Holy Grails of Chemistry

1.

,
, ,
.
Tc 160 K.
2. .
()
.

, IR NMR,
. ,

.
(Scanning microscopy)
. ,

.

3.


,
.


.

.
(scanning tunneling microscopes)
()
.
, .

, .

4.

.
,
,
.
5.

.

.
6.

.

.

( ). femto second laser

.

7.

.
, , .
8.



.
9.

- - .
,
, .

10. 100% .

.
.
Floyd Wallace,
.


.
11. -

.

. ,
-
-.

 : ---

 : !

16 17 :

G. Galilei, Gassenti, Descartes,
Bacon, Newton Boyle.
Dalton (19 )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

. (Lavoisier, 1774)
,
.

2H2 (g) + O2 (g)

S (s) + O2 (g)
CaC2 (s) + 2H2O (l)

2H2O (l)
SO2 (g)
Ca(OH)2 (s) + C2H2 (g)

* (1 )

, ,
.

= mc2 (Ainstein)
** M

.

. (Proust, 1797)
,
,

1.
2.

1 g H 8 g O 9 g 2

TiO ( 1:1)
Ti0.75O ( Ti)

TiO0.69 ( O)
17
8O

Ar = 16.99913170 amu

2
1H

Ar = 2.01355321270 amu

. .

Ti

.

,

.

CO, 1.00g C 1.33g O

CO2, 1.00g C 2.66g O
C
. 1.33/2.66=1/2

. (Richter)


, =r, r
.

1g H 4.66g 3
1g H 8.00g O 2
=4.66/8=0.583

=r

r=0.875/0.583=3/2

14g 16g
=14/16=0.875

NO2 =14/32=0.437 r=0.437/0.583=3/4

. (Gay Lussac)
,
,
. ,
,
.

1 2 + 3 2 2 3
2 2 + 1 2 2 2
1 2 + 1 Cl2 2 Cl

 (Dalton)

, ..

:
2 1 2
<

:
1
1 2
1
+
2 2

 :
1 1 Cl 2 Cl
:

+ Cl

Cl

:
1 2
1 Cl 2

1 HCl

Amedeo Avogadro (1811)

Avogadro
,
, 6.023x1023.

Avogadro

.

Avogadro : 6,023x1023 /mol

1 mol (1 Atm, 0 C 22,4 l ( )

 Avogadro :
2 2 2 4
1 2 2
22 + 2
2
2

22
2

V n
V
n mol

V1
V2

V1
V2

N1
N2

1
2

n1
n2

(i )

(i )

* Avogadro

S. Cannizaro : H .

M = k d