Shear and Moment Diagrams

Ambrose - Chapter 6
Beam Shear
Vertical shear:
tendency for one part
of a beam to move
vertically with respect
to an adjacent part
Section 3.4 (Ambrose)

Figure 3.3 =>

Beam Shear
Magnitude (V) = sum of vertical forces on
either side of the section
can be determined at any section along the
length of the beam
Upward forces (reactions) = positive
Downward forces (loads) = negative

Vertical Shear = reactions loads
(to the left of the section)
Beam Shear
Why?
necessary to know the maximum value of the
shear
necessary to locate where the shear changes
from positive to negative
where the shear passes through zero
Use of shear diagrams give a graphical
representation of vertical shear throughout
the length of a beam
Beam Shear Example 1 (pg. 64)
Simple beam
Span = 20 feet
2 concentrated loads

Construct shear
diagram
Beam Shear Example 1 (pg. 64)
1) Determine the reactions




Solving equation (3):





Solving equation (2):




Figure 6.7a =>
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )

+ = = . +
+ = = | +
= | +
) ' 20 ( ) ' 16 1200 ( ) ' 6 8000 ( 0 3
1200 8000 0 2
0 1
2
. .
1
2
. .
1
R M
R R F
F
lb lb
lb lb
y
x
( ) | = =
+ =

.
.
. .
2
. . . .
2
360 , 3
20
200 , 67
200 , 19 000 , 48 ' 20
lb
ft
ft lb
ft lb ft lb
R
R
( ) | =
+ =
.
1
. . .
1
840 , 5
360 , 3 200 , 1 000 , 8
lb
lb lb lb
R
R
Beam Shear Example 1 (pg. 64)
Determine the shear at
various points along the beam






.
) 18 (
.
) 8 (
.
) 1 (
360 , 3 200 , 1 000 , 8 480 , 5
160 , 2 000 , 8 480 , 5
480 , 5 0 480 , 5
lb
x
lb
x
lb
x
V
V
V
= =
= =
+ = =
=
=
=
Beam Shear Example 1 (pg. 64)
Conclusions
max. vertical shear = 5,840 lb.
max. vertical shear occurs at greater
reaction and equals the greater
reaction (for simple spans)
shear changes sign under 8,000 lb.
load
where max. bending occurs





Beam Shear Example 2 (pg. 66)
Simple beam
Span = 20 feet
1 concentrated load
1 uniformly distr. load

Construct shear diagram,
designate maximum
shear, locate where shear
passes through zero
Beam Shear Example 2 (pg. 66)
Determine the reactions





Solving equation (3):





Solving equation (2):




( )( )
( )( )
( )( )

+ = = . +
+ = = | +
= | +
) ' 24 ( ) ' 16 6000 ( )] ' 6 )( ' 12 000 , 1 [( 0 3
000 , 6 ) ' 12 000 , 1 ( 0 2
0 1
2
. .
1
2
. .
1
R M
R R F
F
lb ft lb
lb ft lb
y
x
( ) | = =
+ =

.
.
. .
2
. . . .
2
000 , 7
24
000 , 168
000 , 96 000 , 72 ' 24
lb
ft
ft lb
ft lb ft lb
R
R
( ) | =
+ =
.
1
. . .
1
000 , 11
000 , 7 000 , 6 000 , 12
lb
lb lb lb
R
R
Beam Shear Example 2 (pg. 66)
Determine the shear at
various points along the beam










( ) | |
( ) | |
.
) 24 (
.
) 16 (
.
) 16 (
.
) 12 (
.
) 2 (
.
) 1 (
000 , 7 000 , 6 000 , 1 12 000 , 11
000 , 7 000 , 6 000 , 1 12 000 , 11
000 , 1 ) 000 , 1 12 ( 000 , 11
000 , 1 ) 000 , 1 12 ( 000 , 11
000 , 9 ) 000 , 1 2 ( 000 , 11
000 , 10 ) 000 , 1 1 ( 000 , 11
lb
x
lb
x
lb
x
lb
x
lb
x
lb
x
V
V
V
V
V
V
= + =
= + =
= =
= =
= =
= =
=
+ =
=
=
=
=
Beam Shear Example 2 (pg. 66)
Conclusions
max. vertical shear = 11,000 lb.
at left reaction
shear passes through zero at
some point between the left end
and the end of the distributed
load
x = exact location from R
1

at this location, V = 0




feet x
x V
11
) 000 , 1 ( 000 , 11 0
=
= =
Beam Shear Example 3 (pg. 68)
Simple beam with
overhanging ends
Span = 32 feet
3 concentrated loads
1 uniformly distr. load
acting over the entire beam

