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com ()
6. l c g J (UNDERWATER WELDING AND BURNING)
6.1 l c g (UNDERWATER WELDING)
1. l c g u ' t
l c g l u + , a , I u + me ' + c m / J + mE d .
P B Self-Consuming 1 ^ +1 E H = c g g = ^ u g u l c g
OH = d 5u =7 | X y ' d .
l c g } V =u u + ' += X g e =Y 1 ! ' c g u O
= 80%u q Au 50%u O" ` mE d .
l c g e ' P +' + c =d . IA P +' + c =` Y d o P = ' =
[ v u S ' ^ | X e y ' e E d . l c g e ' + c m Z
! ' c g e ' - + u c g C + c = 1 U d =} =d .
2. q / " tA u
A. y n
y n d k " q u X u A H I==} d " e u X d/
e _1e b = P g / . 6d . y n ue _=P 1= X . ]
=d . y n l c g d " e u - \ O= `[ 6d .
y n u u d u - d .
l c g _ a e d1 _m =d .
l c g ou /J = q ' e ' _m =d .
X = l c g 1= G1u q ' T =[ + c = =d .
l c g + c m d q u + + G" m =d .
l c g =P , ` + = d u - d .
- ue u ` } ^
- l c g e ' e 6 = 1< j ' D
- l c g _ a j J + u g } ^
l c g mP d 5u L = ! / > g O y n e U [ m




























































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=[ e u X e T > g ' d 5 d "e ' g m =d .
d 5u d " U O e q e U m =[ , d 5 P g P R =[ , u
e \D = y n u H c d .
G d 5 T m 6 =d .
l c g d "u e | =g m =d .
- d 5 l ` 7' = y c .
- d 5 - | u O e > g 6 y c .
` < + [ ' d " X 7q e U U [ =d .
B. d 5
l c g | = d d 5 l c g ` ' `=} =d .
l c g =7= u 1 q ' T =} =d . O I [ d d " q u g
I O 7k e d .
o U U H =1 o~ j e p / U d1d ,
=7 G d 5u ' _=d ,
u 1 d " J + ' d+[ e ' = 6 u > + = y n e ` >
=d .
d 5 =d o g _= u d `' p U [ = u 6d .
C. -
- y n u ` e p d1 =1 ` e ue _=} =d .
- u u d u - d .
g _= d " | ! g =d .
y L u P Z u = 6O R l `=d .
u d "u U O ' g _Q " =d .
d 1< 7' ' y n e p U [ =d .
y n u ` e d1 d q ' u wd .
l c g G1u ' / g ' _=d .




























































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l c g u e `' e ' u e _=d .
u + d 5' U =[ =7 e d " G' J =[ i / 1< Iy
x =d .
3. l c g J +
_+ G1 ' O&u ' L ` Y d ,
u = c g 1= o ' ' =d ,
l c g e y L Z u =P 1= c g P ' J =d , l c g T
1u r o + =P 1 > e / U + c = Z `' c g e '
+ c m Z U d &. +1. #' J =d ,
c g C c g oe g _ v 1 c g C u O b c g ` e ' 30E g O U =d ,
O c g C u x 6 j d 5u q e d1 / 3E e ' 23E g O U A y
=d ,
Make it hot1 =d . - _+ G1 ' O L o c g e d . I
A c g m` Y o c g C c e = oe c g e 1 q ` n O I
j_ > `1d . c g mo c g C GGU ' de g O u N = Z A U c
g C +1 u =d . c g C u P c g ` + u P Qu l `=[ '
c g m ou P U I d .
+c g C ! ' c g u - + c =o X e d , [ Q c g C c g ou c g C +
u q ` l `=[ c g oe g . L o e d , P ` U c g =d , ! ' c
g u - Uc_tc' - o X e d , / . g O u c g C ' dU b 6 g
O u c g = 6d , x : o ` Y 1 U +u ! ' c g x :
U X X' l `= E 1c 1 + c = 6d ,
c g C /J Q ' d mo K _ c gr am|b1[ =d , - O _+ G1
u O =g L [ d 5 c g C OI = 1 q ` l ` wd , - U ^
K _ c gr am|b1 q P q ` c g u D =u c g q ' e c g C b P
wd ,




























































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' U c c g C U O =P e y ' _> c g u c^ s ' ' =d ,
' U c c g C e _> c g u c^ A | o' =d , IA
Ocam b N_qq' _ =d o P Qe 6 c g o u = s = =d ,
' U c c g C c g oe g = L [ c g T mP q ` K _ c gr f mr1
[ =o X e d , / U c g u P x c ' c ' x ==d ,
@, c g x :
Tcprga_| nmqgrgm
+X ` U c g = E g =[ ! ' u Tcprga_| dg||cr uc|bg eu - x :
+ c =d , d =o c g c g o 1 e ' =} X ` U c g =
E =d ,
Mtcpf c_b nmqgrgm
+ Mtcpf c_b nmqgrgm u + 1 c | E g =[ ! ' e ' u c g x
:u - P B + c =d , IA 7k m 1 u Z e ' c g = y c
g ' / c g _=P `d ,
+ e l c g + Mtcpf c_b nmqgrgm e ' c g C u 13+33E U =[ [ g
e _ ' O ' l `=d , E l 7= P B [ Oc|d+Am qsk g eP B + c =
1 m ] Dg||cr uc|bg e = 6 =d , IA | P
B `Q` .>d o Oc|d+Am qsk g e + c =o e d ,
Pcn_gpg e qk _|| ap_a q,
+Ap_a u ce 1 wd ,
+ ' u Ap_a x `=P 1= Ap_a u c^ e O J j c g O k '
+ c =} k 1 d ,
+Ap_a ^ 1' N P5= 6 ? T =[ P Qu ?u J 3e LC d ,
+Ap_a 1U N_raf ' J[ d d' I ' Dg||cr uc|bg e U c g =d ,
+N_raf r ' ` Y 1 q ` ' c g =d ,





























































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A, Pcosgpcb uc|bg e a_`|c qgxc,
? k ncp_ec
| c erf g dccr dmprmr_| agpasgr
&G a|sbcq uc|bg e _ b epms b |c_bq'
1. . 13. 2. .
/ 3. _k ncp_ec 0-. 1-. 1-.
0. . _k ncp_ec 1-. 2-. 2-.

B, Pcamk k c bcb asppc r pcosgpck c rq,
Bg_k crcp Asppc r qcrrg eq&? k ncp_ec'
G af K K
Rwnc
c|carpmbc D|_r Fmpgxm r_| Tcprga_| Mtcpf c_b
/ -6 1,0 K g|b qrcc| / 4. +/ 5. / 3. +/ 5. / 2. +/ 43 / 2. +/ 4.
3-10 1,75 K g|b qrcc| / 6. +0/ . / 5. +0/ . / 5. +0/ . / 5. +/ 7.
1-/ 4 2,54
Or_g |cqq
qrcc|
03. +06. 02. +06. 02. +06. 013+053
/ -6 1,0
Or_g |cqq
qrcc|
/ 13+/ 3. / 1. +/ 3. / 03+/ 23 / 03+/ 23
3-10 1,75
Or_g |cqq
qrcc|
/ 3. +0. . / 2. +0. . / 2. +/ 7. / 2. +/ 6.





































































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E. > g =
> g q =.
A = Arc

c g P u u = u c g e b = g _= x U
R.P.M. ` wd .
c g C x `Y c g ` u O _ H =


_+ G1


^ /J = O 1c O


_ H =j_' e splices

' e c g `
VO _+ G1 ' s
=[ O^ 1' ^^Q [ g =
d .
VO _+ G1 ' s
=[ O^ 1' ^^Q [ g
=d .
O 1c O ' g =[ s = S
' e g =m1, ^^Q [ g mE
` _=d .
' ' e spliceu } ^ ' + =
d .
c g ` g =[ =7 U =
d .
- P g _ `[ O'
' m` Y
c g ` u XP

c g P u x

c g P u c

Duty cycle too low

' ' e c g `

_ H = O 1c O
c g ` e b = /J = XP
` _=d .
z E D " U
e LO R ` wd .
c g P u c g ` e b = /
J = XP _=d .
c g P u c g ` e b = /
J = XP _=d .
c g ` u ' ' } ^ x } ^ '
+ =d .
O 1c O s = S ' 1e ^^Q
[ g m 6 ` + =d .






























































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E. > g =
> g q =.
c g C u \ 1 O' z E \

" I .
c g P u z E ' /J =
x U g =d .
c g P P +U m 6
` _=d .
c g C c g u c g
u'
' Z A ' u q e N = '
6 _=d .
v G, c g C e r `
` Y ` _=d .
' Z A c g r ` u e
b = /g x U g =d .
y ' ' e c g `

O 1c O u 1

^ /J = "
c g ` e k 1 , !J o j
de o + =[ U =d .
d 5 O 1c O c g C +
e 6` Y ` _=d .
c g P P +U m 6
_=d .






































































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2, l c g X
l c g d 5 1 ` 1< 7' e C m e d , U ! ' c g '
= 6 d 1< 7' d , n e e d 1< 7' d ,
o/ +' d ' l Iy e ' u A = c g u _" r ` u Z =
P c G X ` m A H c g 5 e ' u Z Ad , j = c g + T1
u r ' ' 7=r u P IU ' ` E a 1 =`1O H A=
Z ]u 6d ,
/ ' Tu + =
l c g e X T 1<=P 1 > e e u X U q = 6 X q
' - =d ,
c g q q /J Q g ` m =d ,
e q e ' g `` g _Q [ g m 6 =d ,
v j c g ` u r e P ^ J Om` Y ' D U x =' X e
d ,
I gdc Ougraf O d 5 e u c g +u = ^ =d ,
d 5 c g | =[ 6 1 c g C u g `o + e 6 ' X e d ,
c g C O v u 1 I ^ e ' 6=} =[ v u 1 I ^ X e
g _Q _ } ] =d ,
_" u Z " 7=r I==[ 6 c g c g u d Tu + = l
c g e O /c e d , v ' e H j u | e ' u e e O o e 6 L
= G1O g j= E = /d ,

































































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6.2 l J (UNDERWATER BURNING)
1. ' t
l J 1 l e e ' u P D / ^ d . _Pu =X u d 5q e
+U [ Ve y 1 U +' J =[ , `_ U "' a =[ , =I r
u ' ' e b = U l ", j H- !1_ =1, 3 f u O u P c ^
U ^ g j= m 6d . V= q u d 1 J e A e e ' u
d " e u L ^ k " =d . O+ u O=O d 5q e l J
= e O J ' = | u g jo I X t 1 ' U c O+ k r u u
g e ' T =7=d . O+ k r u ={ +1u u P | u X , l J
=U , ^ H , uO = ^ =, N m O I [ P x c / ' ' e b = U e b =}
' ' ^ u g je 6 = /d .
2. q / " tA u
A. y n
y n d k " q u X u A H I==} d " e u X d/
e _1e b = P g / . 6d . y n ue _=P 1= X
. ] =d . y n l J d " e u - \ O= `[ 6d .
y n u u d u - d .
l J _ a e d1 _m =d .
l J ou /J = q ' e ' _m =d .
X = l J 1= G1u q ' T =[ + c = =d .
l J + c m d q u + + G" m =d .
l J =P , ` + = d u - d .
- ue u ` } ^
- l J e ' e 6 = 1< j ' D
- l J _ a j J + u g } ^
l J mP e d 5u L = ! / > g O y n e U [




























































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m =[ e u X e T > g ' d 5 d "e ' g
m =d .
d 5u d " U O e q e U m =[ , d 5 P g P R =[ ,
ue \D = y n u H c d .
G d 5 T m 6 =d .
l J d "u e | =g m =d .
- d 5 l ` 7' = y c .
- d 5 - | u O e > g 6 y c .
` < + [ ' d " X 7q e U U [ =d .
B. d 5
d d 5 l c g ` ' `=} =d .
l J =7= u 1 q ' T =} =d . O I [ d d "q u g
I O 7k e d .
o U U H =1 o~ j e p / U d1d ,
=7 G d 5u ' _=d ,
u 1 d " J + ' d+[ e ' = 6 u > + = y n e ` >
=d .
d 5 =d o g _= u d `' p U [ = u 6d .
C. -
- y n u ` e p d1 =1 ` e ue _=} =d .
- u u d u - d .
g _= d " | ! g =d .
y L u P Z u = 6O R l `=d .
u d "u U O ' g _Q " =d .
d 1< 7' ' y n e p U [ =d .
y n u ` e d1 d q ' u wd .




























































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l J G1u ' / g ' _=d .
l J u e `' e ' u e _=d .
u + d 5' U =[ =7 e d " G' J =[ i / 1< Iy
x =d .
3. l J J +
A. J e e =7= I
' u q j t <O ' L =d . s = b c ` R ` s =
8/3 I.D. u c G' + c =d . ` R ` G O I [ v e O I G, O,
6 m ' 6` Y ` _=d .
e e ' u ' Z A 100 psi mO R LC d . e ` mo Z
A j = ` m =d .
` R ` , G O I [ v ' 3 ` L [ ' u C 6 ` ,r U
+ =d .
' G q _ r 2 1U ==d .
X G1 ' v u _ r e O=d . - e u v 6
q ' } =d . G1 d 5u 7' 6 1 I u wd .
J P ' P +U =d . g _= " _=d : v e , a O 1
c O j C C +e O=d . J u e u | d o J ` /J Q
O mE `, O I [ J P ` e z E ' g _= " U I =[
6 ` _=d .
" _=P 1=` J C u O 1c O C +' r 1 c P e - [
2g O u | A c d . + >+ ' D 1o J C u ce ' u P x c
' =d . O ` ` Y y c " n d .
-[ :O+ " \ P 1 > e l J + c =` Y d .
d 5e y + [ u 1< P`[ P =e u = l q u + c P |
0 L P 1 > d .




























































