4

1. (Cold working)

(recrystallization temperature)
2. (hot working)

3. (elasticity)

4. (malleability)

5. (ductility)

50 mm 5%
5%
6. (machinability)

7. (hardenability)

8. (surface hardening)
9. (quenching)

10. (aging age hardening) (unstable)



11. (decarbonization) (hot rolled)
(forging) (heat treatment)

(plastic deformation) (crack)

1.

1.1 (stress)

1.3 (strain) 10
12 2

2. 2
( ) ( )

3. (impact force)
(toughness)
4.

- (tensile force) (tensile stress) (tensile strain)
- (shear force) (shear stress) ( shear strain)
- (torsion force) (torsion shear stress)
- (impact force) (impact stress)
- (fatigue force) (fatigue stress)

1. (modulus of elasticity)

2.
3.

4.

5.
6.

7.

1.
- 45
- 45

2.
-

- 45

3. 45
4.

 2
1.


2.

( Hooks law)

94

 ( cast iron) 4
1. (gray cast iron) 2-4%
(graphite)

2.

4.


6
1. 3
1.1 (low carbon steel) 0.05-0.30%

1.2 (medium carbon steel) 0.30 0.50%

1.3 (high carbon steel) 0.50%

( )


2.

1) (strength)
2) (hardenability)
3) (machinability)
4) (corrosion resistance)
5) (wear resistance)
6)
3.

4.

1. (wrought products)
(shapes)
4
1.


2.

3.

4.

(high alloy steels)

-
-
-

1. (hardening with water tool steels)

2

2. (shock impact resistant tool steels)

(jack hammer)
3. (cold work tool steels)

4. (hot work tool steels)

5. (high speed tool steels)

red-hardness

( aluminium )
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
(magnesium) ()
3
1.

2.

170
3.

(copper)
(bronze age)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2

40%
(bronze)
12%
4-30%




- -


-

- ()

40
2
1. (thermosettings) (thermosets)
(casting)

2. (thermoplastics)

-



-

(polyethylene)
-

-

(polypropelene)
-


-


(polystyrene)
-

-

2
(destructivetesting; DT)

-
-

-
-

-

(nondestructive testing; DNT)

-
-

-
-

6
1. (tensile testing)

2. (hardness test)

2.1 (brinell hardness test)
2.2
2.3
2.4 100g
2.5 0.2 N 112 mm

3. (impact testing)

4.

5.
6. (creep)
(creep strength)

( nondestructive-testing) NDT 5
1. (visual inspection)

2. (penetrant testing; PT)

3. (magnetic particle testing; MT )

4. (ultrasonic testing; UT) I-Beam

5. (radiographic testing; RT)

manasu