Chapter 1: Fluid Flow

Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, 5th Edition

by Stephen Hall
This Excel workbook includes Visual Basic for Application function subroutines.
Macros must be enabled for them to work.
The following Text Boxes contain the syntax for the functions.
Copy them to the worksheet where you want to use the functions for ready reference.
Function Subroutines in SI Units
ChemEng Software sells an Excel template called PIPESIZE.
www.chemengsoftware.com
Function NReSI(W, mu, d, Optional ro, Optional Tin, Optional Mw, Optional p)
' W = Flowrate in kg/h
' mu = Viscosity in mPa-s
' d = PipeID in mm
' ro = density in kg/m3 (required for liquid)
' Tin = temperature, deg C (required for gas) - default 20 deg C
' Mw = molecular weight (required for gas) - default 29
' p = pressure, kPa (required for gas) - default 1000 kPa

Function FrictionSI(epsilon, NRe, d)
' epsilon = Surface roughness is in units m
' d = PipeID is in units mm
Function PDSI(W, Pin, Pout, d, L, f, Optional Density, Optional Tin, Optional Mw, Optional Gamma, Optional
Isothermal)
' Pressure Drop due to friction in a round pipe (adiabatic for compressible flow)
' with the following arguments
' Specify two of the following three; function will compute the third
' W = mass flow rate, kg/h
' Pin = inlet, or upstream, pressure, kPa
' Pout = outlet, or downstream pressure, kPa
' Pipe properties
' d = pipe diameter, mm
' L = pipe length, m
' f = Darcy friction factor
' Fluid properties
' Density (optional) -- specify for liquids, kg/m3
' Tin (optional) -- specify for gas, inlet temperature, deg C (default to 20)
' Mw (optional) -- specify for gas, molecular weight (default to 29 for air)
' Gamma (optional) -- specify for gas, ratio of Cp/Cv (default to 1.4)
' Isothermal (optional) -- any value results in isothermal compressible calc, if missing then adiabatic calc

Function NReUS
' W = Flowrate in lb/h
' mu = Viscosity in cP
' d = PipeID in inches
' ro = density in lb/ft3 (required for liquid)
' Tin = temperature, deg F (required for gas)
' Mw = molecular weight (required for gas)
' p = pressure, psia (required for gas)

Function FrictionUS
' epsilon = Surface roughness is in units feet
' d = PipeID is in units inches
Function PDUS
' Pressure Drop due to friction in a round pipe (adiabatic or isothermal for compressible flow)
' with the following arguments
' Specify two of the following three; function will compute the third
' W = mass flow rate, lb/hr
' Pin = inlet, or upstream, pressure, psia
' Pout = outlet, or downstream pressure, psia
' Pipe properties
' d = pipe diameter, inches
' L = pipe length, feet
' f = Darcy friction factor
' Fluid properties
' Density (optional)
' Tin (optional)
' Mw (optional)
' Gamma (optional)
' Isothermal (optional)


PIPESIZE sizes pipes for gases and liquids. It includes a database of properties for piping materials, fluids,
roughness values, and recommended velocities. Order on-line or by telephone, 24-h/d; credit cards accepted.
Function Subroutines in US Units
Function NReUS(W, mu, d, Optional ro, Optional Tin, Optional Mw, Optional p)
' W = Flowrate in lb/h
' mu = Viscosity in cP
' d = PipeID in inches
' ro = density in lb/ft3 (required for liquid)
' Tin = temperature, deg F (required for gas) - default 60
' Mw = molecular weight (required for gas) - default 29
' p = pressure, psia (required for gas) - default 115

Function FrictionUS(epsilon, NRe, d)
' epsilon = Surface roughness is in units feet
' d = PipeID is in units inches
Function PDUS(W, Pin, Pout, d, L, f, Optional Density, Optional Tin, Optional Mw, Optional Gamma, Optional Isothermal)
' Pressure Drop due to friction in a round pipe (adiabatic or isothermal for compressible flow)
' with the following arguments
' Specify two of the following three; function will compute the third
' W = mass flow rate, lb/hr
' Pin = inlet, or upstream, pressure, psia
' Pout = outlet, or downstream pressure, psia
' Pipe properties
' d = pipe diameter, inches
' L = pipe length, feet
' f = Darcy friction factor
' Fluid properties
' Density (optional) -- specify for liquids, lb/ft3
' Tin (optional) -- specify for gas, inlet temperature, deg F (default to 60)
' Mw (optional) -- specify for gas, molecular weight (default to 29 for air)
' Gamma (optional) -- specify for gas, ratio of Cp/Cv (default to 1.4)
' Isothermal (optional) -- any value results in isothermal compressible calc, if missing then adiabatic calc


