Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Drept International Public
Drept International Public
Capitolul IX
7UDWDWXOLQWHUQD LRQDO
Capitolul X
0LMORDFHOHGHVROX LRQDUHSDQLFDGLIHUHQGHORU
LQWHUQD LRQDOH
Capitolul XI -)RORVLUHDOHJDODIRU HLSRWULYLWGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO
public
Capitolul XII
-5VSXQGHUHDLQWHUQD LRQDO
1. 2ELHFWXOGHUHJOHPHQWDUHDOGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF
6SUHGHRVHELUHGHGUHSWXOLQWHUQFDUHUHJOHPHQWHD]UDSRUWXULOH
sociale n cadrul stDWHORU UHVSHFWLYH RELHFWXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO vO
IRUPHD] UHOD LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH vQ FDGUXO FURUD UHOD LLOH GLQWUH VWDWH
UHSUH]LQWGRPHQLXOFHOPDLFXSULQ]WRU
5HOD LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH QX IRUPHD] vQV vQ WRWDOLWDWHD ORU
obiectul de reglemenWDUHDOGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOUHOD LLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOH
fiind deosebit de variate: politice, economice, juridice, culturale etc.
'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDODUHGUHSWRELHFWGHUHJOHPHQWDUHQXPDLDFHOH
UHOD LL MXULGLFH LQWHUQD LRQDOH vQ FDUH VWDWXO DF LRQHD] FD SXUWWRU GH
suveranitate.
2. )XQGDPHQWXOMXULGLFDOGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF
)XQGDPHQWXOMXULGLFDOGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLFvOFRQVWLWXLH
DFRUGXO GH YRLQ DO VWDWHORU VXYHUDQH FDUH FRPSXQ VRFLHWDWHD
LQWHUQD LRQDO
2
3. 'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOLPRUDOD
QWUHPRUDOLGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOH[LVWOHJWXULGHLQIOXHQ DUHL
LQWHUFRQGL LRQDUHUHFLSURF
O mare parte aSULQFLSLLORULQRUPHORUGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDOvLDX
RULJLQHDvQQRUPHOHPRUDOHGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOILLQGvQHVHQ DVDED]DW
pe regulile moralei.
'UHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO OD UkQGXO VX LQIOXHQ HD] UHJXOLOH PRUDOH
ale raporturilor interstatale, contribuind la dezvoltarea acestora n raport
GHFHULQ HOHYLH LLLQWHUQD LRQDOHED]DWSHGUHSW
4. 'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOLSROLWLFDH[WHUQDVWDWHORU
'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOFRQVWLWXLHXQPLMORFGHRULHQWDUHLGH
LQIOXHQ DUHDSROLWLFLLH[WHUQHDVWDWHORUvQGLUHF LDXQRURELHFWLYHLYDORUL
VWDELOLWH GH DFHVWHD SULQ SULQFLSLLOH L QRUPHOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO
3
3ROLWLFDH[WHUQDVWDWHORUWUHEXLHVILHIRUPXODWLUHDOL]DWvQGHSOLQ
FRQFRUGDQ FXSULQFLSLLOHLQRUPHOHGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDOGHcare nu
SRDWH IDFH DEVWUDF LH vQ ILHFDUH SR]L LH SH FDUH R DGRSW ID GH R
SUREOHPDYLH LLLQWHUQD LRQDOH
3ROLWLFD H[WHUQ D VWDWHORU OD UkQGXO HL FRQWULEXLH OD GH]YROWDUHD
GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO OD PRGLILFDUHD VDX FRPSOHWDUHD DFHVWXLD vQ
raport GHQHYRLOHUHDOHDOHUDSRUWXULORULQWHUVWDWDOHDOHHYROX LHLVRFLHW LL
umane.
6. 'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOLGUHSWXOLQWHUQ
'UHSWXOLQWHUQDOVWDWHORULGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOVXQWGRXVLVWHPH
GH GUHSW GLIHULWH FDUH VH vQWUHSWUXQG vQV SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO VWDWHORU
FDUHOHFUHD]SHDPkQGRX
'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOFRQVWLWXLHvQWU-RLPSRUWDQWPVXUSURLHF LD
vQSODQXOUHOD LLORULQWHUQD LRQDOHDQRUPHORUGHGUHSWGLQOHJLVOD LDLQWHUQ
DVWDWHORUGUHSWXOLQWHUQvPSUXPXWkQGGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOFRQFHSWHOH
VDOHMXULGLFHIXQGDPHQWDOHLWHKQLFLOHVDOHMXULGLFHLDUXQHOHQRUPHGH
GUHSWLQWHUQSRWILDFFHSWDWHGHVWDWHFDVXUVHDOHUHJOHPHQWULLMXULGLFH
LQWHUQD LRQDOH
QDFHDVWSHULRDGDXDSUXWvQVLSULPHOHUHJXOLSULYLQGDOWH
LQVWLWX LLGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDOLDQXPHWUDWDWHOHGHDOLDQ LGHSDFH
WUDWDWLYHOHLDOWHPLMORDFHGHUH]ROYDUHSDQLFDGLIHUHQGHORUFXPVXQW
PHGLD LXQHD L DUELWUDMXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SURWHF LD VWULQLORU PLVLXQLOH
diplomatice (soliile), jus gentium din dreptul roman prefigurnd dreptul
LQWHUQD LRQDOGHPDL trziu.
)UkPL DUHD IHXGDO D GXV OD RDUHFDUH VWDJQDUH L vQ GRPHQLXO
UHJXOLORU GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO GDU RGDW FX FHQWUDOL]DUHD VWDWDO
ncepnd cu secolul al XV-lea, s-D SURGXV R DPSOLILFDUH D UHOD LLORU
interstatale, care a impulsionat dezvoltareaGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO
6H FRQWXUHD] SHQWUX SULPD RDU SULQFLSLXO VXYHUDQLW LL L WHRULD
HFKLOLEUXOXL GH IRU H vQWUH VWDWH PLMORDFHOH GH UH]ROYDUH SDQLF D
GLIHUHQGHORUvQFHSDVHXWLOL]DWRWPDLIUHFYHQWLDUGUHSWXOU]ERLXOXLVH
vPERJ HWHFXLQVWLWX LLQRLFXPDUILUHWRUVLXQHDUHSUHVDOLLOHLEORFDGD
SDQLFSUHFXPLFXQRLSULQFLSLLvQPRGXOGHGXFHUHDU]ERLXOXL
$SDUSULPHOHvQFHUFULGHFRGLILFDUHDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOGDUL
LPSRUWDQWHOXFUULLWUDWDWHGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDODOHXQRUSHUVRQDOLW L
ca Nicollo Machiavelli (1469-1527), Alberico Gentilis (1552-1608) sau
Hugo Grotins (1583-1645).
+XJR*URWLQVHVWHFRQVLGHUDWSULQWHOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSULQ
IXQGDPHQWHOH WHRUHWLFH SH FDUH OH SXQH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO FD XQ
GUHSW ED]DW SH UD LXQHD XPDQ L QX SH YRLQ D GLYLQ FD R H[SUHVLH D
YRLQ HLLLQWHUHVHORUVWDWHORUSUHFXPLSULQLPSRUWDQWHOXFUULFXPVXQW
'HVSUH GUHSWXO U]ERLXOXL L DO SFLL 0DUH OLEHUXP L DOWHOH FDUH
UHYROX LRQHD] UDPXUL LPSRUWDQWH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO FXP VXQW
GUHSWXOU]ERLXOXLGUHSWXOGLSORPDWLFGUHSWXOPULLLGUHSWXOWUDWDWHORU
QHSRFDPRGHUQGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOFXQRDWHLHORSXWHUQLF
DILUPDUH RGDW FX SURJUHVHOH GH DPSORDUH UHDOL]DWH SH SODQ SROLWLF L
juridiFvQDFRUGFXGH]YROWDUHDJHQHUDODVRFLHW LLXPDQH
1. ,]YRDUHOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO
1RUPHOHGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDOVXQWFRQVDFUDWHSULQDQXPLWHIRUPH
specifice recunoscute de comunitatea statelor ca fiind izvoare de drept.
3ULQ L]YRDUHOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO VH vQ HOHJ DFHOH PLMORDFH
juridice de H[SULPDUH D QRUPHORU GH FRQGXLW UH]XOWDWH GLQ DFRUGXO GH
YRLQ D GRX VDX PDL PXOWH VWDWH RUL DOWH VXELHFWH GH GUHSW
LQWHUQD LRQDO
2HQXPHUDUHRILFLDODL]YRDUHORUGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOV-DIFXW
SHQWUX SULPD RDU vQ 6WDWXWXO &XU LL 3HUPDQHQWH GH -XVWL LH
,QWHUQD LRQDO GLQ ILLQG DSRL SUHOXDW GH 6WDWXWXO &XU LL
,QWHUQD LRQDOHGH-XVWL LH
Art.38 DO 6WDWXWXOXL &XU LL ,QWHUQD LRQDOH GH -XVWL LH SUHYHGH F vQ
VROX LRQDUHD FRQIRUP GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO D GLIHUHQGHORU FDUH vL VXQW
supuse Curtea va aplica:
a) FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH ILH JHQHUDWH ILH VSHFLDOH FDUH
stabilesc reguli recunoscute n mod expres de statele aflate n
litigiu;
b) FXWXPD LQWHUQD LRQDO FD GRYDG D XQHL SUDFWLFL JHQHUDOH
DFFHSWDWFDUHSUH]HQWkQGGUHSWXO
c) principiile generDOHGHGUHSWUHFXQRVFXWHGHQD LXQLOHFLYLOL]DWH
d) KRWUkULOH MXGHFWRUHWL L GRFWULQD VSHFLDOLWLORU FHORU PDL
FDOLILFD L vQ GUHSWXO SXEOLF DO GLIHULWHORU QD LXQL FD PLMORDFH
auxiliare de determinare a regulilor de drept.
8
UH]XOW F GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO VH ED]HD] SH XUPWRDUHOH
principii fundamentale:
- PrinFLSLXOHJDOLW LLVXYHUDQHDVWDWHORU
- 3ULQFLSLXOHJDOLW LLvQGUHSWXULDSRSRDUHORULDGUHSWXOXLORUGH
a decide de ele nsele;
- Principiul neamestecului n treburile interne ale altor state;
- 3ULQFLSLXO QHUHFXUJHULL OD IRU L OD DPHQLQ DUHD FX IRORVLUea
IRU HL
- 3ULQFLSLXO VROX LRQULL SH FDOH SDQLF D GLIHUHQGHORU
LQWHUQD LRQDOH
- 3ULQFLSLXO
LQWHUQD LRQDOH
- 3ULQFLSLXOFRRSHUULLLQWHUQD LRQDOH
3. &RGLILFDUHDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO
&RGLILFDUHD HVWH R RSHU GH sistematizare a normelor de drept
LQWHUQD LRQDO (DDVLJXUSUHFL]LDDFHVWRUQRUPHFRH]LXQHDLXQLWDWHD
ORU HOHPHQW GHRVHELW GH LPSRUWDQW SHQWUX UHVSHFWDUHD L DSOLFDUHD
FRUHFWGHFWUHWRDWHVWDWHOH
6XE HJLGD 218GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO D FXQRVFXW Xn vast proces
GHFRGLILFDUHFHFRQWLQXLDVW]L
&DSLWROXO,96XELHFWHOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF
6XELHFWHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOVXQWDFHOHHQWLW LFDSDELOHV
SDUWLFLSH OD UDSRUWXUL JXYHUQDWH GH GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO L vQ FDGUXO
acestoUUDSRUWXULVILHWLWXODUHGHGUHSWXULLREOLJD LL
'RFWULQDLSUDFWLFDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOFRQWHPSRUDQUHFXQRVF
GUHSW VXELHFWH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO XUPWRDUHOH VWDWHOH
11
sunt
subiecte
tipice,
fundamentale,
ale
dreptului
b) Neutralitatea statelor
'UHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO UHFXQRDWH GUHSWXO VWDWHORU FD vQ DQXPLWH
VLWXD LLV-LGHFODUHQHXWUDOLWDWHD
12
d)Succesiunea statelor
Modificarea teritoriului de stat prin reunirea mai multor state ntrXQXO VLQJXU SH FDOHD IX]LXQLL VDX D DEVRUE LHL SULQ GH]PHPEUDUH L
13
constituirea mai multor state din unul singur, prin separarea sau
secesiunea unui stat sau prin transferul unor teritorii de la un stat la
DOWXO SXQH SUREOHPD VXFFHVLXQLL QRLORU VWDWH VDX D VWDWHORU FDUH L-au
PULWWHULWRULLOHODXQHOHGUHSWXULLREOLJD LLDOHVWDWHORUDQWHULRDUH
n principiu statul succesor nu este continuatorul statului
SUHGHFHVRUvQSODQMXULGLFLQXHVWHREOLJDWVSUHLDDXWRPDWLLQWHJUDO
GUHSWXULOH L REOLJD LLOH VWDWXOXL SUHGHFHVRU GDU GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO D
VWDELOLWDQXPLWHUHJXOLLPRGDOLW LMXULGLFHFDUHWUHEXLHVILHUHVpectate
n cadrul procesului de succesiune.
3UREOHPH GH VXFFHVLXQH VH ULGLF vQ VSHFLDO vQ OHJWXU FX
WUDWDWHOHvQFKHLDWHFXEXQXULOHLFUHDQ HOHVWDWXOXLDQWHULRUFXDUKLYHOH
DFHVWXLDLDUXQHRULLFXFHW HQLDSHUVRDQHORU
2. 2UJDQL]D LLOHLQWHUQD LRnale interguvernamentale
2UJDQL]D LLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHDXFDOLWDWHDGHVXELHFWGHULYDWDO
GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO DSDUL LD ORU ILLQG vQWRWGHDXQD UH]XOWDWXO DFRUGXOXL
GHYRLQ DOXQRUVWDWHFDUHKRWUVFDVXSUDvQILLQ ULLSUHFXPLDVXSUD
scopurilRU IXQF LLORU PHFDQLVPHORU LQVWLWX LRQDOH L D SULQFLSLLORU ORU GH
IXQF LRQDUH
3ULQ DFWXO ORU GH vQILLQ DUH RUJDQL]D LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH GREkQGHVF
SHUVRQDOLWDWHMXULGLFGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDOFDUHOHSHUPLWHV-LDVXPH
DQXPLWH GUHSWXUL L REOLJD LL cu caracter limitat, potrivit principiului
VSHFLDOLW LL DGLF vQ OLPLWHOH VFRSXULORU L IXQF LLORU FH OH-au fost
conferite.
