hnh 3.13


T mch cng ngun ta c: V
G
= V
GS
- R
S
I
D
V
GS
= V
G
- R
S
I
D
(3.14)

Do iu hnh theo kiu tng nn ta phi chn R
1
, R
2
, R
S
sao cho:
V
GS
>V
S
= R
S
I
D
tc V
GS
>0
Giao im ca c tuyn truyn v ng phn cc l im iu hnh Q.
T th ta suy ra I
DQ
v V
GSQ
v t ta c th tm c V
DS
, V
D
, V
S
...
3.4 MCH KT HP BJT V FET:
n nh im tnh iu hnh cho FET, ngi ta c th dng mch phn
cc kt hp vi BJT. BJT y ng vai tr nh mt ngun dng in. Mch phn cc
cho BJT thng dng l mch cu chia in th hay n nh cc pht. Th d ta xc nh
V
D
v V
C
ca mch hnh 3.15.


l: R
E
= 288k >10R2 = 240k nn ta c th p dng phng php tnh gn
ng:

Ta c th gii phng trnh trn tm V
GS
. n gin hn ta dng phng php
th. Cch v c tuyn truyn nh phn trc. T th ta suy ra: V
GS
=-3.7volt. T :
V
C
= V
B
- V B
GS
= 7.32v

Ngi ta cng c th dng FET nh mt ngun dng in n nh phn cc cho
BJT nh hnh 3.17. Sinh vin th phn gii xc nh V
C
, V
D
ca mch.
3.5 THIT K MCH PHN CC DNG FET:
Cng vic thit k mch phn cc dng FET tht ra khng ch gii hn cc iu
kin phn cc. Ty theo nhu cu, mt s cc iu kin khc cng phi c ti, nht
l vic n nh im tnh iu hnh.
T cc thng s ca linh kin v dng mch phn cc c la chn, dng cc
nh lut Kirchoff, nh lut Ohm... v phng trnh Schockley hoc c tuyn truyn,
ng phn cc... xc nh cc thng s cha bit.

Tng qut trong thc hnh, thit k mt mch phn cc dng FET, ngi ta
thng chn im iu hnh nm trong vng hot ng tuyn tnh.
Tr s tt nht thng c chn l hoc . Ngoi ra, V
DS
cng
khng c vt qu tr s ti a m FET c th chu ng c.
Th d: Trong mch in hnh 3.18a, chn I
D
= 2.5 mA, V
D
= 12v. Dng FET c
I
DSS
= 6mA, V
GS(off)
=-3v. Xc nh R
D
v R
S
.

T c tuyn truyn Khi I
D
= 2.5mA th V
GS
=-1v.
Vy: V
GS
=-R
S
I
D
(R
S
=-V
GS
/I
D
=0.4k (chn R
S
= 390)

3.6 TNH KHUCH I CA FET V MCH TNG
NG XOAY CHIU TN HIU NH:
Ngi ta cng c th dng FET khuch i tn hiu nh nh BJT.
JFET v DE-MOSFET khi iu hnh theo kiu him c dng mch ging nhau. im
khc nhau ch yu JFET v DE-MOSFET l tng tr vo ca DE-MOSFET ln hn
nhiu (sinh vin xem li gio trnh linh kin in t). Trong lc BJT, s thay i
dng in ng ra (dng cc thu) c iu khin bng dng in ng vo (dng cc nn),
th FET, s thay i dng in ng ra (dng cc thot) c iu khin bng mt in
th nh ng vo (hiu th cng ngun V
GS
). BJT ta c li dng in th FET
c truyn dn gm.
Vi tn hiu nh, mch tng ng xoay chiu ca FET nh hnh 3.19a,
trong r
l tng tr vo ca FET.


JFET, r
khong hng chc n hng trm M, trong lc MOSFET thng

hng trm n hng ngn M. Do , thc t ngi ta c th b r
trong mch tng

ng (hnh 3.19b).
r
d
l tng tr ra ca FET, c nh ngha:
tc ty thuc vo im iu hnh, rd c th thay i t vi chc k
n vi chc M.
r
d
v g
m
thng c nh sn xut cho bit di dng r
d
=1/y
os
; g
m
=y
fs
mt im
iu hnh no .
Nu trong mch thit k, R
D
(in tr ni t cc thot ln ngun) khng ln lm
(vi k), ta c th b r
d
trong mch tng ng (hnh 3.19c).

3.7 MCH KHUCH I DNG JFET HOC DE-
MOSFET IU HNH THEO KIU HIM:
3.7.1 Mch cc ngun chung:
C th dng mch phn cc c nh (hnh 3.20), mch phn cc t ng (hnh
3.21) hoc mch phn cc bng cu chia in th (hnh 3.22). Mch tng ng xoay
chiu v hnh 3.23.


Trong R
i
=R
G
hnh 3.20 v 3.21; R
i
=R
1
//R
2
hnh 3.22. Phn gii
mch ta tm c:

- Tng tr ra: Z
0
= r
d
//R
D
(3.17)
3.7.2 li in th ca mch khuch i cc ngun chung vi in tr
R
S
:
Gi s ta xem mch hnh 3.24 vi mch tng ng hnh 3.25.


3.7.3 Mch khuch i cc thot chung hay theo ngun(Common Drain
or source follower)
Ngi ta c th dng mch phn cc t ng hoc phn cc bng cu chia
in th nh hnh 3.26 v hnh 3.27


Mch tng ng xoay chiu c v hnh 3.28. Trong :
R
i
=R
G
trong hnh 3.26 v R
i
= R
1
//R
2
trong hnh 3.27.
- li in th:
Ta c: v
0
= (g
m
v
gs
)( R
S
//r
d
)
V
gs
= v
i
- v
0

- Tng tr vo Z
i
= R
i
(3.20)
- Tng tr ra: Ta thy R
S
song song vi r
d
v song song vi ngun dng
in g
m
v
gs
. Nu ta thay th ngun dng in ny bng mt ngun in th ni tip vi
in tr 1/g
m
v t ngun in th ny bng 0 trong cch tnh Z
0
, ta tm c tng tr ra
ca mch:
Z
0
= R
S
//r
d
// 1/g
m
(3.21)
3.7.4 Mch khuch i cc cng chung: ( Common-gate circuit)
Mch cn bn v mch tng ng xoay chiu nh hnh 3.29a v 3.29b.



3.8 MCH KHUCH I DNG E-MOSFET:
Do E-MOSFET ch iu hnh theo kiu tng, nn thng c phn cc
bng cu chia in th hoc hi tip in th.
Th d: Ta xem mch hnh 3.30a c mch tng ng xoay chiu hnh
3.30b.


Thng thng g
m
R
G
>>1 nn A
V
= -g
m
(R
G
//r
d
//R
D
)
Nhng R
G
thng rt ln nn A
V
-g
m
(r
d
//R
D
) (3.25)

- Xc nh gi tr ca g
m
:
g
m
thng c nh sn xut cho bit mt s iu kin phn cc c bit,
hay c th c tnh t im tnh iu hnh. Hoc g
m
c th c tnh mt cch gn ng
t cng thc: g
m
= 2k[V
GS
- V
GS(th)
]
vi k c tr s trung bnh khong 0.3mA/V2.
- Tng tr vo:

- Tng tr ra:
Z
0
= R
D
//r
d
//R
G
(3.27)

3.9 THIT K MCH KHUCH I DNG FET:
Vn thit k mch khuch i dng FET y gii hn ch tm cc
iu kin phn cc, cc tr s ca linh kin th ng c c li in th mong
mun.
Th d: Thit k mch khuch i phn cc t ng dng JFET nh hnh
3.31 sao cho li in th bng 10.


R
G
nn chn kh ln khng lm gim tng tr vo ca mch. Th d ta
c th chn R
G
= 10M.
BI TP CUI CHNG III
Bi 1: Xc nh I
D
, V
DS
, V
D
v V
S
ca mch hnh 3.32

Bi 2: mch hnh 3.33, cho V
DS
= 8v. Xc nh I
D
, V
D
, V
S
, V
GS
.

Bi 3: Hy thit k mt mch phn cc t ng dng JFET c I
DSS
=8mA; V
GS(off)
=-6v v
im iu hnh Q I
DQ
= 4mA vi ngun cung cp V
DD
= +14v. Chn R
D
= 3R
S
.

Bi 4: Thit k mt mch phn cc bng cu chia in th dng DE-MOSFET vi I
DSS
=
10mA, V
GS(off)
= -4v c im iu hnh Q I
DQ
= 2.5mA v dng ngun cp in
V
DD
=24v. Chn V
G
=4v v R
D
=2.5R
S
vi R
1
=22M.
Bi 5: Tnh Z
i
, Z
0
v A
V
ca mch in hnh 3.34


Bi 6: Xc nh gi tr ca R
D
v R
S
trong mch in hnh 3.35 khi c phn cc V
GSQ

= 1/2V
GS(off)
v V
DSQ
= 1/2V
DD
. Tnh li in th trong trng hp ny.

Bi 7: Thit k mch khuch i dng JFET c dng nh hnh 3.36, sao cho li in
th l 8. gii hn bc thit k, cho V
GSQ
gn tr s ti a ca gm, th d nh
V
GS(off)
/4.

Bi 8: Thit k mch khuch i dng JFET c dng hnh 3.37 sao cho li in th
bng 5. Chn V
GSQ
=V
GS(off)
/4.



Chng 4: nh hng ca ni tr ngun v tng tr ti
Chng 4
NH HNG CA NI TR NGUN TN HIU (R
S
) V
TNG TR TI (R
L
) LN MCH KHUCH I
Trong cc chng trc, chng ta phn tch v tnh ton cc thng s ca mch
khuch i dng BJT v FET khi khng c ti v ngun tn hiu c xem nh l tng
(khng c ni tr). Thc t, ngun tn hiu lun c ni tr R
S
v mch c ti R
L
. Ni tr
R
S
v ti R
L
nh vy s lm thay i cc thng s ca mch nh tng tr vo, tng tr ra,
li in th v li dng in. Ni dung ca chng ny l kho st nh hng ca
R
S
v R
L
ln cc thng s.
4.1 H THNG 2 CNG (two-port systems)
Ngi ta thng xem BJT v FET nh mt h thng 2 cng (hay t cc) nh hnh 4.1

Trong v
i
, i
i
, Z
i
ln lt l in th (tn hiu), dng in v tng tr ca ng vo.
v
0
, i
0
, Z
0
l in th, dng in v in tr ca ng ra. A
VNL
, A
INL
l li in th v
li dng in ca h thng. Ton b cc thng s ny c nh ngha khi ng ra khng
mc ti v khng c in tr ngun R
S
.
p dng nh l Thevenin hai cc ca ng ra, ta c:
Z
th
=Z
0
=R
0
Ngun in th Thevenin E
th
l in th mch h gia 2 u ng ra, l v
0
. Vy:

Nn E
th
=A
VNL
.v
i
Ta c th dng R
i
=Z
i
=v
i
/i
i
biu din mch ng vo v dng ngun Thevenin
E
th
=A
VNL
.V
i
v Z
0
=R
0
biu din ng ra ca h thng 2 cng.
Trng Vn Tm IV-1 Mch in T
th li mch tng ng ny, ta th tm Z
0
v A
VNL
. tm Z
0
, ta ni tt ng
vo tc v
i
=0v, t A
VNL
.v
i
=0v v tng ng vi mch ni tt, do Z
0
=R
0
nh
nh ngha pha trn. S vng mt ca ti s a n i
0
=0 v in th gim qua R
0
l
V
R0
=0. Do ng ra h chnh bng ngun A
VNL
.v
i
.

Th d: Cho mch phn cc c nh nh hnh 4.3. Hy v mch tng ng 2
cng.
Gii:
Phn gii mch ny ta tm c: Z
i
=1.07k; Z
0
=3k; A
VNL
=-280.11 (xem li
chng 2)
Dng cc d kin ny ta v li mch tng ng 2 cng nh hnh 4.4.

Du tr trong ngun in th ph thuc c ngha l ngun in th tht s ngc vi
ngun iu khin ch nh trn hnh v. N cng cho thy lch pha 180
0
gia in th
ng vo v ng ra.
Trong th d trn, in tr R
C
=3k c a vo xc nh li in th khng
ti. S phn tch trong chng ny s xem cc in tr phn cc l thnh phn ca li
khng ti, ti R
L
s c ni vo cc cc ca ng ra.
4.2 HIU NG CA TNG TR TI R
L
Phn ny, ta xem nh hng ca tng tr ti R
L
i vi kiu mu 2 cng. (xem
hnh 4.5)
p dng cng thc cu chia in th mch ng ra ta c:

Tuy R
i
thay i ty theo dng mch, nhng dng in ng vo lun lun c xc
nh bi:

li dng in nh vy c th tm c t li in th, tng tr vo v
in tr ti.
ng thng ly in ng: (xoay chiu)

c xem nh ni tt v ti ca mch in c xem l R
L
v in tr cc thu R
C
mc
song song vi nhau. Tc dng ca in tr ti R
L
lm cho ng thng ly in ng c
dc ng hn dng in ly in tnh. im ch quan trng l c 2 ng thng ny
u qua cng mt im Q.
Khi cha mc ti R
L
, nu ta p mt tn hiu nh hnh sin vo cc nn ca transistor ,
dng in cc nn ca transistor s bin ng t I
B1
n I
B3
nn in th ng ra V
CE
cng
bin ng nh hnh v. Nu ta mc ti R
L
vo, v s bin ng ca I
B
vn khng thay i
nhng dc ca ng thng ly in thay i (ng hn) nn tn hiu ra V
B
CE
nh
hn.

4.3 NH HNG CA NI TR NGUN R
S
By gi ta quay li ng vo ca h thng 2 cng v kho st nh hng ca ni tr
ca ngun tn hiu ln li ca mch khuch i.
Hnh 4.8 m t mt ngun tn hiu V
S
c ni tr R
S
c p vo ng vo ca h
thng 2 cng cn bn.

T nh ngha ca Z
i
v A
VNL
ta thy chng khng b nh hng bi ni tr R
S

nhng tng tr ra c th b nh hng bi R
S
.
T hnh 4.8, ta thy tn hiu v
i
a vo h thng 2 cng by gi l:

Nh vy nu ni tr ngun R
S
cng ln th li ca mch cng nh (do tn hiu
vo v
i
nh).
Vi h thng 2 cng bn trn ta c:

4.4 NH HNG CHUNG CA R
S
V R
L
:
Hnh 4.9 l mt ngun tn hiu vi ni tr R
S
v mt ti R
L
c mc vo h thng 2
cng vi cc thng s ring Z
i
=R
i
, A
VNL
, Z
0
=R
0
nh nh ngha.

ng vo ta c:

li ton mch:

Ngoi ra:

V i
S
=i
i
nn A
is
=A
i
tc phng trnh (4.6) v (4.7) cho cng mt kt qu.
Phng trnh (4.5) cho thy c hai R
S
v R
L
u c tc dng lm gim khuch
i.
4.5 MCH CC PHT CHUNG DNG BJT:
Trong phn ny ta xt cc dng khc nhau ca mch khch i cc pht chung dng
BJT vi nh hng ca R
S
v R
L
. S phn gii chi tit s khng c cp n do qu
quen thuc. y ta ch a ra cc kt qu chnh.
4.5.1 Mch phn cc c nh:
Kiu mch phn cc c nh c xc nh cc chi tit trong cc phn trc.
Mch tng ng vi ni tr ngun R
S
v ti R
L
nh hnh 4.10.

Ta c:

Vi mch tng ng kiu mu r
e
nh hnh 4.11 cho mch phn cc c nh, ta phn gii
v s tm c cng kt qu.

tnh A
VS
, t mch tng 2 cng ta c:

4.5.2 Mch dng cu chia in th:
Vi mch dng cu chia in th (hnh 4.12), ti R
L
c ni cc thu.

4.5.3 Mch cc pht chung khng c t phn dng:
Mch in nh hnh 4.13

Tng tr vo:

Tng tr ra:
Z
0
=R
C

4.5.4 Mch hi tip cc thu:
Dng mch nh hnh 4.14

4.6 MCH CC THU CHUNG:
Mch cc thu chung hay mch emitter-follower vi ti R
L
v ni tr ngun R
S
nh
hnh 4.15. im quan trng cn ch l mch ny Z
0
s b nh hng bi R
S
v Z
i
b
nh hng bi R
L
. Do khi dng mch tng ng 2 cng phn gii ta phi tnh li
Z
i
v Z
0
v a cc tr s mi ny vo mch tng ng 2 cng (xem th d).

Trong : R
E
=R
E
//R
L
; i
e
=(+1)i
b
T mch ng vo ta c:
v
S
=(R
S
+r
e
)i
b
+ (+1)R
E
i
b

T phng trnh ny ta c th v mch tng ng:

T ta c:

Th d: Cho mch in hnh 4.18. Cc thng s ca mch khi khng c ti l: Z
i
=157.54
k
Z
0
=21.6 ( (khng c R
S
)
A
VNL
=0.993 vi r
e
=21.74, =65
Xc nh: a/ Gi tr mi ca Zi v Z
0
khi c R
L
v R
S
.

Gii
a/ Ta c tng tr vo v tng tr ra khi c R
S
v R
L
l:
Z
i
=R
B
//[r
e
+ R
E
//R
L
] = 75.46k
Z
0
=R
E
//(R
S
/ + r
e
)=30.08
b/ Ta c mch tng ng 2 cng:

4.7 MCH CC NN CHUNG:
Mch cn bn nh hnh 4.20
Tng tr vo v tng tr ra (Z
i
v Z
0
) cng ging nh trng hp khng ti. li
in th v dng in c xc nh bi:

4.8 MCH DNG FET:
FET, do cc cng cch in hn khi cc ngun v cc thot, nn trong mch
khuch i dng FET ti R
L
khng nh hng n tng tr vo Z
i
v ni tr ngun R
sig

khng nh hng ln tng tr ra Z
0
.
4.8.1 in tr cc ngun c t phn dng:
Xem mch khuch i dng FET nh hnh 4.21. Ti R
L
c xem nh mc song
song vi in tr R
D
trong mch tng ng vi tn hiu nh. Ta c cc kt qu sau:

4.8.2 in tr cc ngun khng c t phn dng:
Mch cn bn nh hnh 4.21 nhng khng c t C
S
. Ta c kt qu:

4.8.3 Mch cc thot chung:
Mch nh hnh 4.22

Tng tr vo Z
i
c lp vi R
L
v c xc nh bi Z
i
=R
G
li in th khi c ti cng ging nh khi khng c ti vi R
S
c thay bng
R
S
//R
L

4.8.4 Mch cc cng chung:
Dng mch nh hnh 4.23

BI TP CUI CHNG IV
Bi 1: Cho mch in nh hnh 4.24
a/ Xc nh A
VNL
, Z
i
, Z
0
b/ V mch tng ng 2 cng vi cc thng s tnh cu a.
c/ Tnh li in th A
V
=v
0
/v
i
bng cch dng kiu mu 2 cng.
d/ Xc nh li dng in A
i
=i
0
/i
i
e/ Xc nh A
V
, Z
i
, Z
0
bng cch dng kiu mu r
e
v so snh kt qu vi phn trn.


a/ Xc nh A
VNL
, Z
i
, Z
0
b/ V mch tng 2 cng vi cc thng s c tnh cu a.
c/ Xc nh A
v
=v
0
/v
i
v A
VS
= v
0
/v
S
.
d/ Thay R
S
=1k, xc nh A
V
v A
VS
. Khi R
S
tng A
V
v A
VS
thay i nh th no?
e/ Thay R
S
=1k, xc nh A
VNL
, Z
i
, Z
0
. Cc thng s ny thay i ra sao khi R
S
tng.
f/ Thay R
L
=5.6k.Xc nh A
V
v A
VS
. Khi R
L
tng A
V
v A
VS
thay i nh th no?
(R
S
vn l 0.6k).

a/ Xc nh A
VNL
, Z
i
, Z
0
.
b/ V mch tng ng 2 cng vi cc thng s tnh c cu a.
c/ Xc dnh A
V
v A
VS
.
d/ Thay R
L
=4.7k. Tm li A
V
, A
VS
. Nhn xt?
e/ Thay R
Sig
=1k (vi R
L
=4.7k). tm li A
V
v A
VS
. Nhn xt?
f/ Thay R
L
=4.7k, R
Sig
=1k. Tm li Z
i
, Z
0
. Nhn xt?

