E2

HEAT BALANCE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE DIESEL

ENGINE (KIRLOSKAR)
AIM

To conduct heat balance test on Diesel Engine to prepare a heat balance
sheet.


SPECIFICATIONS:
Engine make: Kirloskar AV1
B.H.P = 5H.P
R.P.M = 1500
Diameter of brake drum =300mm
Orifice Diameter =20 mm

PRECAUTIONS
1. Fuel and lubricating oil are checked and if needed they are to be supplied.
2. Cooling water inlet and outlet for engine jacket and brake drum should be
opened.
3. Engine should be started and stopped with no load.
4. De-compression liver should be engaged before cranking.

THEORY:
To balance the energy input and output what is done usually is to add all the known
forms of energy output in heat units and, the difference between this and the given
energy input is termed as unaccounted losses ( lost by radiation etc). Thus law of
conversion of energy is kept unaltered.

1. The work input of engine can be calculated using TFC and calorific value.
2. The heat carried away by cooling water can be calculated from its rate of
flow, specific heat and temperature difference between inlet and outlet.
3. The heat carried away by exhaust gases can be calculated from the exhaust
calorimeter

(1) Time for 10cc fuel consumption =

(sec)
Total fuel consumption ,

Heat Input to the engine ,

Calorific value ( ) of diesel = 46057kJ/kg.
(2) Output Power or Brake Power

Torque,
(

)
Where
= Speed of the engine in rpm,

= Weight in kg,
= spring balance reading (kg)
= (Radius of the brake drum +1/2 the dia of rope) in meters.

(3)

)
Where

= mass flow rate of water ( Kg/sec)

= specific heat of water ((4.186 KJ/KgK)

= inlet temperature of water to the engine K

= outlet temperature of cooling water from engine K

4.

)
Where

= mass of exhaust gas kg/sec

= Specific heat of exhaust gases ( KJ/KgK)

= Temperature of exhaust gases at engine exit

= Room temperature

is obtained from the exhaust gas calorimeter relation as given below

For calorimeter : Heat lost by exhaust gas = heat gained by water

)

Where

= mass flow rate of water ( Kg/sec)

= Specific heat of water (4.186 KJ/KgK)

= inlet temperature of water the calorimeter

= outlet temperature of water from the calorimeter

= Temperature of exhaust gases at the exit of calorimeter

) kJ/sec


PROCEDURE

The maximum load on the engine is calculated and range of loading is
selected. The necessary precautions are taken. The lubricating oil and fuel in the
tank is checked. The supply of fuel and cooling water is opened. The
decompression lever is engaged and engine is started by cranking. The desired
load is applied and time for 10 c.c of fuel consumption is noted. The temperature
of cooling water at outlet and the temperature of exhaust gas are observed. From
the flow meter the rate of cooling water supply is noted. The atmospheric
temperature and temperature of cooling water inlet are also noted. The
observations are also tabulated as shown. From the observations the heat balance
is done and balance sheet is plotted.






E3
LOAD TEST ON
TWO CYLINDER 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE (USHA)
AIM:
To conduct load test (Constant speed characteristics) on Single cylinder 4S Diesel
Engine with rope brake dynamometer and to plot the following Characteristic Curves.
1. Brake power (B.P) Vs T.F.C (total fuel consumption)
2. B.P Vs S.F.C (Specific fuel consumption)
3. B.P Vs M.E (Mechanical efficiency)
4. B.P Vs B.T.E (brake thermal efficiency)
5. B.P Vs I.T.E (indicated thermal efficiency)
6. B.P. vs. volumetric efficiency
SPECIFICATIONS:
Engine make: USHA
B.H.P = 10H.P
R.P.M = 1500
No. of cylinders = 2
Compression ratio = 17.5:1
Bore =87.5mm
Stroke = 110mm
Arm length of hydraulic dynamometer = 320 mm
Orifice Diameter =20 mm

PRECAUTIONS
1. Fuel and lubricating oil are checked and if needed they are to be supplied.
2. Cooling water inlet and outlet for engine jacket and brake drum should be
opened.
3. Engine should be started and stopped with no load.
4. De-compression liver should be engaged before cranking.

THEORY:
(1) Output Power or Brake Power

Torque,

Where
= Speed of the engine in rpm,
= Hydraulic Dynamometer reading
= spring balance reading (kg)
= Arm length of hydraulic dynamometer = 320 mm


Time for 10cc fuel consumption =

(sec)
(2) Total fuel consumption

(3) Specific fuel consumption

(4) Indicated Power, I.P = B.P + F.P
Where
F.P is the Frictional Power obtained from the characteristic plot (TFC Vs B.P).
(5) Mechanical efficiency,

(5) Input Power (Heat energy Input),

Calorific value ( ) of diesel = 46057kJ/kg.
(6) Brake thermal efficiency,

(7) Indicated thermal efficiency,

(8) Volumetric efficiency

H
w =
Manometer reading (h
1
-h
2
)
(a) Actual volume of air taken in,

( where a= area of orifice)

(b) Theoretical volume

) k= for 4 stroke engine, 1 for 2 stroke engine

n = no of cylinders
Volumetric efficiency, (

),

PROCEDURE
Before starting the engine maximum load that can be applied on the engine is
calculated using the formula

Torque, T


()
Start the engine at no load condition. Fuel supply is switched on and the
decompression lever is engaged. The engine is started by manual cranking. Then
the time taken for 10c.c of fuel consumption is noted at no load. And level difference
in the water manometer is noted. Initial load is applied at the end of the hook in the
rope. Note the spring dial reading. Repeat the experiment up to maximum load. Then
the engine is stopped by cutting the fuel supply.

CALCULATIONS:

CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
RESULT:
INFERENCE: