SUBJECT: SCIENCE FORM: 5

TOPIC: MICROORGANISMS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON LIVING THINGS

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MICROORGANISMS
o Type of microorganisms
- Definition:
Tiny living thing that !"nn#t $% %%n $y n"&%' %y%, but !"n $% %%n $y %l%!t(#n
)i!(#!#*%+ They are also known as )i!(#$%+
S#)% #, )i!(#$% "(% h"(),-l. $-t #)% #, th%) "(% -%,-l t##
- Classification:
There are 5 )"in g(#-* for microbes:
a) B"!t%(i" Beruk
b) P(#t#/#" Pergi
c) F-ngi Filipina
d) Alg"% Angkat
e) Vi(-% Van
o Characteristics of various type of microorganisms
0+ B"!t%(i"
Definition:
1
n'
)"ll%t living thing can be %%n $y %l%!t(#n )i!(#!#*%, have the i)*l%t
t(-!t-(%, and have the l"(g%t n-)$%( ")#ng th% ,iv% g(#-* #, )i!(#$%+
Sie:
Consists only one cell !about "#$ to %" micrometer)
Shape:
There are four general shapes:
a) C#!!i Cium
b) B"!ili Baboon
c) S*i(ili" Sampai
d) Vi$(i# Vietnam
Structure:
&utrition:
Some bacteria h"v% !hl#(#*hyll, so they !"n )"&% th%i( #2n ,##' $y
*h#t#ynth%i *(#!%+ Some of bacteria don't have chlorophyll, so they have to be:
a) S"*(#*hyt% - g%t ,##' ,(#) '%!"ying )"tt%(
b) P"("it% - g%t ,##' ,(#) #th%( living #(g"ni)
(espiration:
Some of bacteria carry out "%(#$i! (%*i("ti#n, and some of them carry out
"n"%(#$i! (%*i("ti#n#
(eproduction:
a) )y $in"(y ,ii#n
b) )y *#(%
*abitat:
)acteria live in any '")* places#
1+ P(#t#/#"
Definition:
Ani)"l which are )"'% -* #, #nly #n% !%ll# They are -ni!%ll-l"(# +,ample:
")#%$", *"(")%!i-) and etc#
Sie:
Consists only one cell !about $ to -$" micrometer)
Shape:
*ave various shapes, but mostly they have irregular shape !no fi,ed shape)
Structure:
&utrition:
Some of protooa live as *"("it%# +#g: plasmodium+ Some of them obtain ,##'
,(#) th%i( -((#-n'ing# +#g: amoeba and paramecium+ Some of protooa )"&%
th%i( #2n ,##'+
(espiration:
.ll of protooa carry out "%(#$i! (%*i("ti#n
(eproduction:
a) )y $in"(y ,ii#n
b) )y "%3-"l (%*(#'-!ti#n 4*#(% ,#()"ti#n5
c) )y %3-"l (%*(#'-!ti#n 4!#n6-g"ti#n5
*abitat:
/rotooa live independently in any *#n'. (iv%(. '")* #il #( in #th%( #(g"ni),
and they liv% in !#l#ni%
+,ercise:
%# &ame the five main groups of microorganisms
-# )acteria can live in unfavorable conditions# 0nder such conditions, they11111#
2# 3abel the part of bacteria below
4# Sie of protooa is about11111111
$# 5hat is the shape of paramecium6 ############################
7+ F-ngi
Definition:
/lants which '# n#t h"v% chlorophyll# They include mushrooms, moulds and yeast#
They '# n#t h"v% root, stems or leaves
Sie:
Some of them are large !i#e mushroom), and some of them are tiny !i#e moulds and
yeast)
Shape:
*ave various shapes: i- round ball
ii- long filaments
iii- oval-shaped
Structure:
&utrition:
7ost of fungi live as *"("it% 4i+% )#-l'5 #( "*(#*hyt% 4i+% )-!#(5 #
(espiration:
7ost of fungi carry out "%(#$i! (%*i("ti#n
(eproduction:
a) )y *#(%
8ungi such a mushrooms form spores within their caps# 7ucor form sporangium
!containing spores)# 5hen it ripe, it bursts open and disperses the spore#
b) )y $-''ing
*abitat:
8ungi live in '")* '"(& habitats#
+,ample: 7ucor grows on damp stale bread placed in the dark
8+ Alg"%
Definition:
9ery simple plants which h"v% chlorophyll# .lgae '# n#t have root, stems or leaves