Chng 5: p ng tn s ca BJT v FET
Chng 5
P NG TN S CA BJT V FET
Trong cc chng 2, 3, 4 ta phn tch cc mch khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT
v FET. Vic phn tch ch ng trong mt di tn s nht nh, ta gi s cc t lin
lc ng vo, ng ra v phn dng c dung khng khng ng k v c xem nh ni tt
tn s ca tn hiu. Ngoi ra di tn s nh hng ca cc in dung lin cc trong BJT
v FET khng ng k. Di tn s ny thng c gi l di tn s gia.
Trong chng ny ta s kho st nh hng ca cc t lin lc, phn dng (c in
dung ln) tn s thp v cc t lin cc (c in dung nh) tn s cao ln cc thng s
ca mch khuch i. Trc khi i vo chi tit, ta cn bit qua mt s khi nim cn thit
nh l mt cng c kho st.
5.1 DECIBEL:
Ta xem mch tng ng 2 cng hnh 5.1

Cng sut ng vo c nh ngha: P
i
=v
i
.i
i
Cng sut ng ra c nh ngha: P
0
=v
0
.i
0

Trong k ngh ngi ta thng a ra mt n v l decibel (dB) din t li
cng sut.
n v cn bn ban u l Bel v c nh ngha:

Trng Vn Tm V-1 Mch in T


5.2 MCH LC THNG THNG R.C:
Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 5.2

T C c xem nh ni tt (short-circuit), kt qu l: v
0

v
i

- khong gia 2 tn s ny, li in th A
V
=v
0
/v
i
thay i nhu hnh 5.3. Khi tn
s tng, dung khng ca t C gim v tn hiu ng ra v
0
ln dn. in th ng vo v ng
ra lin h vi nhau bng cng thc:



Ti A
V
=1 v
0
=v
i
(tr ti a) A
V
(dB)=20Log1=0dB
Vy tn s ct l tn s ti li gim iln hay gim i 3dB. Nu phng trnh
li c vit di dng s phc:

Khi f<<f
i
, phng trnh trn c th vit gn ng:

Vi cng thc gn ng ny ta thy:


Mch lc nu trn c li gim i 20dB khi tn s gim i 10 ln hay li gim
6dB khi tn s gim phn na c gi l mch lc 6dB/octave hay 20dB/decade



5.3 MCH LC H THNG RC:
Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 5.6.

khong gia 2 tn s ny, li in th thay i nh hnh 5.7. Khi tn s tng dn, dung
khng ca t C cng gim v v
0
cng gim.

Tng t nh mch lc h thng, khi f>>f
i
th A
V
(dB) =-20log(f/f
i
) v dc ca gin
cng l 20dB/decade.

5.4 P NG TN S THP CA MCH KHUCH I
DNG BJT:
Trong on ny, ta phn tch mch khuch i dng cu chia in th, nhng kt qu
cng c th c p dng cho cc mch khc.

Ti tn s ct f
LS
, in th tn hiu vi bng 70.7% so vi gi tr c xc nh bi
phng trnh (5.11) v nh vy ta thy C
S
ch c nh hng ln khuch i ca mch
tn s thp.
mch khuch i nh hnh (5.8), khi phn tch nh hng ca C
S
; ta gi s C
E
v
C
C
c dung khng kh ln v xem nh ni tt tn s ca tn hiu. Vi gi s ny, mch
tng ng xoay chiu ng vo nh hnh 5.10.

C
C
: V C
C
c ni gia ng ra ca BJT v ti nn hnh nh C
C
v R
L
, R
0
nh mt
mch lc thng thng. Tn s ct do nh hng ca C
C
c th c xc nh bi:


Gi s rng nh hng ca C
S
v C
E
khng ng k, in th ng ra s gim
cn 70.7% so vi v
0
tn s gia ti f
LC
. Mch tng ng xoay chiu ng ra nh hnh
5.12. Vy R
0
= R
C
//r
0
.

C
E
: Ta c th xem C
E
nhn h thng nh hnh v 5.13

xc nh nh hng ca C
E
ln khuch i ca mch, ta xem mch hnh 5.16,
trong khuch i c cho bi:

khi khng c C
E
.

Khi ta mc C
E
vo mch, nhn thy:
- tn s tht thp, dung khng ca C
E
ln, C
E
c th xem nh h mch v li in
th s nh nht c tnh bng cng thc (5.17).
- Khi tn s tn hiu tng dn, dung khng ca C
E
gim v v mc song song vi R
E

nn tng tr nhn chn E gim nn khuch i tng dn.
- Khi tn s ln (tn s gia hay tn s cao) t C
E
xem nh ni tt v li in th
s cc i v
.
- Ti tn s f
LE
, li in th s gim 3dB so vi tn s gia.
Nh vy ta thy rng p ng tn s thp ca mch l do nh hng ca C
S
, C
C
,
C
E
. Tn s ct thp (tn s ti li gim 3dB) ca mch s l tn s ct thp cao nht
ca f
LS
, f
LC
v f
LE
.
5.5 P NG TN S THP CA MCH KHUCH I
DNG FET:
Vic phn tch mt mch khuch i dng FET tn s thp cng tng t nh
mch khuch i dng BJT on trc.

Ba t in to nh hng n li tn s thp l C , C v C . Ta xem mt mch
khuch i dng FET nh hnh 5.17.
G C S

C
G
: Do t C
G
ni gia ngun tn hiu v h thng linh kin nn mch tng ng
nh hnh 5.18. Tn s ct thp do nh hng ca C
G
c xc nh bi:

C
C
: T lin lc ng ra C
C
c ni gia linh kin v ti nn mch tng ng ng
ra nh hnh 5.19. Tn s thp do nh hng ca C
C
c xc nh bi:


Trong : R
0
= R
D
//r
d
.

C
S
: T cc ngun C
S
nhn h thng nh hnh 5.20. Do tn s thp do hiu
ng ca C
S
c xc nh bi:

xc nh R
eq
, ta ch mch tng ng ng ra ca mch dng FET bn trn nh
sau:

Ta ch l: v
gs
= v
g
- v
S
= v
i
- v
0
.
Ta thay ngun dng g
m
v
gs
bng ngun in th v tnh R
eq
ta cho ng vo bng 0
tc v
i
= 0. Mch v li nh hnh 5.12b.


5.6 HIU NG MILLER:
vng tn s cao, cc in dung ln (t lin lc, t phn dng), c xem nh ni tt
v khng nh hng n cc thng s ca mch. in dung nh hng quan trng n hot
ng ca mch l cc in dung lin cc bn trong linh kin v in dung to bi dy ni
bn ngoi linh kin.
Xem mt mch khuch i o (dch pha 180
0
gia ng vo v ng ra). in dung
ng vo v ng ra s gia tng bi tc dng ca in dung lin cc gia ng ra v ng vo
ca linh kin v n s lm thay i khuch i ca mch. Trong m hnh 5.22, in dung
hi tip ny c nh ngha l C
f
. p dng nh lut Kirchoff v dng in ta c:
i =
i
i
1
+i
2

CM
f V V
Cf
X
)C A (1
1
A 1
X
=

T phng trnh ny ta v li mch tng ng nh hnh 5.23. Cc t lin cc
ng vo ca mch in c xem nh mc song song vi C
M
. Tng qut, in dung ng vo
hiu ng Miller c nh ngha bi:
C
Mi
= (1-A
V
)C
f
(5.23)
Nh vy tn s cao, li in th A
V
l mt hm s theo C
Mi
. V li tn s
gia l cc i nn ta c th dng li ti a ny xc nh C trong cng thc (5.23).
Mi
Hiu ng Miller cng lm gia tng in dung ng ra, chng phi c n khi
xc nh tn s ngt cao.



5.7 P NG TN S CAO CA MCH KHUCH I
DNG BJT:
vng tn s cao, c 2 vn xc nh im -3dB: in dung ca h thng (k sinh
v lin cc) v s ph thuc vo tn s ca hfe hay .
5.7.1 Cc thng s ca h thng:
Ta xem mch khuch i dng BJT tn s cao nh hnh 5.25

C
be
, C
bc
, C
ce
l cc t lin cc ca BJT do ch to. C
wi
, C
w0
l cc t k sinh do h
thng dy ni, mch in ng vo v ng ra ca BJT. Nh vy, mch tng ng xoay
chiu tn s cao c th c v li nh hnh 5.26.


Trong : C
i
= C
wi
+ C
be
+ C
Mi
C
0
= C
w0
+ C
ce
+ C
M0
Ch s vng mt ca C , C , C v vng tn s cao cc t ny xem nh ni tt.
S C E

Thng thng Cbe v Cce nh nht. Trong cc sch tra cu, nh sn xut thng ch cho
bit C
be
, C
bc
m b qua C
ce
.
Dng nh l Thevenin bin i mch ng vo v ng ra, ta c:

Vi: R
th1
= R
S
//R
1
//R
2
//R
i
Tn s gim 3dB do tc dng ca C
i
l:

Trong : C
i
= C
wi
+ C
be
+ C
Mi
C
i
= C
wi
+ C
be
+ (1-A
V
)C
bc
tn s rt cao, nh hng ca C
i
l lm gim tng tr vo ca h thng, gim bin
tn hiu a vo h thng (gim dng i
b
) v do lm gim li ca mch.
ng ra vi: R
th2
= R
c
//R
L
//r
0

tn s rt cao, dung khng ca C gim nn lm gim tng tr ra ca h thng v
kt qu l v b gim v v s tin dn v 0 khi X cng nh.
0
0 0 C0
Tn s ct cao ca mch c xc nh l tn s ct thp trong 2 tn s ct f v f .
Hi H0
Ngoi ra v hfe (hay ) cng gim khi tn s tng nn cng phi c xem l mt
yu t xc nh tn s ct cao ca mch ngoi f
Hi
v f
H0
.
5.7.2 S bin thin ca h
fe
(hay ) theo tn s:
Ta chp nhn s bin thin ca hfe (hay ) theo tn s bng h thc:

ngi ta thng dng mch tng ng ca BJT theo thng s hn tp (lai ) tn s
cao.


Nu sch tra cu cho f
th ta c th suy ra f
t cng thc lin h:

f
= f
(1-)
Tch s li-bng tn c nh ngha cho BJT bi iu kin:


f
T
h
fe(mid)
.f
(5.30)
Ch l f
B
W
= bng tn; nn f
T
chnh l tch li bng tn.



5.8 P NG TN S CAO CA MCH KHUCH I
DNG FET:
Vic phn tch mt mch khuch i dng FET tn s cao cng tng t nh
BJT. Vi FET cng c cc in dung lin cc C
gs
, C
ds
, C
gd
v t k sinh ng vo C
wi
, ng ra
C
w0
. C
gs
v C
gd
khong t 1pF n 10 pF trong lc C
ds
nh hn nhiu (t 0.1pF n 1pF).
Ta xem mch khuch i dng FET nh hnh 5.32. Mch tng ng xoay chiu
nh hnh 5.33.

Trong : C
i
= C
Wi
+ C
gS
+ C Vi
Mi
C
Mi
= (1-A
V
)C
gd



xc nh tn s ct do nh hng ca C
i
v C
0
ta dng mch tng ng
Thevenin ng vo v ng ra.

Tn s ct cao ca mch l tn s ct c tr nh ca f v f .
Hi H0


BI TP CUI CHNG V


C
wi
= 5pF, C
w0
= 8pF, C
bc
= 12pF, C
be
= 40pF, C
ce
= 8pF
a/ Xc nh r
e
b/ Tm A
V
(mid) =v
0
/v
i
c/ Tnh Z
i
d/ Tm A
VS
= v
0
/v
S

e/ Xc nh f
LS
, f
Le
, f
LE
f/ Xc nh tn s ct thp
g/ V p ng tn s

Bi 2: Vi mch in v cc thng s ca bi 1:
a/Xc nh f
Hi
v f
H0
b/ Cho C
be
= C
be
; C
bc
= C
bc
. Tm f
v f
T
c/ Xc dnh tn s ct cao v v p ng tn s.

Bi 3: Lp li cc cu hi ca bi 1 vi mch in hnh 5.34

C
wi
=8pF, C
wo
=10pF, C
bc
=20pF, C
be
=30pF, C
ce
=12pF



Bi 4: Lp li cc cu hi bi 2 cho mch in v cc thng s ca bi 3.

Bi 5:Cho mch in hnh 5.35
a/ Xc nh V
GS
v I
DQ
b/ Tm g
m0
v g
m
c/ Tinh A
V
= v
0
/v
i
tn s gia
d/ Xc nh Z
i
e/ Tnh A
VS
= v
0
/v
S
f/ Xc nh f
LG
, f
LC
, f
LS
g/ Xc nh f
Hi
v f
H0
i/ V p ng tn s.
Cho bit: V
GS(off)
=-6v, C
Wi
= 3pF, C
dg
= 4pF, I
DSS
= 6mA, C
w0
= 5pF, C
gS
=
6pF, r
d
= , C
dS
= 1pF

Bi 6: Lp li cc cu hi ca bi 5 cho mch in hnh 5.36
Cho bit: I
DSS
= 10mA, V
GS(off)
=-6v, r
d
= , C
Wi
=4pF, C
W0
= 6pF, C
gd
= 8pF,
C
gs
=12pF, C
dS
= 3pF


Chng 6: Cc dng lin kt ca BJT v FET
Chng 6
CC DNG LIN KT CA BJT V FET

cc chng trc, chng ta kho st cc mch khuch i ring l dng BJT v
FET. Thc t, mt thit b in t lun l s ni kt ca cc mch cn bn t n mc
tiu no . Trong chng ny chng ta s kho st cc dng ni kt thng dng thng gp
trong mch in t.
6.1 LIN KT LIN TIP: (cascade connection)
y l s lin kt thng dng nht ca cc tng khuch i, mc ch l tng
li in th. V cn bn, mt lin kt lin tip l ng ra ca tng ny c a vo ng
vo ca tng k tip. Hnh 6.1 m t mt cch tng qut dng lin kt ny vi cc h thng
2 cng.

Trong Av
1
, Av
2
, ... l li in th ca mi tng khi c ti. Ngha l Av
1

c xc nh vi tng tr vo Z
i2
nh l ti ca tng Av
1
. Vi Av
2
, Av
1
c xem nh l
ngun tn hiu.
li in th tng cng nh vy c xc nh bi:
Av
T
= Av
1
. Av
2
. .... . Av
n
(6.1)
li dng in c xc nh bi:

Tng tr vo: Z
i
= Z
i1
Tng tr ra : Z
0
= Z
0n
6.1.1 Lin kt bng t in:
Hnh 6.2 m t mt lin kt lin tip gia hai tng khuch i dng JFET.
Trng Vn Tm VI-1 Mch in T


-Tng tr vo ca tng th 2: Z
i2
= R
G2
- li ca ton mch: Av
T
= Av
1
.Av
2
vi Av
1
= -g
m1
(R
D1
//Z
i2
) = -g
m1
(R
D1
//R
G2
)
thng R
G2
>>R
D1
Av
1
-g
m1
R
D1
(6.3)
v Av
2
= -g
m2
R
D2
nn Av
T
= Av
1
.Av
2
Av
T
= g
m1
g
m2
R
D1
R
D2
(6.4)
- Tng tr vo ca h thng: Z
i
= Z
i1
= R
G1
- Tng tr ra ca h thng: Z
0
= Z
02
= R
D2
V mt phn cc, do 2 mch lin lc vi nhau bng t in nn vic phn
gii ging nh s phn gii mi tng ring l.
Hnh 6.3 l mch cascade dng BJT.

Cng nh FET, mc ch ca mch ny l gia tng li in th.
- li in th ca h thng:


- Tng tr vo ca ton mch: Zi = Z
i1
= R1 //R2 //1r
e1
(6.7)
- Tng tr ra ca ton mch: Z
0
= Z
02
= R
C2
(6.8)
Hnh 6.4 l mch kt hp gia FET v BJT . Mch ny, ngoi mc ch gia tng
khuch i in th cn c tng tr vo ln.
. Av
T
= Av
1
. Av
2
Vi Av
1
= -g
m
(R
D
//Z
i2
) (6.9)
Trong Zi2 = R1 //R2 //r
e

. Z
i
= R
G
(rt ln)
. Z
0
= R
C

6.1.2 Lin lc cascade trc tip:
y cng l mt dng lin kt lin tip kh ph bin trong cc mch khuch i nht
l trong k thut ch to vi mch. Hnh 6.5 m t mt mch khuch i hai tng lin lc trc
tip dng BJT.


Ta thy mch lin lc trc tip c cc li im:
- Trnh c nh hng ca cc t lin lc tn s thp, do tn s gim 3dB
cn di c th xung rt thp.
- Trnh c s cng knh cho mch.
- in th tnh ra ca tng u cung cp in th tnh cho tng sau.
Tuy th, mch cng vp phi mt vi khuyt im nh:
- S tri dt im tnh iu hnh ca tng th nht s nh hng n phn cc ca
tng th hai.
- Ngun in th phn cc thng c tr s ln nu ta dng cng mt loi BJT, vn
chnh ca loi lin lc trc tip l n nh s phn cc. Cch tnh phn cc thng c
p dng trn ton b mch m khng th tnh ring tng tng. Th d nh hnh 6.5 ta c:

Phn cc:


Thng s mch khuch i:

Mch phn cc nh trn tuy n gin nhng t c dng do khng n nh (s tri
dt im iu hnh ca Q1 nh hng n phn cc ca Q2), do trong cc mch lin lc
trc tip ngi ta thng dng k thut hi tip mt chiu nh hnh 6.6

Mch tng ng Thevenin ng vo c v hnh 6.7. Ta c:


Thng ta chn s hng u ln V
E2
n nh, t V
CE1
, I
C1
, I
C2
cng n nh.
thy r s n nh ny ta :

Dng in ny c lp i vi 2 v c th xem nh c lp i vi 1 nu ta chn:

thay i theo nhit v dng I
C2
, nhng nh hng ny s c
gim thiu nu ta chn
V thng s ca mch khuch i cch tnh cng nh mch trc.
Lin lc trc tip dng FET:
MOSFET loi tng (E-MOSFET), do cc cng cch in hn vi cc ngun v
cc thot nn rt thun tin trong vic ghp trc tip.

Cch tnh phn cc ging nh mt tng ring l.

