Capitolul II

352&(6(7(+12/2*,&(',1,1'8675,$(;75$&7,9

8QD GLQ QHFHVLW

LOH GH]YROW ULL HFRQRPLFH R UHSUH]LQW DVLJXUDUHDUHVXUVHORU GHPDWHULLSULPH

QDWXUDOHXWLOL]DWHvQLQGXVWULHLIRORVLUHDORUHILFLHQW 0DMRULWDWHDPDWHULLORUSULPHQDWXUDOH

utilizate n

LQGXVWULLOH SUHOXFU WRDUH VXQW DVLJXUDWH vQ FDGUXO LQGXVWULHL H[WUDFWLYH 'H DFHHD vQ DQVDPEOXO
LQGXVWULDOLQGXVWULDH[WUDFWLY RFXS XQORFLPSRUWDQW
,QGXVWULD H[WUDFWLY  HVWH UDPXUD LQGXVWULDO  FDUH VH RFXS  FX DGXFHUHD OD VXSUDID D VROX

lui a

UHVXUVHORU QDWXUDOH DIODWH vQ ] F PkQW L WUDQVIRUPDUHD DFHVWRUD vQ PDWHULL SULPH SHQWUX SURFHVHOH
WHKQRORJLFHGLQDOWHUDPXULLQGXVWULDOHPHWDOXUJLHFKLPLHPDWHULDOHGHFRQVWUXF LL
3URGXF LD vQWUHSULQGHULORU H[WUDFWLYH HVWH GH PDV  L VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ SURFHVH WHKQRORJLFH

continui, ce folosesc utilaje de mare productivitate.

2.1. Resurse de materii prime naturale

5HVXUVHOH GH PDWHULL SULPH QDWXUDOH GLQ VFRDU D WHUHVWU  VH J VHVF VXE IRUP  GH ] F PkQW
= F PLQWHOH DFXPXO ULGHURFLLPL

a)
b)

nerale -VHFODVLILF

GXS PDLPXOWHFULWHULLLDQXPH

'XS VWDUHDGHDJUHJDUH] F PLQWHOHVXQWVROLGHOLFKLGHLJD]RDVH

'XS FRPSR]L LDFKLPLF ] F PLQWHOHVXQWPHWDOLIHUHLQHPHWDOLIHUH

; cele metalifere sunt

QXPLWHL] F PLQWHGHPLQHUHXUL

, iar cele nemetalifere ] F PLQWHGHURFL.

c) 'XS  FDQWLWDWHD GH PDWHULH SULP  FRQ LQXW  ] F PLQWHOH VXQW foarte mari (>30 milioane
tone); mari vQWUH  L  PLO WRQH medii vQWUH  L  PLO WRQH mici vQWUH  L  PLO WRQH
foarte micivQWUHLPLOWRQHLspeciale (<0,1 mil. tone).
d) 'XS IRUP ] F PLQWHOHVXQWPDVLYHVDXizometrice, cnd cele trei dimensiuni au aproape
DFHHDL P ULPH VDUH PLQHUHXUL IHURDVH tubulare, sau filon care sunt groase FkQG GRX  GLPHQVLXQL
sunt mult mai mari deckW D WUHLD PLQHUHXUL QHIHURDVH XQHOH PLQHUHXUL PHWDOLIHUH L VXE LUL, sau strat
FkQG R GLPHQVLXQH HVWH PXOW PDL PDUH GHFkW FHOHODOWH GRX  F UEXQL

L HL URFL VHGLPHQWDUH

cilindrice; dispersate, cnd sunt formate din mai multe corpuri care pot fi marL ! W L PLFL
(<100000 t).
e) 'XS  YDULD LD SURSULHW LORU VXEVWDQ HL XWLOH FRQ LQXW  ] F PLQWHOH VXQW uniforme, cnd
SURSULHW LOH VXQW DSUR[LPDWLY FRQVWDQWH L variabile vQ FDGUXO F URUD SURSULHW LOH DX YDULD LH PHGLH
(50-80%) sau mare (>80%).
f) DXS FRQ LQXWXOGHVXEVWDQ XWLO ] F PLQWHOHVXQWERJDWHLV UDFH.
= F PLQWHOHVXQWDOF WXLWHGLQPLQHUDOH

Mineralele VXQW VXEVWDQ H RPRJHQH GH QDWXU

 RUJDQLF  VDX DQRUJDQLF  FX IRUPXO  FKLPLF 

ELQH GHILQLW  vQ PDMRULWDWH VROLGH DYkQG VWUXFWXU  FULVWDOLQ  VDX DPRUI  L IDF SDUWH GLQ VFRDU D
S PkQWXOXL 6XE DVSHFW PLQHUDORJLF PLQHUDOHOH VH FODVLILF  vQ

metalici GH ILHU

]LQF

KHPDWLW

EOHQG GHILHU

Minereul

SLULW

elemente native (aur, sulf), oxizi

 PDJQHWLW  GH DOXPLQLX EDX[LW  sulfuri metalice GH SOXPE JDOHQ  GH
GHFXSUXLILHU FDOFRSLULW hidrocarburi, FDUERQD L etc.

HVWH R FRPELQD LH GH PLQHUDOH PHWDOLIHUH L PLQHUDOH QHPHWDOLIHUH 0LQHUDOXO

PHWDOLIHUSRDUW GHQXPLUHDGHXWLOVDXVXEVWDQ

XWLO LDUFHOQHPHWDOLIHUGHVWHULOVDXJDQJ 

'XS HOHPHQWXOGRPLQDQWDOXWLOXOXLPLQHUHXULOHVXQWIHURDVHQHIHURDVHLUDGLRDFWLYH

Minereurile feroase DX VXEVWDQ D XWLO

 IRUPDW  GLQ R[L]L L FDUERQD L GH ILHU 3ULQFLSDOHOH

PLQHUDOHGHILHUFDUHLQWU vQFRPSRQHQ DORUVXQW

magnetita (Fe3O4) oxid fero-IHULFFRQ LQHvQWUH-)HHVWHGHFXORDUHFHQXLHSkQ

OD

QHJUXFXOXFLXPHWDOLFSDUDPDJQHWLFJUHXVI UkPDELOLUHGXFWLELO6WHULOXOHVWHIRUPDWGLQ
VLOLFHLDOXPLQ 

hematita (Fe2O3 R[LG IHULF FRQ LQH -65% Fe, dar uneori chiar 68-69%, este de culoare
URLHSkQ ODFHQXLXLQHJUXFXOXFLXPHWDOLFLIRDUWHFRPSDFW &RQ LQHFDQWLW

LIRDUWH

mici de S, P, As, iar sterilul este silicea;

limonita (Fe2O3.nH22 R[LG IHULF KLGUDWDW FRQ LQH - )H HVWH GHFXORDUHEUXQ SkQ 
la dHVFKLVQFRPSR]L LDVD VHDIO  LFRPELQD LLDOHDOWRUPHWDOH9D0QHWFLFDQWLW L
PLFLGH63$V6WHULOXOHVWHIRUPDWGLQVLOLFHLDOXPLQ 

siderita (FeCO3 FDUERQDW GH ILHU FRQ LQH - )H HVWH GHFXORDUHJDOEHQ

EUXQ SkQ 

ODFHQXLH6WHULOXOV XHVWHVLOLFHD

Minereurile neferoase sunt minereuri de mangan, minereuri de cupru, minereuri de aluminiu,

minereuri de titan, de zirconiu, aurifere etc.

0LQHUHXULOHGHPDQJDQVXQWIRUPDWHGLQR[L]LFDUERQD LLVLOLFD LGHPDQJDQ3ULQFLSDOHOH

PLQHUDOH GH PDQJDQ FDUH LQWU  vQ FRPSRQHQ D ORU VXQW

hausmanita (Mn3O4); braunita (Mn2O3);

manganita (Mn2O3.H2O); psilomelanul (MnO2.nH2O); rodocrozita (MnCO3 L rodonitul (MnSiO2).
3HOkQJ DFHVWHDVHDIO LIRVIRU6WHULOXOHVWHVLOLFHD

Minereurile GH FXSUX VXQW IRUPDWH GLQ VXOIXUL R[L]L FDUERQD L L VLOLFD L GH FXSUX
Principalele minerale de cupru sunt: calcozina (Cu2S); covalina (CuS); calcopirita (CuFeS2); cupritul
(Cu2O); azuritul (2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2).