(W, Pin, Pout, d, L, f, Optional Density, Optional Tin, Optional Mw, Optional Gamma, Optional Isothermal)
SI Units US Units
Inputs
Flow Rate kg/h 10,000.0 lb/h 22,000.0
Viscosity mPa-s 1.2 cP 1.2
Pipe Diameter mm 38.1 in 1.5
Density kg/m3 961.5 lb/ft3 60.0
Output
Delta P Bar/100 m 1.83 psi/100 ft 8.09
Problem Statement:
Calculate pressure drop per 100 m or 100 ft using the
Inputs Liquid Gas
Parameter Units Example 1 Example 2
Mass Flow Rate kg/h 10,000.0 1,200.0
Viscosity mPa-s 1.2 0.011
Pipe Diameter mm 38.1 26.6
Density kg/m3 961.0
Temperature C 40.0
Molecular Weight kg/kgmol 16.04
Pressure kPa, absolute 2,200.0
Output
Reynolds Number dimensionless 77,357.3 1,450,489
Problem Statement:
Calculate Reynolds Number using VBA function call.
=NReSI(D8,D9,D10,D11) =NReSI(E8,E9,E10,,E12,E13,E14)
US Customary Units Liquid Gas
Units Example 1a Example 2a
lb/h 22,000.0 2,645.0
cP 1.2 0.011
in 1.5 1.047
lb/ft3 60.0
F 104.0
lb/lbmol 16.04
psia 319.0
77,197.9 1,450,580
=NReUS(I8,I9,I10,I11) =NReUS(J8,J9,J10,,J12,J13,J14)
Inputs Liquid
Parameter Units Example 3
Mass Flow Rate kg/h 290.0
Viscosity mPa-s 1.2
Pipe Diameter mm 38.1
Density kg/m3 961.0
Temperature C
Molecular Weight kg/kgmol
Pressure kPa, absolute
Pipe Roughness m 0.0000457
Output
Reynolds Number dimensionless 2,243
Darcy Friction Factor dimensionless 0.0302
Problem Statement:
Calculate Darcy Friction Factor using VBA function call.
=FrictionSI(D16,D19,D10)
US Customary Units Liquid
Units Example 3a
lb/h 22,000.0
cP 1.2
in 1.5
lb/ft3 60.0
F
lb/lbmol
psia
ft 0.00015
77,198
0.0236
=FrictionUS(I16,I19,I10)
Inputs Liquid Gas
Parameter Units Example 4 Example 5
Mass Flow Rate kg/h 10,000.0 1,200.0
Pressure in (upsteam) kPa, absolute 700.0 2,200.0
Viscosity mPa-s 1.2 0.011
Pipe Diameter mm 38.1 26.6
Equivalent Length of Pipe m 40.0 60.0
Density kg/m3 961.0
Temperature C 40.0
Molecular Weight kg/kgmol 16.04
Cp/Cv 1.35
Pipe Roughness m 0.0000457 0.0000457
Output
Reynolds Number dimensionless 77,357 1,450,489
Darcy Friction Factor dimensionless 0.0236 0.0227
Pressure Out, given Mass Flow and Pressure in 623.6 1,246.3
Problem Statement:
Calculate Pressure Drop due to Friction
=PDSI(D8,D9,,D12,D13,D24,D14)
=PDSI(E8,E9,,E12,E13,E24,,E15,E16,E17)
US Customary Units Liquid Gas
Units Example 4a Example 5a
lb/h 22,000.0 3,080.0
psia 101.5 319.0
cP 1.2 0.011
in 1.5 1.047
ft 131.0 197.0
lb/ft3 60.0
F 104.0
lb/lbmol 16.04
1.35
ft 0.00015 0.00015
77,197.9 1,689,145
0.0236 0.0227
90.5 171.3
=PDUS(I8,I9,,I12,I13,I24,I14)
=PDUS(J8,J9,,J12,J13,J24,,J15,J16,J17)
Inputs Gas
Parameter Units Example 5
GUESS Mass Flow Rate kg/h 1200
Pressure in (upsteam) kPa, absolute 2200
