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DX UHOHYDQ  SHQWUX H[LVWHQ D XQHL QRUPH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO 2
GHRVHELWLPSRUWDQ SUH]LQWSHQWUXGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOKRWUkULOHGDWH
GH &XUWHD ,QWHUQD LRQDO GH -XVWL LH GDU L GH DOWH LQVWDQ H judiciare
LQWHUQD LRQDOHLDUXQHRULLGHWULEXQDOHOHLQWHUQHDOHVWDWHORU
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GH VSHFLDOLWLL FHL PDL FDOLILFD L vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH GDU L GH IRUXULOH
WLLQ LILFH LQWHUQD LRQDOH FXP DU IL ,QVWLWXWXO GH 'UHSW ,QWHUQD LRQDO FDUH
VH LPSXQ SULQ DQDOL] WLLQ LILF SURIXQG D RUGLQLL QRUPDWLYH
LQWHUQD LRQDOHvQOXPLQDSULQFLSLLORUGHGUHSWLDILQDOLW LLGUHSWXOXL
I3ULQFLSLLOH HFKLW LL SRW IL LQYRFDWH vQ VROX LRQDUHD XQRU
probleme interna LRQDOH vQ OLSVD XQRU L]YRDUH GH GUHSW FODVLFH VDX vQ
VLWXD LD FkQG DSOLFDUHD XQRU SULQFLSLL GH GUHSW DU GXFH OD VROX LL
inechitabile.
2. 3ULQFLSLLOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO
3ULQFLSLLOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOVXQWQRUPH
GHPD[LPJHQHUDOLWDWHFXDSOLFDELOLWDWHXQLYHUVDODFURUUHVSHFWDUH
HVWH REOLJDWRULH SHQWUX WRDWH VWDWHOH L FDUH JKLGHD] FRQGXLWD WXWXURU
HQWLW LORULQWHUQD LRQDOHvQUDSRUWXULOHORUUHFLSURFH
'LQ FXSULQVXO &DUWHL 218 DUW SUHFXP L GLQ 'HFODUD LD
UHIHULWRDUHODSULQFLSLLOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSULYLQGUHOD LLOHSULHWHQHWL
LFRRSHUDUHDGLQWUHVWDWHDGRSWDWGH$GXQDUHD*HQHUDOD218vQ
10

 UH]XOW F GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO VH ED]HD] SH XUPWRDUHOH
principii fundamentale:
- PrinFLSLXOHJDOLW LLVXYHUDQHDVWDWHORU
- 3ULQFLSLXOHJDOLW LLvQGUHSWXULDSRSRDUHORULDGUHSWXOXLORUGH
a decide de ele nsele;
- Principiul neamestecului n treburile interne ale altor state;
- 3ULQFLSLXO QHUHFXUJHULL OD IRU  L OD DPHQLQ DUHD FX IRORVLUea
IRU HL
- 3ULQFLSLXO VROX LRQULL SH FDOH SDQLF D GLIHUHQGHORU
LQWHUQD LRQDOH
- 3ULQFLSLXO

vQGHSOLQLULL FX EXQ FUHGLQ  D REOLJD LLORU

LQWHUQD LRQDOH
- 3ULQFLSLXOFRRSHUULLLQWHUQD LRQDOH
3. &RGLILFDUHDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO
&RGLILFDUHD HVWH R RSHU GH sistematizare a normelor de drept
LQWHUQD LRQDO (DDVLJXUSUHFL]LDDFHVWRUQRUPHFRH]LXQHDLXQLWDWHD
ORU HOHPHQW GHRVHELW GH LPSRUWDQW SHQWUX UHVSHFWDUHD L DSOLFDUHD
FRUHFWGHFWUHWRDWHVWDWHOH
6XE HJLGD 218GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO D FXQRVFXW Xn vast proces
GHFRGLILFDUHFHFRQWLQXLDVW]L
&DSLWROXO,96XELHFWHOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF
6XELHFWHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOVXQWDFHOHHQWLW LFDSDELOHV
SDUWLFLSH OD UDSRUWXUL JXYHUQDWH GH GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO L vQ FDGUXO
acestoUUDSRUWXULVILHWLWXODUHGHGUHSWXULLREOLJD LL
'RFWULQDLSUDFWLFDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOFRQWHPSRUDQUHFXQRVF
GUHSW VXELHFWH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO XUPWRDUHOH VWDWHOH

11

RUJDQL]D LLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHLQWHUJXYHUQDPHQWDOHLPLFULOHGHHOLEHrare

QD LRQDO
1. Statele
D6WDWHOHFDVXELHFWGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDO
6WDWHOHFRQVWLWXLHSULQFLSDOHOHVXELHFWHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO
vQED]DVXYHUDQLW LLORU
Statele

sunt

subiecte

tipice,

fundamentale,

ale

dreptului

LQWHUQD LRQDO FRQVWLWXLQG HQWLW LOH SROLWLFR-juridice care au dreptul

QHOLPLWDWGHDSDUWLFLSDODHODERUDUHDQRUPHORUGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDO
(OHVXQWvQDFHODLWLPSVXELHFWHGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDOXQLYHUVDOH
singurele care au capacitatea de a-L DVXPD WRWDOLWDWHD GUHSWXULORU L
REOLJD LLORUFXFDUDFWHULQWHUQD LRQDO
3HQWUX D IL VXELHFWH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO VWDWHOH WUHEXLH V
vQWUXQHDVFXUPWRDUHOHHOHPHQWH
- RSRSXOD LHSHUPDQHQW
- un teritoriu determinat;
- RDXWRULWDWHJXYHUQDPHQWDO
- FDSDFLWDWHD GH D LQWUD vQ UHOD LL FX DOte state, implicnd
suveranitatea.
'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDORUJDQL]ULLORUVWDWHOHSRWXQLWDUHVDX
compuse.
([LVWPDLPXOWHWLSXULGHVWDWHFRPSXVHXQLXQHDSHUVRQDO
XQLXQHDUHDOFRQIHGHUD LDIHGHUD LDLDVRFLD LLOHGHVWDWH
Dreptul intHUQD LRQDO D FXQRVFXW L XQHOH IRUPH GH VWDWH
GHSHQGHQWHWLSLFHILLQGYDVDOLWDWHDLSURWHFWRUDWXO

b) Neutralitatea statelor
'UHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO UHFXQRDWH GUHSWXO VWDWHORU FD vQ DQXPLWH
VLWXD LLV-LGHFODUHQHXWUDOLWDWHD

12

Neutralitatea statelor eVWH GH GRX IHOXUL QHXWUDOLWDWHD FODVLF L

QHXWUDOLWDWHDSHUPDQHQW
1HXWUDOLWDWHDFODVLFHVWHVLWXD LDMXULGLFVSHFLDOvQFDUHVHDIO
XQ VWDW FDUH vQ WLPSXO XQXL FRQIOLFW DUPDW LQWHUQD LRQDO QX LD SDUWH OD
RVWLOLW L FRQWLQXkQG V vQWUH LQ UHOD Li normale cu celelalte state,
inclusiv cu cele beligerante.
6WDWXO QHXWUX DUH REOLJD LD GH D QX VSULMLQL YUHXQ VWDW DIODW vQ
FRQIOLFW DWLWXGLQHD VD WUHEXLQG V VH FDUDFWHUL]H]H SULQ RE LQHUH L
LPSDU LDOLWDWH LDU FHOHODOWH VWDWH WUHEXLH V-L UHFXQRDVF statutul de
neutralitate.
1HXWUDOLWDWHD SHUPDQHQW HVWH VLWXD LD vQ FDUH XQ VWDW VH
DQJDMHD] V UPkQ QHXWUX ID  GH RULFH FRQIOLFWH DUPDWH FDUH DU
LQWHUYHQLLVGXFRSROLWLFJHQHUDOvQDFHVWVHQV
,QVWLWXLUHD QHXWUDOLW LL SHUPDQHQWH VH IDFH SULn acte interne ale
VWDWXOXLFDUHvLDVXPDFHVWVWDWXWXUPDWHGHDFWHGHUHFXQRDWHUHL
JDUDQWDUH GLQ SDUWHD DOWRU VWDWH vQ VSHFLDO D PDULORU SXWHUL L LPSOLF
REOLJD LL DWkW GLQ SDUWHD VWDWXOXL SHUPDQHQW QHXWUX FkW L GLQ SDUWHD
celorlalte state.
ExHPSOXOFODVLFGHVWDWSHUPDQHQWQHXWUXvOFRQVWLWXLH(OYH LD
F5HFXQRDWHUHDVWDWHORU
5HFXQRDWHUHD VWDWHORU HVWH XQ DFW XQLODWHUDO SULQ FDUH VWDWHOH
DGPLW F HOH FRQVLGHU R QRX HQWLWDWH SROLWLFR-MXULGLF GUHSW VWDW
recunoscndu-i personalitatea juriGLFvQSODQXOUHOD LLORULQWHUQD LRQDOH
5HFXQRDWHUHDHVWHXQDFWSROLWLFJHQHUDWRUGHHIHFWHMXULGLFH
Q SULQFLSLX UHFXQRDWHUHD DUH XQ FDUDFWHU GHFODUDWLY L QX
FRQVWLWXWLY GH GUHSWXUL VWDWXO H[LVWkQG L vQ OLSVD UHFXQRDWHULL GDU
neputnd avea rHOD LLFXVWDWHOHFDUHQXvOUHFXQRVF

d)Succesiunea statelor
Modificarea teritoriului de stat prin reunirea mai multor state ntrXQXO VLQJXU SH FDOHD IX]LXQLL VDX D DEVRUE LHL SULQ GH]PHPEUDUH L
13

constituirea mai multor state din unul singur, prin separarea sau
secesiunea unui stat sau prin transferul unor teritorii de la un stat la
DOWXO SXQH SUREOHPD VXFFHVLXQLL QRLORU VWDWH VDX D VWDWHORU FDUH L-au
PULWWHULWRULLOHODXQHOHGUHSWXULLREOLJD LLDOHVWDWHORUDQWHULRDUH
n principiu statul succesor nu este continuatorul statului
SUHGHFHVRUvQSODQMXULGLFLQXHVWHREOLJDWVSUHLDDXWRPDWLLQWHJUDO
GUHSWXULOH L REOLJD LLOH VWDWXOXL SUHGHFHVRU GDU GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO D
VWDELOLWDQXPLWHUHJXOLLPRGDOLW LMXULGLFHFDUHWUHEXLHVILHUHVpectate
n cadrul procesului de succesiune.
3UREOHPH GH VXFFHVLXQH VH ULGLF vQ VSHFLDO vQ OHJWXU FX
WUDWDWHOHvQFKHLDWHFXEXQXULOHLFUHDQ HOHVWDWXOXLDQWHULRUFXDUKLYHOH
DFHVWXLDLDUXQHRULLFXFHW HQLDSHUVRDQHORU
2. 2UJDQL]D LLOHLQWHUQD LRnale interguvernamentale
2UJDQL]D LLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHDXFDOLWDWHDGHVXELHFWGHULYDWDO
GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO DSDUL LD ORU ILLQG vQWRWGHDXQD UH]XOWDWXO DFRUGXOXL
GHYRLQ DOXQRUVWDWHFDUHKRWUVFDVXSUDvQILLQ ULLSUHFXPLDVXSUD
scopurilRU IXQF LLORU PHFDQLVPHORU LQVWLWX LRQDOH L D SULQFLSLLORU ORU GH
IXQF LRQDUH
3ULQ DFWXO ORU GH vQILLQ DUH RUJDQL]D LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH GREkQGHVF
SHUVRQDOLWDWHMXULGLFGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDOFDUHOHSHUPLWHV-LDVXPH
DQXPLWH GUHSWXUL L REOLJD LL cu caracter limitat, potrivit principiului
VSHFLDOLW LL DGLF vQ OLPLWHOH VFRSXULORU L IXQF LLORU FH OH-au fost
conferite.
3. 0LFULOHGHHOLEHUDUHQD LRQDO
0LFULOHGHHOLEHUDUHQD LRQDODXSHUVRQDOLWDWHMXULGLFL
calitatea de subiect al drHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO QXPDL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH
VXQWUHFXQRVFXWHGHFWUHVWDWHSHQWUXDFHDVWDILLQGQHFHVDUFDHOHV
vQGHSOLQHDVF DQXPLWH FRQGL LL V DLE XQ RUJDQ UHSUH]HQWDWLY V
14