Cel mai important minereu de aluminiu este bauxita format n principal din oxizi de
DOXPLQLXKLGUDWD L3HOkQJ DFHWLDPDLFRQ LQHR[L]LGHILHUVLOLFLXWLWDQJDOLXHWF

0LQHUHXULOHUDGLRDFWLYHFRQ LQVXEVWDQ HUDGLRDFWLYH

RocileVXQWDVRFLD LLGHPLQHUDOH(OHSRWILIRORVLWHFDDWDUHJUDQLWPDUPXU

VDXSUHOXFUDWH

'DF  XQXO VDX PDL PXOWH HOHPHQWH PDMRUH vQ URF  UHSUH]LQW  R PDWHULH SULP  H[SORDWDELO 
HFRQRPLFURFDVHQXPHWHPLQHUHXVDXURF PLQHUDO XWLO URF LQGXVWULDO 
6H S VWUHD]  GHQXPLUHD GH PLQHUHX FkQG H[SORDWDUHD VH IDFH vQ YHGHUHD YDORULILF ULL XQXL
HOHPHQW PHWDOLF )H$O&D VDX QHPHWDOLF VXOI HWF LDU PHWDOHOH GLQ PLQHUHX IRUPHD]  VXEVWDQ D
PLQHUDO XWLO 
5RFLOH PLQHUDOH XWLOH VXQW DVRFLD LLOH GH PLQHUDOH FDUH VXQW H[SORDWDWH SHQWUX D IL IRORVLWH FD

atare, n special

vQ LQGXVWULD PDWHULDOHORU GH FRQVWUXF LL GH H[HPSOX JUDQLW PDUPXU  VDX GLQ HOH VH

SRWRE LQHVXEVWDQ HXWLOHQHPDWHOLIHUHQXPLWHURFLLQGXVWULDOHVDUHDDUJLODFDOFDUXOJLSVXOHWF

'XS PRGXOGHIRUPDUHURFLOHVXQWURFLPDJPDWLFHURFLGHVHGLPHQWDUHLURFLPHWDPRUILFH

Rocile magmatice SURYLQ GLQVROLGLILFDUHD PDJPHLLVXQW URFLJUDQLWLFHED]DOWLFHSRUILULWLFH

etc.
Rocile de sedimentareSURYLQGLQVHGLPHQWDUHDXQRUVXEVWDQ HFULVWDOLQHVDXDPRUIHUH]XOWDWH
din procese de degradare ale scRDU HL WHUHVWUH VXE DF LXQHD IDFWRULORU H[WHUQL (OHVXQWURFLGHQWULWLFH QLVLS SLHWUL JUHVLH DUJLO  URFL GH SUHFLSLWDUH FKLPLF  - calcar, gips, sare - L URFL ELRJHQH 5RFLOH
ELRJHQH VXQW GH GRX  IHOXUL FDXVWRELROLWLFH - care ard - L HLXO JD]XO QDWXUDO F UEXQHOH L
acaustobiolitice - care nu ard.
Rocile metamorfice UH]XOW  GLQ URFL PDJPDWLFH L GH VHGLPHQWDUH vQ XUPD XQRU WUDQVIRUP UL
SURGXVHGHIDFWRULWHUPRGLQDPLFL(OHVHIRORVHVFFDPDWHULDOHGHFRQVWUXF LL

te UH]HUY .

0 ULPHDXQXL] F PkQWVHQXPH

1R LXQHD GH UH]HUY  DUH XQ FDUDFWHU FRQYHQ LRQDO FDUH GHSLQGH GH FRQGL LLOH HFRQRPLFH
QLYHOXO WHKQRORJLF GH H[SORDWDUH L SUHOXFUDUH L SRVLELOLW

LOH GH H[LVWHQ

 D QRL UHVXUVH GH PDWHULL

prime.

Din punct de vedere economic rezerva poate fi: UH]HUY

 JHRORJLF  UH]HUY  GH ELODQ 

UH]HUY vQDIDU GHELODQ LUH]HUY GHSURJQR] 

5H]HUYDJHRORJLF UHSUH]LQW FDQWLWDWHDWRWDO GHVXEVWDQ

XWLO FRQ LQXW vQWU XQ] F PkQW

5H]HUYD GH ELODQ  HVWH FDQWLWDWHD GH VXEVWDQ

 XWLO  FDUH SRDWH IL H[SORDWDW  vQ FRQGL LL

economice.
5DSRUWXO GLQWUH UH]HUYD GH ELODQ  L UH]HUYD JHRORJLF  VH QXPHWH

factor de recuperare a

rezervei.
5H]HUYD vQ DIDU  GH ELODQ  UHSUH]LQW  FDQWLWDWHD GH VXEVWDQ

 XWLO  GLQWU XQ ] F PkQW FDUH QX

SRDWH IL IRORVLW  HFRQRPLF GDWRULW  SURFHQWXOXL PDUH GH PDWHULDO VWHULO FRQ LQXW vQ ] F PkQW
SURFHGHHORUVSHFLDOHLQHHFRQRPLFHGHSUHSDUDUHLFRQGL LLORUJUHOHGHH[SORDWDUH
5H]HUYD GH SURJQR]  H IRUPDW  GLQ FHOH F URUD QX OL VH FXQRVF vQ GHWDOLX FRPSR]L LD H[DFW 
FDOLWDWHD L WHKQRORJLD GH H[WUDF LH D VXEVWDQ HL XWLOH &RPSRUWDUHD WHKQRORJLF  D ] F PkQWXOXL VH
VWDELOHWHSULQFRPSDUDUHFX] F PLQWHVLPLODUHFXQRVFXWH
'XS PRGXOGHFXQRDWHUHUH]HUYHOHGH] F PkQWGHELODQ LvQDIDUDELODQ XOXLSRWIL

primare, A = sigure,

GHWHUPLQDWH FDQWLWDWLY L FDOLWDWLY SHQWUX HOH H[LVWkQG WHKQRORJLL

LQGXVWULDOHGHH[SORDWDUHLSUHOXFUDUH$1

SUHJ WLW $2

H[SORUDW 

secundare:

B = bine cunoscute (vizibile, aparente) din punct de vedere cantitativ, cu tehnologii

posibile de exploatare;

& SX LQFXQRVFXWHFDQWLWDWLYLFDOLWDWLYSRVLELOH&1), probabile(C2)

$SUHFLHUHDFDQWLWDWLY D] F PkQWXOXLVHIDFHvQIXQF LHGHFRQ LQXWXOGHVXEVWDQ

s.m.uFXUHOD LD

a=K
, [%],
100
unde: a = con LQXWXOSURFHQWXOXLGHPHWDOGLQPLQHUHX
 FRQ LQXWXOSURFHQWXDOGHVPXGLQPLQHUHX

PLQHUDO 

XWLO 

.

(2.1)

FRQ LQXWXOSURFHQWXDOWHRUHWLFGHPHWDOGLQVPX

cu:
JUHXWDWHDPROHFXODU DPHWDOXOXL

K =

(2.2)

JUHXWDWHDPROHFXODU DPLQHUDOXOXLXWLO

ASUHFLHUHDFDOLWDWLY D] F PkQWXOXLVHIDFHvQIXQF LHGHFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHGHXWLOL]DUH

pentru minereu -GXS FRQ LQXWXOGHVXEVWDQ PLQHUDO XWLO 

SHQWUXF UEXQH

energetic -GXS SXWHUHFDORULILF FRQ LQXWXOGHFHQX LXPLGLWDWH

cocsificabil - GXS FRQ LQXWXOGHVXEVWDQ HYRODWLOHFHQX LFRFV

SHQWUX L HL-GXS GHELWXOSHVRQG LGXS YDULD LDGHELWXOXLvQWLPS

Aprecierea tehnico-HFRQRPLF  D UH]HUYHORU GH ] F PkQW se face n primul rnd prin
-

LQGLFDWRULLGHFRQVXPLGHXWLOL]DUH

a)

Indicatorii tehnico-economici de consumVHUHIHU

SHQWUXH[SORDW ULOHPLQLHUH

b)

ODFRQVXPXULOHVSHFLILFH

de energie, kWh/t minereu excavat

de aer, m3aer/t minereu excavat
de material explozibil, t explozibil/1000t minereu excavat
de lemn: - n abataj, m3lemn/m3minereu excavat
- n galerii, m3 lemn/1000 t minereu excavat

SHQWUXH[SORDW ULOHSHWUROLHUHGHIRUDM

- GHHQHUJLHN:KPIRUD L
- GHVDSHEXF LVDSHPIRUD L
- GHWXEXULSU MLQLEXF LWXEXULVDXSU MLQLPIRUD L
Indicatorul tehnico-eFRQRPLF GH XWLOL]DUH LQWHQVLY  UHSUH]LQW

H[FDYD LSHRU ]LOXQ DQLFDUDFWHULVWLFDGLPHQVLRQDO DVDSHL

 UDSRUWXO GLQWUH PHWUL IRUD L

3HQWUX XQ DQXPLW QLYHO GH UH]HUY  5 FDSDFLWDWHD GH SURGXF LH

perioada de exploatare (v) de aproximativ 10-DQLSHQWUXPLQHGHP

DQLSHQWUXRPLQ PDUH-W]LVHFDOFXOHD] FXUHOD LD
R
C p = , (t / an )
T
9DORULILFDUHDXQXL]

(Cp HVWH FRQGL LRQDW

 GH

ULPHPHGLHW]LVDX

(2.3)

F PkQW

([WUDF LDXQXL] F PkQWSUHVXSXQHSDUFXUJHUHDXUP WRDUHORUHWDSHSULQFLSDOH

PkQW

vQVFRDU DWHUHVWU

PROSPECTAR

(DQWLRDQHK

-JHRORJLF
-JHRIL]LF
-JHRFKLPLF

U L

EXPLORARE

DQDOL]

GHWDOLLFDOFXOH

studii tehnico-economice
metode
la ziFDULHU

EXPLOATARE
n subteran (mine)
minereu

3URVSHFWDUHD] F PLQWHORU

3URVSHFWDUHD ] F PkQWXOXL UHSUH]LQW  WRWDOLWDWHD DFWLYLW

LORU JHRORJLFH L WHKQLFH HIHFWXDWH

SHQWUX GHVFRSHULUHD ORFDOL]DUHD L DSUHFLHUHD LPSRUWDQ HL HFRQRPLFH D ] F PLQWHORU GH VXEVWDQ H
PLQHUDOHLURFLXWLOH(DVHUHDOL]HD] SULQPHWRGHJHRORJLFHJHRIL]LFHLJHRFKLPLFH

Metodele geologice GH SURVSHFWDUH VWDELOHVF VWUXFWXUD URFLORU FDUH VH VWXGLD]  vQ GHVFKLGHUL
naturale sau artificiale.
Metodele geofizice VXQW IRORVLWH SHQWUX P VXUDUHD FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU IL]LFH vQ GLIHULWH SXQFWH DOH
UHJLXQLL FHUFHWDWH 'XS  FDUDFWHULVWLFD IL]LF  P VXUDW  DFHVWH PHWRGH VXQW JUDYLPHWULFH P VRDU 
JUDYLWD LDvQ]RQD] F PkQWXOXLPDJQHWRPHWULFHHOHFWURPHWULFHUDGL

ometrice.

