Capitolul VI

PROCESE TEHNOLOGICE
',1,1'8675,$0(7$/85*,&

0HWDOXUJLD HVWH GLVFLSOLQD FDUH VH RFXS  FX VWXGLXO PHWDOHORU L SURFHGHHORU GH H[WUDJHUH D
PHWDOHORUGLQPLQHUHXULLGHRE LQHUHDDOLDMHORU
3HQWUX vQGHS UWDUHD VWHULOXOXL GLQ PLQHUHXUL

n procesele metalurgice, se folosesc materiale

DMXW WRDUH GHQXPLWH IRQGDQ L D F URU QDWXU  FKLPLF  HVWH LQYHUV  FHOHL D VWHULOXOXL L FX FDUH VH
FRPELQ  IRUPkQG

zgura

=JXUD IRUPDW  UH LQH VWHULOXO L HOHPHQWHOH G XQ WRDUH vPSLHGLF 

S WUXQGHUHD JD]HORU vQ EDLD PHWDOLF  DVLJXU  HOLPLQDUHD LQFOX]LXQLORU QHPHWDOLFH GLQ EDLH
IDFLOLWHD] GHVI XUDUHDSURFHVHORUIL]LFR FKLPLFHvQVHQVXOGRULWLWUDQVPLWHF OGXU E LLPHWDOLFH

3URFHGHHOH DSOLFDWH SHQWUX H[WUDJHUHD PHWDOHORU L RE LQHUHD DOLDMHORU VH FODVLILF  vQ WUHL

grupe:

procedee pirometalurgice, FDUH VH GHVI

RDU  OD WHPSHUDWXUL vQDOWH ILLQG vQVR LWH GH

WRSLUHDSDU LDO VDXWRWDO DPLQHUHXOXL

procedee hidrometalurgice, FDUH DX ORF OD WHPSHUDWXUL MRDVH vQ VROX LL DIODWH OD SUHVLXQH
FRQVWDQW  VDX YDULDELO  Q FDGUXO DFHVWRU SURFHGHH PLQHUHXO VH VROXELOL]HD]  GXS  FDUH
PHWDOXOHVWHH[WUDVSULQHOHFWUROL] 

procedee electrometalurgice, vQ FDGUXO F URUD VHSDUDUHD PHWDOXOXL VH IDFH SULQ IRORVLUHD
energiei electrice. Aceste procedee pot fi electrotermice, cnd curentul electric este
IRORVLW SHQWUX UHDOL]DUHD WHPSHUDWXULORU vQDOWH L electrochimice, cnd curentul electric
HVWHIRORVLWODHOHFWUROL]DVROX LLORUVDXWRSLWXULORUGLQFDUHVHH[WUDJHPHWDOXO

3URFHVHOH WHKQRORJLFH GLQ LQGXVWULD PHWDOXUJLF  VXQW

fenomene fizico-FKLPLFH PDUL FRQVXPDWRDUH GH HQHUJLH WHUPLF

procese discontinue bazate pe

 L HOHFWULF  QHFHVLWkQG XWLODMH GH

PDUHFDSDFLWDWHFDUHFHULQYHVWL LLPDUL'HDFHHDVXQWHILFLHQWHvQFD]XOSURGXF LHLGHPDV 

0HWDOHOH L DOLDMHOH RE LQXWH WUHEXLH V  ILH FX SXULWDWH ULGLFDW  SHQWUX D DYHD SURSULHW

L

fizico-PHFDQLFH L FKLPLFH VXSHULRDUH IDSW FH GXFH OD PLFRUDUHD GLPHQVLXQLORU SLHVHORU IDEULFDWH
GHFL OD VF GHUHD FRQVXPXOXL GH PHWDO SH SURGXVXO ILQLW L vQ ILQDO OD PLQLDWXUL]DUHD SURGXVHORU L
FUHWHUHDILDELOLW

LLORU

6.1. Studiul metalelor

6WUXFWXUDLSURSULHW

LOHPHWDOHORU

&RUSXULOHVHSRWJ VLvQIXQF LHGHIDFWRULLLQWHUQLQDWXUDLP ULPHDIRU HORUGHLQWHUDF LXQH

GLQWUH DWRPLL L PROHFXOHOH FDUH OH DOF WXLHVF L FHL H[WHUQL WHPSHUDWXU  SUHVLXQH QDWXUD L
LQWHQVLWDWHDFkPSXULORUvQFDUHVHDIO vQFLQFLVW ULGHDJUHJDUHVROLG
PDWHULHKLSHUGHQV

QHUDGLDWLY

6WDUHD VROLG  SRDWH IL GXS  JUDGXO GH RUGRQDUH UHFLSURF 

PH]RPRUI

LFULVWDOLQ

6WDUHDDPRUI

, OLFKLG , JD]RDV , SODVP

L

J XULQHJUH

a particulelor elementare,

DPRUI

VHFDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQGLVWULEX LDQHRUGRQDW DSDUWLFXOHORULRQLDWRPL

PROHFXOHvQWUHFDUHQXH[LVW UHOD LLGHVLPHWULHUHIOH[LHLSHULRGLFLWDWHGDUFDUHVHDIO ODGLVWDQ H

HJDOHvQRULFHGLUHF LH'HDFHHDHOHVXQW

izotrope.

6WDUHD PH]RPRUI

 HVWH VWDUH GH WUDQ]L LH vQWUH FHD DPRUI  L FHD FULVWDOLQ  Q DFHDVW 

FDWHJRULHLQWU FULVWDOHOHOLFKLGH
6WDUHD FULVWDOLQ

 UHSUH]LQW  GLVWULEX LD RUGRQDW  vQ VSD LX D

particulelor elementare, determinnd forme prismatice repetabile

vQGLUHF LLGHWHUPLQDWH$FHVWHIRUPHVHQXPHVF cristale sau celule
elementare'LUHF LLOHODWXULORUVXQWVDXQXRUWRJRQDOHLVHQXPHVF
GLUHF LL FULVWDOLQH SULQFLSDOH. Ansamblul celulelor elementare
IRUPHD]  R UH HD FULVWDOLQ

 ,QWHUVHF LLOH GLUHF LLORU FULVWDOLQH VH

numesc noduri. Corpurile cristaline sunt anizotrope.

&HOXOD HOHPHQWDU  VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQ GRX  WLSXUL GH

Fig. 6.1. &HOXO HOHPHQWDU

(cristal elementar)

paramentri dimensionali (fig. 6.1.):

liniari a, b, c;
XQJKLXODUL

Q

IXQF LH

GH



 

UHOD LD

GLQWUH

XQJKLXULORU vQ QDWXU  H[LVW  DSWH

YDORULOH

ODWXULORU

L

DOH

sisteme cristalografice: cubic,

tetragonal, rombic, romboedric, hexagonal, moQRFOLQLFLWULFOLQLF

Q FHOH DSWH VLVWHPH FULVWDORJUDILFH VXQW SDWUXVSUH]HFH WLSXUL GH UH HOH FULVWDOLQH GHRDUHFH
H[LVW VLVWHPHFULVWDORJUDILFHFDUHDXPDLPXOWHWLSXULGHUH HOH$VWIHOVLVWHPXOFXELFDUHWUHLWLSXUL
GH UH HOH UH HD FXELF

 VLPSO , UDU vQWkOQLW  UH HD FXELF  FX YROXP FHQWUDW L UH HD FXELF  FX IH H
centrateILJQXOWLPHOHGRX WLSXULGHUH HOHFULVWDOL]HD] FHDPDLPDUHSDUWHDPHWDOHORU
Dimensiunile unui cristal elementar sunt extrem de
PLFLSDUDPHWULDELFDYkQGYDORULFXSULQVHvQWUHLc
1XP UXOGHSDUWLFXOHFDUHDSDU LQXQXLFULVWDOHOHPHQWDU
GHSLQGH GH WLSXO UH HOHL DVWIHO SHQWUX UH HDXD FXELF  VLPSO 
HVWHHJDOFXRSDUWLFXO SHQWUXUH HDXDFXELF FXYROXP
FHQWUDW GRX  SDUWLFXOH     LDU SHQWUX FHD FX IH H

centrate patru particule (8 

&RPSDFWLWDWHDXQHLUH HOHHVWHFDUDFWHUL]DW 

prin:

QXP

UXO GH FRRUGLQD LH FH UHSUH]LQW  QXP UXO GH

DWRPL FDUH vQFRQMRDU  XQ DWRP DO FULVWDOXOXL OD

GLVWDQ

)LJ5H HOHDOHVLVWHPXOXLFXELF

a - cub cu volum centrat

b - 

  
  

PLQLP GHDFHVWD

gradul de compactitate FH UHSUH]LQW  UDSRUWXO vQWUH

volumul efectiv ocupat de atomii cristalului
HOHPHQWDULYROXPXOFULVWDOului.

6SD LLOH

OLEHUH

GLQWUH

DWRPLL

FULVWDOXOXL

UHSUH]LQW 

LQWHUVWL LLOHUH HOHLFULVWDOLQH

6WUXFWXUD UH HOHORU FULVWDOLQH DOH PHWDOHORUVHGHRVHEHWH
GHVWUXFWXUDDOWRUFRUSXULFULVWDOLQHILLQGRVWUXFWXU VSHFLILF QXPLW VWUXFWXU

PHWDOLF

. n ea apar

WUHL WLSXUL GH SDUWLFXOH DWRPL LRQL SR]LWLYL L HOHFWURQL OLEHUL Q QRGXULOH UH HOHORU VXQW GLVSXL
DWRPLL L LRQLL SR]LWLYL DL PHWDOXOXL UH]XOWD L SULQ S U VLUHD DWRPLORU GH F WUH HOHFWURQLL GH YDOHQ

FDUH GHYLQ OLEHUL L IRUPHD]  QRUXO HOHFWURQLF QWUH DWRPL L LRQLL SR]LWLYL DUH ORF XQ SHUPDQHQW
VFKLPE GH HOHFWURQL Q DQVDPEOX PDVD PHWDOXOXL HVWH QHXWU  GLQSXQFWGHYHGHUH HOHFWULF'DWRULW 
DFHVWHL VWUXFWXUL PHWDOHOH DX DQXPLWH SURSULHW

elecWULF

L FDUDFWHULVWLFH OXFLX PHWDOLF FRQGXFWLELOLWDWH

LWHUPLF FDSDFLWDWHGHGHIRUPDUHSODVWLF D

6.1.2. Solidificarea metalelor pure

3URFHVXO GH VROLGLILFDUH FRQVW  vQ PLFRUDUHD HQHUJLHL
FLQHWLFHDSDUWLFXOHORULDGLVWDQ HORUGLQWUHHOHXUPDWHGHDH]DUHD
RUGRQDW  D ORU vQ UH HOH FULVWDOLQH (O VH PDL QXPHWH L
SULPDU

cristalizare

 6WXGLHUHD VD VH IDFH SULQ WUDVDUHD FXUEHL GH U FLUH vQ

coordonate timp-WHPSHUDWXU

FDUH

GLQ

GDWHOH

H[SHULPHQWDOH

SUH]LQW  XQ SDOLHU ILJ ([LVWHQ D SDOLHUXOXL DUDW  F  vQ

SHULRDGD
F

)LJ&XUEDGHU

FLUH

a unui metal pur

VROLGLILF ULL

WHPSHUDWXUD

U PkQH

FRQVWDQW 

GDWRULW 

OGXULL ODWHQWH GH VROLGLILFDUH FH UHSUH]LQW  HQHUJLD GHJDMDW  GH

particulele care s-DX DH]DW vQ

Temperatura de solidiILFDUHUHSUH]LQW
QXPHWHpunct critic.

QRGXULOH

UH HOHL

FULVWDOLQH

RFRQVWDQW DPHWDOXOXLLVH

7RSLUHD PHWDOXOXL DUH ORF WRW OD WHPSHUDWXU  FRQVWDQW  GDU

valoarea sa este mai mare dect cea de solidificare, deoarece pentru

GLVWUXJHUHD UH HOHL FULVWDOLQH HVWH QHYRLH FD VLVWHPXO V  DLE  R
HQHUJLHPDLPDUH FDUHV SHUPLW SDUWLFXOHORU V vQYLQJ IRU HOHGH

FRH]LXQH FDUH OH PHQ LQ vQ UH HD $FHVW IHQRPHQ VH QXPHWH IHQRPHQ GH
FDUH VH FRQVXP  vQ WLPSXO WRSLULL VH QXPHWH F

OGXU

 ODWHQW

histerezis termic &

OGXUD

 GH WRSLUHL HDVH FRQVXP  VXEIRUP 

GHHQHUJLHFLQHWLF QHFHVDU SHQWUXvQYLQJHUHDIRU HORUGHFRH]LXQH

3URFHVXO GH FULVWDOL]DUH GHSLQGH GH YLWH]D GH U FLUH D PDVHL OLFKLGH FkQG DUH YDORDUH PLF 
FULVWDOL]DUHDDUHORFvQXUP WRDUHOHHWDSH
$SDUL LD FHQWUHORU GH FULVWDOL]DUH

Centrele de cristalizare sunt puncte din masa metalului

OLFKLG XQGH HQHUJLD SDUWLFXOHORU D VF ]XW vQ UDSRUW FX ]RQHOH vQYHFLQDWH $FHVWHD DSDU vQ MXUXO
LPSXULW

LORUvQ]RQHOH OLPLWURIHFXSHUH LLYDVXOXLvQ FDUHVHDIO WRSLWXUDvQSXQFWHOHXQGHYDULD] 

FRQFHQWUD LDHOHPHQWHORUQDFHVWHFHQWUHDSDUSULPHOHIRUPD LXQLFULVWDOLQH

Formarea dendritelor

3URFHVXO GH FULVWDOL]DUH FRQWLQX  GLQ

FHQWUHOHGHFULVWDOHILJSHFHOHWUHLGLUHF LLSULQFLSDOH

, 1, ale unui

RFWDHGUX DSRL SH GLUHF LL VHFXQGDUH  L WHU LDUH  OXkQG QDWHUH vQ
PDVDOLFKLGXOXLIRUPD LXQLFULVWDOLQHDUERUHVFHQWHGHQXPLWH

dendrite.

