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Lecture 1 - Rankine Power Cycles
Lecture 1 - Rankine Power Cycles
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Figure 1.1: (a) Rankine power cycle with two-phase working fluid (b) T s
diagram of Rankine cycle [Moran and Shapiro, Fundamentals of
Engineering Thermodynamics]
Lecture 1
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its more complex non-ideal form with modifications and additions that render
it one of the most efficient means of generating electricity
A schematic of the components of a Rankine cycle is shown in Figure 1.1(a).
The cycle is shown on P v, T s and h s coordinates in Figure 1.1(b) and
1.2. The internally reversible processes in the Rankine cycle are as follows:
Process 1 2: Isentropic expansion of the working fluid through a turbine
from saturated vapor at state 1 to the condenser pressure. The quality
decreases from unity
Process 2 3: Heat transfer from the working fluid as it flows at constant
pressure through the condenser with saturated liquid at state 3.
Process 3 4: Isentropic compression in the pump to state 4 in the
compressed liquid region.
Process 4 1: Heat transfer to the working fluid as it flows at constant
pressure through the boiler to complete the cycle.
The ideal Rankine cycle also includes the possibility of superheating the
vapor, as in cycle 1' 2' 3 4' 1'. The importance of superheating is
discussed later.
[P v coordinates]
[T s coordinates]
[h s coordinates]
Figure 1.2: Rankine cycle diagram. Stations correspond to those in
Figure 1.1
In the Rankine cycle, the mean temperature at which heat is supplied is less
than the maximum temperature, T2, so that the efficiency is less than that of
a Carnot cycle working between the same maximum and minimum
temperatures. The heat absorption takes place at constant pressure over eab,
but only the part ab is isothermal. The heat rejected occurs over cd; this is at
both constant temperature and pressure.
Performance Parameters
The thermal efficiency gauges the extent to which the energy input to the
working fluid passing through the boiler is converted to the net work output.
Using the enthalpies, heat and work quantities and expressions, the thermal
efficiency of the power cycle is;
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Lecture 1
t / m
p/ m
W
W
( h1h2 )(h4 h3 )
=
/m
h1 h4
Q
The net work output equals the net heat input. Thus, the thermal efficiency
can be expressed alternatively as; =
/ m
out / m
/m
Q
Q
( h2h 3 )
=1 out = 1
/ m
/ m
Q
( h1h 4 )
The heat rate is the amount of energy added by heat transfer to the cycle,
usually in Btu, to produce a unit of net work output, usually in kW.h.
Accordingly, the heat rate, which is inversely proportional to the thermal
efficiency, has unit of Btu/kW.h. Another parameter used to describe power
plant performance is the back work ratio, or bwr, defined as the ratio of the
pump work input to the work developed by the turbine, it is written as;
p /m
(h 4h3)
W
=
t/m
h1h 4
W
There are several features that should be noted about Figure 1.2 and the
Rankine cycle in general:
1. The T s and the h s diagrams are not similar in shape, as they were
with the perfect gas with constant specific heats. The slope of a
constant pressure reversible heat addition line is,
( hs ) =T
P
. In the
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Lecture 1
[P v coordinates]
[T s coordinates]
coordinates]
Figure 1.3: Rankine cycle with superheating
[h s
( h dhe )(hahf )
h dha
Lecture 1
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Compared to the basic cycle, superheating has increased the turbine work,
increased the mean temperature at which heat is received, Tm2, and
increased the cycle efficiency.
Figure 1.4: Comparison of Rankine cycle with superheating and Carnot cycle
Figure 1.5: Rankine cycle with superheating and reheat for space power
application
A comparison of the Carnot cycle and the Rankine cycle with superheating is
given in Figure 1.4. The maximum and minimum temperatures are the same,
but the average temperature at which heat is absorbed is lower for the
Rankine cycle. To alleviate the problem of having moisture in the turbine, one
can heat again after an initial expansion in a turbine, as shown in Figure 1.5,
which gives a schematic of a Rankine cycle for space power application. This
process is known as reheat. The main practical advantage of reheat (and of
superheating) is the decrease in moisture content in the turbine because
most of the heat addition in the cycle occurs in the vaporization part of the
heat addition process.
Lecture 1
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