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_ r u O ^ 1 u = ' D _=d .
d O^ m[ Tu ' P c } ==} x mO R I d .
d 5e /J = U q g u =d .
J P ' u L [ z E ' - b 150 U LC d . X G1 u
ON(OFF)} ^ ' _=d .
d 5u {oe U < ' ^ ; =d .
- x=o - #4 <
- / - #6 <
,, d 5u 6 =:
- O 1c O C +' =d . I e u ^ o 1e ' ' d o,
O 1c O C + O o e =d . L = y c 1O , d 5 J e
_= 1 e ^ 1' P o=} 1 = =d . d 5 J C u O 1c O
+ e 1 = y c d 5e = y , d 5u {ou q e P
= ' ' ]u 6d .
- d 5 current on j make it hot 1 7k = = J e ' _=d .
- d 5 J b U O 1c O O^ U m m I ` Y d .
B. e d1 ' Z A
90psi at torch + ( X 0.445) + (G / 10)
) 600 u _ r + c =} 160 e ' J
90 +80 +60 =230 psi


































































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C. ` u XP e d1 z E
` u ` u XP e b = z E
Ft. M #1/0 #2/0 #3/0
150 46 155 152 150
200 61 157 154 152
250 76 159 156 154
300 91 161 158 156
350 107 163 160 158
400 122 165 162 160
450 137 167 164 162
500 152 169 166 164
` u ` y c 50. 2 z E ' =d .









































































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D. l J q u 5 o





















































































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E. > g =
> g q =.
A = Arc

J P u u = u J e b = g _= x U
R.P.M. ` wd .
J C x `Y ` u O _ H =


_+ G1


^ /J = O 1c O


_ H =j_' e splices

' e `
VO _+ G1 ' s
=[ O^ 1' ^^Q [ g =
d .
VO _+ G1 ' s
=[ O^ 1' ^^Q [ g
=d .
O 1c O ' g =[ s = S
' e g =m1, ^^Q u g mE
` _=d .
' ' e spliceu } ^ ' + =
d .
` g =[ =7 U =
d .
- P g _ `[ O' '
m` Y
` u XP

J P u x

J P u c

Duty cycle too low

' ' e `

_ H = O 1c O
` e b = /J = XP
` _=d .
z E D " U
e LO R ` wd .
I P u ` e b = /
J = XP _=d .
J P u ` e b = /
J = XP _=d .
` u ' ' } ^ x } ^ '
+ =d .
O 1c O s = S ' 1e ^^
Q [ g m 6 ` + =d .






























































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E. > g =
> g q =.
J C u \ 1 O' z E \

" I .
J P u z E ' /J =
x U g =d .
J P P +U m 6 `
_=d .
J C J u c g
u'
' Z A ' u q e N = '
6 _=d .
v G, J C e r `
` Y ` _=d .
' Z A J r ` u e
b = /g x U g =d .
y ' ' e `

O 1c O u 1

^ /J = "
` e k 1 , !J o j d
e o + =[ U =d .
d 5 O 1c O J C +
e 6` Y ` _=d .
J P P +U m 6
_=d .






































































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4. l J X
l J d 5 1 ` 1< 7' e C m e d , U ! ' J '
= 6 d 1< 7' d , n e e d 1< 7' d ,
o/ +' d ' l Iy e ' u A = J u _" r ` u Z =
P c G X ` m A H c g 5e ' u Z Ad , j = J + T1
u r ' ' 7=r u P IU ' ` E a 1 =`1O H A=
Z ]u 6d ,
1) X J +
l J o/ +' =d . O' ' ' _O =[ , J C u c^
u U O W 5538O e 1d . O V e O k =[ J + /J = ? u
_ a u J + e d1 X = _e 6d .
/ Tu + =
d 5 =[ 6 `Oe ' L = o' e ' u m ' X e d .
d 5 =[ 6 u u = y s = `c ] =d .
d 5u U q u + q u = ' D =d .
` u O^ u = J Om[ x m =d .
d " G, u g = o O' " , j Z " r ` q =d .
d 5 3 { J m ^ e L = G_O =d E e
d Tu ' P c } =d . d 5 J ' " m G O' r ` 1 e
d} ' | ` Y _| Q = =d . g _m Z U ` 6d .
`' e ' d 5' Tu p U =d . J ^ e u P u ` , v , '
A u ` m T ` Y O R Tu =d .
v I : + c = r e W J d . + c = P =_ 1 `
Flash arrestor Monel GXJ g =d . GXJ U `_h ^ U 1Qj_ D
d o O = =d (o = 1u x <' ^ J J = ' Z A _x _j_
J C u 3 ^ ' D c E _x d ).