)RUPDUHD JU XQ LORU FULVWDOLQL Q VSD LLOH OLEHUH GLQWUH FHOH

trei tipuri de axe ale dendritelor, FULVWDOL]HD] UHVWXOGHPHWDOOLFKLGFX

formare de JU XQ LFULVWDOLQL. Dimensiunile lor depind de: temperatura
GH VXSUDvQF O]LUH SHVWH WHPSHUDWXUD GH WRSLUH GH GXUDWD PHQ LQHULL OD
DFHDVW WHPSHUDWXU GHYLWH]DGHU FLUHvQDLQWHLGXS VROLGLILFDUHGH
IHOXOWXUQ ULLPHWDOXOXLWRSLWGHWHPSHUDWXUDODWXUQDUH
6WUXFWXUD GHQGULWLF  VSHFLILF  PHWDOHORU WXUQDWH VH IRUPHD] 
OD YLWH]H PLFL GH U FLUH FkQG vQ PDVD PHWDOXOXL VROLGLILFDW HVWH XQ
)LJ'HQGULW

QXP U PLF GH JU XQ L GH GLPHQVLXQL PDUL /D YLWH]H PDUL GH U FLU

HWDSDDGRXDGLVSDUHUH]XOWkQGRVWUXFWXU SROLHGULF FXPXO LJU XQ L

cristalini, dar de dimensiuni mici.

7UDQVIRUP

ULDORWURSLFHDOHPHWDOHORU

Proprietatea unor metale de a-L PRGLILFD vQ VWDUH VROLG  WLSXO UH HOHL FULVWDOLQH OD DQXPLWH
WHPSHUDWXUL VH QXPHWH alotropie sau polimorfism 7UDQVIRUP ULOH DORWURSLFH DX ORF FX SULPLUH VDX
FHGDUH GH F OGXU  7HPSHUDWXUD OD FDUH DX ORF DFHVWH WUDQVIRUP UL HVWH FRQVLGHUDW  WHPSHUDWXU 
FULWLF LDUFXUEHOHGHWRSLUHLU FLUHSUH]LQW SDOLHUvQGUHSWXOHL2VWDUHDORWURSLF HVWHVWDELO vQWU

XQ DQXPLW LQWHUYDO GH WHPSHUDWXU  L VH QRWHD]  FX VLPEROXO PHWDOXOXL UHVSHFWLY XUPDW GH R OLWHU 
JUHFHDVF  0HWDOXO FDUH SUH]LQW  DORWURSLD FX FHD PDL ODUJ  XWLOL]DUH LQGXVWULDO  HVWH ILHUXO &XUEHOH
GHU FLUHLVROLGLILFDUHDOHILHUXOXLVXQWUHSUH]HQWDWHvQILJXUD

Fe  HVWH VWDELO SH FXUED GH WRSLUH SkQ  OD

7700& SXQFWXO &XULH DUH UH HD FXE FX YROXP FHQWUDW
cu latXUDGHcLHVWHPDJQHWLF3HFXUEDGHU FLUH
este stabil sub temperatura de 7680C.
0
)H HVWHVWDELOSHFXUEDGHWRSLUHntre 770 &L
0
912  & DUH UH HD FXE FX YROXP FHQWUDW FX ODWXUDGH 
c L HVWH SDUDPDJQHWLF 3H FXUED GH U FLUH HVWH VWDELO

ntre 8980&L0C.
)H HVWHVWDELOSHFXUEDGHWRSLUH

1.403

ntre 9120&L

&DUHUH HDFXEFXIH HFHQWUDWHFXODWXUDGH

c L HVWH PDJQHWLF 3H FXUED GH U FLUH HVWH VWDELO vQWUH

1.3910&L0C.
)H
L
)LJ6W

ULOHDORWURSLFHDOHILHUXOXL

HVWHVWDELOSHFXUEDGHWRSLUH

ntre 1.4030C

1.5380& DUH UH HD FXE FX YROXP FHQWUDW FX ODWXUD GH

 c L HVWH SDUDPDJQHWLF 3H FXUED GH U FLUH HVWH

stabil ntre 1.5300&L0 C.

6.1.4. Structura aliajelor

Aliajul HVWH XQ SURGXV GH FHO SX LQ GRX

 HOHPHQWH FKLPLFH GLQWUH FDUH XQXO HVWH PHWDO

$FHVWD VH J VHWH vQ FDQWLWDWH PDL PDUH GH  L VH QXPHWH HOHPHQW GH ED]

. Cel aflat n

FRQFHQWUD LHPDLPLF VHQXPHWH

element de aliereLSRDWHILPHWDOVDXQHPHWDO

$OLDMHOH VH FODVLILF  GXS  QXP UXO HOHPHQWHORU FKLPLFH FDUH OH FRPSXQ vQ

cuaternare sau politernareFXPDLPXOWGHHOHPHQWH$FHDVW

VH DGDXJ  vQ PRG LQWHQ LRQDW vQ DOLDMH ([LVW  vQV  L HOHPHQWH vQVR LWRDUH LPSXULW
FDQWLW

LPLFLLQXH[HUFLW RLQIOXHQ

binare, ternare

FDUDFWHUL]DUHVHUHIHU ODHOHPHQWHOHFDUH
L FDUH VH DIO  vQ

VHQVLELO DVXSUDSURFHVXOXLGHFULVWDOL]DUH

'XS  QXP UXO ID]HORU DOLDMHOH VXQW

omogene, formate dintr-R VLQJXU

 ID]  L

eterogene,

formate din mai multe faze.

$OLDMHOH VH RE LQ SULQ DPHVWHFDUHD vQ VWDUH WRSLW  D FRPSRQHQ LORU L VROLGLILFDUHD D

poi a

amestecului rezultat.
&RPSRQHQ LLXQXLDOLDMELQDUSRWILvQVWDUHVROLG 

total miscibili, cnd amestecarea lor are loc la nivel atomic, rezultnd un constituent
denumit VROX LH VROLG  FH UHSUH]LQW  R ID]  6ROX LD VROLG  HVWH GH VXEVWLWX LH (fig. 6.6.),
FkQG DWRPLL HOHPHQWHORU GH DOLHUH vQORFXLHVF vQ QRGXULOH UH HOHL  FULVWDOLQH  DWRPL  DL
HOHPHQWXOXLGHED] LGHLQWHUVWL LH

(fig. 6.7.), cnd

DWRPLLHOHPHQWXOXLGHDOLHUHVHDHD] vQVSD LLOHLQWHUFULVWDOLQH

5H HDXD FULVWDOLQ  D VROX LHL VROLGH HVWH FHD D HOHPHQWXOXL GH

ED] 6ROX LDVROLG GHVXEVWLWX LHDSDUHFkQGGLDPHWUHOHFHORUGRL
DWRPL DX GLPHQVLXQL DSUR[LPDWLY HJDOH GLIHUHQ D HVWH GH PD[

 6ROX LD VROLG  GH LQWHUVWL LH DSDUH FkQG GLPHQVLXQLOH

atomilor elementelor de aliere sunt mult mai mici dect cele ale
DWRPLORUHOHPHQWXOXLGHED] +2, N2).
Q VROX LLOH VROLGH H[LVW  R VWDUH GH WHQVLXQH DOH F UHL
HIRUWXUL GHSLQG GH IHOXO VROX LHL VROLGH Q VROX LLOH VROLGH GH
)LJ6ROX LDVROLG

 
a -    
 
b -     

GHVXEVWLWX LH

VXEVWLWX LHHIRUWXULOHSRWILGHvQWLQGHUHFkQGDWRPLLHOHPHQWXOXLGH
DOLHUH VXQW PDL PLFL GHFkW FHL DL HOHPHQWXOXL GH ED]  VDX GH

compresiune, n caz contrar. Q VROX LLOH VROLGH GH LQWHUVWL LH VXQW
numai eforturi de compresiune.
total nemiscibili FkQG DPHVWHFDUHD ORU QX HVWH SRVLELO  L
VHIRUPHD] PLFLDJUHJDWHGHFHOXOHDOHHOHPHQWXOXL%ILQ

dispersate printre agregate de celule ale elementului A.

Acest constituent se numHWH amestec mecanic. El
FXSULQGH GRX  ID]H $ L % LDU OD U FLUH L WRSLUH VH
FRPSRUW FDLXQPHWDOSXU

SDU LDO PLVFLELOL vQ DQXPLWH LQWHUYDOH GH FRQFHQWUD LH

elementele sunt total miscibile, iar n altele total

nemiscibile. Amestecul mecanic format, este compus din
)LJ6ROX LHVROLG

GRX VROX LLVROLGH

GH

LQWHUVWL LH

cu formare de FRPSXLGHILQL L sau intermetalici, care sunt

FRPELQD LLDOHFHORUGRX HOHPHQWHvQUDSRDUWH

ELQHGHWHUPLQDWHLFDUHDXIRUPXODFKLPLF GHIRUPD$m
Q JHQHUDO DOLDMHOH VH VROLGLILF  L VH WRSHVF v

Bn.
ntr-XQ LQWHUYDO GH WHPSHUDWXU

 &D XUPDUH

FXUEHOHORUGHU FLUHVLWRSLUHVHGHRVHEHVFGHFHOHDOHPHWDOHORUSXUH
&RPSXLLGHILQL LVHFRPSRUW ODU FLUHLWRSLUHFDLPHWDOHOHSXUH

6.2. Elaborarea fontei

Fonta este un aliaj al fierului cu carbonul FH FRQ LQH FDUERQ vQ SURFHQW GH 6,67)%. Pe
OkQJ  DFHVWHD PDL FRQ LQH FD HOHPHQWH vQVR LWRDUH 6L 0Q 3 L 6 8QHRUL SHQWUX vPEXQ W
SURSULHW

LORUHOHPDLDXvQFRPSR]L LDORULHOHPHQWHGHDOLHUH

)LJ&RQVWUXF LDIXUQDOXOXLLDLQVWDOD LHLGHDOLPHQWDUH

1 - furnal; 2 FRQGXFW

SHQWUXHYDFXDUHDJD]HORU

- cale de rulare; 4 EXQF

U

vagonet

LUHD

)RQWD VH RE LQH SULQ SURFHGHXO SLURPHWDOXUJLF vQ FXSWRDUHOH vQDOWH GHQXPLWH

(fig. 6.8.) este un agregat metaOXUJLF FX IXQF LRQDUH FRQWLQX

furnale. Furnalul

 vQ PRG QRUPDO    DQL L VH

FRPSXQHGLQJXU FXY SkQWHFHHWDODMLFUHX]HW

(O HVWH FRQVWUXLW GLQ WDEO  GH R HO FX JURVLPHDGH

PPF

SWXLWODLQWHULRUFX]LG ULH

UHIUDFWDU  GH DPRW  vQ FDUH HVWH PRQWDW  LQVWDOD LD GH U FLUH D IXUQDOXOXL &DSDFLWDWHD XQXL IXUQDO
YDULD] vQWUH

5.000)m3. Dimensiunile caracteristice ale furnalului sunt:

vQ O LPHD IXUQDOXOXL + FXSULQV  vQWUH D[D RULILFLXOXL GH HYDFXDUH D IRQWHL L SODWIRUPD
GHvQF UFDUHLDUHYDORULvQW

re (2835)m;

diametru pntecelui, D;

XQJKLXOGHvQFOLQDUHDSHUH LORUFXYHL

XQJKLXOGHvQFOLQDUHDSHUH LORUHWDODMXOXL

ntre (8082)0;
0
FXYDORULntre (8587) .

FXYDORULFXSULQVH

)XQF LRQDUHD IXUQDOXOXL L SURFHVXO GH RE LQHUH D IRQWHL VXQW DVLJXUDWH GH LQVWDOD LLOH
DMXW WRDUH FX FDUH HVWH GRWDW L DQXPH LQVWDOD LD GH vQF

UFDUH

LQVWDOD LD GH vQF

O]LUH D DHUXOXL

LQVWDOD LD GH ILOWUDUH D JD]HORU LQVWDOD LD GH DXWRPDWL]DUH D XQRU RSHUD LL L SURFHVH PDLQL L

dispozitive pentru evacuarea fonteiL]JXUHL.

,QVWDOD LD GH vQF

UFDUH 0DWHULDOHOH FDUH FRPSXQ vQF UF WXUD VXQW GHSR]LWDWH OD ED]D

IXUQDOXOXL vQ EXQF UH GH XQGH VXQW DGXVH OD JXUD GH vQF UFDUH FX DMXWRUXO XQHL LQVWDOD LL VSHFLDOH
DOF WXLW GLQGRLYDJRQH LLRFDOHGHUXODUHQWLPSFHXQYDJRQHWVHvQFDUF ODED]DIXUQDOXOXLFHO
GH DO GRLOHD VH GHVFDUF  OD JXUD VD *XUD IXUQDOXOXL HVWH SUHY ]XW  FX XQ GLVSR]LWLY GH vQF UFDUH
VSHFLDOFDUHDVLJXU LHWDQHL]DUHDIXUQDOXOXLPHQ LQkQGFRQVWDQW SUHVLXQHDJD]HORUvQLQVWDOD LH

InstDOD LD GH vQF

O]LUH D DHUXOXL $HUXO QHFHVDU GHVI XU ULL SURFHVHORU IL]LFR

IXUQDO HVWH SUHvQF O]LW OD 

1.300)0&

vQ LQVWDOD LL VSHFLDOH GHQXPLWH

-chimice din
cowpere D F URU

FRQVWUXF LHHVWHSUH]HQWDW vQILJXUD

)LJ&RQVWXF

1 -DU]

WRU FDPHU

ia cowperului
GHvQF

GHDUGHUH FDPHU

O]LUH

EROW

,QWHULRUXO XQXL FRZSHU HVWH vPS U LW SULQWU XQ SHUHWH UHIUDFWDU vQ GRX  FDPHUH GH P ULPL

GLIHULWHFDUHFRPXQLF SHODSDUWHDVXSHULRDU &DPHUDGHvQF O]LUHFXGLPHQVLX

nile mai mari, este

SUHY ]XW FXJU WDUHUHIUDFWDUHSHQWUXDP ULOXQJLPHDGUXPXOXLVWU E WXWGHDHUvQYHGHUHDFUHWHULL

WLPSXOXLLLPSOLFLWDWHPSHUDWXULLOXLODLHLUHDGLQFRZSHU)XQF LRQDUHDXQXLFRZSHUVHGHVI RDU 
vQGRX ID]H
Q SULPD ID]  QXPLW 

faza pe gaz, se produce arderea combustibilului (gazul de furnal) n

FDPHUDGHDUGHUHvQUHJLXQHDDU] WRUXOXL*D]HOHUH]XOWDWHORYHVFEROWDFRZSHUXOXLILLQGREOLJDWHV 
VWU EDW JU WDUHOHFDPHUHLGHvQF O]LUHF URUDOHFHGHD] F OGXUDLVXQWHYDFXDWHODFRSHODED] 
Q D GRXD ID]  QXPLW 

faza pe aer HVWH LQWURGXV DHUXO SH OD ED]D FDPHUHL GH vQF

O]LUH SULQ

FRQGXFWD GH DHU UHFH $HUXO VWU EDWH JU WDUHOH FDUH vL FHGHD]  F OGXUD ORYHWH EROWD L S U VHWH

camera de ardere prin conducta de aer FDOG QXPLW

vnt.

