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Glossary of Terms

.

.
.

.

)(
.

.
)( .

.

.

.
Analog
Asynchronous
Bandwidth
Compression
Cu-SeeMe
Desktop Videoconferencing
H261
HTML-Hypertext Markup Language
One-Way Video
.

.
Real Time
Two-Way Audio Conferencing
Virtual Reality Modeling Language

.
)
(
.
)
( .
" / "
.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.
Distributed Learning
Blended Learning
Codec
Compressed Video
)Coder/Decoder (CODEC
Local Area Network
Integrated Services Digital Network

)(ISDN
Synchronous
)Digital Versatile Disk (DVD
Browser

.
)(

.

.

.

.

.
.
)(
.

.
.

.

.

.

Client
Downlink
ISDN(Integrated Services Digital
)Network
ITFS (Instructional Television Fixed
)Service
)Modem (Modulator-DEModulator
Online
Server
Telnet
Uplink
Whiteboard (Smartboard-electronic
)Whiteboard
Courseware
Ethernet
Multimedia
Real-Time Communication
)World Wide Web (WWW
.
)HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol

.
T1
,
.

.

. ,

, ) (

) (
.

Distance Learning Virtual
Education
.

- -

.
:

.
.

.

.

).(Visser, 1994

:

.

.

.

.
;(Morino, 1997
).Virkus, 1998

. ) (Lynch , 2000

.Networked Information Revolution

.
Melvil Dewey Albany

) . (Barron, 1991
) (Sacchanand, 1998 :
.
.
.
.
.
.

.

.
) (Allan, 2002
:
.
.
.
.
.
.

Planning
Human Resource Development for Information Societies

).(Sacchanand, 1998

.

:

) (Clyde, 2003
.

.

.

.

:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.

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:
.

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)(
) (
.

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)(
)( )( )(.

:

.


.

.

)(.

:
.
:
.
:
.

History of Distance Education

.
.

) Picciano (2001
:
: Correspondence Study Model

.
Isaac Pitman shorthand
instruction
) .(Verduin and Clark, 1991
Skerrys
College ) .(Curzon, 1977
.
Charles Toussaint and

Gustav Langenscheidt
) .(Schlosser and Simonson, 2002
Anna
Eliot Ticknor
) .(Holmberg, 1986 Illinois
Wesleyan ) (
Oxford
University
Cambridge University London
.University Ithaca, New York

) .(Mackenzie and Christensen, 1971
Chicago University Wisconsin
University Frederick Jackson
.Turner

) (Portman, 1978

. ) (Sumner, 2000
.

.
Hans Hermod
Melmo ).(Dahllof, 1988

, .

National
dEnseignement par Correspondence

).(Young et. al, 1980

The International
).(Encyclopedia of Education, 1993

) .(Bates, 1991

.
: Information and Communication

Model
)
)( (

.

).(Keegan, 1990

.

Wisconsin University The State University of Iowa
Ohio State University )( .
) (Buckland and Dye, 1991

.

) . (McGreal, 1991
)(Kenworth, 1991
Burdue
University .

Western
Reserve University .
Open University
) (
) .(Selman and Dampier, 1991

.

.
.

/ Learn/Alaska
. TI-IN

).(McIsaac and Gunawardena, 1996
.

(The International
).Encyclopedia of Education, 1993

.

)( Schlosser and
)Simonson (2002

. . Alfred P. Sloan
)Asynchronous Learning Networks (ALN

World Wide Web Text-based e-mail
) .(Picciano, 2001

.

Isaac Pitman
.
.

.

.

.
.
Definition of Distance Education

) Keegan (1991

.
.
Vancouver Conference of the International
Council for Correspondence Education
) (Distance Education
).(Thorpe, 1995:154

.
. :
. .
. )
(.
. ).(Keegan, 1990
.
.
. .
. .
. ) (.
. .

.
) (Perraton, 1988
/ .

