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Design of Concrete Cantilever Retaining Wall
Design of Concrete Cantilever Retaining Wall
Introduction
Overturning.
2.
Sliding.
3.
Bearing capacity.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Stability analysis
1.
2.
3.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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Overturning:
The factor of safety against overturning is calculated as
1.
Where
is unit weight of soil, Ka is active pressure coefficient, and H is the height from top of earth
2.
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where Ws,Wf,We,Wk,Wq are weight of stem, footing, earth, key and surcharge, Xs,Xf,Xe,Xk,Xq are
distance from the center of stem, footing, earth, key, and surcharge to the rotation point at toe.
3.
Bearing pressure:
The bearing pressure is calculated as follows
1.
Where W is total weight of retaining wall including stem, footing, earth and surcharge.
2.
3.
If e
Where, Qmax, Qmin are maximum and minimum footing pressure, B is the width of footing.
4.
5.
Qmax should be less than allowable soil bearing capacity of footing soil.
Sliding:
1.
2.
where
).
is internal
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3.
Where Kp is passive earth pressure coefficient, h is the height from top of soil to bottom of footing at
toe. If a key is used to help resist sliding, h is the height from top of soil to the bottom of the key.
4.
= 115 pcf,
Requirement: Check stability against overturning and sliding, and soil bearing capacity.
1. Check overturning stability
Rankine 's active earth coefficient: Ka = tan (45- /2)2=0.333
Height from top of backfill soil to bottom of footing: H = 10 +1 = 11 ft
Consider one-foot width of soil
Overturning moment: Mo=
Ka H /6 = 8504 ft-lb
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>1.5
O.K.
Ka H /2 = 2319 lbs
>1.5 O.K.
Example 5.2 Cantilever retaining wall with horizontal backfill, surcharge, and key
Given:
Height of stem: 10 ft
Thickness of stem: 1 ft
Thickness of footing: 1 ft
Width of footing: B = 6 ft
Length of heel: 4 ft
Length of toe: 1 ft
Height of soil above heel: 10 ft
Height of soil above toe: 1 ft
Depth of key: 1 ft
Unit weight of backfill soil:
Internal friction angle of soil:
=115 pcf
= 28 degree
= 0.5
source: www.CE-Ref.com
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Requirement: Check stability against overturning and sliding, and check soil bearing capacity.
1. Check overturning stability
Active earth coefficient: Ka = tan (45- /2)2=0.361
Height from top of backfill soil to bottom of footing: H = 11 ft
Consider one foot width of soil:
3
Ka H /6 = 13580 ft-lb
>1.5
O.K.
source: www.CE-Ref.com
>1.5 O.K.
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=115 pcf
= 10 degree
= 30 degree
= 0.5
Requirement: Check stability against overturning and sliding, and check soil bearing capacity.
1. Check overturning stability
Rankine's active earth coefficient:
= 11.71 ft
>1.5
O.K.
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2
Ka H /2 = 115x0.35x1.732/2 =2754 lbs
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>1.5 O.K.
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Design of stem
Design of heel
Design of toe
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Design of stem
Design thickness of stem
Vu = 1.7*( Ka H /2+q Ka H)
[6.1]
Where 1.7 is load factor, is unit weight of soil, Ka is active lateral earth coefficient, h is height of earth, q
is surcharge.
[6.2]
Where 0.85 is strength reduction factor, fc is compressive strength of concrete, b is one foot width of
wall, d is effective depth of stem and is equal to thickness of stem minus 2 cover and half bar size.
3. Compare shear force with shear strength, design shear reinforcement when necessary.
If Vc Vu no shear reinforcement is required
If Vc< Vu increase thickness of stem or design shear reinforcement
Design vertical reinforcement of stem
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[6.3]
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(ACI 10.5)
The minimum total vertical reinforcement ratio for wall (both faces) is
0.0012 for deformed bars #5 or smaller or 0.0015 for other bars
(ACI 14.3.2)
When retaining wall gets too long, the wall will crack due to shrinkage of concrete. Vertical control joints
and horizontal reinforcement are normally used to control cracks in the stems. The spacing of control
joist depends on the amount of horizontal reinforcement. Larger spacing requires heavier reinforcement.
The reinforcement ratio recommended by Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI) is shown below.
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The minimum total horizontal reinforcement ratio for wall (both faces) is
0.002 for deformed bars #5 or smaller or 0.0025 for others.
D=1.5*(0.0000065*T*L)
[6.6]
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Design of heel
Forces that apply to the heel are weight of soil, footing, surcharge, and footing bearing pressure. Weight
of soil, footing, and surcharge are downward forces. Footing bearing pressure is upward forces.
Sometime, footing bearing pressure are neglected to be conservative. Otherwise, factored footing
pressures are calculated as follows:
Calculated factored footing pressure
1.
[6.7]
Where W is total weight of retaining wall including stem, footing, earth and surcharge.
2.
3.
[6.8]
[6.9]
Where, Qmax, Qmin are maximum and minimum factored footing pressure, B is the width of footing.
The factored footing pressure at any point in the footing is calculated as
Q = Qmin + (Qmax-Qmin)*(B-L)/B
Where B is the width of footing, L is the distance from toe
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[6.10]
Q = Qmax*(Lb-L)/Lb
[6.11]
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The critical section of shear in the heel is taken at the face of stem instead of at one-effective depth from
the stem because it does not produce compression to the stem according to ACI code.
1. Calculated factored shear force at face of stem
Vu = 1.4*(We +Whl+Wq)-R
[6.12]
Where 1.4 is load factor, We is weight of earth, Whl is weight of heel, Wq is weight of surcharge, and R is
resultant of factored bearing pressure.
2. Calculated shear strength of stem.
Vc=0.85*(2fc) b d
[6.13]
Where 0.85 is strength reduction factor, fc is compressive strength of concrete, b is one foot width of
wall, d is effective depth of stem and is equal to thickness of stem minus 2 cover and half bar size.
3. Compare shear force with shear strength, if Vc< Vu, increase thickness of stem.
Design heel reinforcement in transverse direction
The critical section of moment is at the face of stem. The heel reinforcement is calculated as follows:
1. Calculate factored moment at face of toe
Mu=1.4*(We+Whl+Wq)*C/2-R*Xr
[6.14]
Where
2
(ACI 10.5)
Reinforcement ratio: 0.002 for grade 40, 50 deformed bars, 0.0018 for grade 60 deformed bars.
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Design of toe
The forces that apply to the bottom of toe is footing bearing pressure. In a normal situation, the length of
toe is shorter than that of heel. The maximum shear force is less than of heel. The depth of footing for
heel is usually enough for toe. It is also a normal practice to bend the dowel bars at the bottom of stem
for toe reinforcement. It is normally sufficient for toe reinforcement. In some situation, when toe is extra
long, then, it will be necessary to check shear strength and design reinforcement for toe.
[6.15]
If eu > B/6, the factored footing pressure at one-effective depth from face of stem is
Q = Qmax*(Lb-Lc)/Lb
[6.16]
Where Lc is the distance from edge of toe to one effective depth from front face of stem.
The factored shear force at the critical section is
Vu = (Q + Qmax)*Lc/2-Wc
[6.17]
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Mu=R*Xr-Wt*Ld/2
[6.18]
Where Xr is the distance from the resultant force to the front face of stem, Wt is weight of concrete and
soil above toe.
Where
2
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(ACI 10.5)
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