( )

Schrdinger
=
:

: Hamilton

-h2
82m

(2/x2 + 2/y2 + 2/z2)+ V

:
,
:
2 : e

-?

 Schrdinger

-h2
82m

(2/x2 + 2/y2 + 2/z2) + V =

z
r = z

r : e
:
:
r = y
y

r = x

(1/r2)/r(r2/r) + (1/r2)/y(/) + (1/r22) (2/2) + 82n/h2(E + e2/r) = 0

(r,,) = R(r) () ()
R(r) :
() () :


Schrdinger



Bohr

E=

-22me4Z2
n2h2

( Bohr)

n, l, ml

e .
Bohr
.

n
1
2
2
2
1

l ml

0
0
1
1
0

1
0
3
1
0

1
3
1
3

3/2

Zr
exp

3/2

2Zr

3/2

2
Z

3/2

2
Z
2

3/2

Zr

Zr

Zr

exp -

1/2

4
Zr

exp -

exp exp -

Zr

Zr

Zr

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

1s
2s
2pz
2px
2py

3
3
3
3
3

l ml

2
2

0
1

2 -1
2
2

2
2

1
930
1
930
1
930
1
930
1
930

3/2

3/2

3/2

3/2

3/2

4Z2r2

4Z2r2
9

4Z2r2
9

4Z2r2
9

4Z2r2
9

Zr
exp 3
Zr
exp 3
Zr
exp 3

Zr
exp 3
Zr
exp 3

15

16
15
4
15
4

15
4
15
4

1/2

(32 1)
1/2

()
1/2

()
1/2

(22)
1/2

(22)

3dz2
3dxz
3dyz
3dx2-y2
3dxy

4r2R2(r)dr

* 99%

200 pm

500 pm

1000 pm

H , R(r)

.

()()
.


|n, l, ml> e

n, l, ml : e
: nlml
| 1, 0, 0 > - 1, 0, 0 1s
| 2, 0, 0 > - 2, 0, 0 2s
| 1, 1, 1 > - 1, 1, 1 2px
| 2, 1, -1 > - 2, 1, -1 2py

(n = 1, 2, 3, ).

En =

(2,18x10-18J)2
n2

, L, M, N, .

(l = 0, 1, 2, 3, ,n-1)
s, p, d, f, g,
..
s sharp
p principal
d diffuse
f fundamental
g,

ml


(ml : = -l,.., 0, ..l)
2l + 1 .
d

ml : 1

: x

0 -1
z y

ml :

2
1
: x2-y2 xz

0 -1 -2
z2 yz xy

ms

spin
(ms : = -1/2 1/2)

V=-e2/r

3s , 3p, 3d V =
2s , 2p
1s V =

-42me4
9h2

-2me4
h2
42me4
h2

V=

.


.

 Bohr