 VXIODQW

 GH XQGH LQWU  vQ IXUQDO SULQ JXULOH GH

,QVWDOD LD GH ILOWUDUH D JD]HORU *D]HOH FDUH S U VHVF IXUQDOXO SULQ FRQGXFWHOH VXSHULRDUH
DQWUHQHD]  R FDQWLWDWH PDUH GH SUDI FH FRQ LQH JUDQXOH ILQH GH vQF UF WXU  vQ PHGLH GH

(1040)g/Nm3 3HQWUX UHFXSHUDUHD PDWHULLORU XWLOH JD]HOH WUHF SULQ LQVWDOD LD GH HSXUDUH RSHUD LH
GHVI XUDW vQWUHLID]H

HSXUDUHEUXW

FHDUHORFvQVDFLGHSUDIL FLFORDQHSHFDUHJD]HOHOHS U VHVFFX

praf/Nm3;

HSXUDUH VHPLILQ

4)g

 H[HFXWDW  vQ VS O WRDUH GH JD] GXS  FDUH JD]XO GH IXUQDO PDL DUH

(0,10,8)g praf/ Nm3;

HSXUDUH ILQ

 H[HFXWDW  FX DSDUDWH FHQWULIXJDOH VDX ILOWUH HOHFWULFH HIHFWXDW  SkQ  OD

nivelul de (0,0050,015)g praf/ Nm3.

Gazul epurat este depozitat n gazometre.

0DLQL LGLVSR]LWLYHSHQWUXHYDFXDUHDIRQWHL L]JXUHL

Evacuarea fontei din creuzet se face

SHULRGLFGLQvQRUHSULQGHVWXSDUHDRULILFLXOXLGHIRQW FXSHUIRUDWRDUHHOHFWURSQHXPDWLFH)RQWD
FXUJHvQMJKHDEXOGHWXUQDUHLGHDLFLvQRDODGHWXUQDUHFDUHRWUDQVSRUW ILHODEDQGDGHWXUQDUHvQ
FD]XOIRQWHLIRORVLWHSHQWUXWXUQDUHDSLHVHLILHODVHF LDGHR HO ULHvQFD]XOIRQWHLGHDILQDUH
2GDW IRQWDHYDFXDW RULILFLXOVHvQFKLGHFXXQGRSUHIUDFWDUXWLOL]kQGPDLQLSQHXPDWLFH
=JXUD VH HYDFXHD]  GLQ  vQ  RUH SULQ RULILFLXO GH ]JXU  vQ RDOD GH ]JXU  GH XQGH HVWH
WXUQDW ODVWD LDGHJUDQXODUHvQWU XQED]LQFXDS SHQWUXDVHJUDQXOD

)XUQDOXO PRGHUQ HVWH GRWDW FX R LQVWDOD LH GH DXWRPDWL]DUH D XQRU RSHUD LL L SURFHVH FXP

sunt:

UHJODUHDUHSDUWL LHLXQLI

orme a aerului cald n furnal;

reglarea presiunii la gura furnalului;

UHJODUHDGHELWXOXLGHJD]PHWDQvQIXQF LHGHWHPSHUDWXU LXPLGLWDWHDDHUXOXLFDOG

UHJODUHDXPLGLW

reglarea raportului aer-combustibil n procesul arderii la cowper;

UHJODUHDSUHVLXQLLDHUXOXLSHVXIODQW 

reglarea temperaturii aerului cald.

LLDHUXOXLUHFH

QF UFDUHDDFHVWXLIXUQDOHVWHFRQWURODW GHXQFDOFXODWRU
'HDVHPHQHDIXUQDOHOHPRGHUQHSRVHG RLQVWDOD LHGHFRQWUROUDGLRDFWLYSHQWUX

YLWH]DGHFRERUkUHLWLPSXOGHVWD LRQDUHDvQF UF WXULLvQIXUQDO

DPHVWHFDUHDSURGXVHORUWRSLULLLDPDWHULDOHORUvQFUHX]HW

VWDUHDF SWXHOLLIXUQDOXOXLLD]LG ULHLYHWUHLFUHX]HWXOXLED]DVD

P VXUDUHDQLYHOXOXLPDWHULDOHORUvQF UFDWHvQIXUQDO

QF

UF

WXUD IXUQDOXOXL

se compune din minereuri,

IRQGDQ L

, combustibili

L

materiale

auxiliare.
Minereurile IRORVLWH OD HODERUDUHD IRQWHL VXQW PLQHUHXUL GH ILHU L PDQJDQ &D vQORFXLWRUL DL
DFHVWRUD vQ FDQWLW L OLPLWDWH VH PDL IRORVHVF FHQXL GH SLULW  FX XQ FRQ LQXW GH 60)% Fe,
rezultate ca reziduuri la fabricile de acid sulfuric, praful de furnal, rezultat la epurarea gazelor de
IXUQDO DUVXU  GH ILHU  XQG U GHVSULQV  GH SH OLQJRXUL vQ SURFHVXO ODPLQ ULL DFKLL GH R HO L IRQW 
UH]XOWDWHGHODSUHOXFU ULOHSULQDFKLHUH

MineUHXULOHVHIRORVHVFvQIXUQDOVXEIRUP

GHEXOJ ULFkQGFRQ LQXWXOGHVWHULOHVWHPLFVDX

FRQFHQWUDW FkQG FRQ LQXWXO GH VWHULO GHS HWH YDORDUHD GH  &RQFHQWUDWXO SRDWH IL

aglomerat autofondantLpeletizat.
Aglomeratul autofondantFRQ LQHSHOkQJ

aglomerat,

PLQHUDOHOHGHILHULPDQJDQLR[LGXOGHFDOFLX

UH]XOWDW GLQ GLVRFLHUHD FDUERQDWXOXL GH FDOFLX DG XJDW vQ DUMD GH DJORPHUDUH 3ULQ XWLOL]DUHD
DJORPHUDWXOXL vQ IXUQDO VH P UHWH SURGXFWLYLWDWHD FUHWH UHGXFWLELOLWDWHD PLQHUHXOXL L VFDGH
FRQVXPXO GH FRPEXVWLELO SULQ WUDQVIHUDUHD UHDF LLORU GH GHVFRPSXQHUH D FDUERQD LORU FDUH VXQW

endoterme, n afara furnalului.

Peletizarea minereului se face atunci cnd granulele au dimensiuni sub 0,044 mm. Peletele
VH RE LQ SULQ XQLUHD JUDQXOHORU XPH]LWH SkQ  DMXQJ V  IRUPH]H VIHUH FX GLDPHWUXO GH 25)mm.
$SDIRORVLW FRQ LQHOLDQ LEHQWRQLW YDUVRG &D&O2) n procent de (0,22)%. Utilizarea peletelor
vQ IXUQDO FRQGXFH OD R EXQ  UHSDUWL]DUH D JD]HORU FUHWHUHD UHGXFWLELOLW LL LQGLUHFWH D R[L]Llor,
VF GHUHDFRQVXPXOXLGH FRPEXVWLELOL DOFRQ LQXWXOXLGHVWHULOLVXOIFUHWHUHDFRQ LQXWXOXLGHILHU
vQvQF UF WXU 
)RQGDQ LL DX UROXO GH D H[WUDJH VWHULOXO GLQ PLQHUHX FX FDUH IRUPHD]  ]JXUD &HO PDL XWLOL]DW

fondant este calcarul, deoarece sterLOXOPLQHUHXULORUGHILHULPDQJDQHVWHDFLG6L22, Al2O3. n cazuri

VSHFLDOH SH OkQJ  FDOFDU VH IRORVHWH L GRORPLWD &D0J &23)2 SHQWUX D VH RE LQH vQ ]JXU  XQ
procent de (80J2FDUHvLDVLJXU IOXLGLWDWHLFDSDFLWDWHGHGHVXOIXUDUH
n cazuO PLQHUHXULORU FX VWHULO ED]LF VDX FkQG FHQXD FRFVXOXL HVWH ED]LF  IRQGDQ LL IRORVL L
VXQWDFL]LFXDU LWHVDXQLVLSGHUkX

CombustibiliiIRORVL LvQIXUQDODXUROXOV UHDOL]H]HF OGXUDQHFHVDU WRSLULLvQF UF WXULLLV 

ce. Ei sunt cocsul, mangalulLFRPEXVWLELOLLDGL LRQDOLPHWDQXOS FXUDL
JD]XOGHFRFVHULHFDUHvQORFXLHVFSDU LDOFRFVXOFHHVWHWRWXLFRPEXVWLELOXOFHOPDLIRORVLW Cocsul
VH RE LQH SULQ FRFVLILFDUHD F UEXQHOXL FDUH HVWH XQ SURFHV GH GHVFRPSXQHUH a masei organice la
SDUWLFLSHODUHDF LLOHFKLPL

WHPSHUDWXU ULGLFDW 

Mangalul,F

&vQDEVHQ DDHUXOXL

UEXQHGHOHPQFDUHQXFRQ LQHVXOIHVWHIRORVLWSHQWUXRE LQHUHDIRQWHORUVSHFLDOH

&RPEXVWLELOLLDGL LRQDOL

se folosesc n scopul economiei de cocs. Ei conduc lavPEXQ

LUHD

FRQGL LLORUUHGXF WRDUHGLQIXUQDOGDWRULW FRQ LQXWXOXLPDUHGHKLGURJHQ

Gazul de cocserie, compus din (56)%CO, (5560)% H2, (23)%CO2, (2527)%

CH4+CnHm, restul N2, O2, H26 L FRPSULPDW VH IRORVHWH UDU GDWRULW  FRPSXLORU GH VXOI FH au
DF LXQHFRURVLY DVXSUDLQVWDOD LHL

Q SUH]HQW VH SUDFWLF  GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PXOW LQVXIODUHD vQ IXUQDO D SUDIXOXL GH F UEXQH SULQ
JXULOHGHYkQWFDvQORFXLWRUDOJD]XOXLPHWDQLS FXULLFHHDFHUHGXFHFRVWXOIRQWHL
Q

ULOH FX UHVXUVH PDUL GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  VH IRORVHVF IXUQDOH HOHFWULFH vQ FDUH F OGXUD

QHFHVDU WRSLULLvQF UF WXULLVHRE LQHFXDMXWRUXODUFXOXLHOHFWULFFRFVXOIRORVLQGX

-se numai ca agent

UHGXF WRU

Procesele fizico-chimice din furnal.

QIXUQDOvQF UF WXUDFLUFXO GHVXVvQMRVLDUDHUXOLJD]HOHGHMRVvQVXV
'DWRULW DWPRVIHUHLSXWHUQLFUHGXF WRDUHvQLQWHULRUXOIXUQDOXOXLVHSHWUHFXUP WRDUHOHSURFHVH
'HVFRPSXQHUHDvQF UF

WXULL3HP VXU FHHDFRERDU VXEDF LXQHDWHPSHUDWXULLGLQFHvQ

ce mai mari, au loc:

eliminarea apei higroscopice, ntre (100200)0&vQIXQF LHGHSRUR]LWDWHDPDWHULDOHORU

0
GHVFRPSXQHUHDKLGUD LORUvQWUH500) C;
0
GLVRFLHUHD FDUERQD LORU GH FDOFLX L PDJQH]LX vQWUH 900) & GXS  XUP WRDUHOH
UHDF LL

CaCO3 = CaO + CO2

MgCO3 = MgO + CO2

UHGXFHUHD R[L]LORU GH ILHU L PDQJDQ vQFHSkQG GH OD  & (D VH HIHFWXHD]  FX DMXWRUXO
R[LGXOXLGHFDUERQPDQJDQXOVHUHGXFHSDU LDOLFXFDUERQXO

reducerea siliciului, are loc la temperaturi mai mari de 1.5500C;

reducerea fosforului, care este adXV vQ IXUQDO GH PLQHUHX VXE IRUP

 GH IRVID L GH FDOFLX

VDXILHU5HGXFHUHDVDVHUHDOL]HD] FXFDUERQXOLDUSULQXQLUHFX6L22WUHFHvQ]JXU VXE

IRUP  GH VLOLFDW GH FDOFLX 5HDF LLOH FDUH DX ORF QHFHVLW  R PDUH FDQWLWDWH GH F OGXU 
GXFkQG OD FUHWHUHD FRQVXPXOXL GH FRPEXVWLELO 2 SDUWH GLQ IRVIRU VH YRODWLOL]HD]  LDU
DOWDIRUPHD] IRVIXULGHILHULU PkQHvQIRQW 

Arderea cocsului.

&RFVXODUGHvQ]RQDJXULORUGHYkQWXQGHHVWHFHDPDLPDUHWHPSHUDWXU 

LSHXQGHVHLQVXIO DHUXOSUHvQF O]LWGXS XUP WRDUHOHUHDF LL

C + O2 = CO2
CO2 + C = 2CO
Carburarea fierului redus. Formarea fontei.

)LHUXO UHGXV DUH IRUP  EXUHWRDV  L VH

FDUEXUHD] IRUPkQGFDUEXUDGHILHUFHPHQWLWDGXS XQDGLQXUP WRDUHOHUHDF LL

3Fe + C = Fe3C
3Fe + 2CO = Fe3C + CO2
AcesWH UHDF LL DX ORF vQFHSkQG GH OD 0& )LHUXO FDUEXUDW VH WRSHWH L vQFRUSRUHD]
FDQWLW

L GLIHULWH GH VLOLFLX IRVIRU VXOI L PDQJDQ UH]XOWkQG IRQWD &RPSR]L LD ILQDO  D IRQWHL VH

VWDELOHWHvQFUHX]HW3UH]HQ DHOHPHQWHORUFDUHIRUPHD] FDUEXUL0QGXFHODFUHWHUHDFRQ LQXWXOXL

GHFDUERQvQIRQW VLOLFLXOIRVIRUXOLVXOIXOGLPSRWULY IRUPHD] FRPSXLFXILHUXOLIDYRUL]HD] 
GHVFRPSXQHUHDFHPHQWLWHLLVHSDUDUHDFDUERQXOXLVXEIRUP GHJUDILW

Desulfurarea fontei.