3. 0LFULOHGHHOLEHUDUHQD LRQDO
0LFULOHGHHOLEHUDUHQD LRQDODXSHUVRQDOLWDWHMXULGLFL
calitatea de subiect al drHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO QXPDL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH
VXQWUHFXQRVFXWHGHFWUHVWDWHSHQWUXDFHDVWDILLQGQHFHVDUFDHOHV
vQGHSOLQHDVF DQXPLWH FRQGL LL V DLE XQ RUJDQ UHSUH]HQWDWLY V
14
DF LRQH]HvQQXPHOHXQHLQD LXQLLVPDQLIHVWHSHXQWHULWRULXSURSULu,
eliberat.
'UHSWXULOHORUVXQWPDLOLPLWDWHvQDFRUGFXVFRSXOSURSXVLDXXQ
FDUDFWHU WUDQ]LWRULX SkQ OD GREkQGLUHD LQGHSHQGHQ HL SRSRDUHORU vQ
FDX]
&DSLWROXO93RSXOD LDvQGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF
3RSXOD LDUHSUH]LQWWRWDOLWDWHDSHUVoanelor fizice care locuiesc pe
WHULWRULXO XQXL VWDW L VXQW VXSXVH MXULVGLF LHL DFHVWXLD QWU-R DOW
DFFHS LXQH SULQ SRSXOD LH VH vQ HOHJH WRWDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHORU IL]LFH
OHJDWHGHXQDQXPLWVWDWSULQFHW HQLH
6WDWXO VWDELOHWH UHJXOL REOLJDWRULL SHQtru toate persoanele care
ORFXLHVFSHWHULWRULXOVXLQGLIHUHQWGDFDFHVWHDVXQWVDXQXFHW HQLDL
VLLDUHXQGUHSWGHSURWHF LHSURWHF LDGLSORPDWLFvQFHSULYHWH
SHSURSULLFHW HQLDIOD LvQDIDUD ULL
Statutul juridic al persoanelor se sWDELOHWH SRWULYLW OHJLORU LQWHUQH
DOHVWDWHORU LQkQGX-VHVHDPDLGHQRUPHOHGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDOLGH
QHYRLOHFRRSHUULLLQWHUQD LRQDOHvQGHRVHELvQGRPHQLLFXPVXQWGXEOD
FHW HQLH ELSDWULGLD OLSVD FHW HQLHL DSDWULGLD VWDWXWXO UHIXJLD LORU L
DO SHUVRDQHORU VWUPXWDWH UHJLPXO MXULGLF DO VWULQLORU GUHSWXO GH D]LO
H[WUGDUHDSURWHF LDGLSORPDWLFLGUHSWXULOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHRPXOXL
&HW HQLD
(VWH OHJWXUD SROLWLF L MXULGLF SHUPDQHQW L HIHFWLY vQWUH R
SHUVRDQ IL]LF L XQ DQXPLW VWDW FDUH JHQHUHD] GUHSWXUL L REOLJD LL
SHQWUXFHW HDQLSHQWUXVWDWXOUHVSHFWLY
'HUHJXOQXPDLFHW HQLLXQXLVWDWVHEXFXUGHGUHSWXULSROLWLFH
LSRWDYHDDFFHVODIXQF LLSXEOLFHFLYLOHVDXPLOLWDUH
&HW HQLDVHSRDWHGREkQGLSULQQDWHUHVDXSULQQDWXUDOL]DUH
15
'REkQGLUHDSULQQDWHUHVHIDFHSRWULYLWSULQFLSLXOXLMXVVDQJYLPXV
GXS FHW HQLD SULQ LORU VDX DO SULQFLSLXOXL MXV VROH GXS ORFXO
QDWHULL
3ULQQDWXUDOL]DUHGREkQGLUHDFHW HQLHLVHSRDWHIDFHvQPDLPXOWH
PRGDOLW L SULQ FVWRULH SULQ DGRS LH vQILHUH SULQ UHGREkQGLUH
UHLQWHJUDUHFDHIHFWDOHGHULLSUHOXQJLWHUH]LGHQ HLVDXSULQRS LXQH
&HW HQLD VH SRDWH SLHUGH SULQ UHQXQ DUH VDX SULQ UHWUDJHUH
&HW HQLDRE LQXWSULQQDWHUHQXSRDWHILUHWUDV
DuEOD FHW HQLH ELSDWULGLD HVWH VLWXD LD MXULGLF vQ FDUH R
SHUVRDQ GH LQH FRPFRPLWHQW FHW HQLD D GRX VWDWH FD HIHFW DO XQXL
FRQIOLFW SR]LWLY GH UHJOHPHQWDUH vQ GLIHULWH UL UHIHULWRU OD GREkQGLUHD
FHW HQLHL
/LSVDFHW HQLHLDSDWULGLDHVWHVLWXD LDLQYHUVELSDWULGLHLFkQG
GDWRULW XQXL FRQIOLFW QHJDWLY GH UHJOHPHQWDUH DQXPLWH SHUVRDQHQXDX
QLFLRFHW HQLHVDXvLSLHUGFHW HQLDIUDGHYHQLFHW HQLDLDOWXLVWDW
$SDWULGLD ILLQG R VLWXD LH FDUH OLSVHWH SHUVRDQD XPDQ GH
SURWHF LH L GH LPSRUWDQWH GUHSWXUL SH SODQ LQWHUQD LRQDO V-au adoptat
UHJOHPHQWUL FDUH YL]HD] SH GH R SDUWH OUJLUHD GUHSWXULORU DSDWUL]LORU
LDU SH GH DOW SDUWH DGRSWDUHD GH PVXUL PHQLWH D HOLPLQD FD]XULOH GH
apatridie.
5HJLPXOMXULGLFDOVWULQLORU
6WULQXO HVWH R SHUVRDQ FHW HDQ DO DOWXL VWDW FDUH VH DIO
SHUPDQHQW VDX WHPSRUDUSHWHULWRULXOXQXLVWDWIUDDYHDLFHW HQLD
acestuia.
5HJLPXO MXULGLF DO VWULQLORU VH VWDELOHWH GH FWUH ILHFDUH VWDW
LQkQG VHDPD L GH UHJXOLOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SUHFXP L GH
SUHYHGHULOHFRQYHQ LLORUELODWHUDOHFDUHVHvQFKHLHvQWUHVWDWH
3RWULYLW GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO VWULQLL QX VH SRW EXFXUD GH
GUHSWXULOH SROLWLFH QX SRW IL QXPL L vQ IXQF LL SROLWLFH VDX PLOLWDUH QX
16
HIHFWXHD] VWDJLXO PLOLWDU REOLJDWRULX GDU VH EXFXU GH WRDWH FHOHODOWH
drepturi fundamentale ale omului.
,QWUDUHDLHGHUHDVWULQLORUSHWHULWRULXOXQXLVWDWSRDWHILVXSXV
XQRU UHVWULF LL 6WULQXO SRDWH vQ FRQGL LLOH OHJLL V ILH H[SXO]DW VDX
H[WUGDW
18
WRUWXULLLDOWRUWUDWDPHQWHVDXSHGHSVHFUXGHLQXPDQHVDXGHJUDGDQWH
(1975).
'HFODUD LDXQLYHUVDODGUHSWXULORURPXOXL
'HFODUD LDHVWHSULPXOGRFXPHQWLQWHUQD LRQDOPRGHUQSULQFDUHVH
SURFODP vQ PRG VROHPQ GUHSWXULOH L OLEHUW LOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH
RPXOXLFXVFRSXOGHFODUDWGHDVHUYLFDLGHDOFRPXQFWUHFDUHWUHEXLH
VWLQGSRSRDUHOHLWRDWHQD LXQLOH3UHDPEXOXO
DeclarD LDDILUPFWRDWHILLQ HOHXPDQHVHQDVFOLEHUHLHJDOHvQ
GHPQLWDWHLvQGUHSWXULLWUHEXLHVVHFRPSRUWHXQHOHID GHDOWHOHvQ
VSLULWXO IUDWHUQLW LL ILHFDUH RP DYkQG GUHSWXO GH D VH SUHYDOD GH WRDWH
GUHSWXULOHLOLEHUW LOHIUQLFLRGHRVHELUHGHUDVGHFXORDUHGHVH[
GH OLPE GH UHOLJH GH RSLQLH SROLWLF VDX GH DOW QDWXU GH RULJLQH
QD LRQDO VDX VRFLDO GH DYHUH GH QDWHUH VDX GHFXUJkQG GLQ RULFH
DOW VLWXD LH L IU D VH IDFH YUHR GHRVHELUH ED]DW SH VWDWXWXO SROLWLF
juridic VDXLQWHUQD LRQDODO ULLVDOH
7R L RDPHQLL VXQW HJDOL vQ ID D OHJLL L DX GUHSWXO OD R SURWHF LH
HJDODOHJLLIUQLFLRGLVFULPLQDUH(LDXGUHSWXOGHDOLVHUHFXQRDWH
SHUVRQDOLWDWHDORUMXULGLFRULXQGHV-ar afla.
&DUWD HQXPHU FX PHQ LXQHD F Dcestea trebuie respectate de
VWDWH L JDUDQWDWH SULQ OHJLVOD LD ORU WRDWH GUHSWXULOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH
RPXOXLFDUHXOWHULRUDXIRVWSUHOXDWHvQFHOHGRXSDFWHPHQ LRQDWH
3ULQHQXQ DUHDDFHVWRUGUHSWXUL'HFODUD LDFRQVWLWXLHXQGRFXPHQW
GHUHIHULQ vQDILUPDUHDFRQGL LHLXPDQHLDSURWHF LHLLQWHUQD LRQDOHD
persoanelor ntr-RVRFLHWDWHGHPRFUDWLFPRGHUQLDUHXQUROGHRVHELW
GH LPSRUWDQW vQ OXSWD GH HPDQFLSDUH D SRSRDUHORU L vQ OXSWD GXV GH
SWXULOH VRFLDOH GHIDYRUL]DWH SHQWUX FXFHULUHD GUHSWXULORU ORU VRFLDOH L
economice.
19
3DFWHOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHFXSULYLUHODGUHSWXULOHRPXOXL
&HOH GRX SDFWH VXQW GRFXPHQWH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO
FDUH vQFRUSRUHD] DQJDMDPHQWXO VWDWHORU SU L GH D DILUPD L UHVSHFWD
drepturile fundamentale n domeniilHODFDUHVHUHIHU
3DFWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO FX SULYLUH OD GUHSWXULOH FLYLOH L SROLWLFH
FRQVDFU GUHSWXUL FXP VXQW GUHSWXO OD YLD GUHSWXO OD OLEHUWDWH L OD
VHFXULWDWH SHUVRQDO GUHSWXO OD OLEHU FLUFXOD LH HJDOLWDWHD vQ ID D
MXVWL LHLSURWHF LDYLH Li intime sub multiple aspecte, libertatea gndirii, a
FRQWLLQ HL L D UHOLJLHL OLEHUWDWHD GH RSLQLH L GH H[SULPDUH GUHSWXO OD
DVRFLHUH L OD vQWUXQLUH SDQLF GUHSWXO GH SDUWLFLSDUH OD YLD D SXEOLF
GUHSWXULOHPLQRULW LORUHWQLFHUHOLJLRDVHVDXOLQgvistice.
3DFWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO FX SULYLUH OD GUHSWXULOH HFRQRPLFH VRFLDOH L
FXOWXUDOHSUHYHGHGUHSWXOODPXQFvPSUHXQFXWRDWHFHOHODOWHGUHSWXUL
DIHUHQWH VDODULX HJDO UHPXQHUD LH HFKLWDELO RGLKQ FRQFHGLL SOWLWH
DVRFLHUHVLQGLFDOJUHYVHFXULWDWHVRFLDOHWFGUHSWXOODHGXFD LHL
ODYLD FXOWXUDO
,PSRUWDQWH FRQYHQ LL LQWHUQD LRQDOH FX SULYLUH OD SURWHF LD
GUHSWXULORU IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH RPXOXL DX IRVW DGRSWDWH L vQ FDGUX
regional.
'H PHQ LRQDW L vPSUHMXUDUHD F DSURDSH vQ WRWDOLWDWHD lor
FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH GLQ DFHVW GRPHQLX FXSULQG L PHFDQLVPH GH
WUDQVSXQHUH vQ SUDFWLF GH JDUDQWDUH L VDQF LRQDUH vQ FD] GH
QHUHVSHFWDUHDORUGHFWUHVWDWH
Capitolul VII. Teritoriul vQGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF
1) Teritoriul de stat
TeritRULXOGHVWDWUHSUH]LQWVSD LXOJHRJUDILFvQOLPLWHOHFUXLDXQ
VWDWvLH[HUFLWVXYHUDQLWDWHD
([SUHVLDSROLWLFLMXULGLFDOLPLWHORUWHULWRULDOHDOHVWDWHORUR
20
FRQVWLWXLHIURQWLHUDGHVWDWFDUHHVWHLQYLRODELO
Frontierele statelor sunt naturalHFkQGXUPHD]IRUPHOHGHUHOLHI
LFRQYHQ LRQDOHFkQGVHWUDVHD]SULQOLQLLFDUHQX LQFRQWGHIRUPHOH
de relief, ci de meridianele sau paralelele geografice.
Frontierele pot fi terestre, fluviale sau maritime.
)URQWLHUD GH VWDW VH VWDELOHWH SULQ lege, n conformitate cu
WUDWDWHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH vQ FDGUXO D GRX RSHUD LXQL GHOLPLWDUHD L
demarcarea.
7HULWRULXO XQXL VWDW FXSULQGH VSD LXO WHUHVWUX VSD LXO DFYDWLF L
VSD LXODHULDQ
6SD LXOWHUHVWUXHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWGH]RQDGHXVFDWVSD LXODFYDtic
HVWHFRPSXVGLQUkXULOHODFXULOHLPULOHLQWHULRDUHGLQDSHOHPDULWLPH
LQWHULRDUH L PDUHD WHULWRULDO LDU VSD LXO DHULDQ UHSUH]LQW FRORDQD GH
DHUGHGHDVXSUDFHORUODOWHGRXFRPSRQHQWH
2) 0DUHDWHULWRULDO
0DUHDWHULWRULDOHVWHSRU LXQHDGHPDUe care se ntinde de-a
OXQJXOVSD LXOXLWHUHVWUXDOXQXLVWDW
(DDUHGUHSWOLPLWLQWHULRDUOLQLDGHED]FDUHSRDWHILQRUPDO
ODOLWRUDOXOIUVLQXR]LW LLGHQWLILFkQGX-se cu linia refluxului de-a lungul
UPXOXL VDX GUHDSW FkQG XQHWH SXQFWHOH H[WUHPH DOH IRUPD LXQLORU
de stnci sau insule strns legate de uscat cu punctele cele mai
DYDQVDWH DOH XQXL OLWRUDO VLQXRV LQFOX]kQG L LQVWDOD LLOH SRUWXDUH
permanente.
/LPLWDH[WHULRDUDPULLWHULWRULDOHRFRQVWLWXLHROLQLHSDUDOHOFX
linia dHED]VLWXDWODPLOHPDULQHvQODUJ
6SHFLILF PULL WHULWRULDOH ID GH FHOHODOWH FRPSRQHQWH DOH
WHULWRULXOXL GH VWDW HVWH F vQ DFHDVW ]RQ QDYHOH FRPHUFLDOH DOH
VWDWHORUVWULQHDXXQGUHSWGHWUHFHUHLQRIHQVLY$FHDVWDSUHVXSXQHF
navele reVSHFWLYH SRW QDYLJD OLEHU SULQ PDUHD WHULWRULDO D DOWXL VWDW FX
21
UHVSHFWDUHDOHJLORULUHJXODPHQWHORUVWDWXOXLUHVSHFWLYLIUDVWD LRQD
vQ]RQDE LQkQGX-VHGHODRULFHDFWLYLW LFDUHDUIDFHFDWUHFHUHDVQX
PDLILHLQRIHQVLY
b) Platoul continental
EstH VROXO L VXEVROXO VSD LLORU PDULWLPH FDUH VH vQWLQGH SkQ OD
OLPLWD H[WHULRDU D WDOX]XOXL FRQWLQHQWDO VDX SkQ OD R GLVWDQ GH
PLOH PDULQH DWXQFL FkQG WDOX]XO FRQWLQHQWDO QX DMXQJH OD DFHDVW
GLVWDQ
Q DFHDVW ]RQ VWDWXO ULYHUDQ H[HUFLW GUHSWuri suverane de
H[SORUDUHLH[SORDWDUHDUHVXUVHORUVDOHQDWXUDOHGDUFXFRQGL LDFDSULQ
DFHDVWD V QX VWkQMHQHDVF QDYLJD LD OLEHU L V QX DGXF DWLQJHUL
JUDYHUHVXUVHORUELRORJLFHDOHPULL
22
F=RQDHFRQRPLFH[FOXVLY
(VWHRSRU LXQHDPULLOLEHUHDGLDFHQWPULLWHULWRULDOHDXQXLVWDW
FDUHVHvQWLQGHSHRGLVWDQ GHPLOHPDULQHGHODOLQLDGHED]D
UPXOXL
QDFHDVW]RQVWDWXOULYHUDQDUHGUHSWXULVXYHUDQHvQFHSULYHWH
H[SORUDUHD L H[SORDWDUHD FRQVHUYDUHD L JHVWLRQDUHD UHVXUselor
QDWXUDOHELRORJLFHLQHELRORJLFHDOHDSHORUPULORULRFHDQHORU
4) 0DUHDOLEHU
0DUHDOLEHUHVWHDFHDSDUWHDPULORULRFHDQHORUFDUHQX
DSDU LQH PULL WHULWRULDOH VDX DSHORU LQWHULRDUH DOH XQXL VWDW L DVXSUD
FUHLD QX VH H[HUFLW VXYHUDQLWDWHD YUHXQXL VWDW ILLQG GHVFKLV WXWXURU
QD LXQLORU
5HJLPXO MXULGLF DO PULL OLEHUH HVWH JXYHUQDW GH SULQFLSLXOOLEHUW LL
PULORU Q PDUHD OLEHU WRDWH VWDWHOH OXPLL LQGLIHUHQW GDF DX VDX QX
LHLUH OD PDUH SRW V-L H[HUFLWH XUPWRDUHOH OLEHUW L GH QDYLJD LH GH
VXUYRO GH SHVFXLW GH D DH]D FDEOXUL L FRQGXFWH VXEPDULQH GH D
FRQVWUXLLQVXOHDUWLILFLDOHLDOWHLQVWDOD LLGHDHIHFWXDFHUFHWULWLLQ LILFH
6WDWHOHDXREOLJD LDGHDFRRSHUDvQDFHDVW]RQGHDRXWLOL]DvQ
VFRSXUL H[FOXVLY SDQLFH GH D SUHYHQL L VDQF LRQD LQIUDF LXQLOH
LQWHUQD LRQDOH L GH D OXD PVXUL SHQWUX VHFXULWDWHD QDYLJD LHL L
DMXWRUDUHDQDYHORULHFKLSDMHORUDIODWHvQSHULFRO
5) =RQDLQWHUQD LRQDODWHULWRULLORUVXEPDULQH
$FHDVW]RQFXSULQGHVROXOLVXEVROXOIXQGXOXLPULORUL
RFHDQHORUGHDVXSUDFURUDVHDIOPDUHDOLEHU
=RQD D IRVW GHFODUDW SDWULPRQLX FRPXQ DO XPDQLW LL 5HVXUVHOH
]RQHL VXQW LQDOLHQDELOH GUHSWXULOH DVXSUD DFHVWRUD DSDU LQkQG vQWUHJLL
RPHQLUL LDU H[SORUDUHD L H[SORDWDUHD ORU WUHEXLH V VH IDF FX
SDUWLFLSDUHDLvQEHQHILFLXOWXWXURUVWDWHORULSRSRDUHORU1LFLXQVWDWQX
23
SRDWHVUHYHQGLFHVDXVH[HUFLWHVXYHUDQLWDWHDVDRULDQXPLWHGUHSWXUL
VXYHUDQHDVXSUDYUHXQHLSU LD]RQHLVDXDVXSUDUHVXUVHORUVDOH
3ULQ &RQYHQ LD DVXSUD GUHSWXOXL PULL GLQ D IRVW FUHDW XQ
PHFDQLVP LQWHUQD LRQDO SHQWUX UH]ROYDUHD SUREOHPHORU SULYLQG DFHDVW
]RQFDUHFXSULQGHXUPWRDUHOHFRPSRQHQWH$XWRULWDWHD,QWHUQD LRQDO
D WHULWRULLORU VXEPDULQH ,QWUHSULQGHUHD L &DPHUD SHQWUX UH]ROYDUHD
diferendelor.