V
GS1
=V
DS1
= V
GS2
Av
T
= (gmR
D
)
2
Tng khuch i cc ngun chung v thot chung cng thun tin trong cch ghp
trc tip.

in th V
GS
ca Q
2
ty thuc vo R
D
, R
S1
v R
S2
.
Trong 2 cch ghp trn, FET ch hot ng tt khi 2 FET hon ton ging ht nhau.
Thc t, khi 2 FET khng ng nht, s tri dt im iu hnh ca tng trc c tng
sau khuch i khin cho tng cui cng hot ng trong vng khng thun li. khc
phc ngi ta cng dng k thut hi tip n nh phn cc nh hnh 6.10.

Gi s in th cc thot ca Q1 ln hn bnh thng, lng sai bit ny s c
khuch i bi Q2 v Q3 v do in th ti cc cng ca Q1 ln hn. iu ny lm cho Q1
dn in mnh hn, ko in th cc thot gim xung.
Tuy nhin, R
G
cng to ra mt vn mi. Nu gi AvT l li ca ton mch th:
v
0
= -|Av
T
|.v
i
Nn in th ngang qua R
G
l:
v
i
- v
0
= v
i
+ |Av
T
|v
i
= v
i
( 1+ |Av
T
|)


khc phc, ngi ta chia R
G
ra lm 2 na v dng mt t ni tt tn hiu xung
mass.

6.2 LIN KT CHNG: (cascode connection)
Trong s lin kt ny, mt transistor ghp chng ln mt transistor khc. Hnh
6.12 m t mch lin kt chng vi mt tng cc pht chung ghp chng ln mt tng cc
nn chung.

S lin kt ny phi c thit k sao cho tng cc pht chung c tng tr ra (tng
tr vo ca tng cc nn chung) kh ln v li in th thp cung cp cho tng cc nn
chung bo m in dung Miller ng vo thp nht nn loi lin kt ny hot ng tt
tn s cao. Trong mch trn, vi cch phn tch phn cc nh cc chng trc ta tm
c: V
B1
= 4.9v
V
B2
= 10.8v
I
C1
# I
C2
= 3.8mA



6.3 LIN KT DARLINGTON:
y l mt dng lin kt rt thng dng gia 2 transistor (BJT hoc FET) nh
hnh 6.13 v tng ng nh hnh 6.14.

S lin kt gia 2 transistor nh vy tng ng vi mt transistor duy nht c
li dng in l
D
=
1
.
2
Nu hai transistor ng nht:
1
=
2
= th
D
=
2
Transistor Darlington:
V dng lin kt ny rt thng dng v thch hp cho vic nng cng sut nn ngy
nay ngi ta thng ch to cc lin kt ny di dng mt transistor duy nht gi l
transistor darlington.



chung nn cng c tng tr vo ln, tng tr ra nh v li din th xp x 1.

6.4 LIN KT CP HI TIP:
Lin kt ny cng gm c 2 transistor v cng c dng gn ging nh lin kt
Darlington nhng gm c 1 transistor PNP v mt transistor NPN.

Cng ging nh lin kt Darlington, cp hi tip s cho mt li dng in rt ln
(bng tch li dng in ca 2 transistor).
Mch thc t c dng nh hnh 6.17
- Tnh phn cc:


T suy ra c I
C1
, I
B2
, I
C2
- Thng s xoay chiu:
Mch tng ng xoay chiu


6.5 MCH CMOS:
Mt dng mch rt thng dng trong mch s l dng 2 E-MOSFET knh N v knh
P lin kt vi nhau nh hnh 6.19 c gi l CMOS (complementaryMOSFET).

Trc khi i vo kho st hot ng ca CMOS, ta cn nh li hot ng ca E-
MOSFET.
c tuyn truyn ca E-MOSFET knh N v knh P nh hnh 6.20 v 6.21.
- E-MOSFET knh N, khi in th 0V p vo cng ngun, E-MOSFET knh N
khng hot ng (I
D
= 0), Khi V
GS
>V
GS(th)
th E-MOSFET knh N mi hot ng.
- E-MOSFET knh P, Khi V
GS
= 0 th E-MOSFET knh P cng ngng v ch hot
ng khi V
GS
< V
GS(th)
.
Phn tch mch CMOS
Ta xem mch CMOS iu hnh khi Vi = 0V hay khi Vi= +5V
- Khi V
i
= 0V c a vo cc cng ca CMOS
. Vi Q
1
(NMOS) V
GS
= 0 Q1 ngng
. Vi Q
2
(PMOS) V
GS
= -5V Q2 bo ha.
Kt qu l V
0
= 5V

- Khi Vi = +5V a vo
. Vi Q
1
(NMOS) V
GS
= 5V Q1 bo ha
. Vi Q
2
(PMOS) V
GS
= 0V Q2 ngng

Kt qu l V
0
= 0V

6.6 MCH NGUN DNG IN:
Ngun dng in l mt b phn cp dng in mc song song vi in tr R gi l
ni tr ca ngun. Mt ngun dng in l tng khi R = ( v s cung cp mt dng in
l hng s).

Mt ngun dng in trong thc t c th c to bi FET, BJT hoc t hp ca 2
loi linh kin ny. Mch c th s dng linh kin ri hoc I
C
.
6.6.1 Ngun dng in dng JFET:
Dng n gin nh hnh 6.24

6.6.2 Dng BJT nh mt ngun dng in:
Mch c bn nh hnh 6.25


6.6.3 Ngun dng in dng BJT v zener:

6.7 MCH KHUCH I VISAI: (differential amplifier)
6.7.1 Dng mch cn bn:
Mt mch khuch i visai cn bn trng thi cn bng c dng nh hnh 6.27

- C 2 phng php ly tn hiu ra:
. Phng php ng ra visai: Tn hiu c ly ra gia 2 cc thu.
. Phng php ng ra n cc: Tn hiu c ly gia mt cc thu v mass.
- Mch c phn cc bng 2 ngun in th i xng (m, dng) c cc in
th cc nn bng 0volt.
Ngi ta phn bit 3 trng hp:

a/ Khi tn hiu vo v1 = v2 (cng bin v cng pha)
Do mch i xng, tn hiu ng ra va = vb
Nh vy: va = AC . v1
v
b
= A
C
. v
2
Trong AC l khuch i ca mt transistor v c gi l li cho tn
hiu chung (common mode gain).
Do v1 = v2 nn va = vb. Vy tn hiu ng ra visai va - vb =0.
b/ Khi tn hiu vo c dng visai:

Lc ny v1 = -v2 (cng bin nhng ngc pha).
Luc : v
a
= -v
b
.
Do v1 = -v2 nn khi Q1 chy mnh th Q2 chy yu v ngc li nn v
a
vb.
Ngi ta nh ngha:
v
a
- v
b
= A
VS
( v
1
- v
2
)
A
VS
c gi l li cho tn hiu visai (differential mode gain). Nh vy ta
thy vi ng ra visai, mch ch khuch i tn hiu vo visai (khc nhau hai ng vo) m
khng khuch i tn hiu vo chung (thnh phn ging nhau).
c/ Trng hp tn hiu vo bt k:
Ngi ta nh ngha:
- Thnh phn chung ca v1 v v2 l:

- Thnh phn visai ca v1 v v2 l:
v
VS
= v
1
- v
2
Thnh phn chung c khuch i bi AC (ng ra n cc) cn thnh phn
visai c khuch i bi A
VS
.
Thng thng |A
VS
| >>|A
C
|.
6.7.2 Mch phn cc:


Phng trnh ny xc nh im iu hnh trn ng thng ly in.
Khi mch tun hon i xng, in th 2 chn B bng 0V nn:

6.7.3 Kho st thng s ca mch:
Ta th tm A
C
, A
VS
, tng tr vo chung Z
C
, tng tr vo visai Z
VS
.
a/ Mch ch c tn hiu chung:
Tc v1 = v2 v va = vb
Do mch hon ton i xng, ta ch cn kho st na mch, nn ch v c 2
dng ie chy qua nn phi tng gp i R
E
.

Phn gii nh cc phn trc ta tm c:

b/ Mch ch c tn hiu visai:
Tc v
1
= -v
2
v v
a
= -vb
Nh vy dng in tn hiu lun lun ngc chiu trong 2 transistor v do khng
qua R
E
nn ta c th b R
E
khi tnh A
VS
v Z
VS
.


Ngi ta thng n tng tr gia 2 ng vo cho tn hiu visai hn l gia mt
ng vo vi mass. Gi tr ny gi l Z
VS
.
Khi c R
B
th Z
VS
= ZVS //2R
B

H thc ny chng t gia 2 ng vo ch c mt dng in duy nht chy qua. T
ngi ta nh ngha:

c/ Mch c tn hiu tng hp:
Vi v1, v2 bt k ta c c thnh phn chung vC v thnh phn visai AVS.
- Nu ly tn hiu gia hai cc thu th thnh phn chung khng nh hng, tc l:
v
a
- v
b
= A
VS
( v
1
- v
2
)
- Nu ly tn hiu t mt trong hai cc thu xung mass:

Du - biu th hai thnh phn visai hai cc thu lun tri du nhau.
d/ H s trut thi tn hiu chung
1
:

( cng ln th thnh phn chung t nh hng n ng ra)
e/ Phng php tng
1
(ngun dng in)
Mun tng
1
phi gim A
C
v tng A
VS
. Nh vy phi dng R
E
ln. Tuy nhin iu
ny lm cho V
CC
v V
EE
cng phi ln. Phng php tt nht l dng ngun dng in.
Ngun dng in thay cho R
E
phi c 2 c tnh:
- Cp 1 dng in khng i.
- Cho 1 tng tr Z
S
nhn t cc thu ca Q3 ln thay R
E
.


6.7.4 Trng thi mt cn bng:
Khi mch mt cn bng th khng cn duy tr c s i xng. Hu qu trm trng
nht l thnh phn chung c th to ra tn hiu visai ng ra.
* Mt s nguyn nhn chnh:
- Cc linh kin th ng nh in tr, t in ... khng tht s bng nhau v ng
cht.
- Cc linh kin tc ng nh diode, transistor.. khng hon ton ging nhau.
* Bin php n nh:
- La chn tht k linh kin.
- Gi dng in phn cc nh sai s v in tr to ra in th visai nh.
- Thit k (1 c tr s tht ln.
- Thm bin tr R
E
cn bng dng in phn cc.
- Ch to theo phng php vi mch.


BI TP CUI CHNG VI

Bi 1: Tnh tng tr vo, tng tr ra v li in th ca mch in hnh 6.33

Bi 2: Lp li bi 1 vi mch in hnh 6.34

1/ Xc nh in th phn cc V
B1
, V
B2
, V
C2
2/ Xc nh li in th



Bi 4: Tnh li in th ca mch hnh 6.36

Bi 5: cho mch in hnh 6.37. Zener c V
Z
= 4.7V.

1/ Tnh in th phn cc V
C1
, V
C2
.
2/ Xc nh li in th


Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Chng 7
OP-AMP-KHUCH I V NG DNG

7.1 VI SAI TNG HP:
Mch vi sai trong thc t thng gm c nhiu tng (v c gi l mch vi sai tng
hp) vi mc ch.
- Tng khuch i A
VS
- Gim khuch i tn hiu chung A
C
Do tng h s 1.
- To ng ra n cc thun tin cho vic s dng cng nh ch to mch khuch
i cng sut. Thng ngi ta ch to mch vi sai tng hp di dng IC gi l IC thut
ton (op-amp _operational amplifier).
Ngi ta chia mt mch vi sai tng hp ra thnh 3 phn: Tng u, cc tng gia v
tng cui. Tng u l mch vi sai cn bn m ta kho st chng trc.
7.1.1 Cc tng gia:
Cc tng gia c th l vi sai hay n cc.
a/Mc ni tip vi sai vi vi sai:

Trng Vn Tm VII-1 Mch in T


l tng tr vo ca tng vi sai sau c th lm mt cn bng tng tr ra ca tng
vi sai trc. Tng sau khng cn dng ngun dng in.
b/ Mc vi sai ni tip vi n cc:
Ngi ta thng dng tng n cc :
- D s dng.
- D to mch cng sut.
Nhng mch n cc s lm pht sinh mt s vn mi:
- Lm mt cn bng tng vi sai, nn hai in tr RC ca tng vi sai i khi phi c tr
s khc nhau b tr cho s mt cn bng.
- Lm tng c A
VS
v A
C
nn (1 c th thay i, do ch nn dng tng n cc
ni c thnh phn chung tht nh (sau hai hoc ba tng vi sai)

7.1.2 Tng cui:
Phi tha mn cc iu kin:
- Cho mt tng tr ra tht nh.

- in th phn cc ti ng ra bng 0 volt khi hai ng vo 0 volt.
a/ iu kin v tng tr ra:
c tng tr ra nh, ngi ta thngdng mch cc thu chung.

tnh tng tr ra ta dng mch tng ng hnh 7.3b; Trong R
S
l tng
tr ra ca tng (n cc) ng trc.

b/ iu kin v in th phn cc:
V cc tng c mc trc tip vi nhau nn in th phn cc ng ra ca tng
cui c th khng 0 volt khi ng vo 0 volt. gii quyt ngi ta dng mch di chuyn
in th (Level shifting network) gm c: mt ngun dng in I v mt in tr R sao cho:
E = RI.



7.1.3 Mt v d:
Op-amp pc 709 ca hng Fairchild.
T
1
, T
2
: Mch vi sai cn bn ng vo.

T
3
: Ngun dng in cho T
1
v T
2
. in th phn cc ti cc nn ca T
3
c xc
nh bi cu phn th gm T
6
(mc thnh diode), in tr 480 v 2.4k.
T
4
, T
5
: khng phi l vi sai v 2 chn E ni mass. T
4
c nhim v n nh in th ti
im A cho T
1
v T
2
.


T
5
: L tng n cc chuyn tip gia vi sai v tng cui.
T
7
: L mch cc thu chung u tin v T
8
l mch di chuyn in th vi in tr 3.4k.
T
9
: L mch cc thu chung cng l tng cui t c tng tr ra nh.
7.2 MCH KHUCH I OP-AMP CN BN:
Trong chng ny, ta kho st op-amp trng thi l tng. Sau y l cc c tnh
ca mt op-amp l tng:
- li vng h A (open loop gain) bng v cc.
- Bng tn rng t 0Hz n v cc.
- Tng tr vo bng v cc.
- Tng tr ra bng 0.
- Cc h s bng v cc.
- Khi ng vo 0 volt, ng ra lun 0 volt.

ng nhin mt op-amp thc t khng th t c cc trng thi l tng nh
trn.


T cc c tnh trn ta thy:
.
- Z
i
nn khng c dng in chy vo op-amp t cc ng vo.
- Z
0
0 nn ng ra v0 khng b nh hng khi mc ti.
- V A rt ln nn phi dng op-amp vi hi tip m. Vi hi tip m, ta c hai dng
mch khuch i cn bn sau:
7.2.1 Mch khuch i o: (Inverting Amplifier)
Dng mch cn bn.

(7.2)
Nhn xt:
- Khi Z
f
v Z
i
l in tr thun th v
0
v v
i
s lch pha 180
0
(nn c gi l
mch khuch i o v ng vo ( - ) c gi l ng vo o).
- Z
f
ng vai tr mch hi tip m. Z
f
cng ln (hi tip m cng nh)
khuch i ca mch cng ln.
- Khi Z
f
v Z
i
l in tr thun th op-amp c tnh khuch i c in th mt chiu.

7.2.2 Mch khuch i khng o: (Non_inverting Amplifier)
Dng mch cn bn.

Suy ra:

Nhn xt:
- Z
f
, Z
i
c th c bt k dng no.
- v
0
v vi cng c th c bt k dng no.
- Khi Z
f
, Z
i
l in tr thun th ng ra v
0
s c cng pha vi ng vo vi (nn
mch c gi l mch khuch i khng o v ng vo ( + ) c gi l ng vo khng
o).
- Z
f
cng ng vai tr hi tip m. tng khuch i A
V
, ta c th tng
Z
f
hoc gim Z
i
.
- Mch khuch i c tn hiu mt chiu khi Z
f
v Z
i
l in tr thun. Mch
cng gi nguyn tnh cht khng o v c cng cng thc vi trng hp ca tn hiu xoay
chiu.
- Khi Z
f
=0, ta c: A
V
=1 v
0
=v
i
hoc Z
i
= ta cng c A
V
=1 v v
0
=v
i
(hnh
7.10). Lc ny mch c gi l mch voltage follower thng c dng lm mch m
(buffer) v c tng tr vo ln v tng tr ra nh nh mch cc thu chung BJT.


7.2.3 Op-amp phn cc bng ngun n:
Phn trn l cc c tnh v 2 mch khuch i cn bn c kho st khi op-amp
c phn cc bng ngun i xng. Thc t, tin trong thit k mch v s dng, khi
khng cn thit th op-amp c phn cc bng ngun n; Lc by gi chn ni vi ngun
m -V
CC
c ni mass.
Hai dng mch khuch i cn bn nh sau:

Ngi ta phi phn cc mt ng vo (thng l ng vo +) in th phn cc
hai ng vo lc ny l V
CC
/2 v in th phn cc ng ra cng l V
CC
/2. Hai in tr R
phi c chn kh ln trnh lm gim tng tr vo ca op-amp. Khi a tn hiu vo
phi qua t lin lc (C
2
trong mch) khng lm lch in th phn cc. Nh vy, khi
phn cc bng ngun n, op-amp mt tnh cht khuch i tn hiu mt chiu. Trong hnh
a, mch khuch i o, C
1
l t lc in th phn cc ng vo (+). Trong hnh b, mch
khuch i khng o, C
1
dng to hi tip xoay chiu cho mch v gi in th phn
cc ng vo (-) l V
CC
/2. khuch i ca mch vn khng i.
7.3 MT S NG DNG CA OP-AMP:
7.3.1Mch lm ton:
y l cc mch in t c bit trong s lin h gia in th ng vo v ng ra
l cc phng trnh ton hc n gin.
a/ Mch cng:



Tn hiu ng ra bng tng cc tn hiu ng vo nhng ngc pha.
Ta ch l vi l mt in th bt k c th l mt chiu hoc xoay chiu.
b/ Mch tr:
Ta c 2 cch to mch tr.
* Tr bng phng php i du:
tr mt s, ta cng vi s i ca s .

v
2
u tin c lm o ri cng vi v
1
. Do theo mch ta c:

Nh vy tn hiu ng ra l hiu ca 2 tn hiu ng vo nhng i du.
* Tr bng mch vi sai:
Dng c bn

Thay tr s ca v
m
vo biu thc trn ta tm c:


c/ Mch tch phn:
Dng mch
Dng in ng vo:

* Hai vn thc t:
- iu kin ban u hay hng s tch phn:
Dng mch cn bn



s thp. Nh vy khi c R
f
, mch ch c tnh tch phn khi tn s ca tn hiu f tha:
, R
f
khng c qu ln v s hI tip m s yu.
d/ Mch vi phn:
Dng mch

Vn thc t: gim tp m.
Mch n gin nh trn t c dng trong thc t v c c tnh khuch i tp m
tn s cao, y l do li ca ton mchtng theo tn s. khc phc mt phn no,
ngi ta mc thm mt in tr ni tip vi t C ng vo nh hnh 7.19.


7.3.2 Mch so snh:
a/ in th ng ra bo ha:
Ta xem mch hnh 7.20

Trong A l li vng h ca op-amp. V A rt ln nn theo cng thc trn v
0
rt
ln.

