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Chemistry Formula List (Form 4)
Chemistry Formula List (Form 4)
NET
number of mole =
mass of subtance
molar mass
number of mole =
volume of gas
molar volme
For Solution
number of mole =
MV
number of mole =
1000
quantity of particle
6.02 1023
M = molarity
3
V = Volume of solution in cm
Summary
molar mass
Mass of particle
(in gram)
Avogadro Constant
Mole of
particles
Avogadro Constant
molar mass
molar volume
molar volume
Volume of
Gas
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Number of
particles
Periodic Table
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4Li + O2
2L i2O
4Na + O2 2Na2O
4K + O2 2K2O
The metal oxide of group 1 elements can dissolve in water to form alkali (hydroxide) solution
Li
2LiOH
Na
2NaOH
K22O
O ++ H
H22O
O
2KOH
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Electrochemistry
Electrolyte
Ionisation of Electrolyte
Ionisation of Molten Compound
2+
HCl H + Cl
H2O H+ +
2+
2-
CuSO4 Cu + SO4
H2O H+ + OH-
OH-
Na+
PbBr
Pb3++ +++Cl
Br- 2NaCl
2Al
Na
Al
3O
2O3 2
+ e Na
Observation:
Grey deposit is formed.
Al3+ + 3e Al
Observation:
Grey deposit is formed.
2+
Pb + 2e Pb
Observation:
Grey deposit is formed.
Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Observation:
Brown deposit is formed.
Ag+ + e Ag
Observation:
Silver deposit is formed.
2H+ + 2e H2
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e
Observation:
Bubbles of pungent yellowish green gas are
produced. The gas turns moist litmus paper to red
and then bleaches it.
2Br- Br2 + 2e
Observation:
Molten electrolyte:
Brown colour gas is produced.
Aqueous solution:
Light brown solution is formed.
2I- I2 + 2e
Observation:
Molten electrolyte:
Brown colour gas is produced.
Aqueous solution:
Light brown solution is formed. The solution turns
blue when a few drops of starch solution is added in.
Observation:
Gas bubble is formed. A pop sound is produced
4OH- O2 + 2H2O + 4e
when a lighted splinter is placed near the mouth of Observation:
the test tube.
Gas bubble is formed. Gas produces light up a
wooden splinter.
Sulphuric Acid
ClNitric Acid
Ethanoic Acid
+
+
HNO3 H + NO3
+
HNO3 + H2O H3O +
NO3
CH3COOH
+ CH3COO
H
CH3COOH + H2O H3O+ + CH3COO-
2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 + H2
6HNO3 + 2Fe 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2
H2SO4 + Pb PbSO4 + H2
6CH3COOH + 2Al 2Al(CH3COO)3 + 3H2
Acid + Metal Oxide Salt + H2O
Example:
2HCl
CaCl
2H
H
+Ca(OH)
2NH4OH
(NH
HNO
NaOH
NaNO
2
2O
2SO34++
4)H
2SO
4 + 2H2O
32 +
2O
or
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Salt
Solubility of Salt
Salt
Salt of potassium, sodium and ammonium
Salt of nitrate
Salt of sulphate
Salt of chloride
Salt of carbonate
Solubility
All are soluble in water
All are soluble in water
Mostly soluble in water except:
(Pb) Lead sulphate
(Ba) Barium sulphate
(Ca) Calcium
sulphatesoluble in water except:
Mostly
(Pb) Lead chloride
(Ag) silver chloride
(Hg) mercury
chlorideinsoluble in water except:
Mostly
Potassium carbonate
Sodium carbonate
Ammonium
carbonate
Solubility
Mostly insoluble in water except: K2O and Na2O.
Mostly insoluble in water except: NH4OH, KOH and NaOH
Preparation of Salt
Preparation of Soluble Salt
Salt of Potassium, Sodium and Ammonium
Acid + Alkali Salt +
Water
Example:
Preparation
of Sodium
HCl + NaOH
NaCl
+ H2O Chloride (NaCl)
Salt of
non-Potassium,
Sodium
and
Ammonium
Reactive
metal
+
Salt
+
Hydrogen
Acid
Salt
Water
Acid +++Metal
MetalOxide
Carbonate
Salt
+ WaterGas+ Carbon
Dioxide
Example:
Preparation
ofZnSO
(ZnSO4)
H
ZnO
ZnSO
+ H42Sulphate
+
4Zinc
2SO4 ++Zn
H2O
H2SO4 + ZnCO3 ZnSO4 + H2O +
CO2
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(ionic equation)
Colour of Salt
Salt or metal oxide
Salt of:
Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, zinc,
Lead, ammonium
Chloride, sulphate, nitrate, carbonate
Salt of Copper(II).Copper(II) Carbonate
Copper(II) sulphate, Copper(II) nitrate, Copper(II)
chloride
Copper(II) oxide
Salt of Iron (II)
Iron(II) sulphate; Iron(II) nitrate; Iron(ID chloride
Salt of Iron (III).