Metodele geochimice

VWDELOHVF FRPSR]L LD FKLPLF DURFLORU FRQWXUHD] JDPDGH FRQFHQWUD LH

D XQRU PHWDOH vQ DQXPLWH UHJLXQL LQGLF  SULQFLSDOHOH F L GH ULGLFDUH D VROX LLORU PHWDOLIHUH D

filoanelor).

([SORUDUHD]

F PkQWXOXL

([SORUDUHD ] F PkQWXOXL UHSUH]LQW  DQVDPEOXO OXFU ULORU SULQ FDUH VH VWDELOHVF GLPHQVLXQLOH
IRUPD L FRPSR]L LD ] F PkQWXOXL vQ YHGHUHD HODERU ULL SURLHFWXOXL GH H[SORDWDUH ([SORUDUHD HVWH GH
PDLPXOWHIHOXULLDQXPHH[SORUDUHSUHOLPLQDU H[SORUDUHGHGHWDOLXL

explorarea n extindere.

([SORUDUHD SUHOLPLQDU  FRQVW  vQ LGHQWLILFDUHD ] F PLQWHORU L VWDELOLUHD XQRU LQIRUPD LL
DSUR[LPDWLYH DVXSUD FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU FDOLW

LL L GLPHQVLXQLORU ORU LQIRUPD LL QHFHVDUH MXVWLILF ULL

cheltuielilor efectuate pentru o cunRDWHUHDP QXQ LW 

Explorarea n detaliuVDXGHFRQWXUDUHVHUHDOL]HD]

SHSUREHGLQ] F PkQWFXVFRSXOFXOHJHULL

GDWHORUFHFRQGXFODFXQRDWHUHDH[DFW DFRPSR]L LHLLFDQWLW

LLOXL/XDUHDSUREHORUVHSRDWHUHDOL]D

SULQSURFHGHHPLQLHUHSX XULJDOHULLDQ XULSURFHGHHGHIRUDMVRQGHLSURFHGHHPL[WH

$OHJHUHD SURFHGHXOXL GHSLQGH GH IRUPD WHFWRQLF  L GLPHQVLXQLOH ] F PkQWXOXL PRGXO GH
WUDQVIRUPDUH VHFXQGDU  D VXEVWDQ HORU XWLOH GLQ ] F PkQW QDWXUD URFLORU GLQ ]RQD vQFRQMXU WRDUH
SR]L LDJHRJUDILF D] F PkQWXOXLFRQGL LLOHHFRQRPLFHvQFDUHVHGHVI RDU H[SORDWDUHD
([SORUDUHD GHGHWDOLX VWDELOHWH GHDVHPHQHDPHWRGHOHGHH[SORDWDUHSURFHGHHOHWHKQRORJLFH
GHH[WUDJHUHDFRQ LQXWXOXLXWLOGLQ] F PkQWLLQYHVWL LLOHQHFHVDUH

Explorarea n extindere VH H[HFXW

 vQ WLPSXO H[SORDW ULL SHQWUX GHILQLWLYDUHD VWXGLXOXL DVXSUD

] F PkQWXOXLLGHVFRSHULUHDGH] F PLQWHQRLvPSUHMXUXOPLQHLVDXvQDGkQFLPHDDFHVWHLD

([SORDWDUHD]

F PLQWHORU

&DOLWDWHDXQXL] F PkQWGHDSXWHDILH[SORDWDWvQFRQGL LLWHKQLFHLHFRQRPLFHDYDQWDMRDVHVH

QXPHWH

exploatabilitate.(DGHSLQGHGHPDLPXOWHFDWHJRULLGHFRQGL LLLDQXPHFRQGL LLJHRORJLFH

LLPXQFLLFRQGL LLHFRQRPLFHLFRQGL LLJHQHUale.

FRQGL LLWHKQLFHPLQLHUHFRQGL LLGHWHKQLFDVHFXULW

&RQGL LLOH JHRORJLFH VH UHIHU  OD QDWXUD VXEVWDQ HL XWLOH GLQ ] F PkQW SR]L LD L GLPHQVLXQLOH
] F PkQWXOXL
&RQGL LLOH WHKQLFH PLQLHUH DUDW  QLYHOXO WHKQLF DO LQVWDOD LLORU GH H[SORDWDUH L SURGXFWLYLWDWHD

acestora.
&RQGL LLOH GH WHKQLFD VHFXULW

LL PXQFLL LQ VHDPD GH VHFXULWDWHD FRQVWUXF LLORU SUHYHQLUHD

DSDUL LHLJD]HORUDSUH]HQ HLDSHLSUHYHQLUHDLQFHQGLLORUDEROLORUSURIHVLRQDOH

&RQGL LLOH HFRQRPLFH VH UHIHU  OD GHVIDFHUHD SURGXVXOXL DSURYL]LRQDUHD FX PDWHULDOH QHFHVDUH
H[SORDW ULLYDORDUHDLQYHVWL LLORUFRPSDUDWLYFXFRVWXOVXEVWDQ HORUXWLOH
&RQGL LLOH JHQHUDOH LDX vQ FRQVLGHUDUH IRU D GH PXQF  F LOH GH FRPXQLFD LH PLMORDFHOH GH

transport.
([SORDWDUHDRULF UXL] F PkQWQHFHVLW HIHFWXDUHDDGRX FDWHJRULLGHOXFU ULLDQXPHOXFU UL
GHSUHJ WLUHLOXFU ULGHGHVFKLGHUH

/XFU ULOHGHSUHJ

WLUHFRQVWDXvQVWDELOLUHDORFXULORUGHSHvQWLQGHUHD] F PkQWXOXLSHXQGH

VH YD IDFH H[SORDWDUHD L DPHQDMDUHD ORU $FHVWH ORFXUL WUHEXLH V  VH J VHDVF  vQ SDUWHD FHD PDL SX LQ
DGkQF  L FHD PDL ERJDW  D ] F PkQWXOXL SHQWUX FD FKHOWXLHOLOH HIHFWXDWH V  ILH PLQLPH 2GDW 
FXQRVFXWHvQFHSOXFU ULOHGHDPHQDMDUHDDFHVWRUORFXULSULQFRQVWUXLUHDGUXPXULORUGHDFFHVFXU

LUHD

LQLYHODUHDWHUHQXOXLV SDUHDLWXUQDUHDIXQGD LLORUSHQWUXFRQVWUXF LLLPDLQL

/XFU ULOHGHGHVFKLGHUHH[HFXWDWHODILHFDUHORFGHH[SORDWDUHVXQWOXFU ULGHS WUXQGHUHvQ

] F PkQW
$GXFHUHDPLQHUDOHORUGLQ] F PkQWODVXSUDID DVROXOXLUHSUH]LQW H[WUDF LD

7RDWHDFHVWHOXFU ULGHSLQGGHVWDUHDGHDJUHJDUHD] F PkQWXOXL

([SORDWDUHD] F PLQWHORUGHVXEVWDQ HPLQHUDOHXWLOHVROLGH

([SORDWDUHD ] F PLQWHORU GH VXEVWDQ H PLQHUDOH XWLOH VROLGH VH IDFH vQ IXQF LH GH SR]L LD
] F PLQWHORUODVXSUDID

VDXvQFDULHUHLvQVXEWHUDQVDXvQPLQH

E[SORDWDUHD OD VXSUDID

 VH GHVI RDU  vQ FDULHUH ] F PkQWXO DIOkQGX

-se n apropierea

VXSUDIH HLVROXOXL/XFU ULOHHIHFWXDWHSHQWUXGHVFKLGHUHDFDULHUHLVXQW

vQGHS UWDUHDVWUDWXOXLGHURFLH[LVWHQWGHDVXSUD] F PkQWXOXLGHQXPLWFRSHUW 

vQGHS UWDUHDSULPXOXLVWUDWGHURF XWLO FDUHvQJHQHUDOHVWHDOWHUDW 

amenajarea locurilor de lucru.

([WUDF LD SURSULX-]LV  DUH ORF VXE FHUXO OLEHU 3HQWUX GHVSULQGHUHD URFLORU VH IRORVHVF XWLODMH

JUHOHH[FDYDWRDUHVFUHSHUHLPHWRGHGHH[SOR]LHGLULMDW 

ExploataUHDODVXSUDID SUH]LQW XUP WRDUHOHDYDQWDMH

- QXQHFHVLW LQYHVWL LLSHQWUXOXFU ULGHDPHQDMDUH
- exploatarea se poate face simultan n mai multe puncte ale carierei cu cheltuieli mici;
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n subteran.
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ntre galerii se face prin suitori.