Pressure out (downstream) 1340
Viscosity mPa-s 0.011
Pipe Diameter mm 26.6
Equivalent Length of Pipe m 60
Temperature C 40
Molecular Weight kg/kgmol 16.04
Cp/Cv 1.35
Pipe Roughness m 0.0000457
Output
Reynolds Number dimensionless 1,450,489
Darcy Friction Factor dimensionless 0.0227
Mass Flow, given Pressure in and out 1,152.5
Difference between GUESS and calculated rate, E8-E26 47.5
Problem Statement:
Calculate Flow Rate given upstream and downstream pressures
=PDSI( ,E9,E10,E12,E13,E24,E14,E15,E16,E17)
Use Goal Seek to find a value for
the Guessed flow rate (Cell E8)
that equals the calculated flow rate
(Cell E26). Notice that Reynolds
Number is calculated using the
Guess.
US Customary Units Gas
Units Example 5a
lb/h 3,080.4
psia 319.0
psia 116
cP 0.011
in 1.047
ft 197.0
F 104.0
lb/lbmol 16.04
1.35
ft 0.00015
1,689,382
0.0227
3,015.6
64.8
Use Goal Seek to find a value for
the Guessed flow rate (Cell E8)
that equals the calculated flow rate
(Cell E26). Notice that Reynolds
Number is calculated using the
Guess.
=PDUS( ,L9,L10,L12,L13,L24,,L15,L16,L17)
Inputs Liquid Gas
Parameter Units Example 4 Example 5
Mass Flow Rate kg/h 10,000.0 1,200.0
Pressure in (upsteam) kPa, absolute 700.0 2,200.0
Viscosity mPa-s 12.0 0.011
Pipe Diameter mm 50.0 26.6
Length of Pipe m 38.1 60.0
Density kg/m3 961.0 13.6
Temperature C 40.0
Molecular Weight kg/kgmol 16.04
Cp/Cv 1.35
Pipe Roughness m 0.0000457 0.0000457
Fittings Quantity
90 deg, welded r/D = 1 6
TEE, through branch (as elbow) 2
Plug valve, straight 2
Swing check, Vmin = 35 ro^0.5 1
Output
Reynolds Number dimensionless 5,895 1,450,489
Darcy Friction Factor dimensionless 0.0373 0.0227
Pressure Drop, given Mass Flow and Pressure in 29.6 953.7
Equivalent length of fittings m 14.80 7.87
Pressure Drop, equiv length method 41.08 1,018.93
Mass flux kg/m2-s 1,414.71 599.83
Velocity m/s 1.47 44.25
Fitting pressure loss kg/m2 937.50 59,320.48
kPa 9.19 581.34
Pressure Drop, 3-K method 38.77 1,535.02
Pressure Drop, Crane method 35.51 1,029.16
Problem Statement:
Compare pressure drop calculations using equivalent length and K-value methods for fittings.
Eq L 3-K Method
total Kf
Ex 4 Ex 5
(L/D)eq Km Ki Kd Total L/D
20 800 0.091 4 120 3.14 24.00
20 800 0.28 4 40 2.66 8.00
18 300 0.084 3.9 36 0.80 7.80
100 1500 0.46 4 100 2.22 4.00
296 8.82 43.80
Pressure Drop, Pa
Flow Regime Equiv L Crane K 3-K
50 Laminar 0.060 0.043 0.051
100 Laminar 0.120 0.087 0.102
500 Laminar 0.598 0.446 0.525
1000 Laminar 1.196 0.921 1.089
2000 Laminar 2.392 1.960 2.331
10000 Turbulent 41.079 35.508 38.774
30000 Turbulent 284.129 257.934 278.315
50000 Turbulent 716.261 663.917 715.526
70000 Turbulent 1,328.928 1,247.301 1,344.249