Sie:
Some of them are large !i#e seaweed), and some of them are tiny !i#e diatoms, euglena
and etc)
Shape:
*ave various shapes: i- round ball
ii- long filaments
iii- oval-shaped
iv- network-like structure
Structure:
&utrition:
.lgae *#% !hl#(#*hyll, so that they can make their own food by photosynthesis#
(espiration:
7ost of fungi carry out "%(#$i! (%*i("ti#n
(eproduction:
a) )y "%3-"l (%*(#'-!ti#n 4$in"(y ,ii#n5
b) )y "%3-"l (%*(#'-!ti#n 4,("g)%nt"ti#n5
.lgae reproduced by breaking a long filament into two#
c) )y %3-"l (%*(#'-!ti#n 4!#n6-g"ti#n5
*abitat:
.lgae live in ,(%h 2"t%(. "lt 2"t%(. '")* #il #( #n '")* $"(& #, t(%%+
5+ Vi(-
Definition:
Smallest microorganisms and it '# n#t (%*i(%, '# n#t %3!(%t% 2"t% *(#'-!t, "n'
'# n#t *#% n-!l%-. !%ll )%)$("n% "n' !yt#*l")
Sie:
.bout "#"- : "#4 micrometer, and can be seen #nly by %l%!t(#n microscope
Shape:
*ave various shapes, maybe in spherical, rectangular or rod-shaped
Structure:
&utrition:
9iruses live as *"("it% in living cell#
(eproduction:
*abitat:
9iruses live #nly in living cell#
+,ercise:
%# *ow do fungi continue its generation under adverse condition6
-# 5hy algae look greenish6
2# 5hat a different between algae and tree6
4# 5hich of microorganisms cannot survive outside living cells6
.# )acteria C# 9iruses
)# .lgae D# /rotooa
;# State 7 *(#*%(ti% of viruses which are not characteristics of living things
FACTOR 9HICH AFFECTS TO THE GRO9TH OF MICROORGANISM
There are $ main factors that affect the growth of microorganism:
0+ N-t(i%nt
7icroorganisms need n-t(i%nt t# liv%, and they get it by being:
"5 "-t#t(#*hi!
$5 "*(#*hyti!
!5 *"("iti!
1+ H-)i'ity
7icroorganisms n%%' living *l"!% 2ith high l%v%l #, h-)i'ity# That means, they n%%'
)#it-(% #( 2"t%( t# liv%, and they 2ill 'i% i, th%y '# n#t g%t 2"t%( for a period of
time#
*owever, #)% $"!t%(i" can live in a place 2ith#-t 2"t%(: *(%%n!% by ,#()ing
*#(%# 8or amoeba, they form !yt !spore with outer ring)#
7+ Light
M#t #, vi(-. ,-ngi "n' *(#t#/#" and #)% #, $"!t%(i" prefer 'i) #( '"(& h"$it"t,
while "lg"% "n' ,%2 #, $"!t%(i" tend to live in $(ight *l"!% in!% th%y h"v%
!hl#(#*hyll t# !"((y #-t *h#t#ynth%i *(#!%+
8+ T%)*%("t-(%
M#t -it"$l% t%)*%("t-(% for the microorganism's growth and live is about 7;<C
!human's body temperature)#
High t%)*%("t-(% will &ill microorganisms, while l#2 t%)*%("t-(% )"&% them
in"!tiv%#
5+ *H v"l-%
7ost of microorganisms prefer to liv% in n%-t("l )%'i-) 4*H = ;5
<n v%(y "!i'i! 4*H = 0 t# 75 and v%(y "l&"lin% 4*H = 01 t# 085 conditions, most of
microorganisms will be killed#
USEFUL MICROORGANISMS
0+ In th% Dig%ti#n #, F##'
Some bacteria and protooa help herbivores !e#g: rabbit, goat, cows and etc) and
termites digest their food
They produce an enyme called !%ll-l#% to help herbivores and termites 'ig%t
!%ll-l#% int# gl-!#%
!%ll-l#% gl-!#%
1+ In D%!"y
1+0 F#()"ti#n #, h-)-
Some of saprophytic bacteria and fungi decompose organic matter into humus
1+1 P(#'-!ti#n #, $i#g" "n' ,%(tili/%(
Some of saprophytic bacteria decompose organic waste !e#g: waste from oil palm,
paddy and coconut) and turn it into )%th"n% gas
1+7 Di*#"l #, #il *ill
Some of bacteria break up oil spills and decompose it into less harmful substance#
7+ In M%'i!in%
7+0 Anti$i#ti!