6XOIXOVHJ VHWHvQvQF UF WXUDIXUQDOXOXLRSDUWHVXEIRUP GHVXOIXUL

GHILHULDURDOW SDUWHvQ FRFV (O VHHOLPLQ vQ]JXU ODWHPSHUDWXULvQDOWHvQSUH]HQ DR[LGXOXLGH

FDOFLXFXFDUHIRUPHD] VXOIXUDGHFDOFLXFHWUHFHvQ]JXU 

Produsele rezultate din furnal sunt fonta, zguraLgazul de furnal.

Fonta SRDWH IL FHQXLH IRORVLW  SHQWUX WXUQDUHD SLHVHORU L DOE  VDX GH DILQDUH IRORVLW
RE LQHUHD R HOXOXL 3HQWUX PRGLILFDUHD SURSULHW

 OD

LORU IRQWHOH VH SRW DOLD FX VLOLFLX PDQJDQ L DOWH

HOHPHQWHRE LQkQGX

-se fontele aliate.

ZguraHVWHDOF WXLW vQSULQFLSDOGLQ6L22, Al2O3&D2L0J2(DPDLFRQ LQH)H20Q2
&D6 L 0Q6 'XS  FRPSR]L LD FKLPLF  ]JXULOH VXQW acide FkQG SUHGRPLQ  6L22 L $O2O3 L bazice
n celelalte cazuri. Zgurile acide se folosesc la fabricareDYDWHLGHVWLFO LDUFHOHED]LFHODIDEULFDUHD
cimentului.
Gazul de furnal VH RE LQH GXS  HSXUDUHD JD]HORU FDUH S U VHVF IXUQDOXO SH OD SDUWHD
VXSHULRDU L VHFRPSXQHGLQ34)% CO, (812)% CO2, (4550)% N2, (2,53)% H2. Puterea sa
3
FDORULF HVWHPLF (8001.000) Kcal/ Nm LVHIRORVHWHODvQF O]LUHDFRZSHUHORU
Indicatorii tehnico-HFRQRPLFLDLSURGXF LHLGHIRQW sunt:
3URGXF LD]LOQLF

Pz =

3z

24 V u

[t/zi]
Vs

(6.1.)

unde: Vu este volumul util al furnalului (m3)

Vs - volumul specific al vQF UF WXULLP3/t)
-GXUDWDGHWUHFHUHSULQIXUQDODvQF UF WXULL8)ore.
'XUDWD GH WUHFHUH D vQF UF WXULL GHSLQGH GH YLWH]D GH FRERUkUH D vQF UF WXULL YROXPXO
vQF UF WXULLLFDQWLWDWHDGHDHULQVXIODWvQIXUQDO

2. Indicatorul de utilizare intensLY a volumului util al furnalului, Iu:

Iu =

Pz
, [t / m3 zi]
Vu

(6.2.)

$FHVW LQGLFDWRU YDULD]  vQWUH 

FDOLW

2,5)t/m3]L 9DORDUHD VD VH SRDWH P

UL SULQ vPEXQ W

LUHD

LL PDWHULDOHORU GLQ vQF UF WXU  PLFRUDUHD GXUDWHL GH WUHFHUH D vQF UF WXULL SULQ IXUQDO L

FUHWHUHD YLWH]HL GH GHVI XUDUH D SURFHVHORU IL]LFR FKLPLFH 9LWH]D DFHVWRU SURFHVH VH P UHWH SULQ

ULGLFDUHD WHPSHUDWXULL DHUXOXL L vPERJ

LUHD OXL FX R[LJHQ FUHDUHD XQHL SUHVLXQL vQDOWH OD JXUD

IXUQDOXOXLLIRORVLUHDJD]XOXLPHWDQ

3. CapDFLWDWHDGHSURGXF LH&
C = Vu ,u 7d = Pz 7d [t/an],
(6.3.)
unde Td este timpul disponibil dintr-XQDQFDUHVHFDOFXOHD] FXUHOD LD

) 365 [zile / an] ,

(6.4.)
T d = (1 100
fiind coeficientul de ntreruperi 3%
4. Indicatorii de consum sunt:
consumul specific de cocs NJ FRFVW IRQW  GHSLQGH GH IHOXO IRQWHL L DQXPH SHQWUX
IRQWHOH FHQXLL HVWH FXSULQV vQWUH 650) iar pentru cele albe (450 0LFRUDUHD
FRQVXPXOXL GH FRFV VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ vPEXQ W LUHD FDOLW LL vQF UF WXULL PLFRUarea
FDQWLW

LL GH VWHULO IRORVLUHD DJORPHUDWXOXL DXWRIRQGDQW VDX D SHOHWHORU LQWHQVLILFDUHD

DUGHULLSULQVXSUDR[LJHQDUHDDHUXOXLFUHWHUHDWHPSHUDWXULLDHUXOXLLQMHFWDUHDGHDEXU

consumul de fondant, FRQVXPXOGHDS

GHU

FLUH

, consumul de aer cald.

(ODERUDUHDR HOXOXL

2 HOXO HVWH XQ DOLDM DO ILHUXOXL FX FDUERQXO FH FRQ LQH FDUERQ vQ SURFHQW GH 

2,1)%,

HOHPHQWHvQVR LWRDUH6L0Q3L6vQSURFHQWHDGPLVHSHQWUXR HOXULLHOHPHQWHGHDOLHUH

Q SULQFLSDO R HOXO VH RE LQH SULQ DILQDUHD IRQWHL FH FRQVW  vQ UHJODUHD FRQ LQXWXOXL GH
HOHPHQWH vQVR LWRDUH SDU LDO & 6L 0Q 3 6 vQ OLPLWHOH DGPLVH SHQWUX R HOXUL 3URFHVXO DILQ ULL VH
ED]HD] SHUHDF LLGHR[LGDUHDDFHVWRUHOHPHQWH2[L]LLIRUPD LVHHOLPLQ vQ]JXU VDXvQJD]HOHGH

arGHUH2 HOXOVHSRDWHHODERUDLGLQILHUYHFKLVDXGLQIRQW

LILHUYHFKLvQIXQF LHGHLQVWDOD LD

vQFDUHDUHORFHODERUDUHDLGHPDWHULDSULP H[LVWHQW 
PEXQ W

LUHD SURSULHW

LORU IL]LFR PHFDQLFH DOH R HOXULORU VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ vQFRUSRUDUHD

R HOvQWLPSXOHODERU ULLDHOHPHQWHORUGHDOLHUHFXPVXQW1L&U:0Q9D0R7L7D1EHWF
3UHOXFUDELOLWDWHD R HOXULORU HVWH VXSHULRDU  IRQWHORU PRWLY SHQWUX FDUH R HOXO D GHYHQLW FHO PDL
XWLOL]DWDOLDMvQFRQVWUXF LDGHPDLQL
2 HOXULOH VH HODERUHD]  vQ

cuptoare electrice L cuptoare cu oxigen (convertizoare) prin

SURFHGHXO EDVLF VDX DFLG &UHWHUHD FDOLW

LL R HOXOXL VH SRDWH UHDOL]D SULQ SURFHGHXO GH UHWRSLUH L

SURFHGHXOGHUDILQDUHVHFXQGDU 

Procesele fizico-chimice care au loc la eODERUDUHDR HOXULORU

Procesele fizico-FKLPLFH

SULQ FDUH VH HODERUHD]  R HOXULOH VXQW

procese de oxidare a

HOHPHQWHORUvQVR LWRDUHGHVXOIXUDUHL

dezoxidare.

3URFHVHOH

GH

R[LGDUH

D

HOHPHQWHORU

vQVR LWRDUH

6XEVWDQ D

FDUH

elementelor nsR LWRDUH GHSLQGH GH SHULRDGD GH HODERUDUH /D vQFHSXW SkQ

SURGXFH R[LGDUHD

 OD WRSLUHD FRPSOHW  D

vQF UF WXULL R[LGDUHD HVWH SURGXV  GH R[LJHQXO GLR[LGXO GH FDUERQ L YDSRULL GH DS  GLQ DWPRVIHUD
DJUHJDWXOXL 'XS  WRSLUHD L IRUPDUHD XQXL VWUDW GH ]JXU  R[LGDUHD HOHPHQWHORU vQVR LWRDUH GLQ EDLD
PHWDOLF VHUHDOL]HD] FXDMXWRUXOR[LGXOXLIHURV)H2FHWUHFHGLQ]JXU vQEDLDPHWDOLF 0HFDQLVPXO

DFHVWXLSURFHVHVWHXUP WRUXO

FkQG R[LGDUHD VH GHVI RDU  FX R[LJHQXO GLQ DWPRVIHUD DJUHJDWXOXL HD VH SURGXFH GXS 
UHDF LD

:
2m
2
< Me > + {O 2} < Me mOn >
n
n

LSURFHVHOHFKLPLFHVHGHVI RDU vQVLVWHPXOHWHURJHQEDLHPHWDOLF

-]JXU -

-DWPRVIHU -vatra cuptorului.

FkQGR[LGDUHDVHGHVI RDU VXELQIOXHQ DR[LGXOXLGHILHUDXORFUHDF LLOH

n (FeO)n[FeO]

m[Me] + n[FeO]  n[Fe] + [Me mO n ]

[M emO n ]  (M emO n )

m[Me] + n[FeO]  [MemOn ] + n[Fe]
L SURFHVHOH FKLPLFH VH GHVI RDU  vQ VLVWHPXO HWHURJHQ EDLH PHWDOLF

-]JXU

 XQGH >0H@

UHSUH]LQW HOHPHQWXOR[LGDW
Q VFULHUHD DQWHULRDU  FX SDUDQWH]H URWXQGH V D PDUFDW H[LVWHQ D FRPSXVXOXL vQ ]JXU  FX

parantH]H GUHSWH vQ EDLD PHWDOLF

 FX DFRODG  vQ DWPRVIHUD DJUHJDWXOXL LDU FX  ! vQ vQF UF WXUD

VROLG 
5HDF LLOH GH R[LGDUH VXQW H[RWHUPH L GH DFHHD JUDGXO GH R[LGDUH D HOHPHQWHORU vQVR LWRDUH
FUHWH FX VF GHUHD WHPSHUDWXULL GLQ LQFLQWD DJUHJDWXOXL 2[LGDUHD HOHPHQWHORU vQVR LWRDUH GLQ EDLD
PHWDOLF VHSURGXFHvQRUGLQHDDILQLW

LLORUSHQWUXR[LJHQFDUHHVWH6L0Q3L&

Desilicierea. 6LOLFLXOVHR[LGHD]

SULPXOLDU6L22FkQGDMXQJHvQ]JXU VHFRPELQ FX)H2L

0Q2 IRUPkQG VLOLFD L GH ILHU L PDQJDQ 

(FeO)x6L22), ((MnO)x6L22) care n procedeul bazic

UHDF LRQHD]  FX &D2 IRORVLW FD IRQGDQWIRUPkQG VLOLFDWXO GH FDOFLX FH WUHFH vQ ]JXU  L VH
UHJHQHUHD] R[LGXOGHILHU2[LGXOIHURVUHJHQHUDWvLUHLDIXQF LDR[LGDQW 

Eliminarea manganului. Manganul sHR[LGHD]

PDLLQWHQVSULQFUHWHUHDFDQWLW

LLGHR[LGGH

ILHUGLQ]JXU LVF GHUHDWHPSHUDWXULL

Defosforarea.

)RVIRUXO HVWH DGXV vQ DJUHJDW GH vQF UF WXUD PHWDOLF  vQ FDUH VH J VHWH VXE

IRUP  GH IRVIXUL )H3

IRVIRUXOXL QXPLW  L

P, Fe23 3UH]HQ D VD GHWHUPLQ  IUDJLOLWDWHD OD UHFH D R HOXOXL 2[LGDUHD

defosforarea VH GHVI RDU  FX IRUPDUH GH IRVIDW GH ILHU FH HVWH LQVWDELO OD

WHPSHUDWXU ULGLFDW LVHGLVRFLD] UHJHQHUkQGIRVIRUXOvQEDLDPHWDOLF 3HQWUXHYLWDUHDUHJHQHU ULL

fosforului, se introduFHFDIRQGDQW&D2VHOXFUHD]

FX]JXU ED]LF FDUHIRUPHD] IRVID LGHFDOFLX

VWDELOLLHOLEHUHD] R[LGXOIHURV
'HFLGHIRVIRUDUHDHVWHSRVLELO QXPDLODSURFHGHXOED]LFLODWHPSHUDWXULVF ]XWH

Decarburarea.

