e

(Band Theory)
.
:


.
.

.
.

.
.

<< RT
.. a, Mg,
Fe ..

> 3eV

>> RT
.. ,
,
..

0<<3eV

RT
= exp(-E/2kT)

.. S, Ge,
ln = ln - E/2kT
Sn ..


Si

Si
HSi

HSi

Si

Si

As

eSi

Si
Si

Si

Si

Si
Si

B
Si

Si
Si

=0.01eV
=0.01eV

n-

p-




.
+

2 10 kcal/mol

= , F, N Cl

Cl

Cl <<

- <

<< F

30 kcal/mol F2H-



CH4 < SiH4 < GeH4 < SnH4 (IVA)
PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 << NH3 (VA)
H2S < H2Se < H2Te << H2O (VIA)
HCl < HBr < HI << HF (VIIA)

H
O

CH

H
O

NO

CH

(-)

(-)

NO
HC
O

(-)

(-)

(-)

ON
O

(-)

H
N

N
H

NH

NH

()

CH3

HN
HN

()

NH2

(C)

(G)

NH2

N
N

HO

O
H

HO
H

NH2

HO

H
O

H
O

NH

HO

NH

H
O

OO

O-

O-

OO-

O-

O-

O-

 van der Waals

1. -
2. -
3.
4. London

* :
.
.

V=-

Z
4r2

Z :
:

.. Cl

21 2
V=4r2
1, 2 :

..

V=-

22
r6

 London

.

V=-

32
4r6

--+
+
+
+
+
+
++ - - ++ - -