DF LRQH]HvQQXPHOHXQHLQD LXQLLVPDQLIHVWHSHXQWHULWRULXSURSULu,
eliberat.
'UHSWXULOHORUVXQWPDLOLPLWDWHvQDFRUGFXVFRSXOSURSXVLDXXQ
FDUDFWHU WUDQ]LWRULX SkQ OD GREkQGLUHD LQGHSHQGHQ HL SRSRDUHORU vQ
FDX]
&DSLWROXO93RSXOD LDvQGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF
3RSXOD LDUHSUH]LQWWRWDOLWDWHDSHUVoanelor fizice care locuiesc pe
WHULWRULXO  XQXL VWDW L VXQW VXSXVH MXULVGLF LHL DFHVWXLD QWU-R DOW
DFFHS LXQH SULQ SRSXOD LH VH vQ HOHJH WRWDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHORU IL]LFH
OHJDWHGHXQDQXPLWVWDWSULQFHW HQLH
6WDWXO VWDELOHWH UHJXOL REOLJDWRULL SHQtru toate persoanele care
ORFXLHVFSHWHULWRULXOVXLQGLIHUHQWGDFDFHVWHDVXQWVDXQXFHW HQLDL
VLLDUHXQGUHSWGHSURWHF LHSURWHF LDGLSORPDWLFvQFHSULYHWH
SHSURSULLFHW HQLDIOD LvQDIDUD ULL
Statutul juridic al persoanelor se sWDELOHWH SRWULYLW OHJLORU LQWHUQH
DOHVWDWHORU LQkQGX-VHVHDPDLGHQRUPHOHGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDOLGH
QHYRLOHFRRSHUULLLQWHUQD LRQDOHvQGHRVHELvQGRPHQLLFXPVXQWGXEOD
FHW HQLH ELSDWULGLD OLSVD FHW HQLHL DSDWULGLD  VWDWXWXO UHIXJLD LORU L
DO SHUVRDQHORU VWUPXWDWH UHJLPXO MXULGLF DO VWULQLORU GUHSWXO GH D]LO
H[WUGDUHDSURWHF LDGLSORPDWLFLGUHSWXULOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHRPXOXL
&HW HQLD
(VWH OHJWXUD SROLWLF L MXULGLF SHUPDQHQW L HIHFWLY vQWUH R
SHUVRDQ IL]LF L XQ DQXPLW VWDW FDUH JHQHUHD] GUHSWXUL L REOLJD LL
SHQWUXFHW HDQLSHQWUXVWDWXOUHVSHFWLY
'HUHJXOQXPDLFHW HQLLXQXLVWDWVHEXFXUGHGUHSWXULSROLWLFH
LSRWDYHDDFFHVODIXQF LLSXEOLFHFLYLOHVDXPLOLWDUH
&HW HQLDVHSRDWHGREkQGLSULQQDWHUHVDXSULQQDWXUDOL]DUH
15

'REkQGLUHDSULQQDWHUHVHIDFHSRWULYLWSULQFLSLXOXLMXVVDQJYLPXV
GXS FHW HQLD SULQ LORU VDX DO SULQFLSLXOXL MXV VROH GXS ORFXO
QDWHULL
3ULQQDWXUDOL]DUHGREkQGLUHDFHW HQLHLVHSRDWHIDFHvQPDLPXOWH
PRGDOLW L SULQ FVWRULH SULQ DGRS LH vQILHUH SULQ UHGREkQGLUH
UHLQWHJUDUHFDHIHFWDOHGHULLSUHOXQJLWHUH]LGHQ HLVDXSULQRS LXQH
&HW HQLD VH SRDWH SLHUGH SULQ UHQXQ DUH VDX SULQ UHWUDJHUH
&HW HQLDRE LQXWSULQQDWHUHQXSRDWHILUHWUDV

DuEOD FHW HQLH ELSDWULGLD HVWH VLWXD LD MXULGLF vQ FDUH R
SHUVRDQ GH LQH FRPFRPLWHQW FHW HQLD D GRX VWDWH FD HIHFW DO XQXL
FRQIOLFW SR]LWLY GH UHJOHPHQWDUH vQ GLIHULWH UL UHIHULWRU OD GREkQGLUHD
FHW HQLHL
/LSVDFHW HQLHLDSDWULGLDHVWHVLWXD LDLQYHUVELSDWULGLHLFkQG
GDWRULW XQXL FRQIOLFW QHJDWLY GH UHJOHPHQWDUH DQXPLWH SHUVRDQHQXDX
QLFLRFHW HQLHVDXvLSLHUGFHW HQLDIUDGHYHQLFHW HQLDLDOWXLVWDW
$SDWULGLD ILLQG R VLWXD LH FDUH OLSVHWH SHUVRDQD XPDQ GH
SURWHF LH L GH LPSRUWDQWH GUHSWXUL SH SODQ LQWHUQD LRQDO V-au adoptat
UHJOHPHQWUL FDUH YL]HD] SH GH R SDUWH OUJLUHD GUHSWXULORU DSDWUL]LORU
LDU SH GH DOW SDUWH DGRSWDUHD GH PVXUL PHQLWH D HOLPLQD FD]XULOH GH
apatridie.
5HJLPXOMXULGLFDOVWULQLORU
6WULQXO HVWH R SHUVRDQ FHW HDQ DO DOWXL VWDW FDUH VH DIO
SHUPDQHQW VDX WHPSRUDUSHWHULWRULXOXQXLVWDWIUDDYHDLFHW HQLD
acestuia.
5HJLPXO MXULGLF DO VWULQLORU VH VWDELOHWH GH FWUH ILHFDUH VWDW
LQkQG VHDPD L GH UHJXOLOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SUHFXP L GH
SUHYHGHULOHFRQYHQ LLORUELODWHUDOHFDUHVHvQFKHLHvQWUHVWDWH
3RWULYLW GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO VWULQLL QX VH SRW EXFXUD GH
GUHSWXULOH SROLWLFH QX SRW IL QXPL L vQ IXQF LL SROLWLFH VDX PLOLWDUH QX
16

HIHFWXHD] VWDJLXO PLOLWDU REOLJDWRULX GDU VH EXFXU GH WRDWH FHOHODOWH
drepturi fundamentale ale omului.
,QWUDUHDLHGHUHDVWULQLORUSHWHULWRULXOXQXLVWDWSRDWHILVXSXV
XQRU UHVWULF LL 6WULQXO SRDWH vQ FRQGL LLOH OHJLL V ILH H[SXO]DW VDX
H[WUGDW

Dreptul de azil este dreptul pe care l are un stat de a aproba

LQWUDUHD L VWDELOLUHD SH WHULWRULXO VX D XQRU VWULQL VXSXL SHUVHFX LLORU
VDX XUPUL L vQ DUD ORU SHQWUX FRQFHS LLOH VDX DFWLYLWDWHD ORU SROLWLF
([LVWGRXIHOXULGHD]LOD]LOXOWHULWRULDOSROLWLFLD]LOXOGLSORPDWLc.
([SXO]DUHD VWULQLORU HVWH R PVXU GH VLJXUDQ  FX FDUDFWHU
DGPLQLVWUDWLYSULQFDUHXQVWDWFRQVWUkQJHSHXQXOVDXPDLPXO LVWULQL
VSUVHDVFWHULWRULXOVXvQFHOPDLVFXUWWLPS0VXUDVHLDvQVFRSXO
ocrotirii ordinii juridice a statului, peQWUX UD LXQL GH VHFXULWDWH SROLWLFH
HFRQRPLFHVDXGHDOWQDWXU
([WUGDUHD VWULQLORU HVWH DFWXO SULQ FDUH XQ VWDW SUHG OD
FHUHUHD  DOWXL VWDW R SHUVRDQ DIODW SH WHULWRULXO VX vQ YHGHUHD
FHUFHWULLVDXMXGHFULLDFHVWHLDSHQWUXVYkULUHDXQHLIapte penale ori
vQ YHGHUHD H[HFXWULL SHGHSVHL GDF DQWHULRU D IRVW FRQGDPQDW GH
FWUHRLQVWDQ GHMXGHFDW
5HJLPXOMXULGLFDOUHIXJLD LORU
5HIXJLDWXO HVWH XQ VWULQ VDX R SHUVRDQ IU FHW HQLH FDUH
SHQWUX YDULDWH PRWLYH GH SHUVHFX LH QX SRDWH VDX QX GRUHWH V VH
vQWRDUFvQ DUDGHRULJLQHILLQGDVWIHOOLSVLWGHSURWHF LDDFHVWHLD
6WDWXWXO GH UHIXJLDW VH DFRUG vQWRWGHDXQD vQ PRG LQGLYLGXDO L
QXPDL GDF VH FRQVWDW F PRWLYHOH GH SHUVHFX LH LQYRFDWH VXQW
ntemeiate.
3URWHF LDSULYHWHDFRUGDUHDGHFWUHVWDWXOSULPLWRUDGUHSWXOXLGH
HGHUH GXS XQ UHJLP VLPLODU VWULQLORU SUHFXP L XQHOH GUHSWXUL FDUH
VSHUPLWLQWHJUDUHDORU
17