2[LGDUHD FDUERQXOXL QXPLW  L

decarburare HVWH IRDUWH LPSRUWDQW

 SHQWUX

HODERUDUHGHRDUHFHGHWHUPLQ GXUDWDDUMHLLSURGXFWLYLWDWHDLQVWDOD LHL&DUERQXOHVWHR[LGDWvQEDLD

PHWDOLF FXR[LJHQXOLFX)H2FRQIRUPUHDF LLORU

2[C] + [O2] 2{CO}

[C] + [FeO]  [Fe] + {CO}

2[LGXO GH FDUERQ S U VHWH EDLD PHWDOLF  VXE IRUP  GH EXOH FDUH SURGXF DJLWDUHD DFHVWHLD
PRWLYSHQWUXFDUHSHULRDGDGHGHFDUEXUDUHVHPDLQXPHWHLILHUEHUH
2[LJHQXO QHFHVDU GHFDUEXU ULL vQ SHULRDGD GH ILHUEHUH HVWH DVLJXUDW SULQ DGDRV GH KHPDWLW 

sau prin insuflarea nDJUHJDWDR[LJHQXOXLVXESUHVLXQH2[LGDUHDFDUERQXOXLFXR[LJHQHVWHLQWHQV

LVFXUWHD] GXUDWDDUMHLFRQWULEXLQGODFUHWHUHDSURGXFWLYLW

LLDJUHJDWXOXL

Desulfurarea. Q IRQWH L R HOXUL VXOIXO VH J VHWH VXE IRUP

exisWHQ DVDvQR HOGHWHUPLQ IUDJLOLWDWHDDFHVWXLDODURX

 GH VXOIXU  GH ILHU )H6 L

3URFHVXO GHVXOIXU ULL VH HIHFWXHD]  FX PDQJDQ FDUH DUH R DILQLWDWH PDL PDUH SHQWUX VXOI

GHFkW ILHUXO L FRQGXFH OD IRUPDUHD VXOIXULL GH PDQJDQ 6XOIXUD GH PDQJDQ HVWH LQVROXELO  L VH
DFXPXOHD] vQ]JXU SURFHVLQWHQVLILFDWGH]JXULOHED]LFHERJDWHvQ&D2FUHWHUHDSURFHQWXOXLGH
0Q L WHPSHUDWXU  'HVXOIXUDUHD HVWH PD[LP  GXS  ILHUEHUH EDLD PHWDOLF  DYkQG FHD PDL PDUH
WHPSHUDWXU 
'H]R[LGDUHD R HOXOXL 'XS  R[LGDUHD HOHPHQWHORU vQVR LWRDUH L D FDUERQXOXL R HOXO OLFKLG
FRQ LQH R[LJHQ vQ VWDUH GL]ROYDW  QGHS UWDUHD OXL HVWH QHFHVDU  GHRDUHFH SURYRDF  IUDJLOLWDWHD OD
URX D R HOXOXL VROLGLILFDW 3URFHVXO GH]R[LG ULL DUH ORF SULQ SUHFLSLWDUH FH FRQVW  vQ OHJDUHD

oxigenului de un element (D)FXDILQLWDWHPDUHSHQWUXHOGXS

[D] + [O]  [DO]

UHDF LD

[DO]  (DO)

2[LGXO IRUPDW WUHFH vQ ]JXU  0DVD VD FUHWH RGDW  FX FUHWHUHD FDQWLW

LL GH HOHPHQW

GH]R[LGDQW L VF GHUHD WHPSHUDWXULL (OHPHQWHOH GH]R[LGDQWH IRORVLWH VXQW &D $O =U 7L 6L L 0Q
(OH VH IRORVHVF VXE IRUP  VLPSO  )H0Q )H6L &D6L 0Q6L $O VDX FRPSOH[  0Q6L$O &D6L$O
,QWURGXFHUHDGH]R[LGDQ LORUvQDJUHJDWVHIDFHvQRUGLQHDFUHVFkQG DDILQLW

LLORUID

GHR[LJHQ

cu arc electric

(ODERUDUHDR HOXULORUvQFXSWRDUH

&XSWRDUHOH HOHFWULFH XWLOL]DWH vQ SUDFWLFD HODERU ULL R HOXOXL VXQW cuptoare electrice cu arc
electric L FXSWRDUHOH HOHFWULFH FX LQGXF LH &XSWRUXO HOHFWULF FX DUF HOHFWULF ILJ  FX DF LXQH
GLUHFW  WLS +pURXOW VH FRPSXQH GLQ FXYD FLOLQGULF   L YDWUD  FRQIHF LRQDWH GLQ WDEO  GH R HO
SUHY ]XWHODLQWHULRUFXF SWXHDO DFLG VLOLFHVDXED]LF PDJQH]LW &XYDHVWHDFRSHULW FXR
EROW GHPRQWDELO FRQVWUXLW GLQF U PL]LGHVLOLFHVDXFURPLWRPDJQH]LW LSUHY ]XW

cu orificii

SHQWUX LQWURGXFHUHD HOHFWUR]LORU  Q SHUHWHOH ODWHUDO DO FXYHL H[LVW     XL GH OXFUX  FDUH VH

vQFKLGFXDMXWRUXOXQRUUDPHJOLVDQWHU FLWHODLQWHULRUFXDS LXQRULILFLXSHQWUXHYDFXDUHDR HOXOXL

continuat cu un jgheab de turnare (7).

([WUDJHUHD]JXUHLGHSHEDLDPHWDOLF VHIDFHSULQGHVFKLGHUHDXQHLXLGHOXFUXLvQFOLQDUHD

cuptorului cu (1015)0 n sensul ei.

3HQWUXHYDFXDUHDR HOXOXLFXSWRUXODUHSRVLELOLWDWHD

de nclinare cu (4045)0 spre jgheab.

6XUVD GH F OGXU  HVWH DUFXO HOHFWULF FUHDW vQWUH

HOHFWUR]LLGLQJUDILWFRQVXPDELOLLvQF UF WXUDPHWDOLF 3H
P VXU 

FH

HOHFWUR]LL VH

FRQVXP 

HL

DYDQVHD]  VSUH

vQF UF WXU  DQWUHQD L GH XQ VLVWHP DXWRPDW GH FRERUkUH

SHQWUX

PHQ LQHUHD

vQF UF WXU 

GLVWDQ

FRQVWDQW 


FH

D

GLVWDQ HL

GHWHUPLQ 

GLQWUH

LQWHQVLWDWHD

HL

L

DUFXOXL

HOHFWULF Q H[WHULRU HOHFWUR]LL VH vQQ GHVF FX DOWH EXF

L GH

grafit.
Cuptorul este introdus n circuitul secundar al unui
transformator trifazat cobortor de tensiune (110440)V
FDUH OXFUHD]  FX PDL PXOWH WUHSWH GH WHQVLXQH SRWULYLW
GLIHULWHORUID]HDOHHODERU ULL
&XSWRUXO PDL HVWH SUHY ]XW FX LQVWDOD LH GHU FLUHD

Fig.6.10. Cuptorul cu arc electric

1-vQF UF WXU PHWDOLF YDWU 
3-F SWXHDO X GHOXFUX
5-EROW -electrod; 7-jgheab

zgurei

difHULWHORU

]RQH

FXP

VXQW

FXSOHOH

GH

OHJ WXU 

DOH

HOHFWUR]LORUFXUH HDXDHOHFWULF PDQWDXDPHWDOLF HWF

QF UF WXUD FXSWRUXOXL FX DUF HOHFWULF VH FRPSXQH

din vQF UF WXUDPHWDOLF ILHUYHFKLDOLDWVDXQHDOLDWIRQW 

feroaliaje, elemente de aliere) materiale pentru formarea

YDU IOXRULQ  SHQWUX SURFHGHXO ED]LF L QLVLS FXDU RV VDX FXDU LWH OD SURFHGHXO DFLG

GHFDUEXUDQ LKHPDWLW GH]R[LGDQ L

(FeMn, FeSi, SiMn, SiCa, AlCaSi, Al).

3URFHVXO HODERU ULL R HOXOXL vQ FXSWRDUHOH HOHFWULFH FX DUF LQGLIHUHQW GH IHOXO F SWXHOLL
FXSULQGH XUP WRDUHOH HWDSH vQF

UFDUHD FXSWRUXOXL SRUQLUHD LQVWDOD LHL WRSLUHD vQF

UF

WXULL

desulfurarea, dezoxidarea, aliereaLevacuarea.

UFDUHDFXSWRUXOXLVHIDFHPHFDQL]DWSHODSDUWHDVXSHULRDU DFXYHLSULQUHWUDJHUHDERO LL

QF

VDXSULQWUDQVODWDUHDFXYHLEROWDU PkQkQGIL[ 
3RUQLUHD LQVWDOD LHL 'XS  vQF UFDUH EROWD HVWH DH]DW  GHDVXSUD FXYHL XLOH GH OXFUX VH
vQFKLGHOHFWUR]LLVXQWFRERUk LLFXSWRUXOVHFRQHFWHD] ODUH HDXDHOHFWULF 
7RSLUHD vQF

UF

WXULL

La nceputul procesului de topire, tensiunea curentului din circuit este

PLF (DFUHWHSHP VXU FHDYDQVHD] SURFHVXODMXQJkQGODYDORDUHDPD[LP vQPRPHQWXOWRSLULL

LQWHJUDOHDvQF UF WXULL7RSLUHDvQF UF WXULLvQFXSWRUXOFXDUFHOHFWULFSRDWHIL

FXR[LGDUHDHOHPHQWHORUvQVR LWRDUHFkQGvQF UF WXUDVHFRPSXQHGLQIRQW VDXGLQIRQW 

LILHUYHFKL

 R[LGDUHD HOHPHQWHORU vQVR LWRDUH FkQG vQF UF WXUD VH FRPSXQH GLQ ILHU YHFKL FX

FRPSR]L LDDSURSLDW GHFHDDR HOXOXLGHHODERUDW

La topirea cu

R[LGDUH R[LJHQXO QHFHVDU HVWH DGXV GH PLQHUHXO GH ILHU KHPDWLW  VDX SULQ

LQVXIODUH 8WLOL]DUHD R[LJHQXOXL LQVXIODW DFFHOHUHD]  WRSLUHD L R[LGDUHD L GHWHUPLQ  WHPSHUDWXUL

vQDOWHFDUHP UHVFYLWH]DGHGHFDUEXUDUHVFXUWkQGGXUDWDHODERU ULL

Desulfurarea E LL PHWDOLFH VH GHVI RDU  OD WHPSHUDWXUL vQDOWH VXE DF LXQHD IRQGDQ LORU L
carburii de calciu (CaC2FDUELGIRUPDW GDWRULW DUFXOXLHOHFWULFLGHFXUJHGXS UHDF LD
3(Fe, Mn)S + CaC2 + 2CaO = 3CaS + 3[Fe, Mn] + 2{CO}
=JXUDFDUHFRQ LQHFDUEXUDGHFDOFLXVHQXPHWH]JXU FDUELGLF 

Dezoxidarea E

LL PHWDOLFH vQ FXSWRUXO FX DUF HOHFWULF VH SRDWH IDFH DWkW SULQ SUHFLSLWDUH

FkQG VH DGDXJ  GH]R[LGDQ L FkW L SULQ GLIX]LH FkQG VH RE LQ ]JXUL UHGXF WRDUH vQ FDUH R[LJHQXO
GLIX]HD] GLQEDLDPHWDOLF 

Alierea R HOXOXL VH UHDOL]HD]

 SULQ DG XJDUHD GH IHURDOLDMH VDX HOHPHQWH GH DOLHUH vQGLIHULWH

SHULRDGH DOH HODERU ULL vQ IXQF LH GH DILQLWDWHD ORU ID
&X&RSRWILLQWURGXVHvQvQF UF WXU VDXvQWLPSXO

 GH R[LJHQ &HOH FX DILQLWDWH PLF  1L 0R

topirii; cele cu afinitate medie (Mn, Cr, W, Si,

$O 9 VH LQWURGXF GXS  GH]R[LGDUHD E LL LDU HOHPHQWHOH FX DILQLWDWH IRDUWH PDUH 1E 7D &D =U
0JVHLQWURGXFvQMHWXOGHR HOvQPRPHQWXOHYDFX ULLOXLGLQFXSWRU

Evacuarea R HOXOXL DUH ORF SULQ MJheabul de evacuare n oala de turnare, n care se face
GH]R[LGDUHDILQDO FXGH]R[LGDQ L)H6L6L&D$O$O&D6LHWF
(ODERUDUHD R HOXOXL vQ FXSWRDUHOH FX DUF HOHFWULF SUH]LQW  XUP WRDUHOH DYDQWDMH R HOXULOH
FRQ LQ R FDQWLWDWH PLF  GH R[LG GH ILHU QHH[LVWkQG IODF U  R[LGDQW  L HIHFWXkQGX VH R EXQ 

GH]R[LGDUH VH IRORVHVF GHHXUL GH R HO DOLDW vQ FDQWLWDWH PDUH GHRDUHFH SLHUGHULOH SULQ DUGHUHD
HOHPHQWHORUGH DOLHUH VXQWIRDUWHPLFLGHIRVIRUDUHDLGHVXOIXUDUHDVXQWIRDUWH DYDQVDWHPDLDOHVvQ

cuptoUXO FX F

SWXHDO  ED]LF  VH SRW UHDOL]D WHPSHUDWXUL vQDOWH FDUH SHUPLW HODERUDUHD R HOXULORU

DOLDWHFXFRQ LQXWPDUHGHPHWDOHJUHXIX]LELOH:90RFXSWRUXOHVWHDGXVvQWLPSVFXUWODUHJLP

WHUPLFGHIXQF LRQDUH
&XSWRDUHOH FX F SWXHDO  ED]LF  DVLJXU  GHIRVIRUDUHD GHVXOIXUDUHD L GH]R[LGDUH DYDQVDW 
GDWRULW IRUP ULL]JXULORUED]LFHRPRJHQLWDWHDLSXULWDWHDR HOXOXLVXQWPDULEDLDPHWDOLF VHSRDWH
DOLD FX RULFH HOHPHQW GDWRULW  WHPSHUDWXULORU vQDOWH UHDOL]DWH GH DUFXO HOHFWULF VH SRW RE LQH R HOXUL
H[WUDPRLGDWRULW R[LJHQXOXLFDUHUHDOL]HD] RGHFDUEXUDUHDYDQVDW 
&XSWRDUHOHFXF SWXHDO DFLG DXGH]DYDQWDMXOF GH]R[LGDUHDLGHJD]DUHDQXVHSRWUHDOL]D
FRPSOHW GDWRULW  ]JXUHL UHGXF WRDUH (OH VXQW IRORVLWH SHQWUX HODERUDUHD R HOXULORU QHDOLDWH L VODE

aliate cu Cr, Ni, Mo.

Indicatorii tehnico-economici ai cuptorului cu arc electric sunt:
3URGXF LDVSHFLILF 3h

Ph =

P(1 - Me )
ts

, [t / h]

(6.5.)

XQGH3HVWHvQF UF WXUDPHGLHSHDUM W

Me - pierderile de metalSULQDUGHUHL]JXU
ts -GXUDWDXQHLDUMHK



'XUDWDXQHLDUMHHVWHHJDO FX

ts = t1 + t2 + t3, [h]

(6.6.)

unde: t1HVWHWLPSXOFkWGXUHD] DMXVWDUHDF

t2 -GXUDWDHODERU ULLK
t3 -WLPSXOGHGHVF UFDUHDDUMHLK

SWXHOLLvQF UFDUHDFXSWRUXOXLK

'XUDWDGHHODERUDUHDDUMHLVHFDOFXOHD] FXUHOD LD

t2 =

unde:

PW
, [h]
P t cos - q A

(6.7.)