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s.m.n.) se face folosind o serie de indicatori tehnico-economici:

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escavat mecanic:
m 3 escavat mecanic
Vm =
100 , [%]
(2.4)
m 3 total escavat
3HQWUXH[SORDW ULOHPLQLHUHGHF UEXQHGLQ DUDQRDVWU 9m 93 -100%
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tone transport mecanic
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(2.5)
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100 , [% ]
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sondei.

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se fac cu scopul de

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interiorul

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Indicatorii tehnico-economici ai forajului
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(2.7)

n care:
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Ts - timp efectiv total de lucru, h
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operatorilor.
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pe metru liniar forat&VHFDOFXOHD]

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(2.8)

n care:
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mai mare este UDSRUWXODHULQMHFWDW L HLH[WUDV.
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etc.
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se deVI

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. Valoarea sa

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/D XQLL FRQVXPDWRUL DSD VH UHXWLOL]HD]  LQWHJUDO VDX SDU LDO &DQWLWDWHD GH DS  UHXWLOL]DW  VH
QXPHWHDS UHFLUFXODW

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9

Duritatea apei GDW

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Duritatea

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D, medii, cu

-30 'LIRDUWHGXUHFX
duritatea mai mare de 300D.
0
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9

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-7,5), sau bazic

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purilor mari.
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gaze, provocnd eliminarea acestora.

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chimic,
FX DMXWRUXO FORUXOXL R]RQXOXL L KLSRFORULWXOXL GH VRGLX 1D2&O VDX fizic, cu raze ultraviolete.
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uc n

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2+

), magneziu (Mg2+) etc.

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&kQGDSDHVWHIRORVLW vQLQGXVWULHSUH]HQ DLRQLORUSRDWHSURGXFHVFKLPE ULDOHFRQGL LLORUGH
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-le randamentul. n plus, prin

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Tratarea apelor utilizate n procesele tehnologice industriale

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sunt: procedeul var-VRG SURFHGHXOIRVIDWLFLFHODOVFKLPE WRULORUGHLRQL

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depun la baza

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U 

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de impurificare trebuie V

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tilaje pentru filtrare,

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2.4. Prepararea materiilor prime naturale solide

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solului suEIRUP

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materiile prime sunt supuse procesului tehnologic de prepDUDUH FH YL]HD]

EXF

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0LFRUDUHDGLPHQVLXQLORU EXF

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uscare.
flux tehnologic.

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Minereu
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0

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UkPDW

(neuniform)
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clase granulometrice

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brichete, palete
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produse

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HVWHVWULFW 

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Costul maxim admis (C) la prepararea unui minereu se poate calcula, considernd un procedeu
integrat de exploatare - preparare -SUHOXFUDUHPHWDOXUJLF FRQIRUPUHOD LHL
C e,p
(K + 1 min ), lei/t minereu,
C=
(2.9)
m a
unde: Ce,p FRVWXOH[SORDW ULLLSUHSDU ULLOHLW
m  FRHILFLHQWXOGHH[WUDF LHDPHWDOXOXLODSUHOXFUDUHDPHWDOXUJLF
D

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p
K = 2 , unde: p2 = costul transportului, lei/t;
p1
p1 FRVWXOSUHOXFU ULLPHWDOXUJLFHDFRQFHQWUDWXOXLOHLW
i+K+v
PLQ YDORDUHDPLQLP DH[SUHVLHL =
,
(2.10)
iv

XQGHL
Y

JUDGXOGHvPERJ

LUHRE LQXWODSUHSDUDUH

H[WUDF LDFDQWLWDWLY Y

&$

C = cantitatea de concentrat
A = cantitatea de minereu
'DF  R YDULDQW  WHKQRORJLF  GH SUHSDUDUH FRQGXFH OD RE LQHUHD XQXL FRVW PDL VF ]XW GHF

t cel

FDOFXODWDVWIHOYDULDQWDHVWHFRQVLGHUDW RSWLP 
6XEVWDQ HOH PLQHUDOH XWLOH SRW IL SUHSDUDWH ILH SULQ PHWRGH IL]LFR

-mecanice, fie prin metode

fizico-chimice.
'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOVFRSXOXLXUP ULWRSHUD LLOHGHSUHSDUDUHSRWIL

a) de modificare DJUDQXOD LHLVXEVWDQ HORUPLQHUDOH

b) GH DPHOLRUDUH D FRQ LQXWXOXL vQ FRPSRQHQWXO XWLO D FRPSR]L LHL FKLPLFR-metalurgice a
VXEVWDQ HORUPLQHUDOHFRQFHQWUDUH

6I UkPDUHDPDWHULLORUSULPH

6I UkPDUHDPDWHULLORUSULPHVHSURGXFHSULQFRPSUHVLXQHO

ovire, forfecare, frecare, ncovoiere

L WRUVLRQDUH L VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ RSHUD LLOH GH FRQFDVDUH JUDQXODUH L P FLQDUH (D VH H[HFXW  FX
VFRSXO GH D DVLJXUD R PDQLSXODUH XRDU  GH D P UL VXSUDID D GH FRQWDFW GLQWUH PDWHULD SULP  L
UHDFWLYLLXWLOL]D LODRSHUD LLOHXOWHULRDUH

ConcasareaHVWHRSHUD LDGHUHGXFHUHDGLPHQVLXQLORULQL LDOHDOHEXF

LORUGHPDWHULLSULPHL

DUHORFvQXWLODMHGHQXPLWHFRQFDVRDUH(DVHHIHFWXHD] vQGRX ID]H

FRQFDVDUH EUXW  SULQ FDUH GLPHQVLXQLOH LQL LDOH GH 

-1500 mm sunt reduse la valori de

100-500 mm, folosind FRQFDVRDUHFXI

FRQFDVDUHILQ vQ WLPSXOF UHLDEXF

OFL

LORUUH]XOWDWHGXS FRQFDVDUHDEUXW OLVHPLFRUHD] 

dimensiunile la 25-125 mm n FRQFDVRDUHFXYDO XUL.

&RQFDVRDUHOH FX I OFL ILJ VXQW DOF WXLWH GLQ GRX  I OFL VWULDWH XQD IL[   L FHD GH D
GRXD PRELO   DF LRQDW  GH XQ PHFDQLVP ELHO

-PDQLYHO

 FDUH vL LPSULP  R PLFDUH UHFWLOLQLH

DOWHUQDWLY 
&RQFDVRDUHOH FX YDO XUL ILJ VXQW FRPSXVH GLQ GRX  YDO XUL FLOLQGULFH FX VXSUDID D OLQ 

sDXVWULDW

8QXO GLQWUH YDO XUL  DUH QXPDL PLFDUH GH URWD LH LDU FHO ODOW  H[HFXW  vQ SOXV L PLFDUH

rectilinie-DOWHUQDWLY SHUPLV GHDUFXOVXEDF LXQHDEXF LORUGHPDWHULHSULP

Granularea DUH VFRSXO PLFRU ULL vQ FRQWLQXDUH D GLPHQVLXQLORU EXF


LORU GH PDWHULH SULP 

SHQWUXDSXWHDILP FLQDWHLVHGHVI RDU vQGRX ID]HJUDQXODUHEUXW LJUDQXODUHILQ 

EXF

JUDQXODUHD EUXW  VH H[HFXW  vQ PRUL FX FLRFDQH FkQG UH]XOW  GLPHQVLXQLOH ILQDOH DOH

LORUFXSULQVHvQWUHLPP

)LJ&RQFDVRUFXI OFL

)LJ&RQFDVRUFXYDO XUL

JUDQXODUHD ILQ  VH H[HFXW  vQ PRUL FLOLHQH XQGH

GLPHQVLXQLOHPDWHULHLSULPHDMXQJODYDORULFXSULQVHvQWUHL

5 mm.
Moara cu ciocane (fig.2.6.) se compune dintr-un corp
cilindric perforat n partea de jos, pentru evacuarea
PDWHULDOXOXL JUDQXODW Q SDUWHD FHQWUDO  D FLOLQGUXOXL VH DIO 
XQDUERUHSHFDUHVXQWIL[DWHPDLPXOWHFLRFDQHDOF WXLWHGLQ

bare metalice fixe terminate la capete cu ciocane articulate.

0DWHULDOXOGHJUDQXODWHVWHLQWURGXVSHODSDUWHDVXSHULRDU L
vQWkOQLQG FLRFDQHOH FDUH VH URWHVF HVWH ORYLW GH HOH L GH
SHUH L ILLQG VI UkPDW SkQ  OD GLPHQVLXQLOH FDUH SHUPLW

evacuarea lui prin partea de jos.