$VLVWHQ D VH UHIHU OD PVXUL GH DMXWRUDUH LPSOLFkQG VSULMLQ

PDWHULDOILQDQFLDUDVLVWHQ VRFLDOORFXLQ HHWFFDUHVIDFSRVLELO
LFRQYHQDELOHGHUHDORUSHWHULWRULXOVWDWXOXLSULPLWRU
Capitolul VI 3URWHF LDLQWHUQD LRQDODGUHSWXULORURPXOXL
3URWHF LDGUHSWXULORURPXOXLvQVRFLHWDWHDFRQWHPSRUDQ
&RPXQLWDWHD LQWHUQD LRQDO HVWH DVW]L mai mult ca oricnd
SUHRFXSDW GH SURPRYDUHD ODUJ D GUHSWXULORU RPXOXL GH FUHDUHD XQXL
FDGUX OHJDO FkW PDL GLYHUVLILFDW GH FRODERUDUH LQWHUQD LRQDO vQ DFHVW
VFRS GHUHDOL]DUHDXQXLVLVWHPFkWPDLFRPSOHWGHDSUDUHSHGLIHULWH
FLOHJDOHDGUHSWXULORURPXOXLLGHDVLJXUDUHDWUDQVSXQHULLvQSUDFWLFD
acestora.
&DUWD 2UJDQL]D LHL 1D LXQLORU 8QLWH D VWDELOLW GUHSW VFRS DO
RUJDQL]D LHL vQWUH DOWHOH L UHDOL]DUHD FRRSHUULL LQWHUQD LRQDOH SHQWUX
GH]YROWDUHDLvQFXUDMDUHDUHVSHFWULLGUHSWXULORURPXOXLLDOLEHUW LORU
IXQGDPHQWDOHSHQWUXWR LIUGHRVHELUHGHUDVVH[OLPEVDXUHOLJLH
(art.1, paragraful 3).
Sub egida O.N.U.au fost adoptate documentele fundamentale
SULYLQG SURWHF LD JHQHUDO D GUHSWXULORU RPXOXL FDUH VXQW 'HFODUD LD
universalDGUHSWXULORURPXOXLGLQ3DFWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOFXSULYLUH
ODGUHSWXULOHFLYLOHLSROLWLFHL3DFWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOFXSULYLUHODGUHSWXULOH
HFRQRPLFHVRFLDOHLFXOWXUDOHDPEHOHGLQ
$OWXUL GH DFHVWHD DX IRVW DGRSWDWH QXPHURDVH DOWH GRFXPente
LQWHUQD LRQDOH SULYLQG GUHSWXULOH L SURWHF LD MXULGLF D XQRU FDWHJRULL GH
SHUVRDQH VDX vQ DQXPLWH GRPHQLL vQWUH FDUH &RQYHQ LD SULYLWRDUH OD
GUHSWXULOH SROLWLFH DOH IHPHLORU  'HFODUD LD GUHSWXULORU FRSLOXOXL
'HFODUD LDFXSULYLUHODHOLPLQDUHDRULFURUIRUPHGHGLVFULPLQDUH
UDVLDO'HFODUD LDSULYLQGSURWHF LDWXWXURUSHUVRDQHORUvPSRWULYD

18

WRUWXULLLDOWRUWUDWDPHQWHVDXSHGHSVHFUXGHLQXPDQHVDXGHJUDGDQWH
(1975).
'HFODUD LDXQLYHUVDODGUHSWXULORURPXOXL
'HFODUD LDHVWHSULPXOGRFXPHQWLQWHUQD LRQDOPRGHUQSULQFDUHVH
SURFODP vQ PRG VROHPQ GUHSWXULOH L OLEHUW LOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH
RPXOXLFXVFRSXOGHFODUDWGHDVHUYLFDLGHDOFRPXQFWUHFDUHWUHEXLH
VWLQGSRSRDUHOHLWRDWHQD LXQLOH3UHDPEXOXO
DeclarD LDDILUPFWRDWHILLQ HOHXPDQHVHQDVFOLEHUHLHJDOHvQ
GHPQLWDWHLvQGUHSWXULLWUHEXLHVVHFRPSRUWHXQHOHID GHDOWHOHvQ
VSLULWXO IUDWHUQLW LL ILHFDUH RP DYkQG GUHSWXO GH D VH SUHYDOD GH WRDWH
GUHSWXULOHLOLEHUW LOHIUQLFLRGHRVHELUHGHUDVGHFXORDUHGHVH[
GH OLPE GH UHOLJH GH RSLQLH SROLWLF VDX GH DOW QDWXU GH RULJLQH
QD LRQDO VDX VRFLDO GH DYHUH GH QDWHUH VDX GHFXUJkQG GLQ RULFH
DOW VLWXD LH L IU D VH IDFH YUHR GHRVHELUH ED]DW SH VWDWXWXO SROLWLF
juridic VDXLQWHUQD LRQDODO ULLVDOH
7R L RDPHQLL VXQW HJDOL vQ ID D OHJLL L DX GUHSWXO OD R SURWHF LH
HJDODOHJLLIUQLFLRGLVFULPLQDUH(LDXGUHSWXOGHDOLVHUHFXQRDWH
SHUVRQDOLWDWHDORUMXULGLFRULXQGHV-ar afla.
&DUWD HQXPHU FX PHQ LXQHD F Dcestea trebuie respectate de
VWDWH L JDUDQWDWH SULQ OHJLVOD LD ORU WRDWH GUHSWXULOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH
RPXOXLFDUHXOWHULRUDXIRVWSUHOXDWHvQFHOHGRXSDFWHPHQ LRQDWH
3ULQHQXQ DUHDDFHVWRUGUHSWXUL'HFODUD LDFRQVWLWXLHXQGRFXPHQW
GHUHIHULQ vQDILUPDUHDFRQGL LHLXPDQHLDSURWHF LHLLQWHUQD LRQDOHD
persoanelor ntr-RVRFLHWDWHGHPRFUDWLFPRGHUQLDUHXQUROGHRVHELW
GH LPSRUWDQW vQ OXSWD GH HPDQFLSDUH D SRSRDUHORU L vQ OXSWD GXV GH
SWXULOH VRFLDOH GHIDYRUL]DWH SHQWUX FXFHULUHD GUHSWXULORU ORU VRFLDOH L
economice.

