( Dalton!!).

Thomson (1898)
10-8 cm
.
, , .

.
* : , e , p , n

 Rutherford (1911)
T
)
10-13 cm - 2,4x1014 g cm-3

( ) ( 1 )
1cm3 240 !!!

)
.

.
10-8cm . 100000 .

Rutherford

( He)

Au

ZnS
=

mu
b

z Z e2
m u2 b

Z : A Au
z : He
m : He
u : He

 Rutherford
, ,

( ).
e.

H
() a Maxwell.

Coulomb.

(!!!)




( )

( )

7000

6000

5000

4000

:
=R

n21

n22

n1 n2
R = 109678 cm-1

3000

n1 = 5 n2 = 6, 7 Pfund
n1 = 4 n2 = 5, 6, 7 Brackett

n1 = 3 n2 = 4, 5, 6, 7 Paschen
()

n1 = 2 n2 = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Balmer
( & )

n1 = 1 n2 = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Lyman
()

 Bohr (1913)
M Bohr

To

o
P=mur
P=n
n =1, 2, 3, . Dirac
h/2
= 1,0546x10-34 J s
h = 6,62618x10-34 J s
( , )
2mur=nh

n = 1,2,3, .
.


= 1 () :

mu2/r = e2/r2

m
u , e
r .

-2,18x10-18
n =
n2

n :

*
.

 Bohr

.
M
.
= En Em = h nm = h mn
: En = Em +hnm
: Em +hnm = En

nm = mn =

En Em
h

nm = (3,29x1015 s-1) (1/m2 1/n2)

 Bohr
mu2/r = e2/r2
2 m u r = n h

r = n2 = h2/42me2
Bohr, = 0.529

r = n2h2/42me2

=1 ( ) n=1, 2, 3, . , 4,
9, .. .
e
= +

= mu2/2 - e2/r

= -e2/2r

= -22me4/h2(1/n2)
E = -k(1/n2)

: E1=-k, E2=-k/4, E3=-k/9, E4=-k/16

(k = -2,18x10-18 J)

4 > 3 > 2 > 1

= 2 - 1 = k(1/n12-1/n22)
= hv

= k(1/n12-1/n22)/h

= k(1/n12-1/n22)/hc (cm-1)

 Bohr

1. .
2. .

Sommerfeld (1915)

. .
n = k + nr

a
b

a = h2n2/42me2Z a = n2/
b = h2nk/42me2Z b = nk/

E = - 22e4m(1/(nr+k)2/h2

, k

n k
n = k = b ( )
n
k /b = n/k

* k 0 k = 0 e
!

** k , n

( Schrdinger)
l=k1
l = 0, 1, 2, , n-1

 Zeeman (P. Zeeman, 1896)

, ,

.

Zn

Na

Zeeman

Zeeman

 Zeeman

e
l

p=mu

= -(/) l

l=rxp
| l | = [l(l+1)]1/2 [l(l+1)]1/2
l :
(
).
| lz | = m m
m :
(
z).
m l z

l z.
m o 2l + 1
. .



p (l=1)

d (l=2)

 l z
=

m
[ l (l + 1) ]1/2

l=2.

*, lx ly !
( )

 ( z)
l

l z

r
e

p=mu

= e l
e
e/2me
= e /2 me
Bohr (9,273x10-24 J/T)
= -(/) l

 m ,

= m
, = m B / ( Larmor)

 Zeeman

, n

, ml

 Zeeman

Stern Gerlach (1921)

Ag

 Ag

 Gerlach Niels Bohr 8 1922.

. Bohr :
.
.

Uhlenbeck Goodsmit (1925)

e
. spin
spin, s .
Spin, S
S = s(s+1) = 0,91x10-34 J s

s 2s+1
l 2l + 1
.

s =
spin.

l=1

l=1
ms = +1/2

ms = -1/2

1 + = J = 3/2

1 = J = 1/2

J :

: 2j+1
z

ms = +1/2

spin, ms
ms = -1/2