6) 6WUkPWRULOHLQWHUQD LRQDOH
6WUkPWRULOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHVXQWvQWLQGHULGHDSVLWXDWHvQWUH
SRU LXQLGHXVFDWFDUHIRUPHD]WUHFHULvQJXVWHSHQWUXQDYLJD LH
'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOUHFXQRDWHWXWXURUVWDWHORUXQGUHSWGHWUDQ]LW
prin strPWRUL VLPLODU GUHSWXOXL GH WUHFHUH LQRIHQVLY SULQ PDUHD
WHULWRULDOFXUHVSHFWDUHDVXYHUDQLW LLVWDWHORUSHWHULWRULXOFURUDVHDIO
DFHVWH VWUkPWRUL 6WUkPWRULOH 0ULL 1HJUH VXQW FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH
VWUkPWRULLQWHUQD LRQDOH
)OXYLLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOH
)OXYLLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH VXQW DSH FXUJWRDUH FDUH WUDYHUVHD] VDX
VHSDUWHULWRULLOHDGRXVDXPDLPXOWHVWDWHLVXQWQDYLJDELOHSkQOD
YUVDUHDORUvQPDUH
5HJLPXO LQWHUQD LRQDO DO DFHVWRU IOXYLL VH UHIHU vQ JHQHUDO OD
QDYLJD LHvQSULYLQ DFUHLDVHDSOLFSULQFLSLXOOLEHUW LLGHQDYLJD LH
3HIOXYLLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHQDYHOHFRPHUFLDOHDOHWXWXURUVWDWHORUSRW
QDYLJD OLEHU ILLQG LQWHU]LV FLUFXOD LD QDYHORU GH U]ERL DOH VWDWHORU
neriverane.
5HJLPXOMXULGLFDOQDYLJD LHLSH'XQUHHVWHvQSUH]HQWVWDELOLWSULQ
&RQYHQ LDGHODBelgrad din 1948.
PDWHULDOL]HD]vQSULPXOUkQGSULQGUHSWXOVXGHDVWDELOLUHJLPXOMXULGLF
GHVXUYRODVXSUDWHULWRULXOXLSURSULXDWkWSHQWUXDURQDYHOHQD LRQDOHFkW
LSHQWUXFHOHVWULQH
25
6SD LXO DHULDQ VLWXDW GLQFROR GH OLPLWHOH MXULVGLF LHL QD LRQDOH HVWH
GHVFKLVQDYLJD LHLDHULHQHDWXWXURUVWDWHORUHOFRQVWLWXLQGVSD LXODHULDQ
LQWHUQD LRQDO
&RODERUDUHD LQWHUQD LRQDO vQ GRPHQLXO QDYLJD LHL DHULHQH L vQ
VSHFLDODDYLD LHLFLYLOHHVWHGHRVHELWGHGH]YROWDWPDWHULDOL]kQGX-se n
FRQYHQ LL PXOWLODWHUDOH L QXPHURDVH FRQYHQ LL ELODWHUDOH FHD PDL
LPSRUWDQW ILLQG &RQYHQ LD UHIHULWRDUH OD QDYLJD LD FLYLO vQFKHLDW OD
Chicago n 1944.
3RWULYLW GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SHQWUX UHJOHPHQWDUHD ]ERUXULORU
DHULHQHLQWHUQD LRQDOHDXIRVWVWDELOLWHOLEHUW LDOHDHUXOXLvQWUHFDUH
SULYHVF OLEHUW LOH GH WUDILF OLEHUWDWHD GH VXUYROIUHVFDOLOLEHUWDWHD
GHHVFDOWHKQLFLDUFHOHODOWHVXQWOLEHUW LFRPHUFLDOHUHIHULWRDUHOD
vPEDUFDUHDLGHEDUFDUHDGHSDVDJHULPUIXULLFRUHVSRQGHQ
([HUFLWDUHDDFHVWRUOLEHUW LGHFWUHGLIHULWHFDWHJRULLGHDHURQDYH
VH IDFH vQ ED]D XQRU FRQYHQ LL ELODWHUDOH vQFKHLDWH vQWUH VWDWHOH
interesate.
3HQWUX FRRUGRQDUHD UHJOHPHQWULORU L D PVXULORU DGRSWDWH vQ
acest domeniu tot la Chicago, vQ DFHODL DQ V-D vQILLQ DW 2UJDQL]D LD
$YLD LHL&LYLOH,QWHUQD LRQDOH2$&,
6SD LXOFRVPLFH[WUDDWPRVIHULF
,QWUDUHDvQVIHUDGHLQWHUHVDVWDWHORUDVSD LXOXLFRVPLFRGDWFX
ODQVDUHDvQDSULPXOXLVDWHOLWDUWLILFLDODOSPkQWXOXLDGHWHUminat o
YDVWDF LXQHGHUHJOHPHQWDUHDVWDWXWXOXLMXULGLFDODFHVWXLD
7UDWDWXOSULYLQGSULQFLSLLOHFDUHJXYHUQHD]DFWLYLWDWHDVWDWHORUvQ
H[SORUDUHD L XWLOL]DUHD VSD LXOXL DWPRVIHULF LQFOXVLY /XQD L FHOHODOWH
FRUSXUL FHUHWL vQFKHLDW vQ SUHFXP L QXPHURDVH DOWH FRQYHQ LL
LQWHUQD LRQDOHXOWHULRDUHDXVWDELOLWSULQFLSLLOHLUHJXOLOHFDUHJXYHUQHD]
DFWLYLWDWHDVWDWHORUvQVSD LXOFRVPLF
26
28
3ULYLOHJLLOHGLSORPDWLFHUHSUH]LQWDQXPLWHDYDQWDMHSHFDUHVWDWXO
DFUHGLWDU OH DFRUG PLVLXQLL GLSORPDWLFH DFUHGLWDWH L SHUVRQDOXOXL
acesteia.
0LVLXQHDGLSORPDWLFEHQHILFLD]GHGUHSWXOGHDDUERUDGUDSHOXO
VWDWXOXLVXSHORFDOXODPEDVDGHLLSHPLMORDFHOHGHWUDQVSRUWGHVFXWLUL
GH LPSR]LWH L WD[H SHQWUX WRDWH EXQXULOH L DFWHOH RILFLDOH SH care le
vQWRFPHWH
3HUVRQDOXO GLSORPDWLF EHQHILFLD] GH VFXWLUH GH WD[H L LPSR]LWH
SHUVRQDOHLSHQWUXEXQXULOHFH-LDSDU LQ
0LVLXQHDFRQVXODU
$FWLYLWDWHD FRQVXODU HVWH vQGHSOLQLW GH FWUH FRQVXOL GH FDULHU
VDXGHFWUHFRQVXOLRQRULILFL
0LVLXQHD FRQVXODU SRDWH DYHD XQD GLQ XUPWRDUHOH FODVH GXS
rangul consulului care o conduce: consulat general, consulat,
YLFHFRQVXODWVDXDJHQ LHFRQVXODU
)XQF LLOH XQHL PLVLXQL FRQVXODUH VXQW XUPWRDUHOH SURWHMDUHD
LQWHUHVHORU VWDWXOXL L D FHW Hnilor proprii, informarea, favorizarea
UHOD LLORU HOLEHUDUHD GH SDDSRDUWH L DFRUGDUHD GH YL]H GLSORPDWLFH
DFWLYLW L GH QRWDU L GH RIL HU GH VWDUH FLYLO VDX GH UHSUH]HQWDUH vQ
MXVWL LHLQVSHFWDUHDLDMXWRUDUHDHFKLSDMHORUQDYHORULDHURQDYHORUHWF.