19

3DFWHOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHFXSULYLUHODGUHSWXULOHRPXOXL
&HOH GRX SDFWH VXQW GRFXPHQWH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO
FDUH vQFRUSRUHD] DQJDMDPHQWXO VWDWHORU SU L GH D DILUPD L UHVSHFWD
drepturile fundamentale n domeniilHODFDUHVHUHIHU
3DFWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO FX SULYLUH OD GUHSWXULOH FLYLOH L SROLWLFH
FRQVDFU GUHSWXUL FXP VXQW GUHSWXO OD YLD  GUHSWXO OD OLEHUWDWH L OD
VHFXULWDWH SHUVRQDO GUHSWXO OD OLEHU FLUFXOD LH HJDOLWDWHD vQ ID D
MXVWL LHLSURWHF LDYLH Li intime sub multiple aspecte, libertatea gndirii, a
FRQWLLQ HL L D UHOLJLHL OLEHUWDWHD GH RSLQLH L GH H[SULPDUH GUHSWXO OD
DVRFLHUH L OD vQWUXQLUH SDQLF GUHSWXO GH SDUWLFLSDUH OD YLD D SXEOLF
GUHSWXULOHPLQRULW LORUHWQLFHUHOLJLRDVHVDXOLQgvistice.
3DFWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO FX SULYLUH OD GUHSWXULOH HFRQRPLFH VRFLDOH L
FXOWXUDOHSUHYHGHGUHSWXOODPXQFvPSUHXQFXWRDWHFHOHODOWHGUHSWXUL
DIHUHQWH VDODULX HJDO UHPXQHUD LH HFKLWDELO RGLKQ FRQFHGLL SOWLWH
DVRFLHUHVLQGLFDOJUHYVHFXULWDWHVRFLDOHWFGUHSWXOODHGXFD LHL
ODYLD FXOWXUDO
,PSRUWDQWH FRQYHQ LL LQWHUQD LRQDOH FX SULYLUH OD SURWHF LD
GUHSWXULORU IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH RPXOXL DX IRVW DGRSWDWH L vQ FDGUX
regional.
'H PHQ LRQDW L vPSUHMXUDUHD F DSURDSH vQ WRWDOLWDWHD lor
FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH GLQ DFHVW GRPHQLX FXSULQG L PHFDQLVPH GH
WUDQVSXQHUH vQ SUDFWLF GH JDUDQWDUH L VDQF LRQDUH vQ FD] GH
QHUHVSHFWDUHDORUGHFWUHVWDWH
Capitolul VII. Teritoriul vQGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF

1) Teritoriul de stat
TeritRULXOGHVWDWUHSUH]LQWVSD LXOJHRJUDILFvQOLPLWHOHFUXLDXQ
VWDWvLH[HUFLWVXYHUDQLWDWHD
([SUHVLDSROLWLFLMXULGLFDOLPLWHORUWHULWRULDOHDOHVWDWHORUR
20

FRQVWLWXLHIURQWLHUDGHVWDWFDUHHVWHLQYLRODELO
Frontierele statelor sunt naturalHFkQGXUPHD]IRUPHOHGHUHOLHI
LFRQYHQ LRQDOHFkQGVHWUDVHD]SULQOLQLLFDUHQX LQFRQWGHIRUPHOH
de relief, ci de meridianele sau paralelele geografice.
Frontierele pot fi terestre, fluviale sau maritime.
)URQWLHUD GH VWDW VH VWDELOHWH SULQ lege, n conformitate cu
WUDWDWHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH vQ FDGUXO D GRX RSHUD LXQL GHOLPLWDUHD L
demarcarea.
7HULWRULXO XQXL VWDW FXSULQGH VSD LXO WHUHVWUX VSD LXO DFYDWLF L
VSD LXODHULDQ
6SD LXOWHUHVWUXHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWGH]RQDGHXVFDWVSD LXODFYDtic
HVWHFRPSXVGLQUkXULOHODFXULOHLPULOHLQWHULRDUHGLQDSHOHPDULWLPH
LQWHULRDUH L PDUHD WHULWRULDO LDU VSD LXO DHULDQ UHSUH]LQW FRORDQD GH
DHUGHGHDVXSUDFHORUODOWHGRXFRPSRQHQWH

2) 0DUHDWHULWRULDO
0DUHDWHULWRULDOHVWHSRU LXQHDGHPDUe care se ntinde de-a
OXQJXOVSD LXOXLWHUHVWUXDOXQXLVWDW
(DDUHGUHSWOLPLWLQWHULRDUOLQLDGHED]FDUHSRDWHILQRUPDO
ODOLWRUDOXOIUVLQXR]LW LLGHQWLILFkQGX-se cu linia refluxului de-a lungul
UPXOXL VDX GUHDSW FkQG XQHWH SXQFWHOH H[WUHPH DOH IRUPD LXQLORU
de stnci sau insule strns legate de uscat cu punctele cele mai
DYDQVDWH DOH XQXL OLWRUDO VLQXRV LQFOX]kQG L LQVWDOD LLOH SRUWXDUH
permanente.
/LPLWDH[WHULRDUDPULLWHULWRULDOHRFRQVWLWXLHROLQLHSDUDOHOFX
linia dHED]VLWXDWODPLOHPDULQHvQODUJ
6SHFLILF PULL WHULWRULDOH ID  GH FHOHODOWH FRPSRQHQWH DOH
WHULWRULXOXL GH VWDW  HVWH F vQ DFHDVW ]RQ QDYHOH FRPHUFLDOH DOH
VWDWHORUVWULQHDXXQGUHSWGHWUHFHUHLQRIHQVLY$FHDVWDSUHVXSXQHF
navele reVSHFWLYH SRW QDYLJD OLEHU SULQ PDUHD WHULWRULDO D DOWXL VWDW FX
21

UHVSHFWDUHDOHJLORULUHJXODPHQWHORUVWDWXOXLUHVSHFWLYLIUDVWD LRQD
vQ]RQDE LQkQGX-VHGHODRULFHDFWLYLW LFDUHDUIDFHFDWUHFHUHDVQX
PDLILHLQRIHQVLY