0 FLQDUHD HVWH RSHUD LD SULQ FDU

e granulele de

PDWHULL SULPH VXQW WUDQVIRUPDWH vQ SXOEHUH 0 FLQDUHD VH

)LJ0RDU FXFLRFDQH

H[HFXW vQWUHLID]HLDQXPH

P FLQDUHEUXW

vQXUPDF UHLDJUDQXOHOHDXGLPHQVLXQHDFXSULQV vQWUH

-0,5 mm;
-0,05 mm. Ea se

P FLQDUHD ILQ  GXS  FDUH GLPHQVLXQLOH ILQDOH DOH JUDQXOHORU VXQW 
UHDOL]HD] FDLP FLQDUHDEUXW vQPRULFXELOH

P FLQDUHD H[WUDILQ  FRQGXFH OD RE LQHUHD SXOEHULORU FX GLPHQVLXQL VXE  PP L VH
H[HFXW vQPRULFRORLGDOH

Moara cu bile ILJ HVWH DOF

WXLW  GLQWU XQ FLOLQGUX GH WDEO  RUL]RQWDO FDUH VH URWHWH vQ

MXUXOD[HLVDOHQFLOLQGUXVHLQWURGXFPDWHULDOXOJUDQXODWLXQQXP UGHELOHGLQWU

-un material dur.

&kQG FLOLQGUXO VH URWHWH ELOHOH VXQW DQWUHQDWH vQ PLFDUH FLUFXODU  L VXE DF LXQHD IRU HL FHQWULIXJH
VHULGLF SHSHUHWHOHFLOLQGUXOXLQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHIRU D JUDYLWD LRQDO GHYLQHPDLPDUHGHFkWIRU D
FHQWULIXJ ELOHOHFDG]GURELQGJUDQXOHOHQ O LPHDODFDUHVHULGLF ELOHOHGHSLQGHGHYLWH]DGHURWD LH

a morii.
7XUD LD OD FDUH VI UkPDUHD VH SURGXFH vQ FRQGL LL RSWLPH VH QXPHWH WXUD LH FULWLF  L VH
FDOFXOHD] GLQHJDODUHDIRU HLFHQWULIXJHFDUHDF LRQHD] DVXSUDELOHLFXIRU DJUDYLWD LRQDO 
P

R = mg
unde: m - masa bilei;
-YLWH]DXQJKLXODU DPRULL
R -UD]DLQWHULRDU DFLOLQGUXOXL
g -DFFHOHUD LDJUDYLWD LRQDO 

(2.11)

9LWH]DXQJKLXODU FXFDUHVHURWHWHPRDUDHVWHHJDO FX

n
, [rad/s ]
30

(2.12)

unde: n -WXUD LDFLOLQGUXOXL

,QWURGXFkQGUHOD LDvQUHOD LDVHRE LQH

42,3

, [rot/min ]
D
unde: D - diametrul interior al cilindrului.
n =

(2.13)

'DF  FLOLQGUXO PRULL VH URWHWH FX R WXUD LH PDL PLF  GHFkW
WXUD LD FULWLF  ELOHOH VH ULGLF  SH SHUH LL OXL OD R vQ O LPH PLF  FH
FRQGXFH OD VI UkPDUHD QHVDWLVI F WRDUH Q FD] FRQWUDU ELOHOH QX VH
YRU PDL GHVSULQGH GH SHUH LL FLOLQGUXOXL L VI UkPDUHD QX VH PDL

produce.
6I UkPDUHD L P FLQDUHD VH UHDOL]HD]  vQ WUHSWH VXFFHVLYH

caracterizate prin raportul de reducere a dimensiunii materialului

EXF LORUFDUHLQWU ID GHFHOFDUHLHVHQXPLWLJUDGGHVI UkPDUH,
n.
)LJ0RDU

FXELOH

n=

D
,
d

(2.14)

XQGH'LGVXQWGLPHQVLXQLOHPHGLLDOHPDWHULDOXOXLvQDLQWHL
GXS P UXQ LUH
5HGXFHUHD GLPHQVLXQLL PDWHULDOXOXL GH OD VI UkPDUHD LQL LDO  OD FFD  PP VH UHDOL]HD]  vQ 

-4

WUHSWHVXFFHVLYHGHVI UkPDUHLDUWUHSWHOHXUP WRDUHSRDUW QXPHOHGHP FLQDUH

&kQGRSHUD LDDUHORFvQPDLPXOWHWUHSWHJUDGXOGHVI UkPDUHILQDOHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD

nf = n1 . n2 .... nn

(2.15)

*UDGXOGHVI UkPDUHYDULD] vQWUH SHQWUXVI UkPDUHL SHQWUXP FLQDUH

Studiile

FDUH XUP UHVF FRUHODUHD FRQVXPXOXL GH HQHUJLH FX UH]XOWDWHOH VI UkP ULL DX FRQGXV OD RE LQHUHD XQHL
UHOD LL FRQIRUP F UHLD YDULD LD HQHUJLHL GH VI UkPDUH G( HVWH GHSHQGHQW  GH GLPHQVLXQLOH
PDWHULDOXOXLLGHFRQGL LLOHGHRSHUDUH

dE = K

dD

(2.16)

Dn

'DWRULW  FRQVXPXOXL PDUHGHHQHUJLHVI UkPDUHDHVWHFHDPDLFRVWLVLWRDUHGLQWUH RSHUD LLOHGH

SUHSDUDUHPHFDQLF FKHOWXLHOLOHDMXQJkQGODRSRQGHUHGHGLQWRWDOXOFKHOWXLHOLORUGHSUHSDUDUHvQ
WLPSFHLQYHVWL LLOHSHQWUXDFHDVW RSHUD LHUHSUH]LQW GLQWRWDOXODFHVWRUFKHOWXLHOL
QXUPDRSHUD LLORUHWDSHLGHVI UkPDUHUH]XOW PDWHULDOHFXGLPHQVLXQLGHVWXOGHGLIHULWH

Indicatorul tehnico-economic SULQFLSDO DO HWDSHL GH VI

UkPDUH HVWH

randamentul energetic al

PDLQLL FDUH VH FDOFXOHD]  FD UDSRUWXO GLQWUH OXFUXO PHFDQLF XWLO QHFHVDU VI UkP ULL L OXFUXO PHFDQLF
WRWDOFRQVXPDW/XFUXOPHFDQLFXWLOODVI UkPDUHVHFDOFXOHD] FXUHOD LD

L = K lg n G,

(2.17)

unde: K -HVWHFRQVWDQWDGHVI UkPDUH

n -JUDGXOGHVI UkPDUH
G - cantitaWHDGHPDWHULDOVI UkPDW
9DORULOHUDQGDPHQWXOXLVHVLWXHD] vQLQWHUYDOXO vQIXQF LHGHWLSXOLQVWDOD LHLLJUDGXO

GHVI UkPDUH2SHUD LDGHVI UkPDUHDPLQHUHXULORUVHGHVI RDU FXFRQVXPGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULF IRDUWH

mare.
*UDGXO GH VI UkPDUH SHQWUX RSHUD LD GH FRQFDVDUH HVWH FXSULQV vQWUH  L  SHQWUX RSHUD LD GH
JUDQXODUHvQWUHLLDUSHQWUXRSHUD LDGHP FLQDUHGHSLQGHGHIHOXODFHVWHLDSHQWUXP FLQDUHEUXW 
ILQ LSHVWHODP FLQDUHDH[WUDILQ 

2.4.2. Clasarea materiilor prime

3HQWUX OLPLWDUHD LQWHUYDOXOXL GH YDULD LH D DFHVWRUD PDWHULDOHOH VXQW VXSXVH GXS  ILHFDUH
RSHUD LHGHVI UkPDUHFODV ULLFDUHOHVHSDU vQFODVHJUDQXORPHWULFH
&ODVDUHDIRORVHWHSHQWUXVHSDUDUHDEXF

LORUGHPDWHULDOHGXS GRX FDUDFWHULV

tici fizice:

volumulFD]vQFDUHVHQXPHWHFODVDUHYROXPHWULF
greutateaFkQGVHQXPHWHFODVDUHJUDYLPHWULF 

&ODVDUHD YROXPHWULF  VHSDU  PDWHULDOXO GXS  GLPHQVLXQLOH VDOH SULQ IRORVLUHD GH JU WDUH
FLXUXULVLWH'LVSR]LWLYHOHGHFODVDUHYROXPHWULF SUH]LQW VXSUDIH HSHUIRUDWHDOHF URUVSD LLOLEHUHDX
DQXPLWHGLPHQVLXQLFHODV V WUHDF RSDUWHGLQPDWHULDOFDUHVHQXPHWH

trecere&HHDFHU

PkQHSH

VXSUDID DSHUIRUDW DGLVSR]LWLYXOXLVHQXPHWH

refuz.

ntr-XQGLVSR]LWLYDOF

WXLWGLQ

nJU

WDUHVDXVLWHVHRE LQ

n + 1 clase granulometrice*U

LVLWHOHSRWILDH]DWHvQLQVWDOD LHSHYHUWLFDO SHRUL]RQWDO VDXPL[WILJ

WDUHOH

)LJ,QVWDOD LLGHFODVDUHYROXPHWULF

a-clasare prin refuz; b-clasare prin trecere; c-FODVDUHPL[W

/D DH]DUHD SH YHUWLFDO

 GLVSR]LWLYHOH VH PRQWHD]  FX SHUIRUD LL GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PLFL

vQFHSkQG GH OD SDUWHDVXSHULRDU 2DVWIHOGHLQVWDOD LH VHQXPHWHLQVWDOD LHGH FODVDUH SULQUHIX]