There are - common antibiotics in world. which are:
a) /enicillin !prepared from penicillium notatum bacteria)
b) Streptomycin !prepared from streptomyces griseus bacteria)
.ntibiotics !"n #nly &ill bacteria
7+1 V"!!in%
9accines are *(%*"(%' ,(#) '%"' #( v%(y 2%"& $"!t%(i" "n' vi(-%# <t used t#
ti)-l"t% th% $#'y t# *(#'-!% "nti$#'i%#
V"!!in"ti#n refers to an in=ection containing certain vaccines that can prevent a
person being infected to a certain disease# +,ample: BCG in6%!ti#n ,#( '(y !#-gh
'i%"%+
enyme
cellulase
8+ In Ag(i!-lt-(%
8+0 M"t-(ing #, t#$"!!# l%"v%
)acteria used to make tobacco leaves mature, so that they can emit desirable smell
and taste#
8+1 Nit(#g%n !y!l%
Fig-(% 8+1> A 4Si)*l% nit(#g%n !y!l%5
8+7 P(#'-!ti#n #, !h%)i!"l ,(#) "lg"%
Some algae used to produce beneficial chemicals for human beings# 8or the e,ample:
a) beta-carotene : which has anti cancer properties
b) fatty acids : which make cholesterol level in human's blood become low
5+ In In'-t(y
5+0 M"&ing $(%"' "n' !"&%
>east is used in the making breads and cakes# <t is mi,ed with flour, sugar and water?
and made into dough
>east will reacts with sugar to produce "l!#h#l 4%th"n#l5. !"($#n 'i#3i'% "n'
%n%(gy# )y the way, this process is known as ,%()%nt"ti#n+
y%"t ? -g"( !"($#n 'i#3i'% ? %th"n#l ? %n%(gy
C"($#n 'i#3i'% released makes the dough rise, so that breads and cakes become very
soft#
enyme
ymase
&itrogen gas
/lant and animal proteins &itrates
.mmonium compounds
D%nit(i,ying
$"!t%(i"
Nit(i,ying
$"!t%(i"
B"!t%(i" #, '%!"y
Nit(#g%n>,i3ing $"!t%(i"
5+1 M"&ing %th"n#l
>east is also used to produce alcohol !ethanol) instead of carbon dio,ide#
$#2 P(#'-!ti#n #, vin%g"(. "n' y#gh-(t
Vin%g"( !ethanoic acid) is prepared by using bacteria to change ethanol into ethanoic
acid#
%th"n#l 4"l!#h#l5 ? #3yg%n %th"n#i! "!i' 4vin%g"(5 ? 2"t%(
@#gh-(t !contains l"!ti! "!i') is prepared by the action of bacteria on milk# )acteria
will reacts with lactose in milk and turns it into lactic acid#
l"!t#% l"!ti! "!i'
5+8 P(#'-!ti#n #, #y "-!%
S#y "-!% is produced from the fermentation of a mi,ture containing mould, yeast,
flour and soy beans# Salt is added to make it become salty#
+,ercise:
%# 3ist all factors affect to the growth of microorganism
-# 5hich microorganisms that can live in bright place6
2# Tell the range of air humidity which most of microorganisms are very active#
4# 5hat is true about microorganisms6
.# *igh temperature will kills microorganisms but low temperature will make them
inactive
)# .ll microorganism grow faster in dry conditions
C# .ll microorganism cannot produce their own nutrients
D# .ll microorganism can be seen under light microscope
$# <n which bacteria cultures in petri dishes ., ), C or D is the highest density of the