Khi E
d
nh, v
0
c xc nh. Khi E
d
vt qu mt tr s no th v
0
t n tr s
bo ha v c gi l V
Sat
.. Tr s ca Ed ty thuc vo mi op-amp v c tr s vo
khong vi chc V.
- Khi E
d
m, mch o pha nn v
0
=-V
Sat
- Khi E
d
dng, tc v
1
>v
2
th v0=+V
Sat
.
in th ng ra bo ha thng nh hn in th ngun t 1 volt n 2 volt. l
|+V
Sat
| c th khc |-V
Sat
|.
Nh vy ta thy in th E
d
ti a l:

b/ Mch so snh mc 0: (tch mc zro)
* So snh mc zro khng o


* Mch so snh mc zro o:

c/Mch so snh vi 2 ng vo c in th bt k:
* So snh mc dng o v khng o:
- So snh mc dng khng o:


- So snh mc dng o:

* So snh mc m o v khng o:


- So snh mc m o:

d/ Mch s snh vi hi tip dng:
* Mch o:


tip dng nn v
0
lun lun trng thi bo ha. Ty theo mc tn hiu vo m v
0
giao
hon mt trong hai trng thi +V
Sat
v -V
Sat
.

Nu ta tng E
i
t t, ta nhn thy:
Khi E
i
<V
ref
th v
0
=+V
Sat
Khi E
i
>V
ref
th v
0
=-V
Sat
Tr s ca E
i
=V
ref
=.(+V
Sat
) lm cho mch bt u i trng thi c gi l im
ny trn (upper trigger point) hay im thm trn (upper threshold point).
V
UTP
=.(+V
Sat
) (7.12)
By gi nu ta gim E
i
t t, ch l lc ny v
0
=-V
Sat
v V
ref
=(-V
Sat
), ta thy khi
E
i
<(-V
Sat
) th v
0
chuyn sang trng thi +V
Sat
. Tr s ca E
i
lc ny: E
i
= V
ref
= (-V
Sat
)
c gi l im ny di hay im thm di (lower trigger point-lower threshold point-
V
LTP
). Nh vy chu trnh trng thi ca mch nh hnh 7.34.
Ngi ta nh ngha:
V
H
=(Hysteresis)=V
UTP
-V
LTP
V
H
={(+V
Sat
)-(-V
Sat
)] (7.13)
Nu |+VSat|=|-VSat|V
H
=|2.V
Sat
|

* Mch khng o:
Dng mch

- By gi nu ta gim E
i
(v
0
ang l +V
Sat
), khi V
A
bt u nh hn V
ref
=0v th v
0
i
trng thi v bng -V
Sat
. Tr s ca E
i
lc ny gi l im ny di V
LTP
.


Tnh V
UTP
v V
LTP

- Khi gim E
i
t tr s dng dn xung, lc ny v
0
=+V
Sat
nn:

e/ Mch so snh trong trng hp 2 ng vo c in th bt k vi hi tip
dng:
*Dng mch khng o:
Dng mch


Khi V
A
=V
ref
th mch i trng thi (v
0
i thnh +V
Sat
), tr s ca E
i
lc ny gi l
im ny trn V
UTP
. T (7.17) ta tm c:

bng V
ref
th mch s i trng thi, tr s ca E
i
lc ny gi l im ny di V
LTP
.
Tng t nh trn ta tm c:

nu |+V
sat
|=|-V
Sat
|
* Dng mch o:


, cng l tr s ca V
A
, gi l im ny trn V
UTP
.

Nu ta gim E
i
t t, n khi E
i
=V
A
mch s i trng thi (v
0
= -V
Sat
) v E
i
=V
A
lc
c tr s l V
LTP
(im ny di).

7.3.3 Mch lc tch cc: (Active filter)
C 4 loi mch chnh:
- Mch lc h thng.
- Mch lc thng thng.
- Mch lc di thng.
- Mch lc loi tr (di trit).

a/ Mch lc h thng(Low pass Filter-LPF)
* Mch lc h thng cn bn:
Dng mch

Nu ta chn R
2
=R
1
th |A
V0
|=1
p tuyn tn s dc -20dB/dec v khi tn s tng ln 10 ln th khuch i
gim i 10 ln tc -20dB. Ngi ta hay dng mch voltage follower lm mch lc nh
hnh 7.41. y l mch khuch i khng o, nhng do khng c in tr ni mass ng
vo (-) nn li bng +1.

Ngi ta thng chn R
f
=R gim dng offset.


* Mch lc h thng -40dB/dec:
Trong nhiu ng dng, ta cn phi gim nhanh li ca mch khi tn s vt qu
tn s ct, c ngha l dc ca bng tn phi ln hn na. l mc ch ca cc mch
lc bc cao.
Dng mch

Nu chn C
2
=2C
1
, ta c:

mch ny khuch i s gim i 40dB khi tn s tng ln 10 ln ( li gim i
100 ln khi tn s tng ln 10 ln).


* Mch lc h thng -60dB/dec:
t c dc hn na-gn vi l tng-ngi ta dng mch lc -20dB/dec mc
ni tip vi mch lc -40dB/dec c dc -60dB/dec ( li gim i 60dB khi tn s
tng ln 10 ln-gc pha ti tn s ct l -1350).



b/ Mch lc thng thng (high-pass filter)
y l mt mch m li ca mch rt nh tn s thp cho n mt tn s no
(gi l tn s ct) th tn hiu mi qua c ht. Nh vy tc dng ca mch lc thng
thng ngc vi mch lc h thng.
* Mch lc thng thng 20dB/dec:
Dng mch nh hnh 7.46
y l mch voltage follower nn A
V
=1. Do in th ng ra v
0
bng vi in th 2
u in tr R nn:

Khi tn s cao, tng tr ca t in khng ng k nn A
V0
=v
0
/v
i
=1. Khi tn s gim
dn, n lc no li bt u gim. Tn s m ti li gim cn 0.707 A
V0
gi l
tn s ct. Lc ta c:


Ta cng c th dng mch nh hnh 7.48

* Mch lc thng thng 40dB/dec:
Dng mch

Do l mch voltage follower nn in th 2 u R
1
chnh l v
0
. Ta c:



* Mch lc thng thng 60dB/dec
Ngi ta dng 2 mch 40dB/dec v 20dB/dec ni tip nhau t c dc
60dB/dec.


Chn C
1
=C
2
=C
3
=C;

Ti tn s ct:

c/ Mch lc di thng: (band pass filter)
y l mt mch m ng ra ch c mt di tn gii hn no trong ton b di tn
ca tn hiu a vo ng vo.


Vi mch ny in th ng ra v
0max
t n tr s ti a mt tn s no gi l tn
s cng hng
r
. Khi tn s khc vi tn s cng hng, khuch i gim dn. Tn s
thp hn
r
lm li gim i cn 0.707v
0max
gi l tn s ngt thp
L
v tn s cao hn
r
lm li gim cn 0.707v
0max
gi l tn s ngt cao
h
.
Bng thng c nh ngha: B=
H
-
L

Khi B<0.1
r
mch c gi l lc di thng bng tn hp hay mch lc cng hng.
Khi B>0.1
r
c gi l mch lc di thng bng tn rng.

* Mch lc di thng bng tn hp
Dng mch


Ti tn s cng hng
r
:

T phng trnh (a) ta tm c:



* Mch lc di thng bng tn rng
Thng thng c mt mch di thng bng tn rng, ngi ta dng hai mch
lc h thng v thng thng mc ni tip nhau nhng phi tha mn iu kin tn s ct
2
ca mch lc h thng phi ln hn tn s ct
1
ca mch lc thng thng.

Ta tm c 2 tn s ct l:


Phi chn R
1
, R
2
, C
1
, C
2
sao cho
1
<
2
.
d/Mch lc loi tr: (di trit-Notch Filter)
y l mch dng lc b mt di tn s no trong ton b di tn. Mch
thng c dng lc b cc nhiu do mt b phn no trong mch to ra th d nh
tn s 50Hz, 60Hz hay 400Hz ca mt.
C rt nhiu dng mch lc di trit, thng dng nht l mc 2 mch h thng v
thng thng song song vi nhau hoc c th dng mch nh hnh 7.58.


7.4. TRNG THI THC T CA OP-AMP
Mt op-amp thc t khng c c cc c tnh l tng nh kho st cc phn
trc. Cc c tnh thc t c th thy:
- li vng h A: Thng t 10
3
n hn 10
6
. Tr s ny c duy tr n mt tn s
no ri gim dn.
- Nh vy ta thy bng tn cng khng phi v hn
- Tng tr vo z
i
: Thng t vi chc K n vi ngn M, l mt hm s theo nhit
, tn s v iu kin phn cc.
- Tng tr ra z
0
: T khong 200 tr xung v cng thay i theo nhit , tn s v
iu kin phn cc.
- Khi c phn cc bng ngun i v khi ng vo bng 0V th ng ra c th khc
0V.
- Khi op-amp hot ng vi tn hiu 1 chiu, ng ra ngoi thnh phn tn hiu mt
chiu ng vo c khuch i cn c cc thnh phn sai s do cc c tnh thc
t trn to ra. Cc tc nhn chnh l:
+ Dng in phn cc ng vo
+ Dng in offset ng vo
+ in th offset ng vo
+ S tri
Khi op-amp hot ng vi tn hiu xoay chiu, cc t lin lc s ngn cn thnh phn
mt chiu nn cc tc nhn trn khng cn quan trng, nhng pht sinh hai vn mi,
l:
- p ng tn s
- Vn tc tng th (slew rate)
7.4.1. Dng in phn cc ng vo (input bias currents)
Do tng tr vo Z
i
khng phi l v hn, nn hai ng vo ca op-amp c dng in
nh chy qua (hnh 7.59). Ngi ta nh ngha dng in phn cc ng vo I
B
l ln
trung bnh ca 2 dng I
B+
v I
B-

(7.35)
2
I I
I
B B
B
+
+
=
+
-

I
B+
I
B-
Hnh 7.59

Tr s thng thng ca I
B
l vi A nu mch vo l BJT hoc nh hn 1pA nu
mch vo l FET.
B
a. nh hng ca dng in phn cc ng vo (-)
Trong phn ny ta coi in th offset ng vo v
io
=0V. v
io
s c bn n phn sau
- mch follower:



- mch khuch i o:

- o I
B-
ta c th dng mch:

R
f
-
+
v
i
=0V
0V
Hnh 7.60
I
B-
v
o
=R
f
.I
B-
-
+
v
i
=0V
0V
R
i
Hnh 7.61
R
f
v
o
=R
f
.I
B-
I=0
I
B-
-
+
v
i
=0V
0V
Hnh 7.62
R
f

+
+ =
B M B f
i
M
o
.I R .I R
R
R
1 v
I
B-
R
M
R
i
Do I
B-
rt nh nn ta khng o trc tip m o v
0
sau 1o suy ra I
B-
. v
o
kh ln ta
nn chn R
f
ln. Th d nu R
f
=1M, R
M
=10K, R
i
=1K
Ta c: (7.36)
11R
v
I
f
o
B
=
B f o
I . R 11 v


b. nh hng ca dng in phn cc ng vo (+)
-
+
v
i
=0V
0V
R
G
Hnh 7.63
I
B-
v
o
=R
G
.I
B+
I
B+
Ta xem mch:

7.4.2. Dng in offset ng vo
a. nh ngha: (7.38)
+
=
B B os
I I I
Thng I
os
25%I
B
b. nh hng ln in th ng ra
- Vi mch khng o:
Trng Vn Tm Mch in T VII-33

Phn gii ta tm c:
( )
os G B B G o
I . R I I R v = =
+

= 0 nu
+
=
B B
I I
- Vi mch o:
-
+
v
i
=0V
0V
R
f
= R
G
Hnh 7.64a
I
B-
v
o
I
B+

-
+
0V
R
f
Hnh 7.64b
I
B-
v
o

I
B+
R=R
f
//R
i
R
i

Phn gii ta tm c:
( )
os f B B f o
I . R I I R v = =
+

= 0 nu
+
=
B B
I I
Nh vy gim thiu nh hng ca I
os
ln v
o
, trong mch khng o ta mc thm
R
G
=R
f
v trong mch o mc thm R=R
f
//R
i
. Cc in tr ny c gi l in tr b
chnh dng in. T cc l lun trn ta c th thy nguyn tc chung gim thiu nh
hng ca I
os
l mch phi c thit k sao cho: in tr nhn t ng vo (+) xung mass
bng in tr nhn t ng vo (-) xung mass.
7.4.3. in th offset ng vo
a. nh ngha v m hnh
Trong mch in hnh 7.65a, ng ra khng phi l 0V nh l tng m c mt tr s
no . in th ny to ra do s mt cn bng bn trong ca mt op-amp thc t. Tr s v
o

ny thay i ty op-amp, thng hng v n mv. tin trong phn gii, ngi ta c th
coi nh c mt ngun in th v
io
mc ni tip ng vo (+) ca mt op-amp l tng
(hnh 7.65b) v v
io
ny c gi l in th offset ng vo

-
+
Op-Amp
thc t
(a)
v
o
=2mv
( t h
d )
-
+
(b)
v
o
=v
i o
=2m
v
v
i o
=2mv
0V
Hnh 7.65

Nu ng ra v
0
<0 th i cc v
io
li
b. nh hng ca in th offset ng vo ln in th ng ra
- Trong mch vng h, nu A kh ln v v
io
cng kh ln, ng ra ca op-amp c th b
bo ha.

-
+

v
o
=| v
osat
| =A.
| E |
v
i o
|E
d
|
Hnh 7.66

A



- Ta c th dng mch sau o v
io

R
f
khng c qa ln gim thiu nh hng ca dng in phn cc ng vo
T .01 gim nhiu tn s cao
Nh sn xut thng ch dn cch lm gim thiu nh hng ca v
io

.01

-
+
v
io
E
i
=0v
R
i
R
f


7.4.4. S tri (drift)
phn trc ta thy, sai s ng ra v
o
do hai nguyn nhn chnh l dng in phn
cc ng vo v in th offset ng vo. hai tc nhn ny li thay i theo phn cc v nht
l nhit . S thay i in th ng ra ny theo thi gian gi l s tri.
Nh sn xut thng cho bit thay i ca dng in phn cc di dng nA/
o
C v
thay i ca in th offset di dng v/
o
C. Nh vy gim thiu sai s v
o
v tri,
ngoi vic b chnh dng in phn cc v hiu chnh in th offset (theo ch dn ca nh
sn xut) ta nn dng mch n p phn cc cho op-amp v nn la chn cc op-amp c
tri nh v t mi trng c nhit t thay i.
7.4.5. p ng tn s ca op-amp
a. B chnh tn s bn trong
li vng h A c tr s ln v u n mt tr s no ri gim dn theo tn s.
y l ch ch ca nh ch to vi 2 l do: mt l op-amp t khi s dng dng vng h m
thng c hi tip, nh vy li thc t A
v
thng nh hn A, hai l trnh hin tng
d dao ng tn s cao. Mun vy, cu trc bn trong ca op-amp lun c cc t b chnh
tn s (c gi tr trn di 30pF). Thng gim ca A c chn l 20dB/decade.
i vi nhng op-amp c bng tn t nhin rng hn v gim nh hay ln hn
-20dB/decade thng lm cho op-amp d b dao ng khi dng mch hi tip (theo nh
lut Nyquist). Trong trng hp nh ch to s ch dn phng php sa cha p ng
bng cc mch hi tip bn ngoi (thng l t in, t in-in tr)

10P
3
P
10
10P
2
P
10
4
10
5
10
6
2.10
5
120
A (dB)
A
Hnh 7.68. p ng tn s
t nhin ca Op-Amp 741
741
Hnh 7.67
f
o
v
io
i
R
R
v ) 1 ( + =

* Bng tn li n v (unity-gain bandwidth)
L bng tn ca op-amp c li vng h bng 1. Th d op-amp 741 l B=1MHz.
* Thi gian chyn tip (thi gian qu - Rise time)
mch c li vng h bng 1, nu tn hiu vo l mt xung vung l tng (c
bin t 0 E
i
) th ng ra khng thay i ngay t 0 n E
i
khi c xung vo m phi mt
mt thi gian gi l p ng thi gian tng qu (transient response rise time). Thng
thi gian ny c tnh t khi ng ra t 10% gi tr cc i n 90% gi tr cc i.
i khi nh sn xut khng cho ta bit p ng tn s t nhin (tc khng bit bng
tn li n v B) m li cho bit thi gian qu ny (rise time). Bng tn n v B c
tnh t cng thc: (7.39)
risetime
35 . 0
B =
b. li in th v p ng tn s
li thc t A
v
ca mch khuch i c hi tip khng nhng ty thuc cc in tr
bn ngoi m cn ty thuc vo li vng h A. Do A theo tn s nn A
v
cng thay i
theo tn s. ta xem li hai mch khuch i cn bn:
* Mch khuch i khng o

+
-
R
i
741
Hnh 7.69
v
o
R
f
v
i
v
a

Ta c:
a i
o
v v
v
A
=
i
a
f
a o
R
v
R
v v
=

Gii h thng ta tm c: (7.40)
R
R
1
R
R
1
v
v
A
i
f
i
f
i
o
v
+
+
= =
Trong :
i
f
R
R
1+ l li A
v
khi xem op-amp l l tng.
T cng thc thc t ny ta thy: Nu v
i
l tn hiu in th mt chiu (tn s f=0)
hoc v
i
l tn hiu xoay chiu tn s rt thp th A kh ln nn
i
f
v
R
R
1 A + . Khi v
i
c tn s
ln, do A gim nn A
v
gim theo.

* Mch khuch i o:

-
+
vB
o
B
RB
i
B
R
f
741
vB
i
B
vB
a
B


a
o
v
v
A =
f
o a
i
a i
R
v v
R
v v
=

Gii, ta tm c: (7.41)
R
R R
A
1
1
R
R
v
v
A
i
f i
i
f
i
o
v
+
+
= =
Nhn xt ta cng thy A
v
c tnh cht nh mch khng o (thay i theo A tc theo
tn s).
c. rng bng tn - gii hn tn s cao
Bng tn cng c nh ngha l gii hn ca hai tn s f
L
v f
H
m ti li ca
mch gim 2 ln so vi li cc i.
Vi op-amp c tn s gii hn pha thp f
L
thng rt nh (vi Hz) nn bng tn xem
nh bng gii hn tn s cao f
H
.

Hnh 7.71. Bng tn ca mch c li A
v
f
H
B f
0
A
V
A
A

xc nh gn ng bng tn ca mch khuch i dng op-amp ta c 2 cch:
- Mt l c th dng p ng t nhin (vng h) c m t hnh 7.71
- Hai l c th tnh t cng thc: (7.42)
R
R R
B
f
i
f i
H
+
=
7.4.6. Vn tc tng th (slew rate)
nh ngha
in th ca op-ampkhng th tng t ngt ln tr s cao m phi mt mt thi gian
np in vo cc t b chnh tn s bn trong ca op-amp. c tnh ny c o bng
vn tc tng th v c n v l v/s. Nu I l dng np ti a v C l in dung ca t bi
chnh, ta c:

C
I
gian Thi
ra ngo the ien oi thay o
rate Slew = =
Th d op-amp 741: I=15A ; C=30pF slew rate = 0,5V/s.
Vn tc tng th ty thuc vo li in th, t b chnh tn s v in th ng ra
dng hay m, thng c nh sn xut cho bit.

Gii hn ca vn tc tng th trn sng sin
Gi v
i
l tn hiu vo c dng sin vi bin nh v
ip
ca mt mch khuch i dng
op-amp. S thay i ti a ca v
i
ty thuc vo tn s, bin nh v cho bi 2f.v
ip
. Nu
thay i ny ln hn vn tc tng th ca op-amp th tn hiu ra v
o
s b bin dng.
Nh vy, khi s dng op-amp phi tho mn iu kin:
2f.v
ip
slew rate
hay:
ip
max
2
rate slew
f
v
=
7.4.7. Nhiu trn in th ng ra
Tn hiu in khng mong mun xut hin ng ra gi l nhiu. S tri dng in v
in th offset cng c gi l nhiu ( tn s rt thp). Nu ta b qua cc nhiu do mch
ngoi to ra th bn trong ca op-amp cng to ra nhiu v lm nh hng n in th ng
ra. Hnh 7.72 l m hnh ha n gin nht ca nhiu trong op-amp (ngun in th E
n
).

-
+
R
f
//R
i
E
n
=2v
R
i
R
f
3pF
741
) 1 (
i
f
n o
R
R
E v + =
Hnh 7.72

Nh sn xut thng cho bit ngun nhiu (khong vi V) trong khong tn s no
vi mt khong thay i ca R
i
. Th d op-amp 741 c E
n
= 2V trong di tn s t 10
Hz 10 KHz. Ngun nhiu ny khng thay i khi 200 < R
i
< 20K. Khi R
i
> 20K
ngun nhiu ny s tng ln rt nhanh.
T m hnh ho ca ngun nhiu v c tnh nh trn, gim nhiu ta thc hin :
- Khng dng R
f
v R
i
qu ln. R
i
c thit k < 10K.
- Mc mt t nh (khong 3pF) song song vi R
f
gim nhiu tn s cao.


- Khng bao gi mc thm t song song vi R
i
hoc t ng vo (-) xung mass v nh
th s lm gim tng tr vo v tng li in th gy nhiu nhiu tn s cao.
Nhiu dng in (dng in offset ng) vo cng xut hin 2 ng vo ca op-amp.
Nn mc thm in tr b chnh gim nhiu dng in a n gim nhiu in th
ng ra.

BI TP CUI CHNG VII

Bi 1: Xc nh v
0
trong mch hnh 7.59

Bi 2: Xc nh v
0
trong mch hnh 7.60

Bi 3: Xc nh I
L
trong mch hnh 7.61. Thay R
L
=5k, tnh li I
L
. Mch trn l mch g?

Bi 4: Mt op-amp c cc c tnh



Bi 5: Cho mch hnh 7.63
a/ Tnh v
0
b/ I
0
?

a/ Tnh bng thng ca mch
b/ p dng bng s khi:
R
1
=R
2
=10k
C
1
=0.1F; C
2
=0.002F
R
f
=10 k; R
g
=5 k


- Diode c xem nh l tng.
- v
i
c dng sin bin ln.
Tm dng tn hiu ra v
0
v bin ca v
0
theo vi. Mch trn c tc dng ca mch
g?

Chng t rng:

Chng t nu vi l tn hiu in th mt chiu th ng ra c xc nh bng phng
trnh:


a. Mch trn l mch g? Nu chc nng ca tng BJT trong mch.

b. Cc BJT hon ton ging ht nhau, c ch to bng Si v c phn cc vi
V
BE
=0.7v. Mch hon ton cn bng v l tng. c tnh tr s ca tt c cc dng in
phn cc I
C
ca cc BJT trong mch v in th cc chn BJT (xem I
C
I
E
).

Bi 11: Cho mch in nh hnh 7.69. Gi s op-amp l tng v c phn cc bng
ngun i xng 15v
a. Tm v
0
theo R, R
A
, v
1
, v
2
b. Gi s v
1
bin i t 0v 0.8v v V2 bin i t 01.3v. Cho R2=2k v ng ra
bo ha ca op-amp l V
0Sat
=15v. Hy c tnh tr s ca R
A
li in th ca mch
t tr s ti a v v
0
khng bin dng (chn R
A
c gi tr tiu chun). Tnh
A
V
trong trng hp .


Chng 8: Mch khuch i hi tip
Chng 8
MCH KHUCH I HI TIP
(Feedback Amplifier)

Trong chng ny, chng ta s tm hiu v loi mch khuch i c hi tip m v
kho st nh hng ca loi hi tip ny ln cc thng s cng nh tnh cht ca mch
khuch i.
8.1 PHN LOI MCH KHUCH I:
Khi kho st cc mch khuch i c hi tip, ngi ta thng phn chng thnh 4
loi mch chnh: khuch i in th, khuch i dng in, khuch i in dn truyn v
khuch i in tr truyn.
8.1.1 Khuch i in th:( Voltage amplifier )
Hnh 8.1 m t mch tng ng Thevenin ca mt h thng 2 cng, m hnh ha
ca mt mch khuch i cn bn.

- Nu mch c in tr ng vo R
i
rt ln i vi ni tr R
S
ca ngun tn hiu th v
i

v
s
- Nu ti R
L
rt ln i vi in tr ng ra R
0
ca mch khuch i th v0 A
VNL
.v
i

A
VNL
.v
S
Trong iu kin nh vy, mch s cung cp mt in th ng ra t l vi in th ng
vo v h s t l ny c lp i vi bin ca ngun tn hiu v in tr ti. Loi mch
nh th c gi l mch khuch i in th.
Mt mch khuch i in th l tng khi c in tr ng vo Ri bng v hn v
in tr ng ra R
0
= 0. K hiu

khi R
L
=, nh vy A
VNL
biu din li in th ca mch h (open-circuit).
8.1.2 Khuch i dng in (current amplifier)
Mt mch khuch i dng in l tng c nh ngha nh l mt mch khuch
i cung cp mt dng in ng ra t l vi dng in tn hiu ng vo. H s t l ny
khng ph thuc vo R
S
v R
L
. Mt mch khuch i dng in l tng c in tr ng vo
R
i
= 0 v in tr ng ra R
0
bng v hn.
Trng Vn Tm VIII-1 Mch in T

Trong thc t, mch c in tr ng vo thp v din tr ng ra cao. Nh vy, R
i
<<
R
S
v R
0
>> R
L.

Hnh 8.2 l mch tng ng Norton ca mt mch khuch i dng in. Ch ,
k hiu

vi R
L
= 0, n din t li dng in ca mt mch ni tt (short-circuit).
Ta thy rng:
V R
i
<< R
S
nn I
i
I
S
V R
0
>> R
L
nn I
L
( A
i
I
i
A
I
S
)
8.1.3 Khuch i in dn truyn: (Transconductance Amplifier)
Mt mch khuch i in dn truyn l tng s cung cp mt dng in ng ra t l
vi in th tn hiu ng vo. H s t l ny c lp vi R
L
v R
S
. Mch nh vy phi c
in tr ng vo R
i
bng v hn v in tr ng ra R
0
bng v hn.
Trong mch thc t: R
i
>> R
S
v R
0
>> R
L
Hnh 8.3 l m hnh tng ng ca mt mch khuch i in dn truyn.

Ta thy rng v
i
v
S
khi R
i
>> R
S
V I
0
G
m
v
i
G
m
v
S
khi R
0
>> R
L

8.1.4 Khuch i in tr truyn (Transresistance Amplifier)
Mch tng ng l tng ca mt mch khuch i in tr truyn nh hnh 8.4

Mch cung cp mt in th ng ra v0 t l vi dng in tn hiu ng vo IS v h
s t l ny c lp vi R
S
v R
L
.
Trong thc t mt mch khuch i in tr truyn phi c R
i
<< R
S
v R
0
<< R
L
. Nh vy
khi I
i
I
S
, v
0
R
m
I
i
R
m
I
S
.

8.2 I CNG V HI TIP:
Mt mch khuch i hi tip gm cc b phn nh sau:


Ngun tn hiu: C th l ngun in th V
S
ni tip vi mt ni tr R
S
hay ngun
dng in I
S
song song vi ni tr R
S
.
H thng hi tip: Thng dng l mt h thng 2 cng th ng (ch cha cc thnh
phn th ng nh in tr, t in, cun dy).

Mch ly mu: Ly mt phn tn hiu ng ra a vo h thng hi tip. Trng
hp tn hiu in th ng ra c ly mu th h thng hi tip c mc song song vi
ng ra v trong trng hp tn hiu dng in ng ra c ly mu th h thng hi tip
c mc ni tip vi ng ra.

Mch so snh hoc trn:
Hai loi mch trn rt thng dng l loi trn ng vo ni tip v loi trn ng
vo song song.

T s truyn hay li:
K hiu A trong hnh 8.5 biu th t s gia tn hiu ng ra vi tn hiu ng vo ca
mch khuch i cn bn. T s truyn v/vi l khuch i in th hay li in th A
V
.
Tng t t s truyn I/I
i
l khuch i dng in hay li dng in A
I
ca mch
khuch i. T s I/v
i
c gi l in dn truyn ( truyn dn-Transconductance) G
M
v
v/I
i
c gi l in tr truyn R
M
. Nh vy G
M
v R
M
c nh ngha nh l t s gia hai
tn hiu, mt dng dng in v mt dng in th. li truyn A ch mt cch tng
qut mt trong cc i lng A
V
, A
I
, G
M
, R
M
ca mt mch khuch i khng c hi tip
ty theo m hnh ha c s dng trong vic phn gii.

K hiu A
f
c nh ngha nh l t s gia tn hiu ng ra vi tn hiu ng vo ca
mch khuch i hnh 8.5 v c gi l li truyn ca mch khuch i vi hi tip.
Vy th A
f
dng din t mt trong 4 t s:

S lin h gia li truyn A
f
v li A ca mch khuch i cn bn (cha c
hi tip) s c tm hiu trong phn sau.
Trong mt mch c hi tip, nu tn hiu ng ra gia tng to ra thnh phn tn hiu
hi tip a v ng vo lm cho tn hiu ng ra gim tr li ta ni l mch hi tip m
(negative feedback).
8.3 LI TRUYN VI NI TIP:
Mt mch khuch i c hi tip c th c din t mt cch tng qut nh
hnh 8.10
phn gii mt mch khuch i c hi tip, ta c th thay th thnh phn tch
cc (BJT, FET, OP-AMP ...) bng mch tng ng tn hiu nh. Sau dng nh lut
Kirchhoff lp cc phng trnh lin h.

Trong mch hnh 8.10 c th l mt mch khuch i in th, khuch i dng in,
khuch i in dn truyn hoc khuch i in tr truyn c hi tip nh c din t
hnh 8.11

Hnh 8.11 Dng mch khuch i hi tip
(a) Khuch i in th vi hi tip in th ni tip
(b) Khuch i in dn truyn vi hi tip dng in ni tip
(c) Khuch i dng in vi hi tip dng in song song
(d) Khuch i in tr truyn vi hi tip in th song song

Trong hnh 8.10, ni tr ngun R
S
c xem nh mt thnh phn ca mch
khuch i cn bn. li truyn A (A
V
, A
I
, G
M
, R
M
) bao gm hiu ng ca ti R
L
v ca
h thng hi tip ln mch khuch i.
Tn hiu vo X
S
, tn hiu ra X
0
, tn hiu hi tip X
f
, tn hiu tr X
d
c th l
in th hay dng in. Nhng tn hiu ny cng nh t s A v c tm tt trong bng
sau y.

Nh vy: X
d
= X
S
- X
f
= X
i
(8.1)
H s hi tip c nh ngha:

H s thng l mt s thc dng hay m, nhng mt cch tng qut l
mt hm phc theo tn s tn hiu.

li truyn A c nh ngha:
A = X
0
/X
i
(8.3)

i lng A biu din li truyn ca mch khuch i tng ng khng c hi
tip nhng bao gm nh hng ca h thng, R
L
, R
S
.
Nu |Af| < |A| hi tip c gi l hi tip m
Nu |Af| > |A| hi tip c gi l hi tip dng
Biu thc 8.4 cho ta thy khi c hI tip m, lI gim i(1+A) ln so vi li
ca mch cn bn khng c hi tip.
li vng (loop gain):
Tn hiu X
d
trong hnh 8.10 c nhn vi A khi qua mch khuch i, c nhn
vi khi truyn qua h thng hi tip v c nhn vi -1 trong mch trn v tr li ng
vo. V vy T = -A c gi l li vng v i lng F = 1 + A = 1 - T c gi l
tha s hi tip.
Ngi ta thng dng i lng

biu din nh hng ca lng hi tip ln mch khuch i. Nu l hi tip m
th N < 0.
8.4 TNH CHT CN BN CA MCH KHUCH I C
HI TIP M:
Trong mch khuch i hi tip m lm gim li truyn nhng li c mt
s u im ni bt nn c ng dng rng ri.
8.4.1 Gi vng khuch i:
Thng s ca BJT hay FET khng phi l mt hng s m chng thay i rt
nhiu theo nhit , ngay c cc thng s ny cng khng ging nhau khi thay th t mt
mu ny sang mt mu khc. Do , khi nhit thay i hay khi thay th linh kin tc
ng li A ca mch s thay i.
Khi c hi tip:

Vy khi mch c hi tip, khi li A ca mch khng c hi tip thay i th li
ca ton mch (c hi tip) thay i nh hn (1+A) ln.
Trong trng hp |A| >> 1 th:

Ngha l mch khuch i sau khi thc hin hi tip m li ch cn ty thuc vo
h s hi tip m thi. Thng thng h s hi tip c th c xc nh bi cc thnh
phn th ng khng lin h vi transistor nn li ca mch s c gi vng.
8.4.2 Gim s bin dng:
Bin dng gm c bin dng tn s do s khuch i khng ng u cc tn s v
bin dng phi tuyn do c tnh khng tuyn tnh ca BJT v FET lm pht sinh hi
(harmonic signal) chng ln tn hiu c khuch i lm bin dng tn hiu ng ra. Nh
vy ng ra ngoi thnh phn tn hiu vo c khuch i cn c mt thnh phn nhiu
xut pht t s bin dng ca mch, ta t l D.
Tn hiu ng ra: X
0
= AX
i
+ D
Khi c hi tip m, nu ta gi Xi khng i th tn hiu ra gim v li A
f
< A.
Nhng v s bin dng t l vi A
f
nn cng gim theo.
Khi c hi tip m, mch khuch i A vn cho thnh phn bin dng D nhng ng
ra ca mch ton phn s bin dng by gi ch cn l D
f

Vy nhiu cng gim i 1+A ln khi c hi tip m.
8.4.3 Gia tng di tn hot ng:
li truyn ca cc mch khuch i thng l mt hm s theo tn s (xem li
chng p tuyn tn s).
- tn s cao ta c:

Trong A
m
l li ca mch tn s gia
f
H
l tn s ct cao
Nu mch c hi tip m th li truyn by gi l A
f


Nh vy khi thc hin hi tip m, tn s ct cao tng thm (1+A
m
) ln.
Tng t tn s thp:

vi f
L
l tn s ct thp ca mch khuch i cn bn khng c hi tip.
Dng cch phn gii tng t ta cng tm c:

l trong m thanh f
H
>> f
L
nn rng bng tn thng c xem nh gn
bng f
H
hay f
Hf
.
8.5 IN TR NG VO:
By gi ta xt nh hng ca hi tip m ln tng tr vo ca mch khuch i.
- Nu tn hiu hi tip a v ng vo l in th v ni tip vi in th ng vo
(hnh 8.11a v hnh 8.11b) th tng tr vo s tng.


V in th hi tip v
f
ngc chiu vi v
S
nn dng in vo I
i
nh hn khi mch
cha c hi
- Nu tn hiu hi tip a v ng vo l dng in v mc song song vi tn hiu
dng in ng vo (hnh 8.11c v 8.11d) th tng tr vo s gim.

V I
i
= I
S
- I
f
nn I
i
(vi mt gi tr xc nh ca I
f
) s nh hn khi cha c hi tip
m.

Cc c tnh ca 4 loi mch hi tip m c tm tt bng 8.2

8.5.1 Mch hi tip in th ni tip:
Dng mch hnh 8.11a c v li trong hnh 8.14 vi mch khuch i c thay
th bng mch tng ng Thevenin. Trong mch A
VNL
din t li in th ca mch
h (khng ti) nhng xem RS nh mt thnh phn ca mch khuch i.

i
i i v i i
i
o i i
s
s
if
L o
L VNL
i
o
I
I .R A I R
I
v .I R
I
v
R
R R
.R A
Av
v
v
at
+
=
+
= =
+
= =

R
if
=R
i
(1+A
v
) >R
i
Vy:

Trong : A
VNL
li in th ca mch h khng hi tip
A
V
li in th ca mch khng c hi tip v c R
L
Nh vy:
A
VNL
= lim A
V
(8.14)
R
L

8.5.2 Mch hi tip dng in ni tip:
Dng mch mu hnh 8.11b c v li trong hnh 8.15

V G
m
= limG
M
R
L
0
Trong : Gm l in dn truyn ca mch ni tt (R
L
= 0)
GM l in dn truyn ca mch khng c hi tip nhng c ti.
8.5.3 Mch hi tip dng in song song:
Dng mch mu hnh 8.11c c v li trong hnh 8.16 vi mch khuch i c
thay th bng mch tng ng Norton. Trong mch ny A
i
biu th dng in ca mch
ni tt (R
L
= 0) vi ni tr ngun R
S
c xem nh mt thnh phn ca mch khuch i.

8.5.4 Mch hi tip in th song song:
Dng mch mu hnh 8.11d c v li trong hnh 8.17

-

Ch : R
m
l in tr truyn ca mch h (R
L
= )
R
M
l in tr truyn ca mch khng c hi tip nhng c ti R
L
Do : R
m
= lim R
M
R
M

8.6 IN TR NG RA:
By gi ta xt nh hng ca hi tip m ln in tr ng ra ca mch khuch i.
- Nu tn hiu hi tip m ly mu in th a v ng vo th in tr ng ra ca
mch s gim (R
of
<<R
0
).
- Nu tn hiu hi tip m ly mu dng in a v ng vo th in tr ng ra
ca mch s tng (R
of
>>R
0
).
8.6.1 Mch hi tip in th ni tip:
Chng ta i tm in tr ng ra R
of
cu mch c hi tip nhng cha mc ti R
L
vo.
tm R
of
, ta ni tt ngun ng vo (v
S
= 0, I
S
= 0) v h ti (R
L
= ). a mt ngun
gi tng v vo 2 u ca ng ra, tnh dng in I chy vo mch to ra bi v. in tr ng
ra c nh ngha:

Ch l R
0
chia cho tha s hi tip 1+A
VNL
( ch khng phi A
V
), trong A
VNL

l li in th ca mch khng c hi tip v h (R
L
= ).
Khi a ti R
L
vo mch, in tr ng ra ca mch hi tip by gi l R
of
= R
L
//R
of
.

Ch l by gi R
0
chia cho tha s hi tip 1+A
V
, trong A
V
l li in th
ca mch khng c hi tip nhng c ti R
L
.

8.6.2 Mch hi tip in th song song:
Xem li hnh 8.17. Ngt ngun ng vo (I
S
= 0) v cho h ti (R
L
=)

Rm: li in tr truyn ca mch khng hi tip v khng ti.
Khi mc ti R
L
vo ta c:

8.6.3 Mch hi tip dng in song song:
Xem hnh 8.16 vi v
0
= v

vi Ai l li dng in ca mch ni tt (R
L
= 0). Khi mc R
L
vo:


8.6.4 Mch hi tip dng in ni tip:
Xem hnh 8.15 vi v
S
= 0, R
L
= .
Dng cch tnh tng t nh cc phn trn ta tm c:

c tnh v thng s ca mch khuch i hi tip c tm tt trong bng 8.3. Ch
Gm l in dn truyn ca mch khng c hi tip ni tt (R
L
=0) cn G
M
l khi c ti.