US Customary UnitsLiquid
Units Example 4a
lb/h 63,000.0
psia 101.5
cP 10.0
in 3.1 3 nominal size
ft 31.5
lb/ft3 112.5
F 127.0
lb/lbmol
Crane
ft Crane K ft 0.00015
0.019213 2.31
0.019213 0.77 12,970.0
0.019213 0.69
0.019213 1.92 0.03003
5.69
Delta P, pipe 0.413
Velocity 3.03
f, full turbulence 0.01731498
Leq Crane K 3-K
90 Ell 2 10.23 0.692599 0.828956
Branch tee 1 5.11 0.3463 1.147211
Swing check 1 25.57 1.731498 1.899022
Plug valve 1 4.60 0.31167 0.342748
3 x 1 reducer 1 822.68 57.92 57.92
868.19 61.00 62.14
Delta P, comparison 11.78 7.22 7.34
0.61 (0.02) 1
Inputs Liquid
Parameter Units Example 6
Mass Flow Rate kg/h 10,000.0
P0 Pressure in (upsteam) kPa, absolute 700.0
Viscosity mPa-s 1.2
Pipe Diameter mm 38.1
Equivalent Length of Pipe m 60.0
Density kg/m3 961.0
Temperature C
Molecular Weight kg/kgmol
Cp/Cv
Pipe Roughness m 0.0000457
Orifice Diameter mm 19.1
Output
Reynolds Number dimensionless 77,357
Darcy Friction Factor dimensionless 0.0236
P1 Pressure out (downstream) kPa, absolute 585.4
V1 Velocity through orifice m/s 10.1
Sonic velocity m/s
Orifice diameter ratio dimensionless 0.5
C Orifice Coefficient of Discharge dimensionless 0.61
r
Y Expansion factor dimensionless 1.0
P2 Orifice discharge pressure kPa, absolute 452.6
P3 Permanent Loss kPa, absolute 485.8
DeltaP P1-P3 kPa 99.61
K flow coefficient dimensionless 29.46
Equivalent Length m 56.12
Compare equivalent length ratio to pressure drop ratio
Pipe L / Orifice L 1.07
Pipe Pressure Drop / Orifice Pressure Drop 1.15
Problem Statement:
Calculate Permanent Pressure Drop Through Orifice
Pipe Header at 700
kPa absolute
60 m, 38.1 mm ID
P0
Result
Close enough, although not perfect
60 m, 38.1 mm ID
RO
P1
P2
P3
Close enough, although not perfect
Inputs Steam-Water at Saturated Conditions Water
Total Mass Flux kg/m2-s 1,356.0
Quality Mass Fraction Vapor 0.5
Inlet Pressure Bar 1.01
Pipe Diameter mm 5.0
Equivalent Length of Pipe m 1.0
Pipe Roughness m 0.0000015 (Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)
Calculations / Property Lookup
Parameter Units Total as Liq Vapor Props Mixture
Cross-sectional area m2 1.9635E-05
Total Mass Flow Rate kg/h 95.8
Inlet Pressure kPa 101.0
Temperature C 97.4
Viscosity mPa-s 0.28 0.012 0.023
Molecular Weight kg/kgmol 18.0
Density kg/m3 998.7 0.6 1.2
Cp/Cv 1.31
Output
Reynolds Number dimensionless 24,014 294,943
Darcy Friction Factor dimensionless 0.0255 0.0171
Pressure Drop, given Mass Flow and Pressure in 4.69 2,664.10
Liquid PD Multiplier phi 23.83
phi^2 567.65
Pressure Drop, 2-Phase Flow kPA 2,664.10
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.8
Problem Statement:
Calculate Pressure Drop due to Friction for Water-Steam Mixture
1000
10000
1.01 Bar
1
Quality
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1
10
100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1.01 Bar
6.89 Bar
34.4 Bar
68.9 Bar
103 Bar
138 Bar
172 Bar
207 Bar
221.2 Bar
100
150
200
250
G=339
G=1356
G=5424
Quality
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
50
100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
5
10
15
20
25
Awad
Janssen
Property Correlations for all correlations, t = deg C
Vapor Pressure: log(mm Hg) = A - B / (t+C) Liquid Viscosity: ln(cP) = A + B / (C+t)
A B C
R12 6.99 918.17 253.38
R22 7.04 850.10 245.18
Water 8.31 1,986.50 268.74
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Reference: IPC2004-721
Comparison Case
R12
2,000.0
0.9
6.00
50.0
1.0
(Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m) 0.0000015 (Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)
Total as Liq Vapor Props Mixture
0.001963495
14,137.2
600.0
22.0
0.20 0.013 0.015
120.9
1,325.3 29.6 32.8
1.17
488,377 6,864,651
0.0136 0.0103
0.41
5.55
30.75
12.63
Phi^2
Quality 1.01
0 1
0.03 46.41645292
0.05 73.3322877
0.08 111.1844284
0.11 147.185195
0.15 193.407243
0.2 249.3652528
0.3 357.7600186
0.6 670.8147204
0.8 875.2441564