. Pe

ILHFDUHJU WDUVDXVLW VHRE LQHXQUHIX]IRUPDWGLQEXF

LFXGLPHQVLXQLOHPDLPDULGHFkWSHUIRUD LLOH

VDOH GDU PDL PLFL GHFkW SHUIRUD LLOH JU WDUXOXL VDX VLWHL GH GHDVXSUD VD 6XE XOWLPXO JU WDU VDX VLW  VH
RE LQH R WUHFHUH FX FHOH PDL PLFL GLPHQVLXQL FDUH YD IL VXSXV  XUP WRDUHL ID]H VDX RSHUD LH GH

preparare.
&ODVDUHD SULQ UHIX] HVWH VLPSO  L DUH DYDQWDMXO F  VROLFLWDUHD VLWHORU GH F WUH JUHXWDWHD
PDWHULDOXOXL HVWH UHODWLY UHGXV  GHRDUHFH EXF

LOH FX GLPHQVLXQLOH FHOH PDL PDUL VXQW UH LQXWH GH

JU WDUXOVDXVLWDVXSHULRDU ILLQGHOLPLQDWHGHODvQFHSXW
'H]DYDQWDMHOHSHFDUHOHSUH]LQW DFHVWHLQVWDOD LLVXQWGDWRUDWHvQ O LPLLPDULSHFDUHRDX

QHFHVLW RLQVWDOD LHVSHFLDO GHULGLFDUHDPDWHULDOXOXL

GHIHFWDUHDXQXLJU WDUVDXVLW LQWHULRDU QHFHVLW GHPRQWDUHDWXWXURUFHORUODOWHVXSHULRDUH

$H]DUHD SH RUL]RQWDO

 D JU WDUHORU VDX VLWHORU VH IDFH XQD vQ FRQWLQXDUHD FHOHLODOWH VXE

IRUPD XQXL SODQ vQFOLQDW vQFHSkQG FX JU WDUXO VDX VLWD FX SHUIRUD LLOH FHOH PDL PLFL L WHUPLQkQG FX
FHOHPDLPDUL$FHDVWDVHQXPHWHLQVWDOD LHGHFODVDUHSULQWUHFHUH

$YDQWDMXO DFHVWHL LQVWDOD LL FRQVW  vQ FRQVWUXF LH PDL VLPSO  L vQWUH LQHUH PDL XRDU  GHFkW
SUHFHGHQWD 'H]DYDQWDMXO HVWH GHIHFWDUHD PDL UDSLG  GHRDUHFH PDWHULDOXO FXGLPHQVLXQLPDULWUHFHSH
WRDWHJU WDUHOHVDXVLWHOHLQVWDOD LHL

La acest tip de iQVWDOD LHVHRE LQnWUHFHULLXQUHIX]GHFLn+1 clase granulometrice.

 $H]DUHD DWkW RUL]RQWDO  FkW L YHUWLFDO  D JU WDUHORU VDX VLWHORU FRQGXFH OD RE LQHUHD
LQVWDOD LHLSHQWUXFODVDUHDPL[W

0DLvQWkLVHIDFHFODVDUHDSULQWUHFHUHLDSRLFODVDUHD

prin refuz.

)XQF LRQDUHDLQVWDOD LLORUVHUHDOL]HD] SULQPLFDUHYLEUDWRULH

&ODVDUHD JUDYLPHWULF  VH RE LQH vQ LQVWDOD LL SQHXPDWLFH L VH ED]HD]  SH F GHUHD OLEHU  D
FRUSXULORUvQIOXLGH(DVHDSOLF GXS ID]DGHP FLQDUHEUXW 

Particulele de clasDWVXQWO

VDWHV FDG OLEHUvQFXUHQWXOXQXLIOXLGFDUHVHGHSODVHD] RUL]RQWDO

FX R DQXPLW  YLWH]  $VXSUD SDUWLFXOHL FDUH FDGH DF LRQHD]  WUHL IRU H IRU D JUDYLWD LRQDO  IRU D GH
IUHFDUHGLQWUHIOXLGLSDUWLFXO LIRU DGHWHUPLQDW GHSUHVLXQHDIOXL

dului.

&DXUPDUHSDUWLFXOHOHFXGLPHQVLXQLPDLPDULYRUF GHDPDLUHSHGHLPDLDSURDSHGHSXQFWXO
SULQFDUHDXIRVWLQWURGXVHvQLQVWDOD LHLDUSDUWLFXOHOHPLFLYRUF GHDPDLGHSDUWHILJ

2.4.3. Concentrarea materiilor prime

5HGXFHUHD FRQ LQXWXOXL GH PDWHULDO VWHULO GLQ
PLQHUHX L F UEXQL VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ RSHUD LD GH
FRQFHQWUDUH FDUH HVWH FHD PDL LPSRUWDQW  vQ FDGUXO

procesului tehnologic de preparare. Ea are scopul de a

separa matHULLOHSULPHvQVSHFLLPLQHUDOHLGHDRE LQH
FRQFHQWUDWH FX XQ SURFHQW PDUH GH VXEVWDQ H PLQHUDOH

utile (s m u).
Concentrarea VH HIHFWXHD]

Fig. 2.9. Clasarea gravimetric

 SULQ PDL PXOWH

SURFHGHHFDUHVHDOHJvQIXQF LHGHQDWXUDVXEVWDQ HORU

PLQHUDOHXWLOHLDVWHULOXOXLLGHFRQGL LLOHORFDOH
&kQG VXEVWDQ D PLQHUDO  XWLO  DUH SURSULHW

L WRWDO GLIHULWH GH FHOH DOH PDWHULDOXOXL VWHULO

VHSDUDUHDORUVHIDFHXRUIRORVLQGPHWRGHVLPSOH$VWIHO

n cazul minereurilor de fier

H[WUDJHUHD XWLOXOXL VH UHDOL]HD]  IRORVLQG FRPSRUWDUHD

mDJQHWLF  GLIHULW  D XWLOXOXL ID  GH VWHULO 0DWHULDOXO XWLO HVWH SDUDPDJQHWLF VDX IHURPDJQHWLF LDU
materialul steril este diamagnetic. Prin trecerea minereului pe banda unui transportor care are la roata
de ntindere un magnet, materialul util va fi atraV GH IRU D PDJQHWLF  L YD F GHD vQWU-XQ EXQF U PDL
DSURDSH GH WUDQVSRUWRU 0DWHULDOXO VWHULO ILLQG GLDPDJQHWLF DVXSUD VD DF LRQHD]  QXPDL IRU D GH
JUDYLWD LHLSULQXUPDUHYDF GHDPDLGHSDUWHGHWUDQVSRUWRUILJ

, separaUHDORUGHVWHULOVHUHDOL]HD]

QFD]XOF UEXQLORU

SULQGLIHUHQ DGHGHQVLWDWHH[LVWHQW 

F UEXQLLDYkQGGHQVLWDWHPDLPLF GHFkWVWHULOXO,QVWDOD LDvQFDUHVHIDFHVHSDUDUHDVHQXPHWH

LQVWDOD LHGH]H DM

(fig. 2.11.).

)LJ&RQFHQWUDUHPDJQHWLF 

Fig&RQFHQWUDUHSULQ]H
1-vas; 2-piston; 3-DS -VLW 
5-steril; 6-util

1-URDW GHDQWUHQDUH-EDQG 
3-magnet; 4-URDW GHvQWLQGHUH

Ea se compune dintr-XQ YDV vQ IRUP

DM

 GH 8 QWU XQ EUD  VH DIO  XQ SLVWRQ LDU vQ SDUWHD

VXSHULRDU  D FHOXLODOW R VLW  FX SHUIRUD LL PDL PLFL GHFkW GLPHQVLXQLOH PLQHUDOXOXL Q LQVWDOD LH VH
LQWURGXFH DS  SkQ  OD QLYHOXO VLWHL SH FDUH VH DHD]  PLQHUDOXO EUXW 3LVWRQXO H[HFXW  R PLFDUH
UHFWLOLQLHDOWHUQDWLY LPSULPkQGDSHLRPLFDUHRVFLODWRULHvQWLPSXOF UHLDWUHFHSULQSHUIRUD LLOHVLWHL
L VH ULGLF  OD XQ QLYHO PD[LP vQ EUD XO PLF DO LQVWDOD LHL DQWUHQkQG VXEVWDQ D XWLO  3DUWLFXOHOH FX
GHQVLWDWHPDLPLF YRUILULGLFDWHPDLVXVLDUFHOHFXGHQVLWDWHPDLPDUHU PkQvQSDUWHDGHMRVDVWIHO
F  OD VIkULWXO RSHUD LHL PLQHUDOXO HVWH VHSDUDW vQ GRX  VWUDWXUL FHO VXSHULRU IRUPDW GLQ PDWHULDOXO XWLO

iar cel inferior format din steril.