3) Zonele maritime aVXSUD FURUD VWDWHOH H[HUFLW XQHOH

drepturi suverane
1HYRLOHGHVHFXULWDWHVDXGHDSUDUHDLQWHUHVHORUHFRQRPLFHDOH
VWDWHORU ULYHUDQH PULORU L RFHDQHORU DX LPSXV vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO
UHFXQRDWHUHD vQ IDYRDUHD DFHVWRU VWDWH D XQRU GUHSWXUL VXYHUDQe n
anumite zone situate dincolo de limitele frontierei lor maritime, n
FRQWLQXDUHDPULLWHULWRULDOH
$FHVWH ]RQH VXQW ]RQD FRQWLJX SODWRXO FRQWLQHQWDO L ]RQD
HFRQRPLFH[FOXVLY
D=RQDFRQWLJX
(VWH SRU LXQHD GHPDUHFDUHVHvQWLQGHSkQODRGLVWDQ GH
PLOHPDULQHGHODOLPLWDGHED]VSUHODUJvQFDUHVWDWXOULYHUDQH[HUFLW
FRQWUROXO SHQWUX SUHYHQLUHD vQFOFULL OHJLORU L UHJXODPHQWHORU VDOH GLQ
GRPHQLLOHYDPDOILVFDOVDQLWDULDOUHJLPXOXLGHIURQWLHU

b) Platoul continental
EstH VROXO L VXEVROXO VSD LLORU PDULWLPH FDUH VH vQWLQGH SkQ OD
OLPLWD H[WHULRDU D WDOX]XOXL FRQWLQHQWDO VDX SkQ OD R GLVWDQ  GH 
PLOH PDULQH DWXQFL FkQG WDOX]XO FRQWLQHQWDO QX DMXQJH OD DFHDVW
GLVWDQ 
Q DFHDVW ]RQ VWDWXO ULYHUDQ H[HUFLW GUHSWuri suverane de
H[SORUDUHLH[SORDWDUHDUHVXUVHORUVDOHQDWXUDOHGDUFXFRQGL LDFDSULQ
DFHDVWD V QX VWkQMHQHDVF QDYLJD LD OLEHU L V QX DGXF DWLQJHUL
JUDYHUHVXUVHORUELRORJLFHDOHPULL

22

F=RQDHFRQRPLFH[FOXVLY
(VWHRSRU LXQHDPULLOLEHUHDGLDFHQWPULLWHULWRULDOHDXQXLVWDW
FDUHVHvQWLQGHSHRGLVWDQ GHPLOHPDULQHGHODOLQLDGHED]D
UPXOXL
QDFHDVW]RQVWDWXOULYHUDQDUHGUHSWXULVXYHUDQHvQFHSULYHWH
H[SORUDUHD L H[SORDWDUHD FRQVHUYDUHD L JHVWLRQDUHD UHVXUselor
QDWXUDOHELRORJLFHLQHELRORJLFHDOHDSHORUPULORULRFHDQHORU

4) 0DUHDOLEHU
0DUHDOLEHUHVWHDFHDSDUWHDPULORULRFHDQHORUFDUHQX
DSDU LQH PULL WHULWRULDOH VDX DSHORU LQWHULRDUH DOH XQXL VWDW L DVXSUD
FUHLD QX VH H[HUFLW VXYHUDQLWDWHD YUHXQXL VWDW ILLQG GHVFKLV WXWXURU
QD LXQLORU
5HJLPXO MXULGLF DO PULL OLEHUH HVWH JXYHUQDW GH SULQFLSLXOOLEHUW LL
PULORU Q PDUHD OLEHU WRDWH VWDWHOH OXPLL LQGLIHUHQW GDF DX VDX QX
LHLUH OD PDUH SRW V-L H[HUFLWH XUPWRDUHOH OLEHUW L GH QDYLJD LH GH
VXUYRO GH SHVFXLW GH D DH]D FDEOXUL L FRQGXFWH VXEPDULQH GH D
FRQVWUXLLQVXOHDUWLILFLDOHLDOWHLQVWDOD LLGHDHIHFWXDFHUFHWULWLLQ LILFH
6WDWHOHDXREOLJD LDGHDFRRSHUDvQDFHDVW]RQGHDRXWLOL]DvQ
VFRSXUL H[FOXVLY SDQLFH GH D SUHYHQL L VDQF LRQD LQIUDF LXQLOH
LQWHUQD LRQDOH L GH D OXD PVXUL SHQWUX VHFXULWDWHD QDYLJD LHL L
DMXWRUDUHDQDYHORULHFKLSDMHORUDIODWHvQSHULFRO

5) =RQDLQWHUQD LRQDODWHULWRULLORUVXEPDULQH
$FHDVW]RQFXSULQGHVROXOLVXEVROXOIXQGXOXLPULORUL
RFHDQHORUGHDVXSUDFURUDVHDIOPDUHDOLEHU
=RQD D IRVW GHFODUDW SDWULPRQLX FRPXQ DO XPDQLW LL 5HVXUVHOH
]RQHL VXQW LQDOLHQDELOH GUHSWXULOH DVXSUD DFHVWRUD DSDU LQkQG vQWUHJLL
RPHQLUL LDU H[SORUDUHD L H[SORDWDUHD ORU WUHEXLH V VH IDF FX
SDUWLFLSDUHDLvQEHQHILFLXOWXWXURUVWDWHORULSRSRDUHORU1LFLXQVWDWQX
23

SRDWHVUHYHQGLFHVDXVH[HUFLWHVXYHUDQLWDWHDVDRULDQXPLWHGUHSWXUL
VXYHUDQHDVXSUDYUHXQHLSU LD]RQHLVDXDVXSUDUHVXUVHORUVDOH
3ULQ &RQYHQ LD DVXSUD GUHSWXOXL PULL GLQ  D IRVW FUHDW XQ
PHFDQLVP LQWHUQD LRQDO SHQWUX UH]ROYDUHD SUREOHPHORU SULYLQG DFHDVW
]RQFDUHFXSULQGHXUPWRDUHOHFRPSRQHQWH$XWRULWDWHD,QWHUQD LRQDO
D WHULWRULLORU VXEPDULQH ,QWUHSULQGHUHD L &DPHUD SHQWUX UH]ROYDUHD
diferendelor.