.
) (Rumble, 1989:18-19
:

)
(

.
) ( Garrison, 1989:222
:
. .
. ) (
.
. .
) (Swift, 1992 :
Industrial Model )(
Mundane Technology
.
) (Moore, 1990 "

" .

.
(Portway and Lane,
) 1994 "
".
) (Keegan, 1980
(Holmberg (1977); Moore 1977; Peters, 1973 ; French
) Government Law, 1971 :
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
) (Keegan, 1986 :
. .
.
.

/ ) (


.
:

.
Theories of Distance Education

Holmberg Wedemeyer Moore

) (Simonson, Schlosser and Hanson, 1999 (Holmberg,
) 1986
.
.

) .(Ritzer, 1996
) (Keegan, 1986 :
. Theories of Autonomy and Independence

. Theory of Industrialization
. Theories of Interaction and Communication

Equivalency Theory Control A
Theoretical Framework for Distance Education )
( Andragogy Theory .
Autonomy and Independence Theory

European Theory of Independent Study
Moore
:
. :
.
. :
).(Keegan, 1986: 69
) (Moore, 1994 :
: ) () .
(.
: ) .
( . Moore

.
.
.
.
Moore :
. .
. .

. .
(Keegan,
)1986: 75
Moore ): (
: ) :(Learner-determined) (Autonomous
.
: ) :(Teacher-determined) (Non-autonomous
).(Keegan, 1986: 77

.
) (
.
.
.
.

.

.
.

(learner)determined
(autonomous

(teacher)determined
(non)autonomous
Transactional distance Theory
) (Moores, 1990 ) (
Pedagogical Phenomena Dialog
Structure Autonomy
.
.

.

.
Distance
.

) .(Moore and Kearsley, 1996
.
Dialog Moore :
/ .
.
.
.
.
.
.
Moore:
.

.
.
Moore Structure
:
.

.

.

.Mediated Massages

.
.
Moore

.
.
) (
Transactional Distance

Three Major Variables
Dialog
Structure

Learner Autonomy
) (Saba and Shearer, 1994

System Dynamic Model
. .
.

.
.

American Theory of Independent Study
Wedemeyer Wisconsin

.
Wedemeyer Independent Study

).(Keegan, 1986: 60
Wedemeyer

.
. :
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
. .
.
.
. .
. .
. .
. & (Simonson, Schlosser
).Hanson, 1999
Wedemeyer
.
Independent study systems

. :
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
(Simonson; Schlosser & Hanson,
).1999
Wedemeyer
): (
.
.
. .
. . )(Keegan, 1986: 65
) ( .
./
Wedemeyer
) ( ) (
.
) (
.
Learner
.
Learner content
.
Teacher
.
Communications
media
.
Teacher content
Wedemeyer
:
. .
. .
. .
Wedemeyer
:
.

.
.
.
Theory of Industrialization of Teaching

) (Peters, 1988

.

. Peters
:
Rationalization
.
Division of Labor
.

.
)( Mechanisation
.
Assembly Line )
( .
Mass Production
.
Planning and Preparation
.
.
Standardization
.
.
.
Functional Change and Objectification

: .
Concentration and Centralization

.
Peters .
Peters :

.
.
.
.
.
.
Peters (Keegan, 1986:
):82,83
Aim .

.
Contents
.
Methods
.
Choice of Medium

.
Human Pre-requisites
.
Socio-Cultural Pre-requisites
.
Peters
.
Theories of Interaction and Communication

Two-way Communication Theory
Baath
) (
.
).(Rekkedal, 1994
: Skinners Behaviour Control Model
: Rothkopfs Model for Written Instruction
: Ausubels Advance Organizers Model
: Egans Model for Structural Communication
: Bruners Discovery Learning Model
: Rogers Model for Facilitation of Learning
: Gagnes General Teaching Model
:
. )
(
.