3ULYLOHJLLOH L LPXQLW LOH FRQVXOLORU GDF QX VXQW WRWRGDW L
membri ai misiunii diplomatice, sunt relativ restrnse n raport cu cele
DOHGLSORPD LORU
&DSLWROXO,;7UDWDWXOLQWHUQD LRQDO
7UDWDWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO FRQVWLWXLH XQXO GLQ LQVWUXPHQWHOe principale
DOH UHOD LLORU LQWHUQD LRQDOH L WRWRGDW SULQFLSDOXO L]YRU DO GUHSWXULORU L
REOLJD LLORUVWDWHORUvQFDGUXODFHVWRUUHOD LL
29
&HOPDLLPSRUWDQWWUDWDWLQWHUQD LRQDOHVWH&DUWD218
7UDWDWHOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHSRDUWGLYHUVHGHQXPLULWUDWDWFRQYHQ LH
DFRUG SDFW FDUW VWDWXW SURWRFRO DUDQMDPHQW HWF VWDWHOH SXWkQG
UHFXUJH OD DFHD GHQXPLUH FDUH UHIOHFW PDL ELQH VHPQLILFD LD
documentului pe care l ncheie.
'H UHJXO XQ WUDWDW LQWHUQD LRQDO FXSULQGH XUPWRDUHOH SU L
preambulul, cupULQVXO GLVSR]LWLYXO SDUWHD ILQDO VHPQWXULOH L
anexele.
7UDWDWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOWUHEXLHVFXSULQGXQHOHHOHPHQWHGHIRQGvQ
UDSRUW GH FDUH VH DSUHFLD] YDOLGLWDWHD VD MXULGLF HOHPHQWH FDUH
FRQVWLWXLHFRQGL LLOHGHYDOLGLWDWHDWUDWDWXOXL
ElementHOH GH IRQG VXQW HOHPHQWH HVHQ LDOH L HOHPHQWH
accesorii.
(OHPHQWHOHHVHQ LDOHDOHXQXLWUDWDWVXQW
a) 3U LOHODWUDWDWWUHEXLHVDLEFDSDFLWDWHDMXULGLFGHDvQFKHLD
WUDWDWHGHFLVILHVXELHFWHGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDO
b) 9RLQ D SU LORU WUHEXLH V ILH OLEHU H[SULPDW 2ULFH DOWHUDUH D
YRLQ HL SU LORU OD vQFKHLHUHD WUDWDWXOXL FRQVWLWXLH YLFLX GH
FRQVLP PkQW 9LFLLOH GH FRQVLP PkQW VXQW GROXO FRUXSHUHD
reprezentantului
unui
stat,
constrngerea
mpotriva
30
e) 7UDWDWXO V ILH JXYHUQDW GH QRUPHOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO V
IDF SDUWH GLQ RUGLQHD MXULGLF LQWHUQD LRQDO L QX GLQ FHD
LQWHUQDVWDWHORU
(OHPHQWHOHDFFHVRULLDOHWUDWDWXOXLVXQWWHUPHQXOLFRQGL LDGH
care depind intrarea n vigoare, respectarea unor clauze sau ncetarea
tratatului.
QFKHLHUHD XQXL WUDWDW LQWHUQD LRQDO FXSULQGH 3 faze: negocierea,
VHPQDUHDLH[SULPDUHDFRQVLP PkQWXOXLVWDWXOXLGHDILSDUWHODWUDWDW
Negocierea tratatului este un proces laborios n care persoanele
vPSXWHUQLFLWHVHSXQGHDFRUGDVXSUDWXWXURUSUREOHPHORUGHQHJRFLDWL
stabilesc textul tratatuOXL3URFHVXOGHQHJRFLHUHVHGHVIRDUvQGRX
HWDSHDFWHOHFXFDUDFWHUSUHOLPLQDULQHJRFLHUHDSURSULX]LV
6HPQDUHD WUDWDWXOXL VH IDFH GH FWUH RUJDQHOH vPSXWHUQLFLWH L
SRDWH DYHD XQD GLQ VHPQLILFD LL YRLQ D SU LORU GH D DFFHSWD FRQ LQXWXO
trataWXOXL L D VH REOLJD V-l respecte, tratatul intrnd n vigoare prin
VHPQDUHD VD RUL QXPDL DXWHQWLILFDUHD WH[WXOXL WUDWDWXOXL GDF DFHVWD
WUHEXLH V LQWUH vQ YLJRDUH SULQWU-R SURFHGXU XOWHULRDU GH H[SULPDUH D
FRQVLP PkQWXOXLVWDWXOXLGHDGHYHQLSDUWH la tratat.
([SULPDUHD FRQVLP PkQWXOXL VWDWXOXL GH D GHYHQL SDUWH OD WUDWDW
VH IDFH SULQ UHFXUJHUHD OD XQXO GLQ XUPWRDUHOH PLMORDFH MXULGLFH
ratificarea, aderarea, acceptarea sau aprobarea tratatului.
Statele care devin parte la un tratat multilateral R SRW IDFH SXU L
simplu, acceptndu-OvQvQWUHJLPHRULSRWIRUPXODUH]HUYHVDXGHFODUD LL
vQ OHJWXU FX XQHOH SUHYHGHUL DOH DFHVWXLD 5H]HUYD DUH XQ FDUDFWHU
MXULGLFH[FOX]kQGSUHYHGHUHDUHVSHFWLYGLQDQJDMDPHQWXOVWDWXOXLFDUH
R IRUPXOHD] LDU GHFODUD LD H[SULP GRDU R DWLWXGLQH SROLWLF
SUHYHGHUHDvQFDX]DQJDMkQGVWDWXOFHIRUPXOHD]GHFODUD LD
7UDWDWHOHELODWHUDOHGHUHJXOvQOLPELOHRILFLDOHDOHVWDWHORUSU LLDU
cele multilaterale ntr-XQDVDXPDLPXOWHOLPELGHFLUFXOD LHXQLYHUVDO
31
TUDWDWHOH YDODELO vQFKHLDWH SURGXF HIHFWH vQWUH SU LOH OD WUDWDW
$FHVWHHIHFWHVHH[SULPvQWUHLSULQFLSLLUHVSHFWDUHDFXEXQFUHGLQ D
WUDWDWHORU QHUHWURDFWLYLWDWHD WUDWDWHORU L HIHFWXO UHODWLY DO WUDWDWHORU
QXPDL vQWUH SU LOH OD WUDWDW LDU ID GH WHU L GRDU FX FDUDFWHU GH
H[FHS LHSHQWUXDQXPLWHFDWHJRULLGHWUDWDWH
3ULQ YRLQ D SU LORU WUDWDWHOH SRW IL PRGLILFDWH GXS SURFHGXUL
similare celor folosite la ncheierea lor.