User inputs are in RED

Temperature, viscosity, and density are determined from
correlation parameters in lookup table (down at the bottom of the
worksheet). These are affected by the inlet pressure variable. It
is assumed that the temperature is the saturation temperature at
the pressure.

Calculations for Re, f, and pressure drop are performed in VBA
subroutines --
subroutines are correct.

Clicking on the "Re
macro that runs the calculation on various combinations of
inputs, based on the charts in IPC2004

It seems like the only way to get a straight line (per the
reference) for Figure 7 (Row 123) is to do the friction factor
calculations once, then recalculate phi for a range of qualities (0
to 1) without recomputing the mixture viscosity and density for
each quality.
1 1078.089605
Phi^2
Quality 339
0 1
0.1 21.65342509
0.2 38.38506949
0.3 53.69737283
0.4 68.23836666
0.5 82.28544802
0.6 95.98612791
0.7 109.4292805
0.8 122.6730181
0.9 135.7576073
1 148.7121853
Phi^2
Quality 2278
0 1
0.1 3.225019566
0.2 5.336625128
0.3 7.386603283
0.4 9.398360896
0.5 11.38436636
0.6 13.35199619
0.7 15.30594741
0.8 17.24937895
0.9 19.1845074
1 21.11294176
Liquid Viscosity: ln(cP) = A + B / (C+t) Vapor Viscosity: ln(cP) = A + B / (C+t) Density: kg/m3 = m t + b
A B C
(8.77) 5,134.3 693.01 (9.00) (4,611.86) (1,008.87)
20.79 46,143.5 (2,064.89) (3.47) (278.74) 286.66
4.34 6,927.32 (1,332.33) (4.92) (200.49) (502.57)
6.89 34.4 68.9 103 138 172 207 221.2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8.224628681 2.48118952 1.724209 1.471297363 1.341214662 1.26543664 1.21338118 1.196944
12.64834922 3.42330677 2.1931 1.779418297 1.565753054 1.44090455 1.35493938 1.327755
18.93805921 4.78780781 2.879825 2.233848908 1.898624121 1.70203456 1.56627859 1.52327
24.95216539 6.10832883 3.550296 2.68027314 2.22725028 1.96085338 1.77647153 1.717971
32.68889358 7.81877575 4.424186 3.265040944 2.659601824 2.302653 2.05503895 1.976355
42.05776424 9.89799524 5.491334 3.982109516 3.191936121 2.72512011 2.40069759 2.297472
60.18602161 13.9265317 7.565445 5.380827356 4.23461845 3.55633082 3.08428571 2.933941
112.3770188 25.4933944 13.52198 9.405154978 7.245188894 5.96923649 5.08469657 4.804169
146.3711257 32.9985878 17.37767 12.00665506 9.191022614 7.53131397 6.38577582 6.024389
User inputs are in RED
Temperature, viscosity, and density are determined from
correlation parameters in lookup table (down at the bottom of the
worksheet). These are affected by the inlet pressure variable. It
is assumed that the temperature is the saturation temperature at
the pressure.
Calculations for Re, f, and pressure drop are performed in VBA
subroutines -- other worksheets in this workbook verify that those
subroutines are correct.
Clicking on the "Re-Run All Inputs" button at cell L35 runs a
macro that runs the calculation on various combinations of
inputs, based on the charts in IPC2004-721.
It seems like the only way to get a straight line (per the
reference) for Figure 7 (Row 123) is to do the friction factor
calculations once, then recalculate phi for a range of qualities (0
to 1) without recomputing the mixture viscosity and density for
each quality.
180.0619704 40.4208391 21.18376 14.57066284 11.10631356 9.06799534 7.66705922 7.227597
Sonic Velocity
489.498723 m/s
Pipe flow area 1.9635E-05 m2
Velocity, m/s
1356 5424 Mass Flux Density 339 1356 5424 kg/m2-s
1 1 998.66 0.34 1.36 5.43
22.97164511 24.5221439 5.87 57.75 231.02 924.06 YELLOW = > Mach 0.3
42.05776424 46.4192905 2.94 115.17 460.67 1,842.69 RED > Mach 1
60.18602161 67.8640232 1.96 172.58 690.33 2,761.33
77.83538138 89.1071994 1.47 230.00 919.99 3,679.96
95.19986265 110.239906 1.18 287.41 1,149.65 4,598.59
112.3770188 131.304262 0.98 344.83 1,379.30 5,517.22
129.4225584 152.322783 0.84 402.24 1,608.96 6,435.85
146.3711257 173.308745 0.74 459.66 1,838.62 7,354.48
163.2456352 194.270555 0.66 517.07 2,068.28 8,273.11
180.0619704 215.213833 0.59 574.48 2,297.94 9,191.74
M
T R Z
U

max
Mass Flux
1
3
5.5
7
8
9.5
11.5
Density: kg/m3 = m t + b Density: lb/ft3 = m t + b Molecular Cp/Cv
m b m b Weight
(3.09) 1,393.40 (0.19) 86.99 120.91 1.170
(3.20) 1,279.33 (0.20) 79.87 86.48 1.250
(1.56) 1,150.42 (0.06) 64.24 18.00 1.310
YELLOW = > Mach 0.3
RED > Mach 1
Inputs Steam-Water at Saturated Conditions R12
Total Mass Flux kg/m2-s 100.0
Quality Mass Fraction Vapor 0.5
Inlet Pressure Bar 9.40
Pipe Diameter mm 10.0
Equivalent Length of Pipe m 1.0
Pipe Roughness m 0.0000015 (Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)
Calculations / Property Lookup
Parameter Units Liquid Vapor
Cross-sectional area m2 7.85398E-05
Total Mass Flow Rate kg/h 14.1 14.1
Inlet Pressure kPa 940.0 940.0
Temperature C 39.2 39.16
Viscosity mPa-s 0.17 0.014
Molecular Weight kg/kgmol 120.9 120.9
Density kg/m3 1,272.5 43.8
Cp/Cv 1.17
Velocity (assuming avg density) m/s 1.18
Critical Velocity m/s 158.70
Output
Reynolds Number dimensionless 2,888 34,868
Darcy Friction Factor dimensionless 0.0424 0.0231
Pressure Drop, given Mass Flow and Pressure in 0.004 0.07
Lower Bound 0.13
Upper Bound 0.34
Average kPa 0.23
= Pa 231.83
Problem Statement:
Calculate Pressure Drop due to Friction for R12 at Saturation
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
f
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
a
l

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

g
r
a
d
i
e
n
t

(
P
a
/
m
)