&kQG VXEVWDQ D PLQHUDO  XWLO  GLQ  PLQHUHX QX VH SRDWH VHSDUD XWLOL]kQG GLIHUHQ D GLQWUH
SURSULHW

LOH ORU IL]LFH HYLG

ente, se folosesc metode de concentrare mai complexe dintre care cea mai

XWLOL]DW HVWHIORWD LD

)ORWD LD DSOLFDELO  FX SUHF GHUH PLQHUHXULORU VH ED]HD]  SH GLIHUHQ D GLQWUH SURSULHW
WHQVLRDFWLYHLFDSLODU DFWLYHDOHPLQHUDOHORUFDUHDOF WXLHVFPLQHUHXO6HUHDOL]HD] FXDMXWRUXO

GHIORWD LH

LOH

celulei

La introducerea unui material solid ntr-XQOLFKLGDFHVWDGLQXUP

SRDWHV XGHVROLGXOFkQG

PROHFXOHOH OLFKLGXOXL DGHU  OD VXSUDID D VROLGXOXL VDX V  QX XGH VROLGXO FkQG PROHFXOHOH OLFKLGXOX

QX DGHU  OD VXSUDID D VROLGXOXL $GHUDUHD OLFKLGXOXL OD VXSUDID D VROLGXOXL VH GDWRUHD]  IDSWXOXL F 
IRU HOH FDUH VH H[HUFLW  vQWUH PROHFXOHOH OLFKLGXOXL VXQW PDL PLFL GHFkW FHOH FH VH H[HUFLW  vQWUH
PROHFXOHOHOLFKLGXOXLLPROHFXOHOHVROLGXOXL

n genHUDOVXEDVSHFWXOXG

ULLOLFKLGHOHVHvPSDUWvQGRX FDWHJRULLOLFKLGHFDUHVHFRPSRUW 

FDLDSDLOLFKLGHFDUHVHFRPSRUW FDLXOHLXULOH

Solidele care sunt "udate" de lichidele dintr-RFDWHJRULHQXVXQWXGDWHGHOLFKLGHOHGLQFHDODOW

categorLH&DXUPDUHVHGHRVHEHVFGRX WLSXULGHVXEVWDQ HVXEVWDQ HKLGURILOHFDUHVXQWXGDWHGHDS




L VXEVWDQ H KLGURIREH FDUH QX VXQW XGDWH GH DS  GDU VXQW XGDWH GH XOHLXUL SULQ XUPDUH VH QXPHVF

liofile.
&RPSRUWDUHDKLGURILO VDXKLGURIRE SRDWHILPRGLILFDW GXS GRULQ

SULQDG XJDUHDvQDS D

XQRUVXEVWDQ H
QFD]XOVHSDU ULLPLQHUHXULORUSULQIORWD LHVHDOHJDVWIHOGHFRQGL LLvQFkWXQXOGLQFRPSRQHQ L
V ILHKLGURILOLDUFHO ODOWKLGURIRE3ULQLQWURGXFHUHDvQVROX LDFXFDUHVHIDFHIORWD LDD

unui spumant,
-un vas

VXIODUH FX DHU L DJLWDUH FRPSRQHQWXO KLGURIRE VH YD ULGLFD vQ VSXP  L VH FROHFWHD]  vQWU

separndu-VHGHDS

LGHPDWHULDOXOKLGURILO3ULQILOWUDUHDVSXPHLVHRE LQHFRQFHQWUDWXOGHVXEVWDQ

PLQHUDO XWLO 

Cnd PLQHUHXOFRQ LQe mai multe speciiGHVXEVWDQ H PLQHUDOHXWLOH VHSDUDUHDORUVHRE LQHvQ

PDL PXOWH WUHSWH GH IORWD LH 3ULPD WUHDSW  HVWH IORWD LH FROHFWLY  RE LQkQGX-se prin ea un concentrat
FRPSOH[QDGRXDWUHDSW IORWD LDHVWHVHOHFWLY . Acest lucru se realizeaz SULQLQWURGXFHUHDvQVROX LD
vQ FDUH VH IDFH IORWD LD D XQRU VXEVWDQ H PRGLILFDWRDUH L D XQRU GHSUHVDQ L FH WUDQVIRUP  R SDUWH GLQ
VXEVWDQ D XWLO  KLGURIRE  LQL LDO vQ VXEVWDQ D KLGURILO  FDUH vQ WLPSXO IORWD LHL YD U PkQH vQ VROX LH
,QVWDOD LD vQ FDUH DUH ORF IORWD LD HVWH DOF WXLW  GLQ PDL PXOWH FHOXOH GH IORWD LH 2 FHOXO  GH IORWD LH VH

compune dintr-XQED]LQvQFDUHVHLQWURGXFVROX LDFXFDUHVHIORWHD]

LPLQHUHXO

&RQ LQXWXO ED]LQXOXL VH DJLW  FX XQ DJLWDWRU SHQWUX D VH SURGXFH VSXPDUHD 3

rin tija
-un vas.

DJLWDWRUXOXLVHLQWURGXFHDHUXOVXESUHVLXQHFDUHDQWUHQHD] VSXPDFHVHFROHFWHD] vQWU

3HQWUX RE LQHUHD XQRU FRQFHQWUDWH VXILFLHQW GH ERJDWH vQ XWLO L D XQRU VWHULOH IRDUWH V UDFH vQ
XWLOVHIRORVHVFFLUFXLWHVFKHPHGHIORWD LHXQGHVHUHDOL]HD] UHIORWDUHDvQGHS UWDUHDFRQFHQWUDWHORU
RE LQXWH OD SULPD IORWDUH IORWD LH SULPDU  LDU vQ XOWLPHOH FHOXOH VH UHDOL]HD]  HOLPLQDUHD UHVWXOXL GH
VXEVWDQ

 XWLO  U PDV  vQ VWHULOXO GH OD IORWD LD SULPDU  IORWD LD VHFXQGDU  /D IHO VH SURFHGHD]  L vQ

cazul minereurilor complexe (fig. 2.12.).

Minereu complex
(SiO2, FeS, CuS, Cu2S, ZnS, PbS)

6I

UkPDUH

Clasare

Ulei + spumant + dispersant +

+modificatori

)ORWD LH

CuS + Cu2S

VHOHFWLY

PbS + ZnS
Fig.2.12. -6FKHPDIOX[XOXLGHSUHSDUDUHSULQIORWD

LH

a unui minereu complex

n cazul minereurilor complexe IORWD LD SRDWH IL GLIHUHQ LDO  VHOHFWLY  FkQG VH IORWHD] 
succeVLYGLIHULWHPLQHUDOHXWLOHRE LQkQGX-se concentrate individuale sau colective (cnd concentratele
FRQ LQPDLPXOWHPLQHUDOH

Indicatorii tehnico-economici
Calculul indicatorilor tehnico-HFRQRPLFL DL RSHUD LLORU VDX XWLODMHORU GH SUHSDUDUH  VH ED]HD]
SHGHWHUPLQDUHDFDQWLW

LORUGHPDWHULDOHWUDWDWHLRE LQXWHDFRQ LQXWXULORUvQVXEVWDQ

VDX PHWDO vQ FD]XO PLQHUHXULORU VDX vQ VXEVWDQ

XWLO PLQHUDO

 VWHULO  FHQX  OD F UEXQL L VH FDOFXOHD]  SHULRGLF

SHVFKLPE]LOXQ WULPHVWUXDQ

n cD]XO RE LQHULL XQXL VLQJXU FRQFHQWUDW PLQHUHXO FRQ LQH XQ VLQJXU PHWDO VH SRDWH VFULH
un ELODQ :
-

FDQWLWDWLYDORSHUD LHL$

calitativ, n metal,

calitativ, n mineral util,

%&

(2.18)

Aa Bb Cc
=
+
100 100 100
A B C
=
+
100 100 100

(2.19)
(2.20)

n care:
A - cantitatea de minereu brut; t
B - cantitatea de steril, t
C - cantitatea de concentrat, t
a -FRQ LQXWGHPHWDOvQPLQHUHXEUXW
b -FRQ LQXWGHPHWDOHvQSURGXVVWHULO
c - cantitatea de metal n concentrat, %
-FRQ LQXWGHPLQHUDOXWLOvQPLQHUHXEUXW
-FRQ LQXWGHPLQHUDOXWLOvQVWHULO
-FRQ LQXWGHPLQHUDOXWLOvQFRQFHQWUDW

([WUDF LDvQJUHXWDWHVDXH[WUDF LDGHFRQFHQWUDWYVHGHWHUPLQ FXUHOD LD

v=

C
100, %
A

(2.21)

([WUDF LDvQPHWDOVDX

procentul de metal n concentratPHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD

Cc
m=
100, %
(2.22)
Aa

9DORULOHDFHVWRULQGLFDWRULGHSLQGGHFDOLWDWHDPRGLILFDWRULORUIRORVL LFDUHVHDOHJvQIXQF LHGH

cRPSR]L LDPLQHUHXOXLIORWDW
,QVWDOD LLOHGHIORWD LHVXQWFXIXQF LRQDUHFRQWLQX 2SHUD LDGHIORWD LHHVWHPDUHFRQVXPDWRDUH
GHDS 'HDFHHDVHLPSXQHUHFXSHUDUHDLUHIRORVLUHDDSHLGXS WUDWDUHvQWU RSURSRU LHFkWPDLPDUH

(50-80%).
Randamentul pUHSDU
v(c a )
,
=
(k a )

, , este:

ULL

vQFDUHNHVWHFRQ LQXWXOGHPHWDOvQPLQHUDOXWLO

(2.23)

Randamentul are valori cu att mai mari, cu ct mai mult mineral util (m este mai mare) din
PLQHUHXOEUXWLGLQFRQFHQWUDWHVWHPDLFXUDWFRQ LQHPDLSX LQVWHULOVHVWHPDLPLF

*UDGXO GH vPERJ

FRQFHQWUDWID

LUH , UHSUH]LQW  FUHWHUHD FRQ LQXWXOXL GH PHWDO VDX PLQHUDO XWLO vQ

GHPLQHUHXOEUXW

I = c/a = /

(2.24)

Raportul de concentrareQHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD

n= A/C

(2.25)

3UHSDUDELOLWDWHDPLQHUHXULORUFRPSOH[HVHDSUHFLD] vQIXQF LHGH

selectivitatea procesului

de preparare:
S = 100 - mmin ,
n care mminHVWHVXPDH[WUDF LLORUPLQLPHGHPHWDOvQFRQFHQWUDWHLvQVWHULOH

(2.26)

Q FD]XO SUHSDU ULL PLQHUHXULORU FRPSOH[H VH FDOFXOHD]  vQ DFHODL PRG LQGLFDWRULL SHQWUX  

sau n concentrate.
2.4.4. Eliminarea apei
&HDPDLPDUHSDUWHDRSHUD LLORUGHSUHSDUDUHDPLQHUHXULORUVHH[HFXW SHFDOHXPHG IRORVLQG

apa ca mediu de lucru. De aceea eliminarea saHVWHXOWLPDHWDS

prime solide.