6) 6WUkPWRULOHLQWHUQD LRQDOH
6WUkPWRULOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHVXQWvQWLQGHULGHDSVLWXDWHvQWUH
SRU LXQLGHXVFDWFDUHIRUPHD]WUHFHULvQJXVWHSHQWUXQDYLJD LH
'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOUHFXQRDWHWXWXURUVWDWHORUXQGUHSWGHWUDQ]LW
prin strPWRUL VLPLODU GUHSWXOXL GH WUHFHUH LQRIHQVLY SULQ PDUHD
WHULWRULDOFXUHVSHFWDUHDVXYHUDQLW LLVWDWHORUSHWHULWRULXOFURUDVHDIO
DFHVWH VWUkPWRUL 6WUkPWRULOH 0ULL 1HJUH VXQW FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH
VWUkPWRULLQWHUQD LRQDOH

7) Canalele maritime internD LRQDOH

&DQDOHOHVXQWFLGHQDYLJD LHDUWLILFLDOHFRQVWUXLWHSHQWUXDOHJD
GRXPULVDXRFHDQHvQVFRSXOVFXUWULLUXWHORUGHQDYLJD LH
,PSRUWDQ DSHFDUHFDQDOHOHPDULWLPHFRQVWUXLWHSHWHULWRULXOXQRU
VWDWH R SUH]LQW SHQWUX QDYLJD LD LQWHUQD LRQDO D IFXW FD XQHOH GLQWUH
DFHVWHDVGREkQGHDVFXQVWDWXWLQWHUQD LRQDO
QHVHQ VWDWXWXOMXULGLFDODFHVWRUFDQDOHFRQVDFUOLEHUWDWHDGH
trecere pentru toate categoriile de nave ale tuturor statelor att n timp
GHSDFHFkWLvQWLPSGHU]ERLSUHFXPLGUHSWXOVWDWHORUULYHUDQHFD
vQ DQXPLWH FRQGL LL V LPSXQ XQHOH UHVWULF LL SHQWUX DSUDUHD SURSULHL
VHFXULW L
3ULQFLSDOHOHFDQDOHPDULWLPHLQWHUQD LRQDOHVXQW6XH]3DQDPDL
Kiel.
24

)OXYLLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOH
)OXYLLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH VXQW DSH FXUJWRDUH FDUH WUDYHUVHD] VDX
VHSDUWHULWRULLOHDGRXVDXPDLPXOWHVWDWHLVXQWQDYLJDELOHSkQOD
YUVDUHDORUvQPDUH
5HJLPXO LQWHUQD LRQDO DO DFHVWRU IOXYLL VH UHIHU vQ JHQHUDO OD
QDYLJD LHvQSULYLQ DFUHLDVHDSOLFSULQFLSLXOOLEHUW LLGHQDYLJD LH
3HIOXYLLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHQDYHOHFRPHUFLDOHDOHWXWXURUVWDWHORUSRW
QDYLJD OLEHU ILLQG LQWHU]LV FLUFXOD LD QDYHORU GH U]ERL DOH VWDWHORU
neriverane.
5HJLPXOMXULGLFDOQDYLJD LHLSH'XQUHHVWHvQSUH]HQWVWDELOLWSULQ
&RQYHQ LDGHODBelgrad din 1948.

9) Zonele cu regim juridic special

'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDODFRQVDFUDWH[LVWHQ DSHJOREDXQRU]RQHFX
un regim juridic special. Acestea sunt, pe de o parte, zonele polare,
$UFWLFD L $QWDUFWLFD LDU SH GH DOW SDUWH ]RQHOH GHPLOLWDUL]Dte, zonele
QHXWUDOL]DWHL]RQHOHGHQXFOHDUL]DWH
6SD LXODHULDQ
)LHFDUHVWDWDUHVXYHUDQLWDWHGHSOLQLH[FOXVLYDVXSUDVSD LXOXL
DWPRVIHULFVLWXDWGHDVXSUDWHULWRULXOXLVXFDUHFRQVWLWXLHVSD LXDHULDQ
QD LRQDOQDFHVWVSD LXVHUHFXQRDWHvQVOLEHUWDWHDWUDILFXOXLDHULDQ
FDUHLPSOLFXQGUHSWGHWUHFHUHLQRIHQVLYDDHURQDYHORUFLYLOHDOHDOWRU
VWDWH FDUH VH H[HUFLW vQV vQ FRQGL LL VWDELOLWH GH ILHFDUH VWDW FX
UHVSHFWDUHDFRQYHQ LLORULQWHUQD LRQDOHvQPDWHULH
Suveranitatea

statulXL DVXSUD VSD LXOXL VX DHULDQ  VH

PDWHULDOL]HD]vQSULPXOUkQGSULQGUHSWXOVXGHDVWDELOLUHJLPXOMXULGLF
GHVXUYRODVXSUDWHULWRULXOXLSURSULXDWkWSHQWUXDURQDYHOHQD LRQDOHFkW
LSHQWUXFHOHVWULQH
25

6SD LXO DHULDQ VLWXDW GLQFROR GH OLPLWHOH MXULVGLF LHL QD LRQDOH HVWH
GHVFKLVQDYLJD LHLDHULHQHDWXWXURUVWDWHORUHOFRQVWLWXLQGVSD LXODHULDQ
LQWHUQD LRQDO
&RODERUDUHD LQWHUQD LRQDO vQ GRPHQLXO QDYLJD LHL DHULHQH L vQ
VSHFLDODDYLD LHLFLYLOHHVWHGHRVHELWGHGH]YROWDWPDWHULDOL]kQGX-se n
FRQYHQ LL PXOWLODWHUDOH L QXPHURDVH FRQYHQ LL ELODWHUDOH FHD PDL
LPSRUWDQW ILLQG &RQYHQ LD UHIHULWRDUH OD QDYLJD LD FLYLO vQFKHLDW OD
Chicago n 1944.
3RWULYLW GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SHQWUX UHJOHPHQWDUHD ]ERUXULORU
DHULHQHLQWHUQD LRQDOHDXIRVWVWDELOLWHOLEHUW LDOHDHUXOXLvQWUHFDUH
SULYHVF OLEHUW LOH GH WUDILF OLEHUWDWHD GH VXUYROIUHVFDOLOLEHUWDWHD
GHHVFDOWHKQLFLDUFHOHODOWHVXQWOLEHUW LFRPHUFLDOHUHIHULWRDUHOD
vPEDUFDUHDLGHEDUFDUHDGHSDVDJHULPUIXULLFRUHVSRQGHQ 
([HUFLWDUHDDFHVWRUOLEHUW LGHFWUHGLIHULWHFDWHJRULLGHDHURQDYH
VH IDFH vQ ED]D XQRU FRQYHQ LL ELODWHUDOH vQFKHLDWH vQWUH VWDWHOH
interesate.
3HQWUX FRRUGRQDUHD UHJOHPHQWULORU L D PVXULORU DGRSWDWH vQ
acest domeniu tot la Chicago, vQ DFHODL DQ V-D vQILLQ DW 2UJDQL]D LD
$YLD LHL&LYLOH,QWHUQD LRQDOH2$&,
6SD LXOFRVPLFH[WUDDWPRVIHULF
,QWUDUHDvQVIHUDGHLQWHUHVDVWDWHORUDVSD LXOXLFRVPLFRGDWFX
ODQVDUHDvQDSULPXOXLVDWHOLWDUWLILFLDODOSPkQWXOXLDGHWHUminat o
YDVWDF LXQHGHUHJOHPHQWDUHDVWDWXWXOXLMXULGLFDODFHVWXLD
7UDWDWXOSULYLQGSULQFLSLLOHFDUHJXYHUQHD]DFWLYLWDWHDVWDWHORUvQ
H[SORUDUHD L XWLOL]DUHD VSD LXOXL DWPRVIHULF LQFOXVLY /XQD L FHOHODOWH
FRUSXUL FHUHWL vQFKHLDW vQ  SUHFXP L QXPHURDVH DOWH FRQYHQ LL
LQWHUQD LRQDOHXOWHULRDUHDXVWDELOLWSULQFLSLLOHLUHJXOLOHFDUHJXYHUQHD]
DFWLYLWDWHDVWDWHORUvQVSD LXOFRVPLF