1
10
10 100 1000
f
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
a
l

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

g
r
a
d
i
e
n
t

(
P
a
/
m
)
mass flux (kg/m2-s)
Reference: IMECE2005-81493
Comparison Case
R12
2,000.0
0.9
6.00
50.0
1.0
(Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m) 0.0000015 (Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)
Liquid Vapor
0.001963495
1,413.7 12,723.5
600.0 600.0
22.0 22.05
0.20 0.013
120.9 120.9
1,325.3 29.6
1.31
61.05
163.26
48,838 6,815,813
0.0210 0.0103
0.006 15.49
7.67
12.94
10.30
Quality 0.5
Mass Flux Lower
20 8
80 86
200 425
400 1,431
600 2,909
1000 7,112
Sonic 158.7016
Average Upper Density Velocity, m/s
14 20 84.6277 0.236329
157 228 0.945317
780 1,134 2.363292
2,623 3,815 4.726585
5,333 7,756 7.089877
13,037 18,962 11.81646
Inputs Steam-Water at Saturated Conditions R12
Total Mass Flux kg/m2-s 100.0
Quality Mass Fraction Vapor 0.5
Inlet Pressure Bar 9.40
Pipe Diameter mm 10.0
Equivalent Length of Pipe m 1.0
Pipe Roughness m 0.0000015 (Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)
Calculations / Property Lookup
Parameter Units Liquid Vapor
Cross-sectional area m2 7.85398E-05
Total Mass Flow Rate kg/h 14.1 14.1
Inlet Pressure kPa 940.0 940.0
Temperature C 39.2 39.16
Viscosity mPa-s 0.17 0.014
Molecular Weight kg/kgmol 120.9 120.9
Density kg/m3 1,272.5 43.8
Cp/Cv 1.17
Output
Reynolds Number dimensionless 2,888 34,868
Darcy Friction Factor dimensionless 0.0424 0.0231
Pressure Drop, given Mass Flow and Pressure in 0.00416 0.0710
dp/dz Pa/m 4.16273 65.8781
Fitting parameter p 0.8
Total pressure drop kPa/m 75.038706
Problem Statement:
Calculate Pressure Drop due to Friction for R12 at Saturation
Reference: IMECE2004-61410
water
Comparison Case Reference article, Figure 1
R12 Water-Air
2,000.0 591.0
0.9 0.035
6.00 1.30
50.0 27.0
1.0 1.0
(Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m) 0.0000015 (Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m) 0.0000015 (Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)
Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor
0.001963495 0.00057256
1,413.7 12,723.5 1,197.6 20.6
600.0 600.0 130.0 130.0
22.0 22.05 20.0 20.00
0.20 0.013 0.39 0.020
120.9 120.9 18.0 29.0
1,325.3 29.6 1,119.3 1.55
1.31 1.40
48,838 ######## 39,913 13,500
0.0210 0.0103 0.0221 0.0287
0.006 15.49 0.123 0.04
kPa/m 0.00634 11.3444 0.11882 0.1460
0.3 This method depends on fitting parameter, p 0.25 This method depends on fitting parameter, p
15.86 2.11
2,110.16
Reference article, Figure 1
(Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)
This method depends on fitting parameter, p
Inputs Steam-Water at Saturated Conditions water
Total Mass Flux kg/m2-s 110.6
Quality Mass Fraction Vapor 0.1
Inlet Pressure Bar 14.83
Pipe Diameter mm 38.1
Equivalent Length of Pipe m 30.5
Pipe Roughness m 0.0000457
Calculations / Property Lookup
Parameter Units Liquid Vapor
Cross-sectional area m2 0.001140092
Total Mass Flow Rate kg/h 392.7 61.3
Inlet Pressure kPa 1,482.8 1,482.8
Temperature C 197.7 197.70
Viscosity mPa-s 0.17 0.014
Molecular Weight kg/kgmol 18.0 18.0
Density kg/m3 842.4 6.8
Cp/Cv 1.40
Output
Reynolds Number dimensionless 21,198 40,346
Darcy Friction Factor dimensionless 0.0282 0.0255
Pressure Drop, given Mass Flow and Pressure in 0.123 0.33
Lockhart and Martinelli Method
X dimensionless 0.61
Phi-liquid dimensionless 29.38
Total Pressure Drop, 2-phase kPa 3.61
psi/100 ft 0.52 Branan: 0.49 psi/100 ft
Rukan: 0.28 psi/100 ft
100
100
100
100
Problem Statement:
Calculate Pressure Drop due to Friction for Water-Steam Mixture
0.08
0.09
0.10
Comparison of Two-Phase Models
R12, 6 Bar pressure, 100 kg/m2-s in 50 mm smooth pipe
100
100
10
50
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
-
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
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Quality
-
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
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Quality
Comparison of Two-Phase Models
R12, 6 Bar pressure, 5000 kg/m2-s in 50 mm smooth pipe
Reference: Branan, Rules of Thumb, 4th Edition
Comparison Case Wallis
R12
2,000.0
0.9
6.00
50.0
1.0
0.0000015
Liquid Vapor
0.001963495
1,413.7 12,723.5
600.0 600.0
22.0 22.05
0.20 0.013
120.9 120.9
1,325.3 29.6
1.31
48,838 6,815,813
0.0210 0.0103
0.006 11.34
0.02 Phi^2, lo 20.893051
3,771.04 Phi, lo 4.5708917
23.91 0.13
Mass Flux Quality Velocity Homog Split
100 0 0.075 0.00 0.00
100 0.1 0.406 0.01 0.01
100 0.2 0.737 0.01 0.02
100 0.3 1.068 0.02 0.03
100 0.4 1.399 0.02 0.03
100 0.5 1.729 0.03 0.04
100 0.6 2.060 0.03 0.05
100 0.7 2.391 0.04 0.05
100 0.8 2.722 0.04 0.05
100 0.9 3.052 0.04 0.05
100 1 3.383 0.05
10 0.5 0.159 0.003 0.005
50 0.5 0.795 0.051 0.084
100 0.5 1.590 0.176 0.284
200 0.5 3.179 0.613 0.954
300 0.5 4.769 1.285 1.940
400 0.5 6.359 2.184 3.209
500 0.5 7.948 3.304 4.742
600 0.5 9.538 4.641 6.524
700 0.5 11.128 6.194 8.545
800 0.5 12.717 7.961 10.794
1000 0.5 15.897 12.133 15.951
1000 0 0.755 0 0
1000 0.1 4.062 1 1
1000 0.2 7.370 1 1
1000 0.3 10.678 1 2
1000 0.4 13.986 2 2
1000 0.5 17.294 2 2
1000 0.6 20.601 2 3
1000 0.7 23.909 3 3
1000 0.8 27.217 3 3
1000 0.9 30.525 3 3
1000 1 33.833 4
2000 0 1.509 0 0
2000 0.1 8.125 2 2
2000 0.2 14.740 3 4
2000 0.3 21.356 5 5
2000 0.4 27.972 6 6
2000 0.5 34.587 7 8
2000 0.6 41.203 9 9
2000 0.7 47.818 10 10
2000 0.8 54.434 11 10
2000 0.9 61.050 13 10
2000 1 67.665 14
5000 0 3.773 2 2
5000 0.1 20.312 11 11
5000 0.2 36.851 19 18
5000 0.3 53.390 28 25
5000 0.4 69.929 36 32
5000 0.5 86.468 44 38
5000 0.6 103.007 52 43
5000 0.7 119.546 60 48
5000 0.8 136.085 68 51
5000 0.9 152.624 76 51
5000 1 169.163
0.9 1
Homogeneous
Split
Asymptotic
Lockhart
0.9 1