bacteria colony6
/etri dish p* 3ight 7oisture
. 2 )right 7oist
) @ )right Dry
C @ Dark 7oist
D %" Dark Dry
bacteria
bacteria
HARMFUL EFFECT B@ MICROORGANISMS
- 7icroorganisms which can cause disease called *"th#g%n+ They can be either bacteria
or viruses or fungi or protooa#
> )efore that, 'i%"% can be defined as "ny !#n'iti#n 2hi!h "!tiv%ly h"() th%
n#()"l ,-n!ti#ning #, th% $#'y+
0+ Di%"% C"-%' $y B"!t%(i"
DISEASE
METHOD OF
INFECTION
S@MPTOM TREATMENTAPREVENTION
%#Tuberculosis
!)atuk kering)
%# Through food
-# Through infected
air breathed into the
lung
%# /atient loss
weight and appetite
for food
-# /atient coughs
often, and in
advanced he coughs
out of blood#
%# Can be treated by using antibiotics
!i#e streptomycin and isoniaid)
-# Can be prevented through
immuniation by )CA vaccine
-# Cholera
!Taun)
%# Through
contaminated water
and food#
%# /atient has severe
diarrhoea and
vomits
-# /atient feels
giddy and pain in
abdomen
2# *is body
becomes
dehydrated#
%# /atient given saline drip and
antibiotic
-# *ow to prevent from being infected6
i - Aet vaccine
ii - )oil all drinking water
iii - Cover all food
iv - <ncrease the chlorine content in
water supply
2# Aonorrhoea %# Through se,ual
intercourse
%# 8or male, his
testis becomes
inflamed and
enlarged# *e feels
pain during
urination#
-# 8or female, she
has painful vagina
and uterus#
%# Can be treated by using antibiotics
!i#e penicillin)
-# Can be prevented by avoid having
se, with prostitutes#
4# Syphillis %# Through se,ual
intercourse
%# /atient has fever
and non-itchy rash
on the body#
-# /atient has sores
on the penis or
vagina
2# /atient has sore
throat and pain in
the bones and =oint#
%# Can be treated by using antibiotics
!i#e penicillin)
-# Can be prevented by avoid having
se, with prostitutes#
$# Tooth decay %# Through food's
waste on the teeth's
surface#
%# /atient feels pain
for infected teeth
since teeth's pulp is
badly inflamed
%# Can be prevented by:
< - *aving a diet low in sugars
ii - 5ash your mouth and brush your
teeth after eating#
T"$l% B+8 C A 4Di%"% C"-%' $y B"!t%(i"5
1+ Di%"% C"-%' $y Vi(-%
DISEASE
METHOD OF
INFECTION
S@MPTOM TREATMENTAPREVENTION
%#Common cold
!Selsema)
%# Through
contaminated air
!when people
around sneees)
%# /atient gets
cough, fever,
running nose and
red or watery eyes
-# /atient has a sore
throat
2# /atient becomes
weak
%# &B /(B/+( T(+.T7+&T
-# Can be prevented by:
i - having proper diet
ii - have fresh and clean air
iii- keep away from the crowd
-# Dengue fever
!Demam denggi)
%# Through .edes
mosCuito !in=ect the
virus into patient's
blood)
%# /atient has high
fever#
-# )leeding in nose
and gums
2# /ain in the bones,
=oints, muscles and
eyes
4# )lue marks
appear on the body
%# &B /(B/+( T(+.T7+&T