Construct shear diagram,
designate maximum
shear, locate where shear
passes through zero
Beam Shear Example 3 (pg. 68)
Determine the reactions







Solving equation (3):





Solving equation (4):





( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( )( ) ( ) ( ) | | ) ' 20 ( 4
2
32
) ' 32 500 ( ) ' 28 000 , 2 ( ) ' 6 000 , 12 ( ) ' 4 000 , 4 ( 0 4
) ' 20 ( 8
2
32
) ' 32 500 ( ) ' 24 000 , 4 ( ) ' 14 000 , 12 ( ) ' 8 000 , 2 ( 0 3
) ' 32 500 ( 000 , 4 000 , 12 000 , 2 0 2
0 1
1
. . . . .
2
2
. . . . .
1
2
. . .
1
.
R M
R M
R R F
F
ft lb lb lb lb
ft lb lb lb lb
ft lb lb lb lb
y
x
+ = = . +
+ + + = = . +
+ + = = | +
= | +

( ) | = =
+ + + =

.
.
. .
2
. . . . . . . .
2
800 , 18
20
000 , 376
000 , 128 000 , 96 000 , 168 000 , 16 ' 20
lb
ft
ft lb
ft lb ft lb ft lb ft lb
R
R
( ) | = =
+ + + =

.
. .
1
. . . . . . . .
1
200 , 15
' 20
000 , 304
000 , 192 000 , 56 000 , 72 000 , 16 ' 20
lb
ft lb
ft lb ft lb ft lb ft lb
R
R
Beam Shear Example 3 (pg. 68)
Determine the shear at
various points along the beam









( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
. . . . . . .
) 32 (
. . . . . . .
) 28 (
. . . . . .
) 28 (
. . . . . .
) 22 (
. . . . .
) 22 (
. . . . .
) 8 (
. . . .
) 8 (
000 , 4 ' 32 500 000 , 12 000 , 2 800 , 18 200 , 15
000 , 6 ' 28 500 000 , 12 000 , 2 800 , 18 200 , 15
800 , 12 ' 28 500 000 , 12 000 , 2 200 , 15
800 , 9 ' 22 500 000 , 12 000 , 2 200 , 15
200 , 2 ' 22 500 000 , 2 200 , 15
200 , 9 ' 8 500 000 , 2 200 , 15
000 , 6 ' 8 500 000 , 2 0
lb ft lb lb lb lb lb
x
lb ft lb lb lb lb lb
x
lb ft lb lb lb lb
x
lb ft lb lb lb lb
x
lb ft lb lb lb
x
lb ft lb lb lb
x
lb ft lb lb
x
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
= + =
= + =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
=
+ =
=
+ =
=
+ =
=
Beam Shear Example 3 (pg. 68)
Conclusions
max. vertical shear =
12,800 lb.
disregard +/- notations
shear passes through zero
at three points
R
1
, R
2
, and under the
12,000lb. load
Bending Moment
Bending moment: tendency of a beam to bend
due to forces acting on it

Magnitude (M) = sum of moments of forces on
either side of the section
can be determined at any section along the length of
the beam

Bending Moment = moments of reactions
moments of loads
(to the left of the section)

Bending Moment
Bending Moment Example 1
Simple beam
span = 20 feet
2 concentrated loads
shear diagram from
earlier

Construct moment
diagram


Bending Moment Example 1
1) Compute moments at
critical locations
under 8,000 lb. load &
1,200 lb. load






( )
( )
. . . .
) ' 16 (
. . .
) ' 6 (
440 , 13 ) ' 10 000 , 8 ( ) ' 16 840 , 5 (
040 , 35 0 ) ' 6 840 , 5 (
ft lb lb lb
x
ft lb lb
x
M
M

=
= = . +
= = . +
Bending Moment Example 2
Simple beam
Span = 20 feet
1 concentrated load
1 uniformly distr. Load
Shear diagram