Homogeneous
Split
Asymptotic
Lockhart
Asymp Lockhart Fluid Inlet Pressure Pipe Diameter Equivalent Length of Pipe Pipe Roughness
R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
0.01 0.02 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
0.02 0.03 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
0.03 0.04 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
0.03 0.05 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
0.04 0.06 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
0.05 0.07 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
0.05 0.08 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
0.06 0.09 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
0.06 0.08 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
0.007 0.011 R22 9.10 10.0 1.0 0.0000015
0.076 0.124 R22 9.10 10.0 1.0 0.0000015
0.272 0.443 R22 9.10 10.0 1.0 0.0000015
0.940 1.527 R22 9.10 10.0 1.0 0.0000015
1.945 3.157 R22 9.10 10.0 1.0 0.0000015
3.273 5.311 R22 9.10 10.0 1.0 0.0000015
4.913 7.969 R22 9.10 10.0 1.0 0.0000015
6.859 11.123 R22 9.10 10.0 1.0 0.0000015
9.105 14.762 R22 9.10 10.0 1.0 0.0000015
11.648 18.882 R22 9.10 10.0 1.0 0.0000015
17.613 28.542 R22 9.10 10.0 1.0 0.0000015
R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
1 1 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
1 2 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
2 3 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
2 4 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
3 4 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
3 5 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
4 6 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
4 6 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
4 6 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
2 4 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
4 7 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
6 10 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
8 13 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
10 16 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
12 19 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
14 22 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
15 24 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
16 24 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
14 25 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
24 41 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
35 58 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
46 76 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
58 93 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
69 111 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
79 126 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
88 138 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
94 141 R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
R12 6.00 50.0 1.0 0.0000015
Pipe Roughness
Hashizume's Data
90 0.1
120 0.23
185 0.4
250 1
4
5
6
7
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Comparison of Two
R12, 6 Bar pressure, 1000 kg/m2
-
1
2
3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
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1.000
10.000
100.000
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Comparison of Two
R22, 9.1 Bar pressure, 0.5 Quality in 10 mm smooth tube
0.001
0.010
0.100
1.000
10
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Comparison of Two-Phase Models
R12, 6 Bar pressure, 1000 kg/m2-s in 50 mm smooth pipe
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Quality
Comparison of Two-Phase Models
R22, 9.1 Bar pressure, 0.5 Quality in 10 mm smooth tube
100
Mass Flux, kg/m2-s
Lockhart
Asymptotic
Split
0.9 1
Split
Homogeneous
Lockhart
1000
Lockhart
Asymptotic
Split
Homogenous
Hashizume's Data
Inputs Steam-Water at Saturated Conditions Water
Total Mass Flux kg/m2-s 1,356.0
Quality Mass Fraction Vapor 0.1
Inlet Pressure Bar 6.00
Pipe Diameter mm 50.0
Equivalent Length of Pipe m 1.0
Pipe Roughness m 0.0000015 (Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)
Calculations / Property Lookup
Parameter Units Total as Liq Vapor Props Mixture
Cross-sectional area m2 0.001963495
Total Mass Flow Rate kg/h 9,585.0
Inlet Pressure kPa 600.0
Temperature C 158.3
Viscosity mPa-s 0.21 0.013 0.084
Molecular Weight kg/kgmol 18.0
Density kg/m3 903.7 3.0 29.2
Cp/Cv
Output
Reynolds Number dimensionless 321,257 807,573
Darcy Friction Factor dimensionless 0.0146 0.0127
Pressure Drop, given Mass Flow and Pressure in 0.30
Liquid PD Multiplier phi 1.86
phi^2 3.47
Pressure Drop, 2-Phase Flow kPA 0.55
Sonic Velocity
475.6
Pipe flow area 0.001963495
Velocity, m/s
Quality Density 5424 kg/m2-s
0 903.75 6.00
0.01 226.40 23.96 YELLOW = > Mach 0.3
0.02 129.41 41.91 RED > Mach 1
0.03 90.60 59.87
Problem Statement:
Calculate Pressure Drop Through an Elbow for Different Steam Qualities
M
T R Z
U