Bng 8.3 Phn tch mch khuch i hi tip
8.7 PHNG PHP PHN TCH MT MCH KHUCH
I C HI TIP:
Bc u tin trong vic phn gii l nhn dng loi mch hi tip. Mch vng ng
vo (input loop) c xc nh l ni a tn hiu in th vo vS: gia cc nn-pht BJT,
cc cng-ngun FET, 2 ng vo mch khuch i visai... Vic trn hoc so snh c
nhn dng l hi tip nu trong mch vo c mt b phn mch mc ni tip vi vS v nu
c ni vi ng ra. Trong trng hp ny in th ngang qua l tn hiu hi tip X
f
= v
f

(hnh 8.11a v hnh 8.11b).
Nu iu kin trn ni tip khng tha, chng ta phi th dng trn song song. Nt
ng vo (input node) c xc nh nh l: Cc nn B ca BJT u tin, cc cng G ca
FET u tin, ng vo o ca mch khuch i visai hay op-amp. Trong trng hp ny
ngun tn hiu Norton c dng trong tn hiu dng in I
S
i vo nt vo. Vic trn
c nhn dng l song song nu c thnh phn ni gia nt vo v mch ng ra. Dng in
trong thnh phn ni ny l tn hiu hi tip X
f
= I
f
(hnh 8.11c v 8.11d).
Tm li, v X
i
= X
S
- X
f
, nn vic trn l ni tip nu hiu tn hiu a vo mch
vng ng vo l in th v l trn song song nu hiu tn hiu a vo nt ng vo l dng
in.


i lng ng ra c ly mu c th l in th hay dng in. Nt ng ra m
in th ng ra v
0
ly ra phi c xc nh r trong mi trng hp ng dng. in th
v0 thng c ly hai u ti R
L
v I
0
l dng in chy qua RL. Ta c th th loi ly
mu theo 2 bc:
1. t v
0
= 0 (tc R
L
= 0). Nu X
f
thnh 0, tn hiu ly mu l in th.
2. t I
0
= 0 (tc R
L
= ). Nu X
f
thnh 0, tn hiu ly mu l dng in.
Mch khuch i khng c hi tip:
Ta phn mch khuch i c hi tip ra lm 2 thnh phn: Mch khuch i cn bn
A v h thng hi tip . Khi xc nh c A v ta tnh c cc c tnh quan trng ca
mch khuch i c hi tip. Mch khuch i cn bn khng c hi tip (nhng h thng
phi c a vo) c xc nh bng cch p dng cc nguyn tc sau y:
- Tm mch ng vo:
1. t v
0
= 0 khi ly mu in th (nt ng ra ni tt).
2. t I
0
= 0 khi ly mu dng in (mch vng ng ra h).
- Tm mch ng ra:
1. t v
i
= 0 khi mch trn song song (nt ng vo ni tt- khng c dng
in hi tip i vo ng vo).
2. t I
i
= 0 khi mch trn ni tip (mch vng ng vo h-khng c in th
hi tip a vo ng vo).
Cc bc phn gii:
Tm A
f
, R
if
, R
of
theo cc bc sau y:
1. Nhn dng loi hi tip. Bc ny xc nh X
f
v X
0
l in th hay
dng in.
2. V mch khuch i cn bn khng c hi tip theo nguyn tc phn trn.
3. Dng ngun tng ng Thevenin nu X
f
l in th v dng ngun
Norton nu X
f
l dng in.
4. Thay thnh phn tc ng bng mch tng ng hp l (th d thng s
h khi tn s thp hay thng s lai ( cho tn s cao).

6. Xc nh A bng nh lut Kirchhoff cho mch tng ng.
7. T A, , tm c F, A
f
, R
if
, R
of
, R
of
.
8.8 MCH HI TIP IN TH NI TIP: (voltage- series
feedback)
Hai th d v mch hi tip in th ni tip quen thuc c kho st mu l mch
khuch i dng FET vi cc thot chung (source follower) v mch cc thu chung dng
BJT (Emitter follower).
Mt mch hi tip in th ni tip 2 tng dng BJT c a vo mc 8.9.

8.8.1 Mch source-follower:
Mch c cho hnh 8.18a. in tr ti l R
L
= R. V mch vng ng vo cha
thnh phn R c ni vi ng ra (v
0
ngang qua R) nn y l trng hp ca mch trn ni
tip. Tn hiu hi tip X
f
l in th vf ngang qua R. Kiu ly mu tm c bng cch cho
v
0
= 0 v khi v
f
= 0 nn l kiu ly mu in th. V vy y l mch hi tip in th ni
tip.

Hnh 8.18 (a) Mch Source follower
(b) Khuch i cn bn khng hi tip
(c) Mch tng ng tn hiu nh tn s thp
v mch khuch i cn bn ta theo 2 bc:
- Tm mch vng ng vo bng cch cho v
0
= 0, khi v
S
c a thng
gia G v S.
- Tm mch ng ra bng cch cho I
i
= 0 (ng vo h). Khi R ch xut hin
trong mch vng ng ra.
Ta v c mch hnh 8.18b.
Khi thay FET bng mch tng ng tn hiu nh tn s thp ta c
mch hnh 8.18c

V

V in tr ng vo ca FET rt ln: R
i
= nn R
if
=R
i
.F=
xc nh in tr ng ra, ta ch R = R
L

8.8.2 Mch Emitter follower:
Mch c cho hnh 8.19a. Tn hiu hi tip l in th v
f
ngang qua R
E
v tn hiu
ly mu l v
0
ngang qua R
E
. Nh vy y l trng hp ca mch hi tip in th ni tip.
v mch khuch i cn bn khng hi tip ta tm mch ng vo bng cch cho v
0

= 0. Vy v
S
ni tip R
S
xut hin gia B v E. tm mch ng ra ta cho I
i
= 0 (mch vng
ng vo h) vy R
E
ch xut hin mch vng ng ra. Ta v c mch hnh 8.19b. Thay
BJT bng mch tng ng tn hiu nh ta c mch hnh 8.19c.

(b) Mch khuch i cn bn khng hi tip
(c) Mch tng ng tn hiu nh tn s thp

Trong R
0
(nhn vo ngun dng in)


8.9 CP HI TIP IN TH NI TIP:
Hnh 8.20 din t mt mch khuch i 2 tng mc ni tip c li ln lt l A
V1
,
A
V2
. tn hiu hi tip c ly t ng ra ca tng th 2 qua h thng R
1
, R
2
a ngc li tn
hiu ng vo v
S
.
Vi cch phn tch tng t nh on trc, ta d dng thy rng y l trng hp
ca mch hi tip in th ni tip. c tnh ch yu nh thy l tng tr vo tng, tng
tr ra gim v li in th n nh.

Mch vo ca mch cn bn c tm bng cch cho v
0
= 0, Vy R
2
hin ra song
song vi R
1
. Ng ra c tm bng cch cho I
i
= 0 (I = 0) Vy ng ra R
1
ni tip vi R
2
.
in th hi tip v
f
ngang qua R
1
t l vi in th c ly mu v
0
nn:

Ta xem mch c th nh hnh 8.21
Trong : R
S
= 0, = 50
Ta th xc nh A
Vf
, R
of
, R
if
u tin ta tnh li ton mch khi cha c hi tip
A
V
= A
V1
. A
V2

Dng cch tnh phn cc nh cc chng trc ta s tm c:
r
e1
# 35 r
e2
# 17
r
e1
=1.75 k r
e2
=850
Ti R
L1
l: R
L1
= 10k //47k //33k //850 813
T hnh 8.20b ta thy rng ti R
L2
ca Q2 l R
c2
//(R1+R2)
R
L2
= 4.7k //4.8k = 2.37k
Cng t hnh 8.20b, ta thy tng tr cc pht ca Q
1
l R
E
vi:
R
E
= R
1
//R
2
= 98

in tr ng vo ca mch khng hi tip:
R
i
= r
e1
+(1+)R
E
= 1.75k +(51)(0.098k) = 6.75k
Khi c hi tip:
R
if
= R
i
.F = 121.5k
in tr ng ra khi cha c hi tip:
R
0
= R
L2
= 2.37k
in tr ng ra khi c hi tip:

8.10 MCH HI TIP DNG IN NI TIP
Ta xem mch c hi tip hnh 8.22.
T cc l lun ca mch Emitter follower ta thy r l tn hiu hi tip X
f
= vf l
in th ngang qua in tr R
E
v l cch trn ni tip.
th loi ly mu ta cho v
0
= 0 (R
L
= 0). Vic lm ny khng to cho in th vf
ngang qua R
E
tr thnh 0v. Nh vy mch ny khng ly mu in th. By gi nu cho I
0
=
0 (R
L
= ) ngha l dng cc thu bng 0 nn v
f
ngang qua R
E
cng bng 0. Vy mch ly
mu dng in ng ra. Vy l mch hi tip dng in ni tip.

Ch l mc d dng in I
0
t l vi v
0
nhng khng th kt lun l mch hi tip
in th ni tip v nu in th ly mu l v
0
th:

v by gi l mt hm s ca ti R
L
.
Mch ng vo ca mch khuch i khng hi tip tm c bng cch cho I
0
bng
0, R
E
xut hin mch vo. tm mch ng ra ta cho I
i
= 0 v R
E
cng hin din mch
ng ra. Mch c v li nh hnh 8.22b v mch tng ng theo thng s re nh hnh
8.22c.
V in th hi tip t l vi I
0
l dng in c ly mu nn v
f
xut hin ngang qua
R
E
trong mch in ng ra (v khng phi ngang qua R
E
trong mch ng vo).

Nu R
E
l mt in tr c nh, li in dn truyn ca mch hi tip rt n nh.
Dng qua ti c cho bi:

Dng qua ti nh vy t l trc tip vi in th ng vo v dng ny ch ty thuc
R
E
. Mt ng dng l dng mch ny lm mch iu khin lm lch chm tia in t trong
dao ng nghim.
li in th cho bi:

8.11 MCH KHUCH I HI TIP DNG IN SONG
SONG:
Hnh 8.23 l mt mch dng 2 transistor lin lc trc tip dng hi tip t cc pht
ca Q
2
v cc nn ca Q
1
qua in tr R. T cc l lun on 8.7 ta thy mch trn song
song c dng v tn hiu hi tip X
f
l dng in I
f
chy qua R c ni t nt vo n
mch ng ra.

nt vo song song vi R
S
.

xc nh loi ly mu, ta cho v
0
= 0 (R
C2
= 0), iu ny khng lm gim I
0
v
khng lm cho dng qua R
E
ca Q
2
xung 0 v dng I
f
khng gim xung 0 vy mch ny
khng phi ly mu in th. By gi nu cho I
0
= 0 (R
C
= ), dng I
f
s bng 0 vy mch
ly mu dng in. Nh vy mch hnh 8.23 l mt mch hi tip dng in song song. By
gi ta s chng minh rng hi tip m. in th v
B2
rt ln i vi v
i
do Q
1
khuch i.
Cng vy, v
B2
lch pha 180
0
so vi pha ca v
i
. V tc ng Emitter follower, v
E2
thay i rt
t so vi v
B2
v 2 in th ny cng pha. Vy v
B2
c bin ln hn v
i
(l v
B1
) v c pha
lch 180
0
so vi pha ca v
i
. Nu tn hiu vo tng lm cho I
S
tng v I
f
cng tng v I
i
= I
S
-
I
f
s nh hn trong trng hp khng c hi tip. Tc ng ny l mt c tnh ca mch
hi tip m.
Mch khuch i khng c hi tip:
Mch vo ca mch khng hi tip tm c bng cch cho I
0
= 0. V dng I
B2
khng
ng k nn cc pht ca Q
2
xem nh h (I
E2
0). Kt qu l R mc ni tip vi R
E
cc
nn ca Q
1
. Mch ng ra tm c bng cch ni tt nt ng vo (cc nn ca Q
1
). Vy R
c xem nh mc song song vi R
E
ti cc pht ca Q
2
. V tn hiu hi tip l dng in,
mch ngun c v li bng ngun tng ng Norton vi I
S
= v
S
/R
S
. Mch tng
ng cui cng nh sau:

Tn hiu hi tip l dng in I
f
chy qua in tr R nm trong mch ng ra. T hnh
8.24 ta c:

Nu R
E
, R, R
C2
, R
S
n nh th A
vf
n nh (c lp vi thng s ca BJT, nhit
hay s dao ng ca ngun in th v
S
).

8.12 MCH HI TIP IN TH SONG SONG:
Hnh 8.25a l mt tng cc pht chung vi in tr R c ni t ng ra tr v ng
vo. Ging nh mch hnh 8.23 ta thy mch trn song song c dng v X
f
l dng in I
f

chy qua R.

Nu chng ta cho v
0
= 0, dng hi tip I
f
s gim ti 0 ch rng kiu ly mu in th
c s dng. Vy mch ny l mch khuch i hi tip in th song song. Nh th li
truyn (in tr truyn) A
f
= R
Mf
c n nh v c hai in tr ng vo v ng ra u b
gim.
Mch khuch i khng hi tip:
Mch vo c xc nh bng cch ni tt nt ra (V
0
= 0) nh vy R ni t cc B
n cc E ca BJT. Mch ng ra c xc nh bng cch ni tt nt vo (v
i
= 0), nh vy
R ni t cc thu n cc pht. Kt qu l mch tng ng khng hi tip c v li
hnh 8.25b. V tn hiu hi tip l dng in, ngun tn hiu c biu din bng ngun
tng ng Norton vi I
S
= v
S
/R
S
.
Tn hiu hi tip l dng in I
f
chy qua in tr R nm trong mch ng ra. T hnh
8.25b:

iu ny chng t rng I
f
t l vi v
0
v tn hiu ly mu l in th.
Vi mch khuch i c hi tip ta c:

Ch rng in tr truyn bng lng m ca in tr hi tip t ng ra v ng vo.
V nu R l mt in tr n nh th in tr truyn s n nh. li in th vi mch
hi tip:


BI TP CUI CHNG VIII
******

Bi 1: a/ Cho mch in nh hnh v. Tm in th xoay chiu v
i
(theo v
S
v v
f
). Gi s
mch khuch i o c in tr vo v hn v

Transistor c cc thng s =100; phn cc vi I
C
= 1.3mA

Bi 2: Mt mch khuch i cn bn khng hi tip cho ng ra l 30v vi 10% bin dng
ha tn bc hai (second-harmonic distortion) khi ng vo 0.025v.
a/ Nu 1.5% ng ra c hi tip v ng vo bng mch khuch i hi tip m in
th ni tip th in th ng ra nh th no?
b/ Nu ng ra vn gi 30v, nhng ha tn bc 2 gim cn 1% th in th ng vo
l bao nhiu?
Bi 3: Mt mch khuch i c hi tip nh hnh sau dng 2 transistor c = 100; phn cc
vi dng I
C
= 1mA. Cc t in xem nh ni tt tn s ca tn hiu.


Bi 4: Trong mch khuch i hi tip sau, transistor c cc thng s =100, phn cc vi
I
C
=1.3mA. B qua iu kin phn cc.

Bi 5: Transistor trong mch c cc thng s =100; phn cc vi I
C
=1.3mA. Tnh:

Bi 6: Transistor trong mch c cc thng s =100, phn cc vi I
C
=1.3mA.
a/ Vi R
E
= 0. Xc nh:
R
Mf
= V
0
/I
S
; A
Vf
=V
0
/V
S
, trong I
S
=V
S
/R
S
R
if
, R
0f
b/ Lp li bi ton vi R
E
=0.5k

Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut
Chng 9

MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT
(Power Amplifier)

Mch khuch i cng sut c nhim v to ra mt cng sut ln kch thch ti.
Cng sut ra c th t vi trm mw n vi trm watt. Nh vy mch cng sut lm vic vi
bin tn hiu ln ng vo: do ta khng th dng mch tng ng tn hiu nh
kho st nh trong cc chng trc m thng dng phng php th.
Ty theo ch lm vic ca transistor, ngi ta thng phn mch khuch i cng
sut ra thnh cc loi chnh nh sau:
- Khuch i cng sut loi A: Tn hiu c khuch i gn nh tuyn tnh, ngha l
tn hiu ng ra thay i tuyn tnh trong ton b chu k 360
o
ca tn hiu ng vo
(Transistor hot ng c hai bn k ca tn hiu ng vo).
- Khuch i cng sut loi AB: Transistor c phn cc gn vng ngng. Tn
hiu ng ra thay i hn mt na chu k ca tn hiu vo (Transistor hot ng hn mt na
chu k - dng hoc m - ca tn hiu ng vo).
- Khuch i cng sut loi B: Transistor c phn cc ti V
BE
=0 (vng ngng).
Ch mt na chu k m hoc dng - ca tn hiu ng vo c khuch i.
- Khuch i cng sut loi C: Transistor c phn cc trong vng ngng ch
mt phn nh hn na chu k ca tn hiu ng vo c khuch i. Mch ny thng c
dng khuch i cng sut tn s cao vi ti cng hng v trong cc ng dng c bit.
Hnh 9.1 m t vic phn loi cc mch khuch i cng sut.

Trng Vn Tm IX-1 Mch in T


9.1 MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT LOI A:
Mch phn cc c nh nh hnh 9.2 l m hnh ca mt mch khuch i
cng sut loi A n gin.
Error!



. Kho st phn cc:

. Kho st xoay chiu:
Khi a tn hiu v
i
vo ng vo (hnh 9.2), dng I
C
v in th V
CE
(tn hiu
ra) s thay i quanh im iu hnh Q. Vi tn hiu ng vo nh (hnh 9.4), v dng in
cc nn thay i rt t nn dng in I
C
v in th V
CE
ng ra cng thay i t quanh
im iu hnh.
Khi tn hiu ng vo ln, ng ra s thay i rt ln quanh im tnh iu hnh.
Dng I
C
s thay i quanh gii hn 0mA v V
CC
/R
C
. in th V
CE
thay i gia hai gii
hn 0v v ngun V
CC
(hnh 9.5).