:HVWHHQHUJLDHOHFWULF QHFHVDU WRSLULLXQHLWRQHGHvQF UF WXU N:KW

Pt - puterea transformatorului, KVA

- randamentul de curent la topire
cos - factorul de putere la topire (0,70,85)
-GHID]DMXOGLQWUHLQWHQVLWDWHLWHQVLXQHDFXUHQWXOXLUDG
q - pierderile termice specifice la topire, kWh/m2
A -DULDVHF LXQLLSULQFDUHDXORFSLHUGHULOHP2
3URGXF LD VSHFLILF  FUHWH SULQ P ULUHD OXL 3 GHFL D FDSDFLW

LL FXSWRUXOXL PLFRUDUHD

SLHUGHULORU SULQ DUGHUH L D GXUDWHL DUMHL 'XUDWD DUMHL VH PLFRUHD]  SULQ P ULUHD LQWHQVLW

LL

FXUHQWXOXL GLQ VHFXQGDU PLFRUDUHD GHID]DMXOXL FXUHQWXOXL DOWHUQDWLY XWLOL]DW PLFRUDUHD SLHUGHULOR
WHUPLFH SULQ XWLOL]DUHD OD FRQIHF LRQDUHD FXSWRUXOXL D PDWHULDOHORU FX SURSULHW

L WHUPRL]RODWRDUH

EXQH PLFRUDUHD WLPSXOXL GH DMXVWDUH L vQF UFDUH D FXSWRUXOXL SULQ XWLOL]DUHD GH PLMORDFH
PHFDQL]DWHIRORVLUHDDXWRPDWL] ULLFRPSOH[H

2. Capacitatea dHSURGXF
C = Ph 7d, [t/an]
unde Td este fondul de timp anual
3. Indicatorii de consum:

LH&

(6.8)

FRQVXPXOVSHFLILFGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULF

FHGHSLQGHGHPDUFDGHR HOVWDUHDvQF UF WXULL

VWDUHDFXSWRUXOXLFHGHWHUPLQ SLHUGHULOHWHUPLFHLSHUL

consumul specific de electrozi

oada de elaborare.

FH GHSLQGH GH FDOLWDWHD ORU VWDUHD vQF UF WXULL

FDSDFLWDWHDFXSWRUXOXLFRQGL LLOHGHOXFUXLSHULRDGDGHHODERUDUH

(ODERUDUHDR HOXULORUvQFXSWRDUHFXLQGXF LH

&XSWRDUHOH FX LQGXF LH VXQW FXSWRDUH FDUH

IXQF LRQHD] 

SH

SULQFLSLXO

LQGXF LHL

electromagnetice. Ele se compun (fig. 6.11.) dintrXQ FUHX]HW  FRQIHF LRQDW GLQ PDWHULDO UHIUDFWDU
DFLG VDX ED]LF R HDY  GH FXSUX  vQI XUDW  vQ

jurul creuzetului, prin care trece un curent

DOWHUQDWLYLRPDQWDPHWDOLF FHSURWHMHD] OD
H[WHULRU FRQVWUXF LD 3HQWUX
DOLDMXO

OLFKLG

GXS 

a se putea evacua

HODERUDUH

FUHX]HWXO

HVWH

VXSUDvQ O DW OD SDUWHD VXSHULRDU  IRUPkQG SH R

SRU LXQHXQMJKHDE

Contactul
Fig. 6.11. Cuptorul cu induF LH
1 - creuzet; 2 - HDY GHFXSUX- manta
PHWDOLF -EDLHPHWDOLF - baterie de
condensatoare; 6 - transformator;
7 -JUXSUDFRUGUH HD

cu

exteriorul,

timpul

HODERU ULL HVWH vPSLHGLFDW SULQ DH]DUHD GHDVXSUD

FUHX]HWXOXL GXS  vQF UFDUH DXQXL FDSDFF SWXLW
OD LQWHULRU FX PDWHULDO UHIUDFWDU L DF LRQDW FX

ajutorul unei macarale.

HDYD GLQ FXSUX FH SUH]LQW  OD LQWHULRU XQ
RULILFLXDUHUROGHLQGXFWRULHVWHU FLW ODLQWHULRU

FX DS  /D WUHFHUHD FXUHQWXOXL SULQ LQGXFWRU vQ MXUXO V X LD QDWHUH XQ FkPS PDJQHWLF FH LQGXFHvQ
vQF UF WXU  XQ FXUHQW HOHFWULF FDUH R WRSHWH &XSWRUXO FX LQGXF LH HVWH XQ WUDQVIRUPDWRU DO F UXL
VHFXQGDUHVWHvQF UF WXUDPHWDOLF 

&DQWLWDWHDGHF OGXU SURGXV vQvQF UF WXU HVWH

Q = R Ii 2 t cos

(6.9.)

XQGH5HVWHUH]LVWHQ DHOHFWULF DvQF UF WXULL

Ii - intensitatea curentului indus; A

cos - factorul de putere;
t - timpul ct trece curentul electric; h.
5H]LVWHQ DHOHFWULF DvQF UF WXULLHVWHHJDO FX

d
,[]
h
unde: d este diametrul interior al creuzetului, mm
2
-UH]LVWLYLWDWHDHOHFWULF DvQF UF WXULLPP /n
h -vQ O LPHDODFDUHVHULGLF vQF UF WXUDvQFUHX]HWPP
 - DGkQFLPHD GH S WUXQGHUH D OLQLLORU FkPSXOXL PDJQHWLF vQ vQF
R=

(6.10.)

UF WXU  FDUH VH FDOFXOHD] 

FXUHOD LD

= 5.030
XQGH

, [cm]
f

(6.11.)

HVWHSHUPLWLYLWDWHDPDJQHWLF DPDWHULDOXOXLvQF UF WXULL

f -IUHFYHQ DFXUHQWXOXLHOHFWULFXWLOL]DW
,QVWDOD LDGHDOLPHQWDUH a creuzetului cu curent se compune din: o baterie de condensare, un
WUDQVIRUPDWRUPRQRID]LFURWDWLYLXQPRGXOGHDOLPHQWDUH

Bateria de condensatoare PHQ LQH YDORDUHD IDFWRUXOXL GH SXWHUH FkW PDL DSURDSH GH  SULQ
PLFRUDUHDGHID]DMXOXLGLQWUHLQWHQVLWDWHDLWHQVLXQHDFXUHQWXOXLFHDOLPHQWHD] LQGXFWRUXO

Transformatorul monofazic rotativPRGLILF SDUDPHWULLFXUHQWXOXLHOHFWULFOXDWGHODUH HDvQ

VSHFLDO IUHFYHQ D L HVWH IRUPDW GLQWU-XQ PRWRU DVLQFURQ GH DQWUHQDUH XQ JHQHUDWRU VLQFURQ L R
H[FLWDWULFHWRDWHPRQWDWHSHDFHODLDUERUHFDUHHVWHPRQWDWYHUWLFDl.
Modulul de alimentare XQLIRUPL]HD]  SDUDPHWULL FXUHQWXOXL HOHFWULF GLQ UH HDXD LQGXVWULDO 
(O

DOLPHQWHD] 

FX

FXUHQW

PRWRUXO

DVLQFURQ

DO

WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL

L

FLUFXLWHOH

EDWHULHL

GH

condensatoare.
5 FLUHDGLYHUVHORUS U LDOHLQVWDOD LHLVHIDFHFXDS

n circuit deschis.
&XSWRDUHOHFXLQGXF LHVXQWGXS FDSDFLWDWH miciL mariLDUGXS IUHFYHQ DFXUHQWXOXLFDUH
DOLPHQWHD] LQGXFWRUXOGHMRDV , medieLvQDOW IUHFYHQ
.
3URFHVXO WHKQRORJLF GH HODERUDUH D DOLDMHORU vQ FXSWRUXO FX LQGXF LH FXSULQGH XUP WRDUHOH

faze: vQF

UFDUHDWRSLUHDDOLHUHDGHJD]DUHDL

QF

evacuarea.

UFDUHD FXSWRUXOXL VH HIHFWXHD]  SH OD SDUWHD VXSHULRDU  QF UF WXUD VH FRPSXQH GLQ

PDVDPHWDOLF IHURDOLDMHIRQGDQ L0DVDPHWDOLF GHSLQGHGHDOLDMXOHODERUDW

cnd se elaboreD]

R HOXULHDVHFRPSXQHGLQR HOXULILHUYHFKLFXFRPSR]L LHDSURSLDW 

GHFHDILQDO GHRDUHFHvQDFHVWHFXSWRDUHQXVHSRDWHHIHFWXDDILQDUHD

FkQGVHHODERUHD] IRQWHVSHFLDOHvQF UF WXUDHVWHIRUPDW GLQIRQW 

FkQG VH HODERUHD]  DOLDMH QHIHURDVH vQF UF WXUD HVWH IRUPDW  GLQ DOLDMH FX FRPSR]L LH
DSURSLDW GHFHDILQDO VDXGLQPHWDOHOHSXUHFDUHFRPSXQDOLDMXO

Topirea. 'XS

 vQF UFDUH L vQFKLGHUHD FUHX]HWXOXL LQVWDOD LD HVWH SRUQLW  L vQFHSH SURFHVXO

topirii.
Alierea. /D VIkULWXO SHULRDGHL GH WRSLUH D vQF

UF WXULL DUH ORF DOLHUHD (OHPHQWHOH FDUH DX

DILQLWDWHPLF SHQWUXR[LJHQVHLQWURGXFvQvQF UF WXU ODvQFHSXWFHOHFXDILQLWDWHPDUHGXS WRSLUH

VDXODVIkULWXOSHULRDGHLGHHODERUDUH

Degazarea E

LL PHWDOLFH VH UHDOL]HD]  vQ PHGLL QH

utre (argon) un anumit timp, pentru

HOLPLQDUHDJD]HORUvQFRUSRUDWHvQEDLDPHWDOLF vQWLPSXOWRSLULL

Evacuarea. $OLDMXO HODERUDW VH HYDFXHD]

 vQ RDOD GH WXUQDUH L GH DLFL vQ IRUPHOH SUHJ WLWH

anterior.
&XSWRUXO FX LQGXF LH VH IRORVHWH OD HODERUDUHD R HOXULORU DOLDWH L FX GHVWLQD LH VSHFLDO  FDUH DX
FRQ LQXWXULVF ]XWHGHVXOIIRVIRULQFOX]LXQLQHPHWDOLFHLJD]HR HOXULORUvQDOWHDOLDWHGHVFXOHUDSLGH
R HOXULORUGHUXOPHQ LR HOXULORUDQWLFRURVLYHIRQWHORUVSHFLDOHDOLDWHLDOLDMHORUQH

feroase.

3HQWUXFUHWHUHDSXULW

LLLvPEXQ W

LUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLORUPHFDQLFHWRSLUHDvQFXSWRDUHOHFX

10-4PEDUUVDXvQDWPRVIHU GHJD]LQHUW

2 LQVWDOD LH GH WRSLUH vQ YLG VH FRPSXQH GLQWU-R LQFLQW  UDFRUGDW  la un sistem de vidare cu

LQGXF LHVHGHVI RDU vQYLG

-3

SRPSH Q LQWHULRUXO LQFLQWHL VH DIO  FUHX]HWXO FX LQGXFWRUXO L OLQJRWLHUHOH VDX IRUPHOH GH WXUQDUH
FHHDFHSHUPLWHFDWRSLUHDLWXUQDUHDV VHHIHFWXH]HvQYLG$F LRQDUHDFUHX]HWXOXLOLQJRWLHUHORUVDX

formelor se face automDWL]DWGLQH[WHULRUQLQVWDOD LDYLGDW vQF UF WXUDVHLQWURGXFHvQVWDUHWRSLW 

cu ajutorul unui container trecnd printr-R HFOX]  SHQWUX PHQ LQHUHD HWDQHLW LL LQFLQWHL Q DFHODL
PRGVHLQWURGXFLOLQJRWLHUHOHVDXIRUPHOH

lului n convertizoare cu oxigen

(ODERUDUHDR H

&RQYHUWL]RUXOFXR[LJHQHVWHXQDJUHJDWFRQIHF LRQDWGLQWDEO GHR HODYkQGvQLQWHULRURF SWXHDO 

UHIUDFWDU  ED]LF  GLQ PDJQH]LW  VDX GRORPLW  &RQVWUXF LD VD ILJ  VH FRPSXQH GLQWU

-o parte

FLOLQGULF  R SDUWH VXSHULRDU  WURQFRQLF  L SDUWHD LQIHULRDU  VXE IRUP  GH FDORW  VIHULF  &RUSXO
FRQYHUWL]RUXOXL HVWH VXVSHQGDW SH GRL VXSRU L SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQRU IXVXUL IL[DWH ULJLG

de mantaua

H[WHULRDU GLQWDEO GHR HO$FHVWVLVWHPSHUPLWHEDVFXODUHDFRQYHUWL]RUXOXL ODvQF UFDUHDSULQJXU 

LJROLUHSULQWU XQRULILFLXODWHUDOREWXUDWFXRX 

Q

FRQYHUWL]RDUH

VXUVD

GH

F OGXU 

VXQW

UHDF LLOH

exoterme de oxidare a elementelor QVR LWRDUH FDUH DX ORF VXE

DF LXQHDR[LJHQXOXLLQWURGXVvQFXSWRUFXRDQXPLW SUHVLXQH
'XS  GLUHF LD GH LQWURGXFHUH D R[LJHQXOXL vQ FXSWRU

convertizoarele sunt:

convertizoare cu oxigen cu insuflare pe sus

(procedeul LD, Linz-Donawitz);

convertizoare cu oxigen cu insuflare pe jos;

Fig.6.12. Convertizorul LD
1 - lance; 2 - cuptor;
3 - reazem.

FRQYHUWL]RDUHFXR[LJHQFXLQVXIODUHODWHUDO 

Oxigenul este adus n incinta convertizorului:

printr-R ODQFH LQWURGXV  SULQ JXUD VD

vQ FD]XO

FRQYHUWL]RDUHORU /' /DQFHD HVWH H[HFXWDW  GLQ WUHL

HYL

FRQFHQWULFH

3ULQ

HDYD

FHQWUDO 

FLUFXO 

R[LJHQXO LDU SULQ XUP WRDUHOH GRX  FLUFXO  DS  GH

U FLUH

SULQRULILFLLSUDFWLFDWHODED]DS U LLLQIHULRDUHDFRQYHUWL]RUXOXL

printr-RODQFHLQWURGXV SULQODWHUDO
Indiferent de tipul convertizorului, fazele procesului tehnologic

SUHJ

WLUHDFRQYHUWL]RUXOXLvQF
3UHJ

GHHODERUDUHDR HOXOXLVXQW

UFDUHDDILQDUHDHYDFXDUHDGH]R[LGDUHDL

alierea.

