:

ns2, np6 (E )
nd10 (.. Zn2+)
nd5 (.. Fe3+)
np3 (.. )
ns2 (.. He)

:

- ( )
- ( )

( ) .

***

,


NaCl

Na = +1 Cl = -1
. . = +1 . . Cl = -1

N2

N = 3
. . = 0 !! ()

Cl

Cl = -1 Cl = 1
. . -1 +7


Lewis (G. N. Lewis, 1916)

Lewis
Lewis

Be

Ne

Cl

O O

H2C CH2

HC

CH

HC

CH

H F
H F
H F

O
OS
O

O
O S
O

O
OS

 Lewis
: NO31. :

1x5 = 5

3O

3x6 = 18

23

2. ,
:

. 3- 23 + 1 = 24
3.
( Cl ).

.
O

3- :
O

4.
(2 ).

( ).
3- : 24 6 = 18
O
O

5. . ,

. e
( e - ).
3- :
O
O

O
O

5.
.
:
( ) - (1/2 x ) ( )
3- :

6.
0. -1 +1

.
(! Lewis
).

* :
( ) .
Lewis, .
: O3

Lewis

():

O
Lewis 3- () :

Lewis 3 :

O
O

2+
e

r1

+
1

r2
R

-e2

+
2

1
r1

1
r2

V = -e2

1
r1

1
r2

e2
R

R = 1.06 , De = 61 kcal/mol
R

Schrdinger ,
.

e
.

e
.

:
(Aufbau Principle)
Pauli

Hund


(Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals Molecular Orbitals, LCAO MO)
,
.

1/2

1/2

1 = 1/2 ( 1sA + 1sB )

2 = 1/2 ( 1sA - 1sB )

12 = N ( )

(1s )(1s )d = S ( )
A

(. S)

1 = 1/2 ( 1sA + 1sB )

2 = 1/2 ( 1sA - 1sB )

1 = +
2 = -

= (1sA)(1s)d = (1s)(1s)d Coulomb

= (1sA)(1s)d = (1s)(1s)d

e
(2).

H2, Re(H2) = 0.74

H2, De(H2) = 103,2 kcal/mol
1.
.
2. (
), ( )
( ).

 s AO

1/2

1/2

 p AO

 p AO

 p AO d AO

p AO

d AO

d AO

d AO

d AO

 d AO

e .

1*

1s

1s
1

: 1 (1 0)

: (11s)2

 e2

1*

1s

1s
1

: 0 (1 1)

!!

: (11s)2(11s*)2

*2p

*2p

*2p

*2p

*2p

2p

2p
2p

2p

2s

2p

2p

*2s

*2s

2s

2p
2p

2p

2p

*2p

2s

2s

2s
2s

.. O2, F2, Ne2

( 7)
>

.. 2, C2, N2
( 7)