.
. ) (

/ .
).(Keegan, 1985: 93
) (
Analysis of Teaching Models

Two-Way Communication

Teaching Models
:
Skinners Behaviour Control
Model
:
Rothkopf Model for Written
Instruction
.
.
:
Ausubels Advance
Organizer Model
:
Egans Model for
Structural Communication
:
Bruners Discovery Learning
Model
.
.
:
Rogers Model for
Facilitation of Learning
:
Gagnes General Teaching
Model
Interaction and Independence Theory
) (Daniel and Marquis, 1979

. " " Independent
Activities " " .Interactive
): (
) (
:

.

.

Guided Didactic Conversation
) (Holmbergs, 1989 Guided

Didactic Conversation .

) ...(

. .
) ( :

Keegan
).(1986: 97
) (
Guided Didactic Conversation
Holmberg :

.

.
.
.
.
.
.
Holmberg
:

.

.
.

.
.

.
.
.

.
.
Perraton
) (Perratons, 1988
Communication and Diffusion Theories
. Philosophies of Education Perraton
:
.
:
.

.

.

.
.
. :
.

.
.

.
. :
.
Systems Approach .
.

.
Interaction Theory
) (Moores, 1989 Autonomy

Theory :
. Learner-instructor interaction

.
. Learner-content Interaction
.
. Learner-learner Interaction

.
(Hillman, willis and Gunawardena
) 1994 Learner-interface
Interaction


.
) (Shih, 2002
.Learner-Intelligent Agent Interaction
Artificial Intelligence
.

Social Context Theory

Social Presence .
.

) .(Short, Williams and Chistie, 1976
) (Hackman and Walker, 1990

.
Equivalency Theory
) (Simonson, 1999

Synchronously Asynchronously
.
.
.
:
.

.

.

.

.
.
) (
Equivalency Theory

Distance
Education

Face-to-face
Simonson

.

.
:
. Equivalency

.
. Learning Experience

.
.
.
.
.
Appropriate Application

.
.
Students

.
.
Outcomes

. :
: Instructor-determined Outcomes :

.
: Learner-determined Outcomes
.

.

Control Theory
) (Rotter, 1989 Locus of Control

.

.
) (Baynton, 1992
Independence :
. ) (.
. ) (.
. ) (.
Baynton
.
A Theoretical Framework for Distance Education
) (Keegan, 1985: 115:118
:
. :

.
.
A Privatization of

Institutionalized Learning .

.Oral and Group-based Education
.
Intersubjectivity Shared Experience

.
:
/
.

.

.
.
.
:
.
.
.

.

:
.
The industrialization of teaching
The privatization of institutional learning .

.
Change of administrative structure
Different plant and buildings
Change of costing structures
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
) (
Andragogy Theory
Knowles
.
) .(Knowles, 1984
) .(Knowles, 1998
.
.
.
.
:
.

.
.
.
. Felt Needs
.Ascribed Needs
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
:
Television Classroom
.
.

.
.

.
.
.
) (Rowntree, 2000 :
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

. )-( )
(
.

.
) (Arafeh, 2004
Distributed Learning Blended Learning

.

.
.

Types of Distance Education Programs

.

.

Self-instructional Courses

.

. Linearity :
. : Linear Self Instruction
Hierarchically
Chronologically .

.
. :Non-linear Self Instruction

.
Interface

. ) (Sleight, 1997
:

. .
.
Computer-
) based Training (CBT
Hypermedia-based
.Instructiuon
) (Sleight, 1997 :
Facilitate
.
Static
.

Online Discussion Boards Listservs
.
Helpdesk .

. Non-profit
.

Collaborative Courses
) (
.
/
Synchronous and/or Asynchronous
.
:

.

.

.
.
.
.
.(Tinzmann, et al., 1990; Gokhale,
) (Tinzmann, et al., 1990
:
.

.

.
.

).(Tinzmann, et al., 1990
Seminar-style Courses

.

.
.
.

Hybrid courses

(Garnham and Kaleta
) .2002 :

.


.

.

.

.
Technologies of Distance Education

.

