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Thomson (1898)
10-8 cm
.
, , .
.
* : , e , p , n
Rutherford (1911)
T
)
10-13 cm - 2,4x1014 g cm-3
( ) ( 1 )
1cm3 240 !!!
)
.
.
10-8cm . 100000 .
Rutherford
( He)
Au
ZnS
=
mu
b
z Z e2
m u2 b
Z : A Au
z : He
m : He
u : He
Rutherford
, ,
( ).
e.
H
() a Maxwell.
Coulomb.
(!!!)
( )
( )
7000
6000
5000
4000
:
=R
n21
n22
n1 n2
R = 109678 cm-1
3000
n1 = 5 n2 = 6, 7 Pfund
n1 = 4 n2 = 5, 6, 7 Brackett
n1 = 3 n2 = 4, 5, 6, 7 Paschen
()
n1 = 2 n2 = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Balmer
( & )
n1 = 1 n2 = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Lyman
()
Bohr (1913)
M Bohr
To
o
P=mur
P=n
n =1, 2, 3, . Dirac
h/2
= 1,0546x10-34 J s
h = 6,62618x10-34 J s
( , )
2mur=nh
n = 1,2,3, .
.
= 1 () :
mu2/r = e2/r2
m
u , e
r .
-2,18x10-18
n =
n2
n :
*
.
Bohr
.
M
.
= En Em = h nm = h mn
: En = Em +hnm
: Em +hnm = En
nm = mn =
En Em
h
Bohr
mu2/r = e2/r2
2 m u r = n h
r = n2 = h2/42me2
Bohr, = 0.529
r = n2h2/42me2
=1 ( ) n=1, 2, 3, . , 4,
9, .. .
e
= +
= mu2/2 - e2/r
= -e2/2r
= -22me4/h2(1/n2)
E = -k(1/n2)
(k = -2,18x10-18 J)
= k(1/n12-1/n22)/h
= k(1/n12-1/n22)/hc (cm-1)
Bohr
1. .
2. .
Sommerfeld (1915)
. .
n = k + nr
a
b
a = h2n2/42me2Z a = n2/
b = h2nk/42me2Z b = nk/
E = - 22e4m(1/(nr+k)2/h2
, k
n k
n = k = b ( )
n
k /b = n/k
* k 0 k = 0 e
!
** k , n
( Schrdinger)
l=k1
l = 0, 1, 2, , n-1
Zn
Na
Zeeman
Zeeman
Zeeman
e
l
p=mu
= -(/) l
l=rxp
| l | = [l(l+1)]1/2 [l(l+1)]1/2
l :
(
).
| lz | = m m
m :
(
z).
m l z
l z.
m o 2l + 1
. .
p (l=1)
d (l=2)
l z
=
m
[ l (l + 1) ]1/2
l=2.
*, lx ly !
( )
( z)
l
l z
r
e
p=mu
= e l
e
e/2me
= e /2 me
Bohr (9,273x10-24 J/T)
= -(/) l
m ,
= m
, = m B / ( Larmor)
Zeeman
, n
, ml
Zeeman
Ag
Ag
e
. spin
spin, s .
Spin, S
S = s(s+1) = 0,91x10-34 J s
s 2s+1
l 2l + 1
.
s =
spin.
l=1
l=1
ms = +1/2
ms = -1/2
1 + = J = 3/2
1 = J = 1/2
J :
: 2j+1
z
ms = +1/2
spin, ms
ms = -1/2