2 2-1

2.1

2-1

2.2

2-3

2.3

2-6

2.4

2-7

2.5

2-11

2.6

2-13

2.7

2-14

2.7.1

2-14

2.7.2

2-18

2.7.3

2-20

2.8
2.8.1

2-21
2-22

2
2.1
, :

(New Product Introduction)

,
.2.1.

1980

`85

`90

`95

2000

.2.1. .
:

: 3 , 5 5

-2-1-

CPU: 1985 CPU . , 18

CPU 2 . 1988 12 4
. 1990 16 1/16 6 .

CD-Player, .

Knowledge based 2 3 .

( ),

-2-2-

2.2
, .2.2.

.2.2. -.

, (lead time)
(life cycle time).

, .2.3 .

,
.

-2-3-

. (Development life cycle)

.

(Useful life span),

. (pay off period) .
.2.4 .

.2.3. .

15


( )

10

.2.4.
.

-2-4-


.
1980 Just-in-Time.
:

(Continue to evolve)

-2-5-

2.3
.2.5
.
. #n

. #n

33%

#2

50%
. #3

17%

. #2

. #2

#1

. #1

. #1

&

()

#n

66%
#3
#2

. #2

24%

#1

. #1

10%

&

()

.2.5.
.
:

.

.

-2-6-

2.4
.2.6
.


( a)
100

C
a

75
%

( b)

50

b
25

( b)

.2.6. , ()
, () .
.
.
() .
.2.7,
(actual or incurred cost) ( ) ( c)
(future or commitment cost)
( d).

-2-7-


,


( d)
100

75
%

()

50
.


( c)

Tn / Co
25

c
-

( c)

.2.7. (c) , ()
.
.2.8,
.

(6%)

(40%)

(11%)

(18%)

(25%)
.2.8. .

-2-8-

 .
,
10-20% .


. SQC
.
, (>1) 25% , +
,
<<<< ( )
74% .

, .2.9.

( e)
100

75
%

50

( e)
25

( f)

( f)

.2.9. (e), (f)

.
( )
.

-2-9-

 ( CAD, , DFX , ,
, .).

C(t/T) = e(/)

Cplanning

e(1/6)

Cdesign

e(2/6)

Cprocess

e(3/6)

Cproduction

e(4/6)

Cmanufacturing

e(5/6)

Coperation

e(6/6)

Planning + Design 10%-20%.

( ) 40% - 50%.

-2-10-

2.5

,
, .2.10.

, , ,
,,
.

, ,
, ,
.

,
, ,

()

&

()

()

7
(Talent, Tasks etc)

()

()

.2.10. .

, , ,
.

.2.11.
.

-2-11-

100%

(
)

50%

85%

0%

25-30

20-25

15-20

10-15

5-10

1 .

0-5

.2.11.
.
,
, 1990.
1.

Concept-to-delivery Life cycle

US (Japan)
Data during 1990

Competitive
Advantage
Percentage

Design Time per Model (in Months)

60 (47)

21.7 %

Design Effort per Model (in Million Man

30 (1.7)

43.3 %

9.2 (4.2)

54.3 %

230 (120)

47.8 %

36 (72)

50.0 %

Hours)
Average Replacement Period per
Model (in Years)
Average Annual Production per Model
(in Thousands)
Model in Production (in Number)

Source: Based on Data Published in The Economist, April 14,1990.

-2-12-

2.6
.
.2.12.

100%

75%

50%

()

25%

.2.12.
.

-2-13-

2.7

. :

2.7.1
,
, .
,
.2.13.

()

(Se>Sl)

(Se)

Se (t)

L
(Sl)
t=T

( t = 0)

Tn

L
( t = T)

T- life

S: (Sales)
E, e: (early introduction)
L,l : (late introduction)
t:

T: L

.2.13.
.

-2-14-

mini-van, mid-size car truck GM, Ford

Chrysler 1990.

Ford Mustang GM
Pontiac TransAm.

:
Se(t) = E,
Sl(t) = L,
= L .
E 100% .
, = [Se(t) Sl(t)]
E ,
:

.
, .2.14.

-2-15-


C: (cost)
P: (price)
E,e: (early introduction)
L,l: (late introduction)
t:
: L

P(t)

L
Cl(t)

Ce (t)

Cl(t) - Ce(t)

Tn

( t=0)

L
( t=T)

T - life

.2.14. .
:

P(t) =

Ce(t) = E.

Cl(t) = L.

E = P(t) Ce(t) t>0

L = P(t) Cl(t) t>T.

(Cost Advantage) = [Cl(t) Ce(t)]

e(t) = [Se(t)] * [P(t) Ce(t)]

TPMe(t)= {Se(t) * [P(t) Ce(t)] }
TPMl(t)= {Sl(t) * [P(t) Cl(t)] }

t<T
t>T
t>T

Total Cost Advantage

TCA(t) = TPMe(t) TPMl(t)
TCA(t) =[Se(t)] * [P(t) Ce(t)]

t<T

TCA(t) = {Se(t) * [P(t) Ce(t)] } - {Sl(t) * [P(t) Cl(t)] }

t>T

-2-16-


TCA(t) = S (Cl Ce)

t>T

. , ,
, ,
, .

.
, 6 ,
1/3 5 . ,
50% , 5%
.

, .

, .
: (R & P) = Se(t) * [P(t) Ce(t)]dt
L: (R & P) = Sl(t) * [P(t) Cl(t)]dt
, :

( , . , , )

-2-17-

2.7.2

, .2.15.

E'''

E'

D''

D'''

D'
E

C'
D
C

B'

C''

C'''

A'''

B'''
B''

A'
B

E''

A''

( )

:
:
:
BD:
C:
CD:
DE:
:

.2.15. .
:

D,

DE,

C , = 0.
= 0.
a, b, c d .

-2-18-

, .
[tb ta ] >>> [tc tb ]
[te td ] >>> [td tc ]

ta - tb. BD ,
, td tb. , DE,


.
. .2.15
, ,
, , .

-2-19-

2.7.3
.

. ,
.2.16, ,
.

- P (Policy,
- .
Practices & Procedures)
-
( , , )
-
-
- WBS

-
-
-
- PtBS

(ECO)

-
-
-

&

PtBS

(ECR)

PsBS

- WBS:
- PtBS:
- PsBS:

.2.16. .

-2-20-

2.8

.
.

CAD, CAM, CAE, CAPP

CIM, CAT

Rapid prototyping, Rapid tooling

System Integration ( )

(Quality Function Deployment).

.2.17, QFD.

QFD

QFD

H QFD

.1

.2.17. t QFD .

-2-21-

2.8.1

() .

, .2.18.
()

,
CE
()

CE

&

.2.18. .
:

, ,
, .

.
:

-2-22-

,
.
. ,
.
,
, .2.19.
(SE) = [T+.+.+,]*Rfactor
Rfactor . >>> 2.

.
CAD, CAM, CAE, CAPP, .,

, .
, :

50-80%

()

-2-23-

()

v2

v1

v4

v3

vN

= x

()
v1

v2

v3
2

v4

(i+1)-

i-

vN
4

.2.19. .
1990 , ,
,
.2.18().

.2.19().
.2.20,
.
Rfactor. 0.25 0.75 (0.5).

-2-24-

-2-25-