.
) (Reiser and Gagn, 1983
:

) (McIsaac and Gunawardena, 1996

) (
.
.
) (

& Delivery
access

Humanmachine
interface
Control
Interaction

Social presence

Symbolic
characteristics
) (Nipper, 1989 )(Sumner, 2000

) (Taylor, 2001
. ) (Johansen et. al., 1991
The 4-Square
Map of Groupware Options ) (
:
: Same Time/Same Place Instruction

: Same Time/Different Place Instruction
: Different Time/Same Place Instruction :
: ) ( Any Time/Any Place
Instruction
) (

)( /

)(
Same Time/Same Place Instruction

Overhead Projector Electronic Blackboard
.Projection System
.

.
.
.

Same Time/Different Place Instruction
One-way Communications Technologies

)(
Broadcast Radio and Television
.
.

.

).(Couch , 1997

.
.
Antenna .
Narrowcast
) Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS
Microwave Transmitter (Picciano, 2001: . Transmission Studio
)56

.

(McIsaac and Gunawardena, 1996; Bates,
).1984
Cable Television

.Coaxial Cables
. .
.
Microwave relay
.
(McIsaac and Gunawardena,
) .1996
.

Open-broadcast
Television .
)( Feedback
.
) (
Two-ways Interactive Communications Technologies

Teleconferencing

.

):(Rao, 1994

Audio conferencing
Audio graphics Conferencing
Video Conferencing
Audio Conferencing

.An audio Bridge
) (Speakerphone
) (

)( .
)( .
:
.

.

.

.

.

).(Rao, 1994
:

.

.

. :

.

.

).(Rao, 1994

Audiographics Conferencing

.

.

) ( (Rehn
) and Towers, 1994
.

)(

Interface
.
:

.

Virtual Faculty .

.
)(
.
)( )(
.
Keypad Device
.
.

.
)(
).(Jegede, Gooley and Towers, 1996
:

.
Synchronous Communication

.
)( .
(Jegede, Gooley and Towers,
).1996

)Video Conferencing (VC
Two-way Audio and Video

Communication .
) Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN
. Broadband :
. Point-to-point
) (
/ Coder/Decoder
)(
) .(Galbreath, 1995 Codec Analog Signals

(Woodruff and Mosby,
).1996
) (
ISDN
Point-to-Multipoint
)( Multipoint Control
Unite ) ( .
.
) (
ISDN
ISDN
ISDN
ISDN
. Multipoint to-Point
.
.
) (
. Manypoints-to-Manypoints
.

.Activated Voice
) (
:
.
)( .
Speakers .
Video Display )( .
Video board .
Network Card Ethernet Card
) Local Area Network (LAN ISDN
.Card
:

.

.
.

.

.
).(Stilborne and Macgibbon, 2001
. .

Spreadsheet Database
.Words Processor .

Assessment Feedback ).(Wheeler, 997
:

.

).(Wheeler, 1997
.
/ Coder/Decoder
.

.

). (Stilborne and Macgibbon, 2001
) (
.

.
:
. Full-motion video Conferencing
. Compressed video Conferencing
. Desk-top video Conferencing
Full-motion video Conferencing

.
. .

Compressed video Conferencing

.

.T-1 .
Codec
) .(Galbreth, 1995

Recorders/players .
:
.

.

.
.
(Reed and Woodruff,
).1995
:
.
& (Woodruff
).Mosby, 1996
.
.
Desk-top video Conferencing

Synchronous Two-way Communications

.
.
Microphone
.
.
.Real-time
) (Coventry, 2004
:
.
.
(15/16 frames per

) second .
.H261
Bandwidth .
Digital videoconferencing
/ Codec board /
Compress and/or Decompress .
. CUSee-Me
Cornell University NetMeeting .Microsoft
)( Digitized card .
)Interactive Instructional Television (ITV
Instructional
) Television Fixed Service (ITFS .
)(
.
.