DSURFHVXOXLGHSUHSDUDUHDPDWHULLORU

(OLPLQDUHD DSHL GLQ FRQFHQWUDWHOH UH]XOWDWH GH OD SUHSDUDUH HVWH QHFHVDU  GHRDUHFH HD P UHWH
FKHOWXLHOLOHGHWUDQVSRUWLGHSR]LWDUHUHGXFHSURSRU LRQDOFDQWLWDWHDLFRQ LQXWXOGHVXEVWDQ

XWLO LDU

XQHRUL DOWHUHD]  FDOLWDWHD FRQFHQWUDWXOXL VDX vPSLHGLF  SUHOXFUDUHD VD vQ FRQWLQXDUH ([LVWHQ D DSHL vQ
FRQFHQWUDWH P UHWH FRQVXPXO GH FRPEXVWLELO QHFHVDU SURFHVHORU LQGXVWULDOHGHH[WUDJHUHD VXEVWDQ HL

utile.
Metodele folosite penWUX HOLPLQDUHD DSHL GLQ SURGXVHOH SUHSDU ULL VXQW PHWRGH PHFDQLFH L
metode termice.
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a) scurgere FkQG PDWHULDOHOH DX GLPHQVLXQL PDUL L VH UHDOL]HD]  IRORVLQG VLWH EHQ]L
elevatRDUHVLOR]XULSUHY ]XWHFXSHUIRUD LL3ULQVFXUJHUHVHHOLPLQ -GLQDS 
b) vQJURDUH L GHFDQWDUH, aplicate suspensiilor de materiale solide cu dimensiunile sub 0,5
mm.
3ULQVHGLPHQWDUHDVXVSHQVLLORUvQYDVHVSHFLDOHGHDVXSUDS U LLVROLGHVHVHSDU XQVWUDWGHDS 
FDUHVHHOLPLQ 
3HQWUX FUHWHUHD YLWH]HL GH OLPSH]LUH VH LQWURGXF UHDFWLYL FKLPLFL YDU DODXQ FDUH SURYRDF 
IORFXODUHDSDUWLFXOHORUFRORLGDOHLGHSXQHUHDORUPDLUDSLG 
0DWHULDOHOHVROLGHVHVFRWGLQYDVSHODSDUWHDLQIHULRDU 

PULQGHFDQWDUHVHHOLPLQ GLQDS 
c) filtrare IRORVLW  SHQWUX HOLPLQDUHD DSHL GLQ PDWHULDOH P

UXQWH )LOWUHOH IRORVLWH VXQW ILOWUH

SUHVHLILOWUHFXYDFXXP

d) centrifugareFkQGVHHOLPLQ -GLQDSDH[LVWHQW vQFRQFHQWUDWH

Eliminarea apei din concentrate prin metode termice RSHUD LH QXPLW  uscare, are loc n

LQVWDOD LLVSHFLDOHVXEDF LXQHDF OGXULL

3UHSDUDUHD L HLXOXL
L HLXO DMXQV OD VXSUDID D VROXOXL FRQ LQH GXS  FXP V D DU WDW SH OkQJ  VXEVWDQ HOH PLQHUDOH

XWLOH R LPSRUWDQW  FDQWLWDWH GH DOWH VXEVWDQ H FDUH G XQHD]  SURFHVXOXL GH SUHOXFUDUH D DFHVWXLD SULQ
DF LXQHD SXWHUQLF FRURVLY  DVXSUD LQVWDOD LHL SULQ VSXPHOH DEXQGHQWH L VWDELOH SURGXVH 'H DFHHD

L HLXOHVWHVXSXVGXS H[WUDF LHSURFHVXOXLWHKQRORJLFGHSUHSDUDUHFRPSXVGLQRSHUD LLOHGHFDQWDUH

GHVDOLQL]DUHLGH]HPXOVLRQDUH

DecantareaDUHORFvQUH]HUYRDUHGHPDUHFDSDFLWDWHvQFDUHHVWHWULPLV L HLXOH[WUDVLXQGHOD
Gazele
GHVRUELWH FRQ LQ KLGURFDUEXUL FX - DWRPL GH FDUERQ PHWDQ HWDQ SURSDQ L EXWDQ L -6%
KLGURFDUEXULXRDUHOLFKLGHFX-DWRPLGHFDUERQDQWUHQDWHGHJD]HVXEIRUP GHSLF WXULIRDUWHILQH

SDUWHD LQIHULRDU  VH VHSDU  QLVLSXO L R SDUWH GLQ DS  LDU OD FHD VXSHULRDU  VH GHVRUE JD]HOH

$FHVWHKLGURFDUEXULOLFKLGHIRUPHD] JD]ROLQDFDUHVHVHSDU GHKLGURFDUEXULOHJD]RDVHSULQDEVRUE LH

FX PRWRULQ  GH FDUH VH VHSDU  SULQ GLVWLODUH VDX DGVRUE LH FX F UEXQH DFWLY GH XQHOH VH H[WUDJH SULQ

antrenare cu vapori sub presiune (2 atm.).

*D]HOH U PDVH VH FRPSULP  OD  DWP SHQWUX D VH OLFKHILD SURSDQXO L EXWDQXO FDUH VXE
DFHDVW IRUP VHIRORVHVFGUHSWFRPEXVWLELOLFDVQLFLOLYUD LvQEXWHOLL
L HLXOGHFDQWDWHVWHRHPXOVLHILQ FHFRQ LQHDS vQFDUHVXQWGL]ROYDWHV UXULLRGXULEURPXUL
FORUXULVXOID L
'HVDOLQL]DUHD

L HLXOXL

decantat

XUP UHWH HOLPLQDUHD V UXULORU VROXELOH FRQ LQXWH L VH

UHDOL]HD] SULQVS ODUHFXDS 

DezemulsionareaDUHGUHSWVFRSHOLPLQDUHDDSHLDIODW

vQ L HLVXEIRUP GHHPXOVLHLVHSRDWH

UHDOL]DSULQPHWRGHIL]LFHLFKLPLFH

-600C, fie n filtrarea lui folosind filtre

KLGURILOH ILUH GH EXPEDF YDW  GH VWLFO  ILH vQ LQWURGXFHUHD L HLXOXL vQWU-un cmp electrostatic care
GHWHUPLQ IRUPDUHDSLF WXULORUPDULGHDS FHVHGHSXQSHIXQGXOXQXLVHSDUDWRU special.
Metodele fizice constau fie n vQF

O]LUHD L HLXOXL OD 

0HWRGHOH FKLPLFH FRQVWDX vQ LQWURGXFHUHD vQ L HL D XQRU UHDFWLYL GH]HPXOVLRQDQ L QDIWHQDWXO

de calciu sau amoniu).

2.4.6. Prepararea gazelor naturale
6HSDUDUHD DSHL L D QLVLSXOXL GLQ JD]HOH QDWXUDOH DUH ORF vQ UH]HUYRDUH SH ODSDUWHDLQIHULRDU D

acestora.
3UHSDUDUHDJD]HORUQDWXUDOHFRQVW vQSXULILFDUHDLVHSDUDUHDKLGURFDUEXULORUFDUHOHFRPSXQ
3XULILFDUHD XUP UHWH GHVXOIXUDUHD L H[WUDJHUHD JD]HORU LQHUWH &RPSXLL VXOIXOXL SURGXF
VXEVWDQ H WR[LFH vQ SURFHVHOH GH R[LGDUH FDUH GHJUDGHD]  FDWDOL]DWRULL L DX DF LXQH FRURVLY  DVXSUD
LQVWDOD LLORU(OLPLQDUHDFRPSXLORUGHVXOIVHUHDOL]HD] SULQDGVRUE LHLDEVRUE LH
*D]HOHLQHUWHVHH[WUDJGHRDUHFHVFDGSXWHUHDFDORULF DDPHVWHFXOXLGHKLGURFDUEXUL3HGHDOW 

parte ele se folosHVFvQDOWHGRPHQLLFXPVXQWWHKQLFDVSD LDO

LQXFOHDU PHGLFLQ PHWDOXUJLH