-# *ow to prevent from being infected6
i - Deep our living place clean
ii - Destroy .edes mosCuito's habitat
iii - 8ogging
2# .<DS
!.cCuired
<mmune
Deficiency
Sydrome)
%# Through 2 ways:
i -Se,ual
intercourse
ii - Sharing of
syringes during
drug addicts
iii- <nfected
pregnant woman to
her baby#
%# /atient has fever
and diarrhoea, and
coughs very often#
-# /atient has loss
appetite for food
and weight#
%# &B /(B/+( T(+.T7+&T
-# Can be prevented by having healthy
clean life#
T"$l% B+8 C B 4Di%"% C"-%' $y Vi(-%5
Li,% Cy!l% #, A%'% M#D-it#
7+ Di%"% C"-%' $y F-ngi
DISEASE
METHOD OF
INFECTION
S@MPTOM TREATMENTAPREVENTION
%#Tinea
!/anau)
%# Through spore of
the fungus
%# 5hitish patches
appears on the
infected skin
!usually face or
back of the body)
%# Can be treated by suitable anti-fungal
drugs
-# Can be prevented by:
i - keep the body clean and dry
ii - avoid direct contact with infected
person #
iii - do not share towel or comb
-# (ingworm
!Durap)
%# Through spore of
the fungus
%# . reddish area
appears on the
infected skin
-# <nfected skin
becomes itchy
%# Can be treated by suitable anti-fungal
drugs
-# Can be prevented by:
i - keep the body clean and dry
ii - avoid direct contact with infected
person #
iii - do not share towel or comb
T"$l% B+8 C C 4Di%"% C"-%' $y F-ngi5
8+ Di%"% C"-%' $y P(#t#/#"
DISEASE
METHOD OF
INFECTION
S@MPTOM TREATMENTAPREVENTION
%#7alaria
!Demam kepialu)
%# Through
.nopheles
mosCuito !in=ect
parasitic protooon
plasmodium into
blood)
%# /atient has high
temperature at
intervals
-# .fter fever,
patient feels very
cold and shivers#
2# Aot rapid pulse
rate
4# Aot very liitle
urine, which is very
yellow#
%# Can be treated by suitable drugs such
as plasmoquine, quinine, or
chloroquine
-# Can be prevented by:
i - fogging
ii - Deep our living place clean
.dult mosCuito : has black
stripes on the abdomen and
legs
+gg are laid singly in stagnant water
+gg are hatched and becomes larva
3arva grows and becomes pupa
T"$l% B+8 C D 4Di%"% C"-%' $y P(#t#/#"5
5+ Th% T("n)ii#n #, Di%"%
- Diseases transmitted from one person to another by FIVE 2"y:
i> By Ai(
<t occurs when infected person sneees, coughs or talks# So, a spray or tiny droplets of
moistures containing pathogens released into air
Diseases transmitted by air: common cold and tuberculosis
ii> By 9"t%(
<t occurs when water from ponds, river and sea always contaminated with faeces which
usually contains pathogens# So, these pathogens can spread into water supplies due to
unsanitary conditions E seeped through the soil
Diseases transmitted by water: cholera and hepatitis .
iii> By F##'
<t occurs when food contaminated by pathogens due to unhygienic handling or houseflies
presence#
Diseases transmitted by food: cholera, food poisoning and hepatitis .