WLUHDFRQYHUWL]RUXOXLSHQWUXvQF UFDUHFRQVW vQYHULILFDUHDRULILFLXOXLGHHYDFXDUHFDUH

VH SRDWH vQIXQGD FX ]JXU  YHULILFDUHD ]LG ULHL D LQVWDOD LHL GH LQWURGXFHUH D R[LJHQXOXL vQ

convertizor etc.
QF UF WXUDPHWDOLF DFRQYHUWL]RUXOXLGHSLQGHGHWLSXOV X

SHQWUXSURFHGHXO/'VHFRPSXQHGLQIRQW OLFKLG ILHUYHFKLLIRQW VROLG 

(2 GLQ JUHXWDWHD E LL IRQGDQ L YDU L IOXRULQ

petrol pentru recarburare;

 GH]R[LGDQ L PLQHUHX L FRFV GH

SHQWUX FRQYHUWL]RUXO FX LQVXIODUH GH MRV VH FRPSXQH ILH GLQ  IRQW  OLFKLG  L
IRQGDQ L FkQG DX FRQ LQXW PDUH GH IRVIRU ILH  ILHU YHFKL FkQG VH HODERUHD] 
R HOXULFXFRQ L

nut redus de carbon (0,03&LIRQGDQ L

SHQWUXFRQYHUWL]RDUHOHFXLQVXIODUHGLQODWHUDOVHFRPSXQHILHGLQIRQW OLFKLG L

IRQGDQ LILHIRQW DOLDW ILHUYHFKLHOHPHQWHGHDOLHUHLIRQGDQ L

QF UFDUHD FRQYHUWL]RUXOXL VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ vQFOLQ UL L UHYHQLUL UHSHWDWH DOH XWLODMXOXL
LQWURGXFkQGPDLvQWkLSDUWHDVROLG DvQF UF WXULL

Afinarea. 'XS

 vQF UFDUH vQ FD]XO SURFHGHXOXL /' VH VWDELOHWH GLVWDQ D GLQWUH ODQFH L

VXSUDID D E LL PHWDOLFH /D vQFHSXW DUH YDORUL PLFL 

250) mm, LDU UHDF LLOH GH R[LGDUH D

VLOLFLXOXL L FDUERQXOXL VXQW LQWHQVH L DJLWDUHD E LL PHWDOLFH SXWHUQLF  6SUH VIkULWXO SHULRDGHL GH
HODERUDUHFkQGWHPSHUDWXUDDUHYDORDUHDFHDPDLPDUHLVHIDYRUL]HD] GHIRVIRUDUHDLGHVXOIXUDUHD
GLVWDQ DGLQWUHODQFHLvQF UF WXUDHVWHPDLPDUHGHPP

DWL45)Nm3/mm) la nceput, iar spre

3
VIkULWXOSHULRDGHLGHHODERUDUHPLFLDWL25)Nm /min).
3UHVLXQHDLGHELWXOR[LJHQXOXLVXQWPDUL

Q SHULRDGD GH DILQDUH EDLD PHWDOLF  VH DOLPHQWHD]  FX YDU IOXRUXU  GH FDOFLX IOXRULQ  L
PLQHUHXSHQWUXIRUPDUHD]JXUHLSXWHUQLFR[LGDQW 
3HQWUX VWDELOLUHD FRPSR]L LHL R HOXOXL SHULRGLF VH LDX SUREH &RQ LQXWXO GH FDUERQ VFDGH GH

la 3,5% la 0,1% n (1518) min.

(YDFXDUHD GH]R[LGDUHDLDOLHUHD

CQGFRPSR]L LDFKLPLF

DDUMHLHVWHFHDGRULW R HOXOVH

HYDFXHD] vQRDODGHWXUQDUHSULQEDVFXODUHDFRQYHUWL]RUXOXLQRDO VHSUDFWLF GH]R[LGDUHDLDOLHUHD

R HOXOXL 3ULPD VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ SUHFLSLWDUH vQ XUPD DGDRVXOXL GH IHURDOLDMH vQ RUGLQH ELQH VWDELOLW 
 $OFRFVXO SHQWUXUHFDUEXUDUHIHURPDQJDQXO IHURVLOLFLXOLUHVWXOGH$O'H]R[LGDQ LLVHDGDXJ 
vQPRPHQWXOFkQGRDODGHWXUQDUHDIRVWXPSOXW GLQFDSDFLWDWHDHL
&RQYHUWL]RDUHOH VXQW IRORVLWH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD GH R HOXUL PRL FX FRQ LQXW PLF GH FDUERQ 
QHDOLDWHLVODEDOLDWHFXFURPPDQJDQVLOLFLX
$YDQWDMHOHHODERU ULLR HOXULORULDOLDMHORUvQFRQYHUWL]RDUHOHFXR[LJHQVXQWSURGXFWLYLWDWHD
PDUH FRQVWUXF LH UHODWLY VLPSO  FDOLWDWHD R HOXOXL HVWH VXSHULRDU  FRVWXUL GH SURGXF LH PDL PLFL
GHFkWOD FXSWRDUHOHHOHFWULFHGXUDWD GHHODERUDUHDXQHL DUMHHVWHPLF 

60)min nedepinznd de

capacitatea cuptorului.
'H]DYDQWDMHOH FRQYHUWL]RDUHORU VXQW FRQVXP PDUH GH R[LJHQ FH QHFHVLW  FRQVWUXLUHD GH

fabrici de oxigen n comELQDWHOH VLGHUXUJLFHHYDFXDUHDXQHLFDQWLW

LPDULGHJD]HLSUDIvQKDOHL

SURFHGHXO/'QHFHVLW KDOHvQDOWH

7XUQDUHDR HOXOXLvQOLQJRXUL

2 HOXOOLFKLGVHHYDFXHD] GLQFXSWRUvQRDODGHWXUQDUHRFRQVWUXF LHWURQFRQLF FXED]DPLF vQ

SDUWHDGHMRVFRQIHF LRQDW GLQWDEO GHR HOLF SWXLW ODLQWHULRUFXF U PLG UHIUDFWDU &DSDFLWDWHDVD
HVWHHJDO vQJHQHUDOFXP ULPHDDUMHLQDLQWHGHXWLOL]DUHRDODHVWHFXU

600)0& FX XQ DU]

LDU DSRL vQF O]LW  OD R WHPSHUDWXU  GH 

LW GHUHVWXULOHGHR HOL]JXU 

WRU FX JD] PHWDQ SHQWUX PLFRUDUHD

RFXULORUWHUPLFHGDWRUDWHGLIHUHQ HLPDULGHWHPSHUDWXU vQWUHHD

LR HOXOOLFKLG

'LQ RDO R HOXOHVWHHYDFXDW SULQRULILFLXOH[LVWHQW

la

ED]DVDvQOLQJRWLHUHFHVXQWIRUPHGLQIRQW FHQXLHvQFDUH
VH RE LQ OLQJRXULOH 'XS  VHF LXQHD WUDQVYHUVDO  OLQJRWLHUHOH

sunt

FLUFXODUH S

WUDWH GUHSWXQJKLXODUH L

poligonale, iar

GXS  vQFOLQDUHD SHUH LORU ODWHUDOL

normale ILJ  D L

inverseILJE&HOHLQYHUVHGDUXQHRULLFHOHQRUPDOH
VXQWSUHY ]XWHODSDUWHDVXSHULRDU FXSLHVHGHWDDELOHQXPLWH

maselotiere XQGHVHIRUPHD]
Fig. 6.13. Lingotiere
a -QRUPDO E-LQYHUV

SDUWHDGLQOLQJRXFDUHFRQ LQH

JROXOGHFRQWUDF LHUHWDVXUDQXPLW PDVHORW



o parte suSOLPHQWDU

. Maselota este

 GH PHWDO GH WXUQDW vQ FDUH vQ WLPSXO

VROLGLILF ULL VH DFXPXOHD]  ]JXU  L LPSXULW

LOH H[LVWHQWH vQ

PHWDOXO WRSLW SHQWUX D VH RE LQH SLHVH I U  GHIHFWH L FX

VWUXFWXUDFRPSDFW 
7XUQDUHDR HOXOXLvQOLQJRWLHUHSRDWHIL

GLUHFW

 FkQG ILHFDUH OLQJRWLHU  VH XPSOH LQGLYLGXDO L VXFFHVLY GH VXV vQ MRV SULQ

turnarea direct din oala de turnare. Procedeul este simplu, ieftin, cu cheltuieli mici pentru
PDQRSHU  L PDWHULDOH 7RWXL HO QX DVLJXU  WXUQDUHD GH OLQJRXUL PLFL GLQ DUMH PDUL
OLQJRWLHUHOH DX GXUDELOLWDWH UHGXV  LDU OLQJRXULOH SUH]LQW  VWURSL L WHQGLQ H GH FU SDUH
GHRDUHFHMHWXOGHPHWDODQWUHQHD] 

aerul.

LQGLUHFW

sau prin sifon, cnd se umplu

simultan mai multe lingotiere de jos n sus
ILJ 2 HOXO HVWH WXUQDW GLQ RDOD GH
WXUQDUHvQSkOQLHLSULQFDQDOHOHUH HOHLGH

turnare (5) se umplu lingotierele (3).

Prin
acest procedeu se umplu VLPXOWDQ DVH SkQ 
ODGRX VSUH]HFHOLQJRWLHUH$YDQWDMHOHDFHVWHL
WXUQ UL

ID

GH

WXUQDUHD

GLUHFW 

VXQW

OLQJRWLHUHOHDXGXUDELOLWDWHPDLPDUHVHRE LQ
OLQJRXUL GH GLPHQVLXQL PLFL FX VXSUDIH H

curate, omogene din punct de vedere chimic

LVWUXFWXUDOYLWHza de umplere a lingotierelor
SRDWH IL YDULDW  vQ IXQF LH GH PDUFD R HOXOXL

Fig. 6.14. TurnareDLQGLUHFW

1 - plnie; 2 -PDVHORWLHU 
3 -OLQJRWLHU - greutate;
5 -UH HDGHWXUQDUH.

LWHPSHUDWXU 
'H]DYDQWDMHOH

WXUQ ULL

LQGLUHFWH

VXQW

FRQVXP PDUH GH PHWDO vQ UH HDXD GH WXUQDUH

FKHOWXLHOL PDUL SHQWUX FRQIHF LRQDUHD IRUPHORU L
PDVHORWLHUHORU L R HOXO DQWUHQHD]  LPSXULW

L GLQ

UH HDXDGHWXUQDUH
/DWXUQDUHDOLQJRXULORUSRWV DSDU XUP WRDUHOHGHIHFWH

retasuraVDXJROXOGHFRQWUDF LHGDWRUDW

VROLGLILF ULL(DWUHEXLHV VHIRUPH]HvQSDUWHD

VXSHULRDU  D OLQJRXOXL QGHS UWDUHD VD VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ W LHUH XWDUH FkQG VH SLHUGH

(10

GLQ JUHXWDWHD OLQJRXOXL 0LFRUDUHD UHWDVXULL VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ IRORVLUHD

OLQJRWLHUHORU LQYHUVH FX FRQLFLWDWH PDL PDUH WHPSHUDWXU  L YLWH]  GH WXUQDUH PDUL L

plasarea maselotierelor deasupra lingotierei;

sufluri, VXQW SRUL JROXUL FDUH DSDU vQ R HOXUL GDWRULW
OLFKLG(OHGHWHUPLQ vQU XW

LUHDSURSULHW

VHJUHJD LL ]RQDOH FH VXQW QHRPRJHQLW

 UH LQHULL JD]HORU vQ PDVD GH PHWDO

LORUPHFDQLFHDOHR HOXULORU
L IL]LFR FKLPLFH vQ PDVD R HOXOXL GDWRULW 

YDULD LHL]RQDOHDFRQ LQXWXOXLGHVXOIFDUERQJD]H

incluziuni nemetalice, datorate proceselor fizico-chimice din cuptor sau provenite din
DQWUHQDUHD]JXUHLDPDWHULDOHORUUHIUDFWDUHGLQFXSWRUGLQUH HDXDGHWXUQDUH

7XUQDUHD R HOXOXL vQ OLQJRWLHUH FRQGXFH OD SLHUGHUL PDUL GH R HO SULQ W LHUHD PDVHORWHL
VWUXFWXUL QHXQLIRUPH L JURVRODQH HWF 3HQWUX HOLPLQDUHD ORU VH SUDFWLF  WXUQDUHD FRQWLQX

 D F UHL

VFKHP  HVWH SUH]HQWDW  vQ ILJXUD  2 HOXO GLQ RDOD GH WXUQDUH  HVWH HYDFXDW vQ SkOQLD 
F SWXLW  OD LQWHULRU FX ]LG ULH UHIUDFWDU  L SUHvQF O]LW  OD 

C. La nceputul procesului de

WXUQDUH vQ FULVWDOL]RU  VH LQWURGXFH XQ IXQG PRELO SULQV GH R EDU  GH DQWUHQDUH SUHY ]XW  FX XQ
FDQDO vQ FDUH VH VROLGLILF  UDSLG SULPD FDQWLWDWH GH R HO OLFKLG I F

ndu-VH DVWIHO OHJ

WXUD FX EDUD GH

DQWUHQDUH&kQGR HOXOGLQFULVWDOL]RUDDMXQVODXQQLYHOFRQYHQDELOVHvQFHSHWUDJHUHDEDUHLvQMRV
/LQJRXOVROLGLILFDWWUHFHSULQWUHUROHOHGHJKLGDUHFDUHVXQWU FLWHFXDS LDUDSRLSULQFHOH
GRX FDMHGHODPLQDUHXQGHVHRE LQHSURILOXOGRULW/DPLQDWXOHVWHW LDWODRDQXPLW OXQJLPHGH
VLVWHPXO GH W LHUH  L EDVFXODW vQWU

-un recipient care l depune pe calea cu role (9), de unde este

12) fire tehnologice.

