D

a = Orifice cross-section area (m2)

A = Tank cross-section area (m2)
C = orifice discharge coefficient 0 < C 1. C depends on the orifice geometry and in some cases the
type of liquid.
d = orifice diameter (m)
D = Tank diameter (m)
g = Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/s2
H = Vertical distance from orifice to liquid surface (m)
H1 = Initial vertical distance from orifice to liquid surface (m)
H2 = Final vertical distance from orifice to liquid surface (m)
t = time for liquid in tank to change from a depth of H1 to a depth of H2 (s)

dV =A dh=V dt

V =aC 2 g h
dV =A dh=a C 2 g h dt
dt =

1
A

dh
a C 2 g h
H2

1
A
t=
dh

a C 2 g H h
1

A=const

H
H2

A
dh
t=

a C 2 g H h
1

t=

2 A
( H 2 H 1 )
a C 2 g

t=

2A
( H 1 H 2 )
a C 2 g