QFHWDUHD HIHFWHORU WUDWDWHORU DUH ORF GH UHJXO OD H[SLUDUHD
termenXOXLSHQWUXFDUHDXIRVWvQFKHLDWH7UDWDWHOHSRWvQFHWDLvQDLQWH
GHH[SLUDUHDWHUPHQXOXLVDXvQOLSVDXQXLDVHPHQHDWHUPHQSULQYRLQ D
FRPXQDSU LORUGHQXQ DUHDXQLODWHUDOYLRODUHDGLVSR]L LLORUWUDWDWXOXL
GHFWUHXQDGLQSU LVXUYHQLUHDXQRUfapte sau evenimente ulterioare
LGDWRULWLPSRVLELOLW LLH[HFXWULLFODX]HORUWUDWDWXOXLvQFRQGL LLVWDELOLWH
GHGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDO
,QWHUSUHWDUHD WUDWDWXOXL DGLF D IHOXOXL vQ FDUH WUHEXLH V ILH
vQ HOHVH FODX]HOH DFHVWXLD VH IDFH SH SDUFXUVXO DSOLFULL DWXQFL FkQG
DSDU GLYHUJHQ H GH RSLQLL vQWUH SU LOH FRQWUDFWDQWH ,QWHUSUHWDUHD
DXWHQWLF D WUDWDWXOXL HVWH FHD DVXSUD FUHLD FRQYLQ SU LOH GDU
SUHYHGHULOHXQRUWUDWDWHSRWILLQWHUSUHWDWHLGHFWUHLQVWDQ HOHMXGLFLDUH
VDXGHFWUHSHUVRDQHFDOLILFDWHvQFDGUXOLQWHUSUHWULLGRFWULQDUH
,QWHUSUHWDUHDVHIDFHGXSUHJXOLPHWRGHLSUHYHGHULFRQVDFUDWH
GHGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDO
&DSLWROXO;0LMORDFHOHGHVROX LRQDUHSDQLFDGLIHUHQGHORU
LQWHUQD LRQDOH
Diferendul inWHUQD LRQDO HVWH XQ GH]DFRUG DVXSUD XQHL SUREOHPH
GHGUHSWVDXGHIDSWRRSR]L LHGHWH]HMXGLFLDUHVDXGHLQWHUHVHvQWUH
state.
32
33
a) Tratativele (negocierile)
7UDWDWLYHOH FRQVWLWXLH SULQFLSDOD PHWRG GH VROX LRQDUH D RULFURU
diferende sau litigii dintre state prin tratative prevenindu-se ori
rezolvndu-VHFHOHPDLPXOWHGLIHUHQGHLQWHUQD LRQDOH
7UDWDWLYHOH FRQVWLWXLH PHWRGD FHD PDL SX LQ vQFRUVHWDW GH GHWDOLL
procedurale, caracterizndu-VH SULQ VXSOH H RSHUDWLYLWDWH L R PDUH
HILFDFLWDWH vQ FXWDUHD GH VROX LL SULQWU-XQ JUDG UHGXV GH IRUPDOLVP L
FDSDFLWDWHGHDGDSWDUHODGLYHUVLWDWHDVLWXD LLORUFRQIOLFWXDOHFDUHDSDUvQ
SODQXOUHOD LLORULQWHUQD LRQDOH
Q DFHODL WLPS WUDWDWLYHOH FRQVWLWXLH VLQJXUD PHWRG FDUH VH
GHVIRDUvQvQWUHJLPHvQWUHSU LOHLPSOLFDWHSULQFRQIUXQWDUHDGLUHFW
DSR]L LHLSU LORUFDUHSRWDGRSWDRDWLWXGLQHPDLIOH[LELOLSRWSVWUD
VHFUHWXO GLVFX LLORU vQOWXUkQGX-VH PDL XRU H[DJHUULOH L IDOVHOH
VXVFHSWLELOLW L L HYLGHQ LLQGX-se mai pregnant punctele de acord ntre
pU L
b) Bunele oficii
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de a pune n contact sau a restabili contactele ntre respectivele state.
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34
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asupra modului de rezolvare a diferendului.
d) Ancheta
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e) Concilierea
Concilierea este metoda prin care un diferend este examinat de o
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35
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a)ArbitrajulLQWHUQD LRQDO
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numit compromis, n care se stabilesc obiectul concret al diferendului,
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Tribunalul arbitral se compune dintr-XQ QXPU LPSDU GH PHPEUL
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neutru.
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aflate n diferend.
36
LQWHUQD LRQDOVUHFXUJODDQXPLWHPLMORDFHGHFRQWUkQJHUHFRQVWkQG
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O.N.U.
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vQOWXUDUHD DFWHORU GH DJUHVLXQH L D XUPULORU DFHVWRUD UHSXQHUHD vQ
GUHSWXULDFHOXLOH]DWLSUHYHQLUHDXQRUQRLvQFOFUL
38
39
40
7RDWH DFHVWH UHJOHPHQWUL DX IRVW UHDILUPDWH OD *HQHYD vQ
SULQ GRX SURWRFRDOH DGL LRQDOH FDUH VH UHIHU OD SURWHF ia victimelor
FRQIOLFWHORU DUPDWH LQWHUQD LRQDOH , UHVSHFWLY DOH FRQIOLFWHORU DUPDWH
IUFDUDFWHULQWHUQD LRQDO,,
$OWH LQVWUXPHQWH MXULGLFH FRQYHQ LRQDOH UHJOHPHQWHD] DVSHFWH
particulare ale dreptului conflictelor armate, n special n domeniul
LQWHU]LFHULL VDX OLPLWULL IRORVLULL DQXPLWRU FDWHJRULL GH DUPH VDX PHWRGH
GHOXSW
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s-a limitat folosirea.
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laser, armele incendiare, proiectilele cu schije nelocalizabile, tehnicile
de modificare a mediului n scopuri militare.
42
43
a) AgresiuneDDUPDW
Statutul Tribunalului de la Nrenberg considera drept crime contra
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44
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de agresiune:
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DUPDWH DOH DOWXL VWDW VDX RULFH RFXSD LH PLOLWDU FKLDU
WHPSRUDU UH]XOWkQG GLQWU-o asemenea invazie sau dintr-un
DVHPHQHDDWDFSUHFXPLRULFHDQH[DUHSULQIRORVLUHDIRU HLD
WHULWRULXOXLVDXDXQHLSU LDWeritoriului altui stat;
- ERPEDUGDUHDGHFWUHIRU HOHDUPDWHDOHXQXLVWDWDWHULWRULXOXL
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teritoriului altui stat;
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armate ale altui stat;
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IRU HORUDUPDWHDDOWXLVWDW
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stabilite prin acord VDXH[WLQGHUHDSUH]HQ HLORUGXSH[SLUDUHD
acordului;
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45
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46
b) &ULPHOHVYkULWHSULQYLRODUHDUHJXOLORUGHvQWUHEXLQ DUHD
XQRUPLMORDFHLPHWRGHGHOXSW: atacurile dirijate mpotriva
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de modificare a mediului; utilizarea anumitor tipuri de arme
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,QIUDF LXQL LQWHUQD LRQDOH FRPLVH GH FWUH SHUVRDQH
particulare
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48