Iron(III) sulphate; Iron(III) nitrate; Iron(III)
chloride
Lead Iodide
Lead Chloride
Zink oxide
Lead(II) oxideMagnesium oxide, Aluminium oxide
Potassium oxide, Sodium oxide, Calcium oxide
Solid
Aqueous solution
White
Colourless
Green
Insoluble
Blue
Blue
Black
Insoluble
Green
Green
Brown
Brown
Yellow
White
Yellow when it is hot and
white when it is cold.
Brown when it is hot and
yellow when it is cold.
White
White
Insoluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
Colourless
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CO3
2-
NO3
Most Probably
Release CO2
SO4
Most Probably
Release NO2
Most Probably
Release SO3
2-
Not decomposible
Mercury(II) carbonate
Silver(I) carbonate
Ammonium carbonate
Calcium nitrate
Magnesium nitrate
Aluminium nitrate
Zink nitrate
Iron (III) nitrate
Lead(II) nitrate
Copper(II) nitrate
Mercury(II) nitrate
Silver(I) nitrate
Ammonium nitrate
Cl
Most Probably
No effect
Characteristics
Rekindle glowing splinter.
Explode with a pop sound when brought close to a lighted splinter.
Turns lime water chalky.
Bleach moist litmus paper.
Pungent smell.
Turn moist red litmus paper to blue.
Produces white fume when reacts with concentrated hydrochloric Acid.
Pungent smell.
Bleach the purple colour of potassium manganate(VII).
Turn moist blue litmus paper to red.
Pungent smell.
Brown in colour.
Turn moist blue litmus paper to red.
Sulphur Dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Qualitative analysis
Identification of Anions (Negative ions)
Diluted HCl or BaCl (aq) or Ba(NO3)2 AgNO3 follow by Brown Ring Test
diluted HNO3 or (aq) follow by diluted diluted HNO3.
( + FeSO4 (aq ) +
diluted H2SO4
HCl/HNO3
concentratedH2SO4
White precipitate is
White precipitate is
formed. It is soluble in
Carbon
Dioxide
is
2formed. It is soluble in
diluted HCl/HNO3
CO3
released.
diluted HNO3
2-
SO4
Cl
NO3
White precipitate is
formed. It is NOT soluble
in diluted HCl/HNO3
Formation of Brown
Ring
White precipitate is
formed. It is NOT
soluble in diluted
HNO3
Idendification of cation
NaOH(ak)
NH3(ak)
HCl or NaCl
H2SO4 or
Na 2SO 4
Na2CO3
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
KI
Na
Ca2+
Mg
Al
2+
3+
Zn
Pb
2+
2+
White
precipitate.
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in
excess NaOH
solution.
White
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in
excess NaOH
solution.
White
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in
excess NaOH
solution.
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in
excess NH3
solution.
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in hot
water
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
Yellow
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in hot
water
2+
Dirty green
precipitate is
produced.
Dirty green
precipitate is
produced.
Green
precipitate is
produced.
3+
Red brown
precipitate is
produced.
Red brown
precipitate is
produced.
Brown
precipitate is
produced.
A red brown
solution formed.
Blue precipitate
is produced.
Blue precipitate
is produced.
Dissolve in
excess NH3
solution and
form a blue
solution.
Blue precipitate
is produced.
White
precipitate form
in brown
solution
Fe
Fe
Cu
2+
NH4
= No changes is observed
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10
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Observation
Light blue precipitate
Dark Blue precipitate
Dark blue precipitate
Greenish brown solution
Pinkish solution
Blood red solution
Ion presents
2+
Fe
3+
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
Fe
SO3(g) + H2SO4(aq)
H2S2O7(l)
Stage 4:Formation of Sulphuric acid
H2S207
(1)
+ H2O (1)
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2H2SO4(aq)
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H2O + C CO + H2
2. Reaction between steam and natural gas.
2H 2 O + CH 4 CO2 + 4H2
Nitrogen
The reaction
1. Ammonia is made by the Haber process from nitrogen and hydrogen:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3 (g); H = -92 kJ mo1-1
Catalyst: Iron
Promoter: Aluminium oxide
Temperature: 450 C
Pressure: 200-1000 atm