max
0.04 69.69 77.83
0.05 56.63 95.78
0.06 47.69 113.74
0.07 41.19 131.69
0.08 36.24 149.65
0.09 32.36 167.61
0.1 29.23 185.56
0.11 26.65 203.52
0.12 24.49 221.47
0.13 22.65 239.43
0.14 21.07 257.39
0.15 19.70 275.34
0.16 18.49 293.30
0.17 17.43 311.25
0.18 16.48 329.21
0.19 15.62 347.17
0.2 14.86 365.12
0.21 14.16 383.08
0.22 13.53 401.03
0.23 12.95 418.99
0.24 12.41 436.95
0.25 11.92 454.90
0.26 11.47 472.86
0.27 11.05 490.81
0.28 10.66 508.77
0.29 10.30 526.73
0.3 9.96 544.68
0.31 9.64 562.64
0.32 9.34 580.59
0.33 9.06 598.55
Property Correlations for all correlations, t = deg C
Vapor Pressure: log(mm Hg) = A - B / (t+C) Liquid Viscosity: ln(cP) = A + B / (C+t)
A B C
R12 6.99 918.17 253.38
R22 7.04 850.10 245.18
Water 8.31 1,986.50 268.74
(Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)
Km Ki Kd
m/s 800 0.091 4
m2 K 0.39 elbow
6.33 kPa
25.28
44.23
63.19
700.00
Pressure Drop Through a DN Elbow
82.14
101.09
120.04
138.99
157.94
176.89
195.84
214.79
233.74
252.69
271.64
290.59
309.54
328.49
347.44
366.39
385.34
404.29
423.24
442.19
461.14
480.09
499.04
517.99
536.94
555.89
574.84
593.79
612.75
631.70
-
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
0 0.05 0.1 0.15
Liquid Viscosity: ln(cP) = A + B / (C+t) Vapor Viscosity: ln(cP) = A + B / (C+t) Density: kg/m3 = m t + b
A B C
(8.77) 5,134.3 693.01 (9.00) (4,611.86) (1,008.87)
20.79 46,143.5 (2,064.89) (3.47) (278.74) 286.66
4.34 6,927.32 (1,332.33) (4.92) (200.49) (502.57)
Pressure Drop Through a DN Elbow
0.2 0.25 0.3
Velocity
Density: kg/m3 = m t + b Density: lb/ft3 = m t + b Molecular Cp/Cv
m b m b Weight
(3.09) 1,393.40 (0.19) 86.99 120.91 1.170
(3.20) 1,279.33 (0.20) 79.87 86.48 1.250
(1.56) 1,150.42 (0.06) 64.24 18.00
Inputs SI Units Value US Units Value
Gas molecular weight 17.4 17.4
Temperature C 37.8 F 100
Pipe diameter mm 102 in 4.026
Pipe length km 32.2 miles 20
Inlet pressure kPa abs 13,700 psia 2,000
Outlet pressure kPa abs 10,300 psia 1,500
Elevation difference m 30.5 ft 100
Efficiency 1 1
Average compressibility factor 1 1
Constants
Base temperature C - F 60
Base pressure kPa abs 100 psia 14.7
Pipe roughness m 0.0000457 ft 0.00015
Calculations
Isothermal Gas Calculation
Reynolds Number 200,000 200,000
Friction factor 0.0187 0.0187
Flow Rate kg/h 8,982 lb/h 20,126
Standard volumetric rate MM m3/day 278 MM ft3/day 10,521
Intermediate Calcs
Gas specific gravity 0.60 0.60
Average temperature K 311 R 560
Average pressure kPa abs 12,080 psia 1,762
Head correction kPa 49 psi 7
Weymouth
Standard volumetric rate MM m3/day MM ft3/day 10,151
Panhandle A
Standard volumetric rate MM m3/day 402 MM ft3/day 15,110
Panhandle B
Standard volumetric rate MM m3/day 428 MM ft3/day 16,034
Problem Statement:
Compare the Panhandle and Weymouth formulas with the Isothermal gas calculation