. Kho st cng sut:
- Cng sut cung cp c nh ngha:
P
i(dc)
= V
CC
. I
CQ
(9.1)
- Cng sut ng ra ly trn ti, trong trng hp ny l R
C
, c nh ngha:

* Nu tnh theo in th nh v dng in nh:


* Nu tnh theo in th v dng in nh i nh:

. Hiu sut ti a:
Ta thy trong mch cng sut loi A, V
CE
c th thay i ti a:
V
CE(p-p)
max = V
CC
Dng I
C
thay i ti a:
I
C(p-p)
max = V
CC
/R
C
Cng sut ra ti a:


9.2 MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT LOI A DNG
BIN TH:
Mch c bn c dng nh hnh 9.6

Bin th s lm tng hoc gim in th hay dng in (tn hiu xoay chiu) ty
vo s vng qun ca cun s cp v th cp. y ta xem bin th nh l tng ngha l
truyn 100% cng sut. Nu gi N
1
, N
2
, v
1
, v
2
, I
1
, I
2
ln lt l s vng qun, in th tn
hiu xoay chiu, dng in tn hiu xoay chiu ca cun s cp v th cp. Ta c:


Nh vy c th xem nh in tr ti phn chiu qua cun s cp l:

. ng thng ly in:
Nu ta xem bin th l tng, ngha l ni tr bng 0. Nh vy khng c in th
mt chiu gim qua cun s cp nn V
CEQ
= V
CC
. . Do ng thng ly in tnh l
ng thng song song vi trc tung I
C
v ct trc honh V
CE
ti im c tr s bng V
CC
.
Giao im ca ng thng ly in tnh v c tuyn ra I
B
tng ng l im iu hnh
Q.


ch xoay chiu, in tr ti nhn t cun s cp l R
L
nn ng thng ly in
ng by gi

Do : P
L
=I
2
L(rms)
.R
L

. Hiu sut:
Cng sut cung cp l:

P
i(dc)
= V
CC
. I
CQ
Cng sut tiu tn trong bin th v transistor cng sut l:
P
Q
= P
i(dc)
- P
o(ac)

Hiu sut ca mch c nh ngha:

9.3 KHO ST MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT LOI
B
Trong mch khuch i cng sut loi B, ngi ta phn cc vi V
B
=0V nn bnh
thng transistor khng dn in v ch dn in khi c tn hiu ln a vo. Do phn
cc nh th nn transistor ch dn in c mt bn k ca tn hiu (bn k dng hay
m ty thuc vo transistor NPN hay PNP). Do mun nhn c c chu k ca tn hiu
ng ra ngi ta phi dng 2 transistor, mi transistor dn in mt na chu k ca tn
hiu. Mch ny gi l mch cng sut y ko (push-pull).
B

Cng sut cung cp: (cng sut vo)
Ta c: Pi(dc) = V
CC
. I
DC
Trong I
DC
l dng in trung bnh cung cp cho mch. Do dng ti c c hai
bn k nn nu gi I
P
l dng nh qua ti ta c:


. Cng sut ra:
Cng sut ra ly trn ti R
L
c th c tnh:

. Cng sut tiu tn trong transistor cng sut:
Tiu tn trong 2 transistor:

P
2Q
= P
i(dc)
- P
o(ac)
Vy cng sut tiu tn trong mi transistor cng sut:

Cng sut tiu tn ti a ca 2 transistor cng sut khng xy ra khi cng sut ng
vo ti a hay cng sut ng ra ti a. Cng sut tiu tn s ti a khi in th hai u ti
l:


9.4 DNG MCH CNG SUT LOI B:
Trong phn ny ta kho st mt s dng mch cng sut loi B thng dng.
Tn hiu vo c dng hnh sin s cung cp cho 2 tng cng sut khc nhau. Nu tn
hiu vo l hai tn hiu sin ngc pha, 2 tng cng sut ging ht nhau c dng, mi tng
hot ng mt bn k ca tn hiu. Nu tn hiu vo ch c mt tn hiu sin, phi dng 2
transistor cng sut khc loi: mt NPN hot ng bn k dng v mt PNP hot ng
bn k m.
to c 2 tn hiu ngc pha ng vo (nhng cng bin ), ngi ta c th dng
bin th c im gia (bin th o pha), hoc dng transistor mc thnh mch khuch i
c li in th bng 1 hoc dng op-amp mc theo kiu voltage-follower nh din t
bng cc s sau:

9.4.1 Mch khuch i cng sut Push-pull lin lc bng bin th:
Dng mch c bn nh sau:



- Trong bn k dng ca tn hiu, Q
1
dn. Dng i
1
chy qua bin th ng ra to cm
ng cp cho ti. Lc ny pha ca tn hiu a vo Q
2
l m nn Q
2
ngng dn.
- n bn k k tip, tn hiu a vo Q
2
c pha dng nn Q
2
dn. Dng i
2
qua bin
th ng ra to cm ng cung cp cho ti. Trong lc pha tn hiu a vo Q
1
l m nn Q
1

ngng dn.
Ch l i
1
v i
2
chy ngc chiu nhau trong bin th ng ra nn in th cm ng
bn cun th cp to ra bi Q
1
v Q
2
cng ngc pha nhau, chng kt hp vi nhau to
thnh c chu k ca tn hiu.

Thc t, tn hiu ng ra ly c trn ti khng c trn vn nh trn m b bin dng.
L do l khi bt u mt bn k, transistor khng dn in ngay m phi ch khi bin
vt qua in th ngng V
BE
. S bin dng ny gi l s bin dng xuyn tm (cross-
over). khc phc, ngi ta phn cc V
B
dng mt cht (th d transistor NPN)
transistor c th dn in tt ngay khi c tn hiu p vo chn B. Cch phn cc ny gi l
phn cc loi AB. Ch l trong cch phn cc ny dn in ca transistor cng sut
khng ng k khi cha c tn hiu
B

Ngoi ra, do hot ng vi dng I
C
ln, transistor cng sut d b nng ln. Khi nhit
tng, in th ngng V
BE
gim (transistor d dn in hn) lm dng I
C
cng ln hn, hin
tng ny chng cht dn n h hng transistor. khc phc, ngoi vic phi gii nhit
y cho transistor, ngi ta mc thm mt in tr nh (thng l vi ) hai chn E
ca transistor cng sut xung mass. Khi transistor chy mnh, nhit tng, I
C
tng tc I
E

lm V
E
tng dn n V
BE
gim. Kt qu l transistor dn yu tr li.



Ngoi ra, ngi ta thng mc thm mt in tr nhit c h s nhit m (thermistor) song
song vi R
2
gim bt in th phn cc V
B
b tr khi nhit tng.
9.4.2 Mch cng sut kiu i xng - b tc:
Mch ch c mt tn hiu ng vo nn phi dng hai transistor cng sut khc loi:
mt NPN v mt PNP. Khi tn hiu p vo cc nn ca hai transistor, bn k dng lm cho
transistor NPN dn in, bn k m lm cho transistor PNP dn in. Tn hiu nhn c
trn ti l c chu k.

Cng ging nh mch dng bin th, mch cng sut khng dng bin th mc nh trn
vp phi s bin dng cross-over do phn cc chn B bng 0v. khc phc, ngi ta cng
phn cc mi cho cc chn B mt in th nh (dng i vi transistor NPN v m i vi
transistor PNP). n nh nhit, 2 chn E cng c mc thm hai in tr nh.


Trong thc t, tng cng sut ca mch, ngi ta thng dng cc cp
Darlington hay cp Darlington_cp hi tip nh c m t hnh 9.18 v hnh 9.19.


9.4.3 Kho st vi dng mch thc t:
Trong phn ny, ta xem qua hai dng mch rt thng dng trong thc t: mch
dng transistor v dng op-amp lm tng khuch i in th.
9.4.3.1 Mch cng sut vi tng khuch i in th l transistor:
Mch c dng c bn nh hnh 9.20

Cc c im chnh:
- Q
1
l transistor khuch i in th v cung cp tn hiu cho 2 transistor
cng sut.
- D
1
v D
2
ngoi vic n nh in th phn cc cho 2 transistor cng sut (gi
cho in th phn cc gia 2 chn B khng vt qu 1.4v) cn c nhim v lm ng lin
lc cp tn hiu cho Q
2
(D
1
v D
2
c phn cc thun).
- Hai in tr 3.9( n nh hot ng ca 2 transistor cng sut v phng
din nhit .
- T 47F to hi tip dng cho Q
2
, mc ch nng bin ca tn hiu tn
s thp (thng c gi l t Boostrap).
- Vic phn cc Q
1
quyt nh ch lm vic ca mch cng sut.
9.4.3.2 Mch cng sut vi tng khuch i in th l op-amp
Mt mch cng sut dng AB vi op-amp c m t nh hnh 9.21:
- Bin tr R
2
: dng chnh in th offset ng ra (chnh sao cho ng ra bng 0v
khi khng c tn hiu vo).
- D
1
v D
2
phn cc thun nn:
V
B1
= 0.7v
V
B2
= - 0.7v



- in th V
BE
ca 2 transistor cng sut thng c thit k khong 0.6v,
ngha l gim th qua in tr 10 l 0.1v.
- Mt cch gn ng dng qua D
1
v D
2
l:

Nh vy ta thy khng c dng in phn cc chy qua ti.
- Dng in cung cp tng cng:
I
n
= I
1
+ I + I
C
= 1.7 + 9.46 + 10 = 21.2 mA
(khi cha c tn hiu, dng cung cp qua op-amp 741 l 1.7mA -nh sn xut
cung cp).
- Cng sut cung cp khi cha c tn hiu:
Pin (standby) = 2V
CC
. I
n
(standby)
= (12v) . (21.2) = 254 mw
- khuch i in th ca mch:


- Dng in qua ti:

- in th nh qua ti:
V
o(p)
= 0.125 . 8 = 1v
- Khi Q
1
dn (bn k dng ca tn hiu), in th nh ti chn B ca Q
1
l:
V
B1(p)
= V
E1(p)
+ 0.7v = 2.25 + 0.7 = 2.95v
- in th ti ng ra ca op-amp:
V
1
= V
B1
- V
D1
= 2.95 - 0.7 = 2.25v
- Tng t khi Q
2
dn:
V
B2(p)
= V
E2(p)
- 0.7v = -2.25 - 0.7 = -2.95v
- in th ti ng ra op-amp:
V
1
= V
B2(p)
+ V
D2
= -2.95 + 0.7 = -2.25v
- Khi Q
1
ngng (Q
2
dn)
V
B1
= V
1
+ V
D1
= -2.25 + 0.7 = -1.55v
- Tng t khi Q
1
dn (Q
2
ngng)


V
B2
= V
1
- V
D2
= 2.25 - 0.7 = 1.55v
- Dng bo ha qua mi transistor:

- in th V
o
ti a:
V
o(p) max
= 333.3 * 8 =2.67v

9.4.3.3 Mch cng sut dng MOSFET:
Phn ny gii thiu mt mch dng MOSFET cng sut vi tng u l mt
mch khuch i vi sai. Cch tnh phn cc, v nguyn tc cng ging nh phn trn. Ta
ch mt s im c bit:
- Q
1
v Q
2
l mch khuch i vi sai. R
2
to in th phn cc cho cc nn ca Q
1
.
R
1
, C
1
dng gii hn tn s cao cho mch (chng nhiu tn s cao).
- Bin tr R
5
to cn bng cho mch khuch i visai.
- R
13
, R
14
, C
3
l mch hi tip m, quyt nh li in th ca ton mch.
- R
15
, C
2
mch lc h thng c tc dng gim sng d trn ngun cp in ca tng
khuch i vi sai.
- Q
4
dng nh mt tng o pha rp theo mch khuch i hng A.
- Q
3
hot ng nh mt mch n p n nh in th phn cc gia hai cc cng
ca cp cng sut.
- D
1
dng gii hn bin vo cc cng Q
5
. R
16
v D
1
tc dng nh mt mch
bo v.
- R
17
v C
8
to thnh ti gi xoay chiu khi cha mc ti.


Hinh 9.23 Cong suat 30W dung MOSFET
9.5 IC CNG SUT:
Trong mch cng sut m tng u l op-amp, nu ta phn cc bng ngun
n th mch c dng nh sau:
- R
1
, R
2
dng phn cc cho ng vo c in th bng V
CC
/2.
- Mch hi tip m gm R
7
, R
8
v C
3
vi R
8
<< R
7
. t C
3
to li in th
mt chiu bng n v. Nh vy khi cha c tn hiu vo, hai ng vo + v ng vo - cng
nh ng ra ca tng op-amp u c in th phn cc bng V
CC
/2, bng vi in th mt
chiu ng ra ca mch cng sut.



- T C
2
(t xut) ngn in th mt chiu qua ti v m bo in th phn cc
ng ra bng V
CC
/2.
- li in th ca ton mch: Av 1+R
7
/R
8

Cc IC cng sut thng c ch to bn trong c cu trc gn tng t nh
mch trn. Vi nhng IC cng sut ln, tng cui c th l cc cp darlington-cp hi tip.
Ngoi ra nng cao cht lng, ngi ta cn ch to thm mt s mch c chc nng c
bit nh bo v ni tt ng ra, b chnh tn s ...
Th d ta xem Ic cng sut LM1877 (bn trong c 2 mch cng sut vi cng
sut ra ti a l 1w/knh) c s chn nh sau:


Mch sau y cho thy cch rp thnh mch cng sut 1watt vi cc linh kin
bn ngoi khi dng 1 knh.

Trong ch mt s c im:
- R
2
, C
7
, R
3
, C
4
quyt nh khuch i ca mch (mch hi tip m).
- R
4
, C
5
lm ti gi cho mch v iu ha tng tr loa tn s cao.
- T C
7
quyt nh p ng tn s cao.
- R
1
phn cc ng vo.
R
1
khng c qu nh s lm bin tn hiu vo.
- khuch i ca mch tn s gia


Trong trng hp rp 2 knh, mch in nh hnh sau:


BI TP CUI CHNG IX

Bi 1: Tnh cng sut vo, cng sut ra v hiu sut ca mch sau, bit rng khi c tn hiu
ng vo dng I
B
s dao ng vi bin nh l 10mA.

Bi 2: Trong mch khuch i cng sut sau y:
1. Tnh cng sut vo, cng sut ra v cng sut tiu ph trong mi transistor.
2. Tnh cng sut v hiu sut ca mch khi tn hiu vo c bin hiu dng
l 12V(r
ms
).

Bi 3: Mt mch cng sut loi A dng bin th vi t s vng 4:1. Dng ngun cp in
V
CC
= 36V mch cho cng sut 2 watt trn ti 16.
Tnh:
a/. P
(ac)
trn cun s cp.
b/. v
L(ac)
.
c/. v
(ac)
trn cun s cp.
d/. Tr hiu dng ca dng in qua ti v trn cun s cp.

Bi 4: Mt mch khuch i cng sut loi A nh hnh v. Xc nh:
a/. li in th gn ng ca mch.
b/. Cng sut vo P
i(dc)
.
c/. Cng sut ra P
o(ac)
.

d/. Hiu sut ca mch.
Cho bit dng tiu th ca LM324 khi cha c tn hiu l 0.8mA.

Bi 5: Trong mch cng sut hnh 9.23 cho bit V
GS(th)
ca IRF532 thay i t 2v n 4v v
V
GS(th)
ca IRF9532 thay i t -2v n -4v. Mt cch gn ng, tnh in th ti a v ti
thiu gia 2 cc cng ca cp cng sut.


Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Chng 10

MCH DAO NG (Oscillators)

Ngoi cc mch khuch i in th v cng sut, dao ng cng l loi mch cn
bn ca ngnh in t. Mch dao ng c s dng ph bin trong cc thit b vin
thng. Mt cch n gin, mch dao ng l mch to ra tn hiu.
Tng qut, ngi ta thng chia ra lm 2 loi mch dao ng: Dao ng iu ha
(harmonic oscillators) to ra cc sng sin v dao ng tch thot (th gin - relaxation
oscillators) thng to ra cc tn hiu khng sin nh rng ca, tam gic, vung (sawtooth,
triangular, square).
10.1 MCH DAO NG SIN TN S THP:
Ta xem li mch khuch i c hi tip

- Nu pha ca v
f
lch 180
0
so vi v
s
ta c hi tip m.
- Nu pha ca v
f
cng pha vi v
s
(hay lch 360
0
) ta c hi tip dng.
li ca mch khi c hi tip:

Trng Vn Tm X-1 Mch in T

Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Trng hp c bit A
v
= 1 c gi l chun c Barkausen (Barkausen
criteria), lc ny A
f
tr nn v hn, ngha l khi khng c tn hiu ngun v
s
m vn c tn
hiu ra v
0
, tc mch t to ra tn hiu v c gi l mch dao ng. Tm li iu kin
c dao ng l:
Av=1

A
+
B
= 0 (360 ) iu kin ny ch tha mt tn s no , ngha l
trong h thng hi tip dng phi c mch chn tn s.
B
0 0
Nu Av >> 1 (ng iu kin pha) th mch dao ng t n nh nhanh
nhng dng sng mo nhiu (thin v vung) cn nu Av > 1 v gn bng 1 th mch
t n n nh chm nhng dng sng ra t mo. Cn nu Av < 1 th mch khng
dao ng c.
10.1.1 Dao ng dch pha (phase shift oscillator):
- To sng sin tn s thp nht l trong di m tn.
- Cn gi l mch dao ng RC.
- Mch c th dng BJT, FET hoc Op-amp.
- Thng dng mch khuch i o (lch pha 180
0
) nn h thng hi tip
phi lch pha thm 180
0
to hi tip dng.
a. Nguyn tc:

- H thng hi tip gm ba mc R-C, mi mc c lch pha ti a 90
0
nn
lch pha l 180
0
phi dng ba mc R-C.
- Mch tng ng tng qut ca ton mch dao ng dch pha c m
t hnh 10.2


Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Nu R
i
rt ln v R
0
nh khng ng k
Ta c: v
0
= v
1
= Av.v
i
v
i
= v
2
- H thng hi tip gm 3 mc C-R, v c v li nh hnh 10.3.

- phn gii mch ta theo 4 bc:
+ Vit phng trnh tnh li in th = v
2
/v
1
ca h thng hi
tip.
+ Rt gn thnh dng a + jb
+ Cho b = 0 xc nh tn s dao ng f
0
+ Thay f
0
vo phng trnh ca bc 1 xc nh gi tr ca ti
f
0
.

T :

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

V:

mch lch pha 180
0
:

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Thay
0
vo biu thc ca ta tm c:

b. Mch dch pha dng op-amp:
- Do op-amp c tng tr vo rt ln v tng tr ra khng ng k nn mch dao
ng ny minh ha rt tt cho chun c Barkausen. Mch cn bn c v hnh 10.4
- Tn s dao ng c xc nh bi:


Chng 10: Mch dao ng
c. Mch dao ng dch pha dng FET:
- Do FET c tng tr vo rt ln nn cng thch hp cho loi mch ny.
- Tng tr ra ca mch khuch i khi khng c hi tip:
R0 = RD||rD phi thit k sao cho R
0
khng ng k so vi tng tr vo ca h thng hi
tip tn s dao ng vn tha mn cng thc:

Nu iu kin trn khng tha mn th ngoi R v C, tn s dao ng s cn ty
thuc vo R
0
(xem mch dng BJT).

- li vng h ca mch: A
v
= -g
m
(R
D
||r
D
) 29 nn phi chn Fet c g
m
, r
D
ln
v phi thit k vi R
D
tng i ln.

d. Mch dng BJT:
- Mch khuch i l cc pht chung c hoc khng c t phn dng cc
pht.

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

- iu kin tng tr vo ca mch khng tha mn nn in tr R cui
cng ca h thng hi tip l:
R = R + (R
1
||R
2
||Z
b
) (10.8)
Vi Z
b
= r
e
nu c C
E
v Z
b
= (r
e
+ R
E
) nu khng c C
E
.
- Tng tr ca mch khi cha c hi tip R
0
R
C
khng nh lm nn lm
nh hng n tn s dao ng. Mch phn gii c v li

-p dng cch phn gii nh phn trc ta tm c tn s dao ng:

- Thng ngi ta thm mt tng khuch i m cc thu chung ti
khng nh hng n mch dao ng.

Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.1.2 Mch dao ng cu Wien: (wien bridge oscillators)
- Cng l mt dng dao ng dch pha. Mch thng dng op-amp rp theo
kiu khuch i khng o nn h thng hi tip phi c lch pha 0
0
. Mch cn bn
nh hnh 10.8a v h thng hi tip nh hnh 10.8b

Ti tn s dao ng
0
:

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Trong mch c bn hnh 10.8a, ta ch :
- Nu li vng h A
v
< 3 mch khng dao ng
- Nu li vng h A
v
>> 3 th tn hiu dao ng nhn c b bin dng
(nh dng v nh m ca hnh sin b ct).
- Cch tt nht l khi khi ng, mch to A
v
> 3 ( d dao ng) xong
gim dn xung gn bng 3 c th gim thiu ti a vic bin dng. Ngi ta c nhiu
cch, hnh 10.9 l mt v d dng diode hot ng trong vng phi tuyn thay i
li in th ca mch.
- Khi bin ca tn hiu ra cn nh, D
1
, D
2
khng dn in v khng nh
hng n mch. li in th ca mch lc ny l:

- li ny mch dao ng. Khi in th nh ca tn hiu ngang qua
R
4
khong 0.5 volt th cc diode s bt u dn in. D
1
dn khi ng ra dng v D
2
dn
khi ng ra m. Khi dn mnh nht, in th ngang diode xp x 0.7 volt. l hai diode
ch dn in phn nh ca tn hiu ra v n hot ng nh mt in tr thay i ni
tip vi R
5
v song song vi R
4
lm gim li ca mch, sao cho li lc ny xung
gn bng 3 v c tc dng lm gim thiu s bin dng. Vic phn gii hot ng ca
diode trong vng phi tuyn tng i phc tp, thc t ngi ta mc thm mt in tr
R
5
(nh hnh v) iu chnh li ca mch sao cho bin dng t c mc
thp nht.

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

- Ngoi ra cng nn l bin dng s cng nh khi bin tn hiu
ng ra cng thp. Thc t, ly tn hiu ra ca mch dao ng ngi ta c th mc thm
mt mch khng o song song vi R
1
C
1
nh hnh v thay v mc ni tip ng ra ca
mch dao ng. Do tng tr vo ln, mch ny gn nh khng nh hng n h thng
hi tip nhng tn hiu ly ra c bin dng c gim thiu ng k do tc ng lc
ca R
1
C
1
.
- Mt phng php khc gim bin dng v tng n nh bin tn
hiu dao ng, ngi ta s dng JFET trong mch hi tip m nh mt in tr thay i.
Lc ny JFET c phn cc trong vng in tr (ohmic region-vng ID cha bo ha)
v tc ng nh mt in tr thay i theo in th (VVR-voltage variable resistor).

- Ta xem mch hnh 10.10

- D
1
, D
2
c dng nh mch chnh lu mt bn k (m); C
3
l t lc.
Mch ny to in th m phn cc cho JFET.
- Khi cp in, mch bt u dao ng, bin tn hiu ra khi cha lm
cho D
1
v D
2
dn in th V
GS
= 0 tc JFET dn mnh nht v r
ds
nh nht v li in
th ca op-amp t gi tr ti a.
- S dao ng tip tc, khi in th nh ng ra m t tr s xp x -(V
z
+
0.7v) th D
1
v D
2
s dn in v V
GS
bt u m.

Chng 10: Mch dao ng
- S gia tng ca tn hiu in th nh ng ra s lm cho V
GS
cng m tc
r
ds
tng. Khi r
ds
tng, li A
v
ca mch gim cui cng t c li vng bng
n v khi mch hot ng n nh.
- Thc t, mch hot ng iu kin tt nht, ngi ta dng bin tr R
4

c th chnh t bin dng thp nht.
Vn iu chnh tn s:
- Trong mch dao ng cu Wien, tn s v h s hi tip c xc nh
bng cng thc:

- Nh vy thay i tn s dao ng, ta c th thay i mt trong cc
thnh phn trn. Tuy nhin, l khi c h s hi tip cng thay i theo v li
vng cng thay i, iu ny c th lm cho mch mt dao ng hoc tn hiu dao ng
b bin dng.
- khc phc iu ny, ngi ta thng thay i R
1
, R
2
hoc C
1
, C
2
cng
lc (dng bin tr i hoc t xoay i) khng lm thay i h s. Hnh 10.11 m t
vic iu chnh ny.

- Tuy nhin, hai bin tr rt kh ng nht v thay i ging ht nhau nn kh
gi vng. Mt cch khc iu chnh tn s dao ng l dng k thut hi tip m v
ch thay i mt thnh phn mch v khng lm thay i li vng d v A
v
u thay
i. Mch in nh hnh 10.12
- Tn s dao ng ca mch vn c xc nh bi:

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Vy khi R
1
tng th f
0
gim, tng. Ngc li khi R
1
gim th f
0
tng v gim.
Mch A
2
a vo trong h thng hi tip dng gi vng li vng lun bng n v
khi ta iu chnh tn s (tc thay i R
1
). Tht vy, ta th tnh li vng h A
v
ca
mch

Ton b mch dao ng cu Wien c iu chnh tn s v bin dng tham
kho c v hnh 10.14


Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.2 MCH DAO NG SIN TN S CAO:
Dao ng dch pha khng dng c tn s cao do lc t in phi c in
dung rt nh. to sng tn s cao ngi ta thng a vo h thng hi tip cc mch
cng hng LC (song song hoc ni tip).
10.2.1 Mch cng hng (resonant circuit):
a. Cng hng ni tip (series resonant circuit):
- Gm c mt t in v mt cun cm mc ni tip.
- Cm khng ca cun dy l jX
L
= 2f
L

- Thc t, cun cm L lun c ni tr R nn tng tr thc ca mch l: Z =
R + jX
L
- jX
C
.
- Ti tn s cng hng f
0
th X
L
= X
C
nn Z
0
= R

- Vy ti tn s cng hng tng tr ca mch c tr s cc tiu.
- Khi tn s f < f
0
tng tr c tnh dung khng.
- Khi tn s f > f
0
tng tr c tnh cm khng.

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

b. Cng hng song song (parallel resonant ci rcuit)
Tng tr ca mch:


Chng 10: Mch dao ng

10.2.2 Tng qut v dao ng LC:
-Dng tng qut nh hnh 10.17a v mch hi tip nh hnh 10.17b

- Gi s R
i
rt ln i vi Z
2
(thng c tha v Z
2
rt nh)
tnh h s hi tip ta dng hnh 10.17b

xc nh A
v
( li ca mch khuch i cn bn ta dng mch 10.17c


Chng 10: Mch dao ng


Chng 10: Mch dao ng

10.2.3 Mch dao ng Colpitts:
Ta xem mch dng JFET

So snh vi mch tng qut:
Z
1
= C
1
; Z
2
= C
2
; Z
3
= L
1
; C
3
: t lin lc ng vo lm cch ly in th phn
cc.
L
2
: cun chn cao tn (Radio-frequency choke) c ni tr khng ng k
nhng c cm khng rt ln tn s dao ng, dng cch ly tn hiu dao ng vi ngun
cp in.
Ti tn s cng hng: Z
1
+ Z
2
+ Z
3
= 0


Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Kt qu trn cho thy mch khuch i phi l mch o v li vng h
phi c tr tuyt i ln hn C
2
/C
1
.
A
v(oc)
l li khng ti: A
v(oc)
= -g
m
(r
d
//X
L2
)
Do X
L2
rt ln ti tn s cng hng, nn: A
v(oc)
-g
m
r
d
Mt mch dng BJT

10.2.4 Dao ng Clapp (clapp oscillator):
Dao ng clapp tht ra l mt dng thay i ca mch dao ng colpitts. Cun
cm trong mch dao ng colpitts i thnh mch LC ni tip. Ti tn s cng hng,
tng tr ca mch ny c tnh cm khng.

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Ti tn s cng hng: Z
1
+ Z
2
+ Z
3
= 0

l do mch L
1
C
3
phi c tnh cm khng tn s dao ng nn C
3
phi c tr
s nh, thng l nh nht trong C
1
, C
2
, C
3
v f
0
gn nh ch ty thuc vo L
1
C
3
mc ni
tip.
Ngi ta cng c th dng mch clapp ci tin nh hnh 10.21
Tn s dao ng cng c tnh bng cng thc trn nhng ch do dng mch
cc thu chung (A
v
, 1) nn h s phi c tr tuyt i ln hn 1.

10.2.5 Dao ng Hartley (hartley oscillators)
Cng ging nh dao ng colpitts nhng v tr ca cun dy v t hon i
nhau.
Z
1
= L
1
; Z
2
= L
2
; Z
3
= C
1

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Hai cun cm L
1
v L
2
mc ni tip nn in cm ca ton mch l L = L
1

+ L
2
+ 2M vi M l h cm.

T iu kin: Z
1
+ Z
2
+ Z
3
= 0 ti tn s cng hng vi
Z
1
+Z
2
=Z
l
=j
0
L

Ta cng c th dng mch cc thu chung nh hnh 10.23


Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.3 DAO NG THCH ANH (crystal oscillators)
10.3.1 Thch anh
Tinh th thch anh (quaRtz crytal) l loi trong m trong thin nhin,
chnh l dioxyt silicium (SiO
2
).
Tinh th thch anh dng trong mch dao ng l mt lt mng c ct ra
t tinh th. Ty theo mt ct m lt thch anh c c tnh khc nhau. Lt thch anh c
din tch t nh hn 1cm
2
n vi cm
2
c mi rt mng, phng (vi mm) v 2 mt tht
song song vi nhau. Hai mt ny c m kim loi v ni chn ra ngoi d s dng.

c tnh ca tinh th thch anh l tnh p in (piezoelectric effect) theo
khi ta p mt lc vo 2 mt ca lt thch anh (nn hoc ko dn) th s xut hin mt in
th xoay chiu gia 2 mt. Ngc li di tc dng ca mt in th xoay chiu, lt
thch anh s rung mt tn s khng i v nh vy to ra mt in th xoay chiu c
tn s khng i. Tn s rung ng ca lt thch anh ty thuc vo kch thc ca n c
bit l dy mt ct. Khi nhit thay i, tn s rung ng ca thch anh cng thay
i theo nhng vn c n nh tt hn rt nhiu so vi cc mch dao ng khng dng
thch anh (tn s dao ng gn nh ch ty thuc vo thch anh m khng l thuc mch
ngoi).
Mch tng ng ca thch anh nh hnh 10.25

Tinh th thch anh cng hng hai tn s khc nhau:

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Ta c th dng thch anh thay th mch ni tip LC, mch s dao ng tn
s f
S
. Cn nu thay th mch song song LC, mch s dao ng tn s f
p
(hoc f
op
). Do
thch anh c in cm L
S
ln, in dung ni tip rt nh nn thch anh s quyt nh tn
s dao ng ca mch; linh kin bn ngoi khng lm thay i nhiu tn s dao ng
(di 1/1000). Thng ngi ta ch to cc thch anh c tn s dao ng t 100khz tr
ln, tn s cng thp cng kh ch to.

Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.3.2 Dao ng thch anh:
Dao ng dng thch anh nh mch cng hng ni tip cn gi l mch
dao ng Pierce (Pierce crystal oscillator). Dng tng qut nh sau:

Ta thy dng mch ging nh mch dao ng clapp nhng thay cun dy v t
in ni tip bng thch anh. Dao ng Pierce l loi dao ng thng dng nht ca thch
anh.
Hnh 10.29 l loi mch dao ng Pierce dng rt t linh kin. Thch anh nm trn
ng hi tip t cc thot v cc cng.

Trong C
1
= C
dS
; C
2
= Cg
S
t lin cc ca FET.
Do C
1
v C
2
rt nh nn tn s dao ng ca mch:

v thch anh c dng nh mch cng hng song song.

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Thc t ngi ta mc thm mt t tinh chnh C
M
(Trimmer) nh hnh 10.29
v c tc ng gim bin dng ca tn hiu dao ng.

Ta c th dng mch hnh 10.30 vi C
1
v C
2
mc bn ngoi.

Trng hp ny ta thy thch anh c dng nh mt mch cng hng
ni tip
10.4 DAO NG KHNG SIN
10.4.1 Dao ng tch thot dng OP-AMP (op-amp relaxation oscillator)
y l mch to ra sng vung cn gi l mch dao ng a hi phi n
(astable mutivibrator). Hnh 10.31 m t dng mch cn bn dng op-amp

Ta thy dng mch ging nh mch so snh o c hi tip dng vi in th
so snh vi c thay bng t C.


Chng 10: Mch dao ng
in th thm trn V
UTP
=.(+V
SAT
)>0
in th thm di V
LTP
=.(-V
SAT
)<0
Gi s khi m in v
0
= +V
SAT
, t C np in, in th hai u t tng dn,
khi V
C
(in th ng vo -) ln hn v
f
= V
UTP
(in th ng vo +) ng ra i trng thi
thnh -V
SAT
v v
f
by gi l: v
f
= V
LTP
= .(-V
SAT
). T C bt u phng in qua R1, khi
V
C
= 0 t C np in th m n tr s V
LTP
th mch li i trng thi (v0 thnh +V
SAT
).
Hin tng trn c tip tc to ra ng ra mt dng sng vung vi nh dng l +V
SAT

v nh m l -V
SAT
. Thi gian np in v phng in ca t C l chu k ca mch dao
ng.
Do t C np in v phng in u qua in tr R1 nn thi gian np in
bng thi gian phng in.

Khi C np in, in th 2 u t l:


Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Thc t |+V
SAT
| c th khc |-V
SAT
| nn c sng vung i xng, c th s
dng mch nh hnh 10.33

Trong cc mch hnh trn ng ra ta c sng vung u (t
1
= t
2
). Mun
t
1
t
2
ta c th th R
2
bng mch


Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.4.2 To sng vung, tam gic v rng ca vi mch dao ng a hi:
Dng tn hiu ra ca mch dao ng tch thot c th thay i nu ta thay
i cc thnh phn ca h thng hi tip m.
a. To sng tam gic:
Mt cu chnh lu v JFET c a vo h thng hi tip m nh hnh
10.35. l in th ti cc thot D ca JFET lun dng hn cc ngun S (bt chp
trng thi ca ng ra V0). JFET nh vy hot ng nh mt ngun dng in v tr s
ca ngun ny ty thuc JFET v R1 khi V
DS
ln hn 3v. Th d vi JFET 2N4221, ta
c:

- Gi s v
0
= +V
SAT
th D
1
, D
2
dn. Dng in qua D
1
, JFET, D
2
np vo t
C t tr
s
- Khi v
C
= V
UTP
, v
0
i trng thi thnh -V
SAT
; D
3
, D
4
dn, t C phng in
cho n ht v np in th m n V
LTP
trong thi gian tn. Sau hin tng li tip tc.


Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Nu 4 diode ng nht th ta c thi gian np in bng thi gian phng
in, tc t
p
= t
n
, v chu k dao ng T = t
p
+ t= = 2t
p

Nh vy ng ra ta c sng vung v ng vo tr ta c sng tam gic.
b. Thay i dc ca sng tam gic
thay i dc ca sng tam gic ta phi thay i t
p
v t
n
(nu t
p
t
n
ta
c sng tam gic khng u). Mun vy ta to dng np v dng phng khc nhau.
Gi dng phng l I
n
v dng np l I
p
, ta c:

Mch minh ha nh hnh 10.37

c. To sng rng ca:
to sng rng ca ta tm cch gim tht nh thi gian phng in. C
th dng mch nh hnh 10.38

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

- Thi gian C phng in qua D
n
rt nh (vi chc micro giy).
- Chu k dao ng T = t
p
+ t
n
t
p

10.4.3 To sng tam gic t mch so snh v tch phn:
Ta xem mch tch phn sau y:

Gi s thi im t = 0, SW v tr 1 (E
i
= 15v) dng in qua R l:
.
Dng in ny s np vo t C to ra v
0
(gim dn)

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Gi s khi v
0
= V
LTP
ta chuyn SW sang v tr 2, t C s phng in v np
theo chiu ngc li to ra v
0
(dng dn).

Khi v
0
= V
UTP
ta chuyn SW sang v tr 1. Mch tip tc hot ng nh
trc.

t ng b giao hon v to dng hng cho t in ca mch tch phn,
ngi ta c th dng mt mch so snh v mch tch phn ghp vi nhau; xong ly ng ra
ca mch tch phn lm in th iu khin cho mch so snh. Ton b mch c dng
nh hnh 10.41

phn gii mch ta ch l khi ng ra ca mch so snh bo ha dng
(+V
SAT
) th v
0
= V
Z
+ 0.7v = V
0
> 0. Cn khi bo ha m v
0
= -(V
Z
+0.7v) = -V
0
< 0.


Chng 10: Mch dao ng

in th nh - nh ca tam gic:

Ch l nu V
R
= 0 th V
max
= -V
min
Xc nh tn s:

+ Khi V
S
0
Khi v
0
= -V
0
(ng tin) th ta c:

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

10.4.4 To sng tam gic n cc:
Ta xem li mch to sng tam gic khi V
R
= 0

V khi V
S
= 0 t
p
= t
n
to sng tam gic n cc (gi s dng) ta mc thm mt diode ni tip vi
R
1
nh hnh 10.43a
Khi v
0
= -V
0
: diode D dn
Khi v
0
= +V
0
: diode D ngng

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Mun to sng tam gic n cc m ta ch cn i chiu ca diode D. Tn
s dao ng khng thay i.
10.4.5 To sng rng ca:
Nh phn trc, to sng rng ca, ta gim nh T
2
. Mun vy, ta to
iu kin cho t C ca mch tch phn phng in nhanh. Ta c th dng mch nh hnh
10.44. Do E
i
m, khi m in t C np to v(t) dng (tch phn o) tng dn t 0v. Lc
ny do V
ref
> 0 v ln hn v(t) nn v0 trng thi -V
SAT
( diode D v transistor Q ngng
khng nh hng n mch tch phn. Tn hiu rng ca tng dn, khi V
c
= V
ref
mch so
snh i trng thi v v
0
thnh +V
SAT
lm cho D v Q dn bo ha. T C phng nhanh
qua Q ko v(t) xung 0v. Mch so snh li i trng thi...

Chng 10: Mch dao ng


Chng 10: Mch dao ng
BI TP CUI CHNG X

Bi 1: Cho mch dao ng dch pha R
C
nh sau:

1. Chng minh rng tn s dao dng cho bi

2.Tm gi tr ca R

Bi 2: Cho mch in:


Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Bi 3: Cho mch in:
D
1
, D
2
cu to bng Si c in th Zener ln lt l V
Z1
v V
Z2
1. Chng minh rng rng ca xung dng ca v
0
cho bi:

2. Chng minh rng rng ca xung m ca v
0
cho bi:

3. Nu V
Z1
> V
Z2
th T
1
ln hn hay nh hn T
2
. Gii thch.
4. Tm tn s f ca mch dao ng khi V
Z1
= V
Z2
= V
Z

Bi 4: Trong mch in bi 3 thay R bi mch sau:

1. Gii thch hot ng ca mch (JFET hot ng vng I
D
bo ha).
2. Nu dng JFET 2N4869 c c im khi I
D
bo ha:
V
GS
=-1V, I
D
= 3mA
V
GS
=-2V, I
D
= 1mA
Trong iu kin khi op-amp bo ha |v0| =20v; R
1
=R
2
. dng np ca t
l 3mA, dng phng l 1mA v cho chu k T=1ms th R
S1
, R
S2
, C phi bng bao nhiu.

Giao Trinh Ky Thuat Mach Dien Tu - Truong Van Tam

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Giao Trinh Ky Thuat Mach Dien Tu - Truong Van Tam

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chng 1: Mch Diode

khong hng chc n hng trm M, trong lc MOSFET thng

trong mch tng

t cng thc lin h:

You might also like