OXDWGHXQHOHYDWRU,QVWDOD LDGHWUDJHUHSHYHUWLFDO HVWHFRQVWUXLW FX

,QVWDOD LLOH GH WXUQDUH FRQWLQX  VH IRORVHVF GH RELFHL vQ R HO ULL FX FRQYHUWL]RDUH FX R[LJHQ
VDXFXFXSWRDUHFXDUFHOHFWULFFXFDSDFLWDWHSkQ ODWLGXUDWDGHHODERUDUHVXERUH
3HQWUX PLFRUDUHD vQ O LPLL KDOHORU L UHGXFHUHD YROXPXOXL LQYHVWL LLORU V

-au construit

LQVWDOD LLGHWXUQDUHFRQWLQX FXWUDJHUHSHRUL]RQWDO FXFULVWDOL]RUYHUWLFDOVDXFXUE

Turnarea
VHIRORVHWHSHQWUXRE LQHUHDVHPLIDEULFDWHORUGLQR HOXULQHDOLDWHLVODEDOLDWHLQR[LGDbile,

FRQWLQX

PRLFDOPDWHSHQWUXEDQG ODW WDEO  HYLI U VXGXU HWF

6HPLIDEULFDWHOH RE LQXWH SULQ WXUQDUH FRQWLQX  VH QXPHVF

blumuri, brame,

DJOH vQ IXQF LH

GHIRUP LGLPHQVLXQL
7XUQDUHDFRQWLQX SUH]LQW XUP WRDUHOHDYDQWDMH

structura produsului esWHILQ FXRPRJHQLWDWHFKLPLF LFRPSDFWLWDWHPDUH

pierderile de metal mici, deoarece retasura apare numai la final;
productivitate mare.

)LJ7XUQDUHDFRQWLQX

1 - oala de turnare; 2 - SkOQLH LQWHUPHGLDU

ODPLQDW -DJUHJDWGHW LHUHR[LDFHWLOHQLF
-EDU GHWUDJHUH- semifabricat.

 FULVWDOL]DW


or; 4 - role de ghidaj; 5 - caje duo de laminare; 6 - EDU 

- container; 9 - cale cu role; 10 -HPL WRUUD]H- receptor raze; 12

6.4. Metalurgia pulberilor

MetDOXUJLD SXOEHULORU IDFH SDUWH GLQ WHKQRORJLLOH PHWDOXUJLFH QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH L UHSUH]LQW

DQVDPEOXO SURFHGHHORU XWLOL]DWH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD GH VHPLIDEULFDWH L SURGXVH ILQLWH IRORVLQG FD
PDWHULHSULP SXOEHULOHPHWDOLFH

Domeniile de aplicare a metalurgiei

SXOEHULORU VXQW IRDUWH QXPHURDVH L YDULDWH (D VH

XWLOL]HD] SHQWUXRE LQHUHDGHSURGXVHVSHFLILFHLvQORFXLUHDSURFHGHHORUFODVLFH

Produsele specifice metalurgiei pulberilor sunt:

produse poroaseSUHFXPFX]LQH LDXWROXEULILDQ LILOWUHGLQEURQ]LR HOLQR[LGDELOSO

FL

SHQWUX DFXPXODWRUL VSHFLDOL VXSRU L SHQWUX FDWDOL]DWRUL SLHVH PHWDOLFH LPSUHJQDWH FX
PDWHULDOHSODVWLFHHOHFWUR]LHOHPHQWHGHGLIX]LHJD]RDV 

produse refractare GLILFLO GH RE LQXW VXE IRUP

 GXFWLO  FXP VXQW PHWDOHOH L DOLDMHOH SH

ED]  GH WXQJVWHQ PROLEGHQ WDQWDO IRORVLWH FD ILODPHQWH HOHFWUR]L FRPSRQHQWH
HOHFWURQLFHUH]LVWHQ HHOHFWULFH

SURGXVH GLQ FRPSXL PHWDOLFL GXUL

precum carburi, boruri, nitruri de tungsten, titan,

FURP PROLEGHQ ]LUFRQLX FDUH VXQW SDU LDO VDX WRWDO GHVFRPSXL SULQ WUHFHUH vQ VWDUH
OLFKLG 

DOLDMH FRPSXVH GLQ PHWDOH vQWUH DOH F

URU SXQFWH GH WRSLUH VDX PDV

 YROXPHWULF

 VXQW

GLIHUHQ H PDUL, cum sunt sistemele formate din tungsten-cupru; tungsten-argint; cupruplumb; fier-nichel-FREDOWLSOXPE-staniu;

SURGXVH GLQ FRPSXL PHWDOLFL L FRPSXL QHPHWDOLFL SUHFXP PDWHULDOH GH IULF LXQH
DOLDMH GLDPDQWDWH SHQWUX GLVFXUL DEUD]LYH SHULL L FRQWDFWH HOHFWULFH IRUPDWH GLQ FXSUX

e,

JUDILW SHQWUX SLHVHOH PRWRDUHORU FX UHDF LH DOH DYLRDQHORU PHWDOH vQ ID]H GLVSHUV
FHUDPLFHPHWDOHvQW ULWHFXILEUHRULHQWDWHGLQERUVDXFDUERQ
3URGXVHOHSHQWUXFDUHPHWDOXUJLDSXOEHULORUvQORFXLHWHSURFHGHHOHFODVLFHVXQW

produse de serie mare din industria automobilului care conduc la economie de

PDWHULDOHSUHOXFUDUHPHFDQLF LPDQRSHU 
SURGXVH FDUH VH RE LQ JUHX SULQ WXUQDUH IRUPDUH PHFDQLF

 VDX SUHOXFUDUH PHFDQLF

HOH SUH]LQW  VWUXFWXU  PDL EXQ  L VXQW PDL FRPSDFWH &D H[HPSOX VXQW PDJQH LL
SHUPDQHQ LDOLDMHOHUHIUDFWDUHLDOLDMHOHGXUH
SURGXVHGHvQDOW

SXULWDWHIRORVLWHvQHOHFWURQLF

LHQHUJLHQXFOHDU

3URFHVXO WHKQRORJLF SULQ FDUH VH RE LQ SLHVHOH GLQ SXOEHUL PHWDOLFH VH FRPSXQH GLQ
XUP WRDUHOH

RSHUD LL

RE LQHUHD

pulberilor, finisarea pieselor.

2E LQHUHa pulberilor.

SXOEHULORU

DJORPHUDUHD

SXOEHULORU

WUDWDPHQWXO

WHUPLF

DO

3XOEHULOH VXQW PHWDOH VDX DOLDMH VXE IRUP  IRDUWH ILQ  IDEULFDWH SULQ

GLYHUVH PHWRGH L SURFHGHH FDUH GHSLQG GH QDWXUD PHWDOXOXL YROXPXO GH SURGXF LH FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH
XUP ULWHSXULWDWHDVLDSOLFD LLOHORU
0HWRGHOH L SURFHGHHOH XWLOL]DWH

pentru fabricarea pulberilor metalice sunt prezentate n tabelul

XUP WRUWDEHOXO

7DEHOXO0HWRGHLSURFHGHHGHRE LQHUHDSXOEHULORUPHWDOLFH

metoda
PHFDQLF

procedeu
P FLQDUH

IRUPDSDUWLFXOHORULQDWXUD

pulberilor
XQJKLXODUHODPHODU )H$O

SUHOXFUDUHPHFDQLF
IL]LF

atomizare

FKLPLF

condensarea fazei gazoase

reducerea oxizilor

URWXQMLWH VIHULFH QHUHJXODW  &X

Fe, Al, aliaje

GHVFRPSXQHUHDV UXULORU

disocierea

electrolitice

QHUHJXODW =Q

neregulate, poroase
Fe, Cu, W, Mo, Ti, Zn, Ni, Co
neregulate, poroase
Cu, Ni, Co
sferice, unghiulare
Ni, Fe, Co

coroziune

R HOLQR[LGDELO

HOHFWUROL] DSRDV

dendritice
Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Ag, Zn, Be
neregulate, rotunjite
Ta, Zr

HOHFWUROL]

Cele mai utilizate procedee sunt atomizarea, reducerea oxizilorLHOHFWUROL]DDSRDV .

Atomizarea este procedeul cel mai general, putndu-se aplica tuturor metalelor. Este singura
FDUHVHSRDWHDSOLFDDOLDMHORULFRQVW GLQSXOYHUL]DUHDXQXLMHWGHPHWDOWRSLWGDWRULW DF LXQLLXQXL

jet de fluid (lichid saX JD] VXE SUHVLXQH 'LPHQVLXQLOH L IRUPD JU

XQ LORU FDUHFRQVWLWXLHSXOEHUHD

VXQW LQIOXHQ DWH GH FRPSR]L LD DOLDMXOXL FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH E LL WRSLWH WHPSHUDWXUD GH R[LGDUH
YkVFR]LWDWH GLPHQVLXQLOH MHWXOXL FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH MHWXOXL GH IOXLG QDWXU  WHPSHUDWXU  SUHVLXQH
GHELW IRUP  XQJKLXO GH LQFLGHQ

 WXUEXOHQ

 DWPRVIHUD GH SURWHF LH YLG D]RW R[LJHQ YDSRUL GH

DS  &D IOXLGH VH IRORVHVF DSD DHUXO D]RWXO DUJRQXO YDSRUL GH DS  VXE SUHVLXQH GH  OD  DWP

Jetul de pulbere rezultat poate fi

YHUWLFDO VDX RUL]RQWDO FkQG VH XWLOL]HD]  DSD GUHSW IOXLG 3XOEHUHD

HVWHXVFDW vQYLGSHQWUXDHYLWDR[LGDUHDVD

Reducerea oxizilor HVWH SURFHGHXO FHO PDL U VSkQGLW L FX DMXWRUXO V X VH RE LQ SXOEHUL GLQ
fier, tungsten, titan, zirconiu, tantal. Pentru RE LQHUHDSXOEHULORUGLQILHUVHIRORVHWHPLQHUHXGHILHU
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e ca

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Procedeul electrolitic vQ VROX LH DSRDV

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10A/dm2).

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termic;
structuUD JU

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IRUPD JU

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ce poate fi:

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 XQJKLXODU



dendrLWLF ;

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ULPHDJU

XQ LORU

ce sunt netezi sau UXJRL;

XQ LORULUHSDUWL LDJUDQXORPHWULF

GXS P ULPHSXOEHULOHVXQW

grosiere cu

dimensiuni ntre (50200)m; fine cu dimensiuni ntre (0,110)P

5HSDUWL LD

JUDQXORPHWULF LQIOXHQ HD] FRPSDFWLWDWHDLGHQVLWDWHDDSDUHQW 

PDVD YROXPHWULF

volum constant.
factorul de curgere, FH UHSUH]LQW

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compresibilitatea SXOEHULL HVWH FDSDFLWDWHD VD GH D VH FRPSULPD HD LQIOXHQ HD] 
dimensiunile utilajului.
Aglomerarea pulberilor. Aglomerarea are rolul de a aduce n contact particulele pulberilor

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apropie de cele ale piesei finite. Ea se poate efectua cu compresiune, n cea mai mare parte a
FD]XULORUVDXI U FRPSUHVLXQHQWLPSXODJORPHU ULLVHSURGuc diferite fenomene, cum sunt:

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IUHFDUHD

UHFLSURF 

D

JU XQ LORU

FX

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LL

6000) atm. Utilajele de compresiune

&RPSULPDUHDSXOEHULORUVHGHVI RDU ODSUHVLXQLGH

PDWUL H L SRDQVRDQH VXQW H[HFXWDWH GLQ PDWHULDOH FDUH DX UH]LVWHQ

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, la

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cestea din

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mecanice

L

hidraulice. Presele

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Tratamentul termic al pulberilor. Tratamentul termic DO SURGXVHORU RE LQXWH SULQ

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VROLGLvQLQWHULRUXOOXLVHSURGXFXUP WRDUHOHIHQRPHQH

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DSDUL LDWUDQVIHUXOXLDWRPLORUSULQGLIX]DUH

PLFRUDUHDJROXULORUSkQ ODvQFKLGHUHDFRPSOHW 

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c fenomene fizico-FKLPLFHGHWUDQVSRUWvQPDV

LWUDQVIRUP UL

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JU XQ LORU

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FX

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LL

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FX

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elor, care depind de compactitate.

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YROXPHWULF HVWHFXDWkWPDLPDUHFXFkWFUHWHWHPSHUDWXUDGHIULWDUH
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(amestec de CO, CO2, H2, N2) amoniac cracat, hidrogen uscat, gaze neutre (azot, argon, heliu), vid
-1
-3
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SXOEHULLV H[WUDJ LPSXULW

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alieze metalul pulberii.

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unt foarte numeroase.

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DFHVWHDFLW P

cuptoare cu

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SURGXF LHPDUH

 L GLVFRQWLQX

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FXSWRDUH FX FUHX]HW FX vQF

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 HOHFWULF

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, care permit

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cuptoare cu clopot, folosite n mod special pentru compresiune la cald sau fritare sub
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Finisarea.

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turii

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pieselor, care devin necompetitive.

2SHUD LLOHGHILQLVDUHVXQW calibrarea, SUHOXFUDUHDPHFDQLF , debavurarea, impregnarea cu
ulei, tratamentul termic, WUDWDPHQWHGHVXSUDID , sudarea.
Calibrarea HVWH R RSHUD LH SULQ FDUH SLHVHOH VXQW DGXVH OD IRUPD L GLPHQVLXQLOH vQVFULVH vQ
GHVHQXO GH H[HFX LH GHRDUHFH IULWDUHD SURGXFH PRGLILF UL SULQ FRQWUDF LHXPIODUHGHIRUPDUH WRWDO 
VDX SDU LDO  3UHFL]LD XWL

lajelor de calibrare este mare  Q SOXV DFHDVW

 RSHUD LH PLFRUHD] 

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3UHOXFUDUHDPHFDQLF

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VWULXULILOHWHJ XULVDXODQHWH]LUHDVXSUDIH HLUHFWLILFDUH

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TrataPHQWXO WHUPLF GH F OLUH L UHYHQLUH VDX FHPHQWDUH VH DSOLF  SLHVHORU FX FRPSDFWLWDWH
ULGLFDW 
7UDWDPHQWXO GHVXSUDID

GHSXQHUH HOHFWUROLWLF QLFKHODUHFURPDUHIRVIDWDUHVH DSOLF ILH

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SudareaSLHVHORUGLQSXOEHULVHIDFHILHHOHFWULFILHvQWLPSXOIULW

ULL