. .
.
Talkback Frequency
) Modulation Microwave(FM
(McIsaac and
) .Gunawardena, 1996

.
)Interactive Radio (IR

.
. (Chaudhary and Bansal,
) 2000 :

.

.
.

Disadvantaged Groups ) (
.

.

.

.
.

)Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN

)(
. Modem
.
.
.
) .(Barron, 1999

.

Different Time/Same Place Instruction

. Local Study Center
British Open University
.

Different Time/Different Place Instruction
:
. .
. :
.
)Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC
. Computer
) Assisted Instruction (CAI Computer-Managed
Instruction Computer-Based Training
) (CBT Interactive Multimedia
) (IMM
.
Printed Materials

.

Textbooks Workbooks Study Guides
Group Study Guides Testing materials
.Supplement Print Materials

Self-directed Learning

(Verduin and Clark,
) .1991

Linear
Approach ).(Barron, 1999
Audiocassettes
Low-Technology
.
.

.
.

.
.

.

).(Power, 1990
)(
Video Tapes

.
.
.
:
.

.

.

.

.

).(Barron, 1999
Teletext

.
Decoder .

.
.

)Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC

.
. : E-mail Computer
Conferencing .(Wells, 1992) Electronic Bulletin Board
) Just-In-Time Lectures (JITL
) (
. .
. Learning Management
) .Systems (LMS
/ CD/DVD CD-ROM/Digital Versatile

.Disk

Web Browser Netscape/Internet
.Explorer ) (Krishnapillai, 2003:
. Personal Computer
. Email-based
. Web-assisted
. Web-based
:
). (Florini, 1990: 280
.

).(Palmer, Collins and Roy, 1996
.

.

).(Bacsich, 1987
:

.
.
.

).(Kaye, 1989
.

).(Florini, 1990:281

)Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI
.
Simulate .
)
(
).(Bates, 1986

Courseware

. ).(Bates, 1986

)Computer-Managed Instruction (CMI
.
Online Registration
.
.
) .(Abrioux, 1989
:
.
.
.

).(Smith, and Teague, 1997
:
.
.

ComputerBased Training
.

. .
:

.

. Self-paced
.

Structured Teaching .
:
.
.Floppy disk

.
Videotext

. :
. Broadcast Videotext
.Radio Waves
) (
.Keypad
. Interactive Videotext Viewdata

(Olson
).and Minor, 1985
Decoder Box
.

.
(Olson
).and Minor, 1985

. (Olson
).and Minor, 1985

)Interactive Multimedia (IMM

:

.
.
.
)(

.
.

).(Schwier, et. al, 1992
.
:
.

).(Schwier, et. al, 1992
) ( Any Time/Any Place Instruction

Internet and Related Technologies

.

/ Transmission
) .Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP

. ) (Bates, 1995; Wulf, 1996
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.Self-directed Learning
:
Internet
Navigation .
.

.
.

.

).(Kerka, 1996

:
.
.
Synchronous Internet Text- Technologies
based

. :

Online-Chat Forums

.
.

.

.
.
).(Allan, 2002:36

.
Instant Messaging Programs

.
.
.
).(Allan, 2002:35

Text-based Conferencing Programs
Real-time
.

.

) .(Allan, 2002
:
.
.

.
.The Client Software

:
.
.
).(Diversity University, 1997
Asynchronous Internet- Technologies
based
Online-Discussion
Forums E-mail Mailinglists
Discussion Lists Newsgroups Bulletin Boards
Listservs World Wide Web Static Pages

.

.
:

.

.

.

.
:

Online-Discussion Forums
) (

.

E-mail

.
.
:

.
.

.
:
.
.
.
Attached Files
Word Processing Spreadsheets
.PowerPoint
:

.

.

.
).(Knowles, 1996
Mailing lists
.
.
Mailserver
.
Listserv .Mailbase
.
Discussion Lists .
:
.
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
Discussion Lists

.
.

.
.
Newsletter
.

.

Newsgroups

.
. .

