CHAPTER 1: BASIC ANATOMY

The Structure of the Body

The musculoskeletal system
This system composed of:
206 bones
6 types of joints
more than 600 muscles

 Human structure

 Human structure

 4 major functions:
Gives shape or form to the body.
Supports the body, allowing it to stand erect.
Provides basis locomotion, or movement
(muscle placement, joints) that allow
movement.
Protection for major body organs (brains,
pelvic organs, heart & lungs, spinal cord)

Bones
Made up of dense tissue rich with nerves & blood

vessels.
Some bone manufacture red blood cells.

Classification of bones: long bones, short bones, flat

bones, irregular bones.

Children and elderly bone tend to break more easily

because the bones are softer and more porous.
When bones are broken, bleeding can be serious.

 Human skeleton

Joint
Formed when the ends of two or more bones

come together in a single place.

If joint allow movement:

The ends of the bone are held together by

ligaments, tough and fibrous connective

tissues.
Some cases, the bone ends are fused and the joint
do not move (skull).

 Joints

 When joint is forced beyond its normal range of

motion:
Ligament can tear
Causing swelling, pain, and deformity.
These kind of injuries are especially serious

when they involve weight-bearing joints

(knees and ankles)

Muscles
All body movement results from muscle contracting

& relaxing.
An involuntary muscle is one that is not controlled
by conscious thought.
The voluntary (skeletal) muscle are under conscious
control.
Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones either
directly or by tendons (tough, fibrous, connective

tissue).

 Major muscles

Tendons
Highly specialized connective tissue.

Allow for maximum strength because they are

oriented in the direction of muscle pull.

Tendons form a shinny white band that attaches to

the muscles.
If sharp, sudden force is applied, the tendon may pull
loose from the bone & may even pull a small piece of
bone with it.

 Tendons

Ligaments
Connect bone to bone.
Ligaments are usually injured without any
external tissue damage.
The ligament is often injured simultaneously with
the joint; consequent internal bleeding causes
early swelling.

 Knee ligaments