HEAT TRANSFER FORMULAE

Conduction
Resistances in series:
Q =

Q =

Ti To
xm
1
+
+
hc A
kA

Plane Walls

1
hco A

2 ( Tio )
r
1
1
+
n n +1 +
hci ri
kn
rn

Cylinders

1
hc0 r0

Temperature along a fin:

= c1e mx + c2e mx

where m 2 =

hc S
kA

Heat flux at the base of a fin:

Q 0 = 0 (hc SkA)

1
2

hc S 2

tanh

kA

Convection

Transport Groups
Reynolds' No.
Grashof No.
Nusselt No.
Friction Factor

ud

gL3 ( T )
Gr =
2
h d
Nu = c
k
2d 1
f = p. . 2
L u
Re =

State Groups

Cp

Prandtl No.

Pr =

Mach No.

u
M=
a

Combined Groups

Nu
Re. Pr

Stanton No.

St =

Peclet No.

Pe = Re. Pr

Rayleigh No.

Ra = Gr. Pr

HEAT TRANSFER FORMULAE

Convection along Plates and Tubes

FORCED
Plate
Nu =

Laminar

1
0 664 Re 2

Nu = 0 036 Re

Turbulent

Tube
Nu = 4 364 Q = const .
Nu = 3 658 Tw = const .

1
Pr 3

08

1
Pr 3

Nu = 0 023 Re
=

1
3
Re Pr

1
3
Pr

0 8

FREE
Laminar

Vertical Tube:

Vertical Plate:
1
4

4 Gr
Nu = L g. Pr
3 4

Nu =

1
0 902 Pr 2

( 0 861 + Pr )
Horizontal:

1
4

Horizontal:

Nutop = 0 14( Gr. Pr )

Nubot . = 0 27( Gr. Pr )
Turbulent

Gr 4

4

1
3

Nu = 0 53( Gr Pr )

1
4

1
4

Vertical:
Nu = 0 54( Gr Pr )

1
4

HEAT EXCHANGERS

Tm = LMTD =

T1 T2
ln

T1

T2

C (Ti To )
Cmin T T
i
i

UA / Cmin )
1+ C / C
1 e ( min max ) (
1 + Cmin / Cmax

Radiation

A1 12 =

Q comb =

1
1 1

1 1
1
1 +
1 +
A1 1
A2 2
A1F12
T1 T2

x +
Ak

1
A(hc + ha )