26

6SD LXO FRVPLF D IRVW GHFODUDW SDWULPRQLX FRPXQ DO vQWUHJLL

XPDQLW L QLFL XQ VWDW QHILLQG vQGUHSW LW V-L SURFODPH VXYHUDQLWDWHD
DVXSUDDFHVWXLDV-ORFXSHVDXV-OIRORVHDVFvQPRGH[FOXVLY
6WDWHOH WUHEXLH V FRRSHUH]H vQ WRDWH SUREOHPHOH UHIHULWRDUH OD
VSD LXO FRVPLF vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX SULQFLSLLOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO V
IRORVHDVF DFHVW VSD LX vQ FRQGL LL GH HJDOLWDWH L vQ VFRSXUL H[FOXVLY
SDQLFHvQEHQHILFLXOWXWXURU ULORUIUGLVFULPLQUL
Capitolul VIII 'UHSWXOGLSORPDWLFLFRQVXODU
'UHSWXO GLSORPDWLF L FRQVXODU FRQVWLWXLH XQ DQVDPEOX GH
UHJOHPHQWUL SULYLQG GLIHULWH DVSHFWH DOH DFWLYLW LORU GLSORPDWLFH L
FRQVXODUH GHVIXUDWH GH FWUH VWDWH SULQ RUJDQHOH ORU LQWHUQH L
H[WHULRDUHvQVFRSXOUHDOL]ULLSROLWLFLLORUH[WHUQHLDFRODERUULLFXDOWH
VWDWH vQ PRG LQGLYLGXDO VDX vQ FDGUXO XQRU FRQJUHVH L FRQIHULQ H
LQWHUQD LRQDOHSUHFXPLDORUJDQL]D LLORULQWHUQD LRQDOH
1RUPHOH GUHSWXOXL GLSORPDWLF L FRQVXODU VXQW DVW]L FRGLILFDWH vQ
FHDPDLPDUHSDUWHvQFDGUXODGRXFRQYHQ LLLQWHUQD LRQDOHVHPQDWHOD
Viena  &RQYHQ LD SULYLQG UHOD LLOH GLSORPDWLFH  L &RQYHQ La cu
SULYLUHODUHOD LLOHFRQVXODUH
6WUXFWXULOH LQVWLWX LRQDOH FDUH UHSUH]LQW LQWHUHVHOH VWDWHORU vQ
UHOD LLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHLGHVIRDURDFWLYLWDWHGLSORPDWLFVXQWSRWULYLW
GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO XUPWRDUHOH HIXO VWDWXOXL JXYHUQXO SUimul
PLQLVWUX 0LQLVWHUXO $IDFHULORU ([WHUQH L vQ DQXPLWH OLPLWH FHOHODOWH
ministere.
$FWLYLWDWHD GLSORPDWLF vQ H[WHULRUXO ULL VH UHDOL]HD] GH FWUH
misiunile diplomatice.
0LVLXQHDGLSORPDWLF
Misiunile diplomatice pot fi permanente sau temporare.
27

Trimiterea sau primirea unei misiuni diplomatice permanente se

IDFHvQED]DGUHSWXOXLGHOHJD LHDPEDVDGFDUHHVWHDFWLYWULPLWHUHD
sau pasiv (primirea).
6WDWHOH KRWUVF GH FRPXQ DFRUG V VWDELOHDVF UHOD LL
GLSORPDWLFHVWDELOLQGWRWRGDWLUDQJXOPLVLXQLLGLSORPDWLFH
5DQJXULOH PLVLXQLL GLSORPDWLFH VXQW DPEDVDG VDX OHJD LH GDU
PLVLXQLOH GLSORPDWLFH SRW SXUWD L DOWH GHQXPLUL QXQFLDWXU RILFLX
UHSUH]HQWDQ HWF
5DQJXO HIXOXL XQHL PLVLXQL GLSORPDWLFH HVWH vQ UDSRUW GH UDQJXO
misLXQLL DFHOD GH DPEDVDGRU WULPLV H[WUDRUGLQDU L PLQLVWUX
SOHQLSRWHQ LDUvQVUFLQDWFXDIDFHUL
$PEDVDGRULLLWULPLLLH[WUDRUGLQDULVHDFUHGLWHD]SHOkQJHIXO
VWDWXOXLLDUvQVUFLQD LLFXDIDFHULSHOkQJPLQLVWHUHOHDIDFHULORUH[WHUQH
Misiunea GLSORPDWLF vQGHSOLQHWH IXQF LL GH UHSUH]HQWDUH GH
QHJRFLHUL GH SURWHMDUH D LQWHUHVHORU VWDWXOXL L D FHW HQLORU VL GH
REVHUYDUHLLQIRUPDUHGHSURPRYDUHDUHOD LLORUFRQVXODU
Personalul misiunii diplomatice se mparte n 3 categorii:
diplomatiFLFRQVXODUWHKQLFLDGPLQLVWUDWLYGHVHUYLFLX
%XQDGHVIXUDUHDDFWLYLW LLXQHLPLVLXQLGLSORPDWLFHDLPSXVFD
PLVLXQHD vQVL L SHUVRQDOXO VX V EHQHILFLH]H GH XQHOH LPXQLW L L
privilegii.
,PXQLWDWHD GLSORPDWLF VH PDQLIHVW VXE GRX PDUL Dspecte:
LQYLRODELOLWDWHDLLPXQLWDWHDGHMXULVGLF LH
,QYLRODELOLWDWHDHVWHRPVXUGHRFURWLUHID GHRULFHSUHVLXQLL
LQJHULQ H GLQ SDUWHD DXWRULW LORU VWDWXOXL GH HD EHQHILFLLQG VHGLXO
PLVLXQLL DUKLYHOH GLSORPDWLFH FRUHVSRQGHQ D GLSORPDWLF L personalul
diplomatic.
,PXQLWDWHDGHMXULVGLF LHSULYHWHSHUVRQDOXOGLSORPDWLFLvPEUDF
IRUPHFRQVDFUDWHSHQDODGPLQLVWUDWLYFLYLOLGHH[HFXWDUH

28

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29

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33

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37

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46

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48