Construct moment
diagram
Bending Moment Example 2
1) Compute moments at
critical locations
When x = 11 ft. and under
6,000 lb. load






( ) ( )( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
. . .
) ' 16 (
. . .
) ' 11 (
000 , 56 4
2
12
12 000 , 1 ) ' 16 000 , 11 (
500 , 60
2
11
11 000 , 1 ) ' 11 000 , 11 (
ft lb ft lb lb
x
ft lb ft lb lb
x
M
M

=
= + = . +
= = . +
Negative Bending Moment
Previously, simple beams subjected to
positive bending moments only
moment diagrams on one side of the base line
concave upward (compression on top)
Overhanging ends create negative moments
concave downward (compression on bottom)

Negative Bending Moment
deflected shape has
inflection point
bending moment = 0

See example

Negative Bending Moment -
Example
Simple beam with
overhanging end on right
side
Span = 20
Overhang = 6
Uniformly distributed load
acting over entire span

Construct the shear and
moment diagram

Figure 6.12
Negative Bending Moment -
Example
( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) ( ) | |

= = . +
+ = = | +
= | +
) ' 20 (
2
26
) ' 26 600 ( 0 3
) ' 26 600 ( 0 2
0 1
2
.
1
2
.
1
R M
R R F
F
ft lb
ft lb
y
x
1) Determine the
reactions



- Solving equation (3):





- Solving equation (4):



( ) | = =
=

.
.
. .
2
. .
2
140 , 10
20
800 , 202
800 , 202 ' 20
lb
ft
ft lb
ft lb
R
R
( ) | =
=
.
1
. .
1
460 , 5
140 , 10 600 , 15
lb
lb lb
R
R
Negative Bending Moment -
Example
2) Determine the shear
at various points
along the beam and
draw the shear
diagram








.
) 20 (
.
) 20 (
.
) 10 (
.
) 1 (
600 , 3 ) 600 20 ( 140 , 10 460 , 5
540 , 6 ) 600 20 ( 460 , 5
540 ) 600 10 ( 460 , 5
860 , 4 ) 600 1 ( 460 , 5
lb
x
lb
x
lb
x
lb
x
V
V
V
V
= + =
= =
= =
= =
+ =
=
=
=
Negative Bending Moment -
Example
3) Determine where the
shear is at a
maximum and where
it crosses zero
max shear occurs at the
right reaction = 6,540 lb.







feet x
x V
1 . 9
) 600 ( 460 , 5 0
=
= =
Negative Bending Moment -
Example
4) Determine the
moments that the
critical shear points
found in step 3) and
draw the moment
diagram







( )( ) | |
( )( ) | |
. . .
) 20 (
. . .
) 1 . 9 (
800 , 10
2
20
' 20 600 ) ' 20 460 , 5 (
843 , 24
2
1 . 9
' 1 . 9 600 ) ' 1 . 9 460 , 5 (
ft lb ft lb lb
x
ft lb ft lb lb
x
M
M

=
= =
= =
Negative Bending Moment -
Example
4) Find the location of the inflection
point (zero moment) and max.
bending moment








since x cannot =0, then we use x=18.2
Max. bending moment =24,843 lb.-ft.






( )( ) | |
f eet f eet x
x
x x x x M
x
x M
x
x x M
ft lb
2 . 18 ; 0
600
460 , 5 5460
) 300 ( 2
) 0 )( 300 ( 4 ) 460 , 5 ( 460 , 5
460 , 5 300 300 460 , 5 0
2
600 460 , 5 0
2
600 ) 460 , 5 ( 0
2
2 2
2
=

=
+ = = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
= =
Rules of Thumb/Review
shear is dependent on the loads and reactions
when a reaction occurs; the shear jumps up by the
amount of the reaction
when a load occurs; the shear jumps down by the
amount of the load
point loads create straight lines on shear
diagrams
uniformly distributed loads create sloping lines of
shear diagrams
Rules of Thumb/Review
moment is dependent upon the shear diagram
the area under the shear diagram = change in the
moment (i.e. A
shear diagram
= M)
straight lines on shear diagrams create sloping
lines on moment diagrams
sloping lines on shear diagrams create curves
on moment diagrams
positive shear = increasing slope
negative shear = decreasing slope

Typical Loadings
In beam design, only
need to know:
reactions
max. shear
max. bending moment
max. deflection