.

.

Bulletin Boards

.
.
.
.
.

.
. .

.

Listservs
. - .
:
Moderated Listservs
.
Unmoderated Listservs

.

.
.

Static World Wide Web pages
.

Hyperlink
Interent Explorer

.

HTML (Buzzard, MacLeod, and
) DeWitt, 1997 .

Telephone Technology
.

.
.
. :
.
Toll-Free Services

Registration Help-desk
.
.
Voice Mail
Privately
Asynchronously .
. )Interactive Voice Response Systems (IVRs

.Real-time
)(
Facsimile (FAX ) Technology
.
Scanned
.
. Modem
).(Schamber, 1988
)(
.

)Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs

.
:
.
.
.
.
(McIsaac and
).Gunawardena, 1996
).(Harrison, 2000
) (Waycott, 2002
:
.
.
.

)Computer Conferencing (CC

) . (McCreary and Van Duren, 1987
:
.

.

(Mason and Kaye, 1990) Independent Learning Strategies
.
Isolation
).(Kaye, 1990

).(Wells, 1992
).(Critical Thinking

Download
.
.
) (McIsaac and Gunawardena, 1996

Nonverbal Cues ) (
.Text-Based Communication

.

.
Fiber Optic Network

.
. .

):(Palmer, Collins and Roy, (1996
. Analog Fiber Optic Network
Full Motion Video )(
.
) Channels ( .
Bandwidth .
.
. Digital Fiber Optic Network
) (
)(
) Channels ( .
.
Codec
).(Coder/decoder
Microwave

.

.

.

E-Book Technology

)( Multimedia Hypermedia
) - ( -
)( CD-ROM .
. Nuvomedia, SoftBook Press and EveryBook
.
Microsoft Reader, Adobe
.Acrobat Reader and Adobe Acrobat eBook Reader or Glassbook Reader
Microsoft Reader
. (Shiratuddin et. al,

) 2003 :
.

.

.
) (
.
) (

.
.

.

:

.
.
.

Hypermedia

.

.
.

.

.
)(
CD-ROM
.
.

.
.

:

.
.
.
.
.

.

.

Compact Disk
) Interactive (CD-I .
Microprocessor Built-in
Compression .
.

)Virtual Reality (VR
.

. ) (Rigole, 1996

Feed-back Loop . Visor
Sensors
.
. Presentation System
Interface .
.

) Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML
. 3-D Virtual
Spaces ) .(Young, 2000

.Atomic Structure

) (Vinciguerra, 2004

MOO (MUD,
) Object-Oriented (Multiple user Dimension (or Dungeon,
) .or Domain or Dialoge
.Text-based Virtual Environment
Telnet
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Abstract
A descriptive survey study aimed to investigate the attitudes of libraries
and information specialists working in academic libraries towards the
potentiality of taking advantage of distance education in delivering
training courses for professional development purposes. The questionnaire
was distributed to 162 participants who represented the total target
population of the study. The total of completed and returned questionnaire
were 115, which represents about 83,5% of the whole population. Data
analysis revealed that, the majority of respondents, (75,7%; N = 96)
backing the idea of using distance education as a means of delivering
training courses, with varying degrees of agreement on the reasons behind
it. It also showed that (75,7%: N = 96) in favor of the Internet technology
for delivering training courses, in addition to, their urgent needs for
training courses in a number of subjects. Moreover, it was discovered that
there were obvious variation between the entire population (N = 115) in
their agreement on the potential obstacles that may impede the delivery of
training courses via distance education.

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Virtual Reality Modeling Language

Integrated Services Digital Network

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Charles Toussaint and

Cambridge University London

.University Ithaca, New York

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dEnseignement par Correspondence

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: Information and Communication

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Definition of Distance Education

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Autonomy and Independence Theory

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Transactional distance Theory

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) (Saba and Shearer, 1994

American Theory of Independent Study

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Theory of Industrialization of Teaching

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Concentration and Centralization

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