iv> By C#nt"!t
<t occurs when there has direct contact between infected people to others or wity ob=ects
handled by infected people
Diseases transmitted by contacts: tinea, ringworm, .<DS, gonorrhoea and syphilis
v> By V%!t#(
9ectors: .nimals carry pathogens in their bodies# 8or e,ample: .edes mosCuito,
houseflies, rats, dogs and etc
Diseases transmitted through their bite into human's blood or carrying pathogen onto the
food#
Diseases transmitted by vectors: dengue fever, malaria and cholera
PREVENTION OF DISEASES CAUSED B@ MICROORGANISMS
0+ P(%v%nti#n th(#-gh th% C#nt(#l #, V%!t#(
Common vectors, their pathogens and diseases transmitted by them can be shown as
following table:
V%!t#( P"th#g%n Di%"%
Aedes mosCuito 9irus Dengue fever
Anopheles mosCuito /rotooa !plasmodium) 7alaria
*ousefly )acteria Cholera
(ats 8leas /lague
T"$l% B+E C A 4V%!t#( "n' it 'i%"%5
0+0 C#nt(#l #, H#-%,li%
To control houseflies, we must:
a) &%%* our surrounding cleans
b) !#v%( our foods
c) th(#2 organic waste into plastic bags and tied it up for disposal
d) *("y insecticides to keep away the adult fly away
e) &%%* manure and compost heaps far away from houses#
0+1 C#nt(#l #, M#D-it#%
To control mosCuitoes, we must:
a) '("in marshes and unused ponds
b) !l%"n the house from opened empty tins and coconut shells
c) *-t anti-larva chemicals or into ponds, drains and stagnant water
d) !"((y out fogging around living places
e) ,i3 wire gaue at doors and windows
f) l%%* under a mosCuito net
1+ P(%v%nti#n th(#-gh St%(ili/"ti#n
D%,initi#n #, St%(ili/"ti#n:
Destruction of pathogens and their spores in a substance or ob=ect
Ty*% #, t%(ili/"ti#n:
a) h%"t
b) !h%)i!"l
c) ("'i"ti#n
1+0 St%(ili/"ti#n -ing H%"t
"5 B#iling
- )oiling a substance or an ob=ect in water for -" minutes will kill all bacteria cells and
many spores#
- Surgical instruments in clinics or hospital are usually sterilied in this way#
$5 A-t#!l"v%
- .n autoclave is a steam sterilier# The things to be sterilied are kept in closed container
and steam under high pressure and temperature of %-"FC for %$--" minutes
- .ll the bacteria and spores will be destroyed in this way#
!5 D(y "i( #v%n
- <t can be used to sterilie glassware and metal ob=ects#
- The things to be sterilied are kept in dry air oven at %@"FC for %$--" minutes
- +ffectiveness of steriliation using this way is less compare to using autoclave#
1+1 St%(ili/"ti#n -ing Ch%)i!"l
"5 Anti%*ti!
- <t can be used to prevent the growth of some bacteria and destroy some others#
- <t usually used for cleaning wounds
- +,ample: iodine solution, hydrogen pero,ide solution and potassium manganate !9<<)
solution
$5 Diin,%!t"nt
- /owerful chemicals to destroy pathogens
- <t used for steriliing instruments, containers, cloths, floors, walls and etc#
- +,ample: lysol, formaldehyde, phenol and sodium hypochlorite
1+7 St%(ili/"ti#n -ing R"'i"ti#n
"5 UV light
- .pplied to lamp in surgical operating theatre and lab for air steriliing#
$5 G"))" ("y
> <t used for steriliing surgical instruments and certain foods
- 8oods that have been sterilied in this way can be kept for a long period of time and it is
safe to eat#
7+ P(%v%nti#n th(#-gh I))-ni/"ti#n
D%,initi#n #, I))-ni/"ti#n:
/rocess of increasing a person's resistance to a particular infection by using antibodies
D%,initi#n #, Anti$#'i%:
- Chemical substance produced from white blood cells to destroy pathogen or neutralie
the to,ins produced by pathogen# +ach of antibody acts on a particular pathogen#
Ty*% #, i))-nity:
a) N"t-("l
- (efer to situation when a *%(#n (%!#v%(%' ,(#) "n in,%!ti#n, "nti$#'i% produced by
the person's body to fight that infection (%)"in in th% *%(#n: $l##' for months or
even for hisEher whole life#
- 5hen same infection comes back again, the person has antibody to fight back
b) A(ti,i!i"l
- (efer to a situation when a person given a v"!!in"ti#n, Gin=ecting a dead or weak
pathogens into the person's body to stimulate hisEher body to produce antibodyH
- .rtificial immunity also can be gained when a person is given an in=ection contains
antibody#
c) P"iv%
- /art of artificial immunity
- Can be done by in=ecting antibody !usually contains antiserum) directly into a person's
body
- +ffect of this immunity is fast but temporary#
d) A!tiv%
- Can be either natural or artificial immunity
- Can be done by having antibody after recover from infection or vaccination
- +ffect of this immunity is slow but permanent#
TREATMENT OF DISEASES CAUSED B@ MICROORGANISMS
0+ Anti$i#ti!
1+ Anti%(-)
7+ Ch%)#th%("*y
8+ R"'i#th%("*y
5+ S-(g%(y