RCC Box Culvert - Methodology and Designs Including Computer Method

Paper No.
555
RCC BOX CULVERT - METHODOLOGY AND

DESIGNS INCLUDING COMPUTER METHOD
B.N. Sinha* & R.P. Sharma**
ABSTRACT
Culverts are required to be provided under earth embankment for crossing of water course like streams, Nallas
across the embankment as road embankment can not be allowed to obstruct the natural water way. The culverts
are also required to balance the flood water on both sides of earth embankment to reduce flood level on one side
of road thereby decreasing the water head consequently reducing the flood menace. Culverts can be of different
shapes such as arch, slab and box. These can be constructed with different material such as masonry (brick, stone
etc) or reinforced cement concrete.
Since culvert pass through the earthen embankment, these are subjected to same traffic loads as the road carries
and therefore, required to be designed for such loads. This Paper deals with box culverts made of RCC, with and
without cushion. The size, invert level, layout etc. are decided by hydraulic considerations and site conditions.
The cushion depends on road profile at the culvert location. The scope of this Paper has been further restricted
to the structural design of box. The structural design involves consideration of load cases (box empty, full, surcharge loads etc.) and factors like live load, effective width, braking force, dispersal of load through fill, impact
factor, co-efficient of earth pressure etc. Relevant IRC Codes are required to be referred. The structural elements
are required to be designed to withstand maximum bending moment and shear force. The Paper provides full
discussions on the provisions in the Codes, considerations and justification of all the above aspects on design.
Proper design covering these aspects has also been given in the Annexure. To our knowledge, these matters have
neither been covered in any text book nor in any special publication at one place.
1
INTRODUCTION
It is well known that roads are generally constructed

in embankment which come in the way of natural flow
of storm water (from existing drainage channels). As,
such flow cannot be obstructed and some kind of cross
drainage works are required to be provided to allow
water to pass across the embankment. The structures to
accomplish such flow across the road are called culverts,
small and major bridges depending on their span which
in turn depends on the discharge. The culvert cover upto
waterways of 6 m (IRC:5-19981) and can mainly be of
two types, namely, box or slab. The box is one which
has its top and bottom slabs monolithically connected
to the vertical walls. In case of a slab culvert the top
slab is supported over the vertical walls (abutments/
piers) but has no monolithic connection between them.
A box culvert can have more than single cell and can be
placed such that the top slab is almost at road level and
there is no cushion. A box can also be placed within

the embankment where top slab is few meters below the
road surface and such boxes are termed with cushion.
The size of box and the invert level depend on the
hydraulic requirements governed by hydraulic designs.
The height of cushion is governed by the road profile
at the location of the culvert. This Paper is devoted to
box culverts constructed in reinforced concrete having
one, two or three cells and varying cushion including no
cushion. The main emphasis is on the methodology of
design which naturally covers the type of loading as per
relevant IRC Codes and their combination to produce
the worst effect for a safe structure. The IS:1893-1984
(Clause 6.1.3) provide that box culverts need not be
designed for earthquake forces, hence no earthquake
forces are considered. Although box of maximum three
cells has been discussed but in practice a box culvert can
have more cells depending on the requirements at site.
Culverts are provided to allow water to pass through
* General Manager
ICT Pvt. Ltd., A-9, Green Park, New Delhi 110 016,
e-mail : bnsinha@ictonline.com
** General Manager
e-mail : rpsharma@ictonline.com
Written comments on this paper are invited and will be received upto 5 November 2009.
Journal of the Indian Roads Congress, October-December 2009
190
Sinha & Sharma on
the embankment and follow natural course of flow but

these are also provided to balance the water level on both
sides of embankment during floods, such culverts are
termed as balancers (IRC:78-2000), although there is no
difference in the design. Sometimes the road alignment
may cross a stream at an angle other than right angle,
in such situation a skew culvert may be provided. For
a smaller span there would be no difference in the
design of culvert but it may require an edge beam and
the layout of wing walls will have to be planned as per
skew angle.
For a box culvert, the top slab is required to withstand
dead loads, live loads from moving traffic, earth pressure
on sidewalls, water pressure from inside, and pressure
on the bottom slab besides self weight of the slab. The
structure is designed like a rigid frame considering one
meter element and adopting moment distribution method
for obtaining final distributed moments on the basis of
the relative stiffness of the slab and vertical walls. The
method is well known and does not need any elucidation.
The mid span moments are computed with free supported
ends and adjusting it for moments at support obtained
after distribution. The moments at center and supports
for slabs and walls are obtained for various combination
of loads and the member is designed for the maximum
moment it may be subjected to. Also the shear force at
a distance of effective depth from the face of wall and
shear stresses it produces in the section is considered in
the design. A few things like coefficient of earth pressure
for lateral pressure on walls, effective width (run of
culvert) for live loads and applicability of braking force
on box without cushion (or little cushion) for structural
deformation are important items where opinion of the
designers vary and need to be dealt in much detail. These
affect the design significantly and therefore, required to
be assessed correctly for designing a safe structure. It is
customary to consider box a rigid frame and unit length
of box is taken for design by considering the effect of
all forces acting on this unit length (generally 1.0 m of
box). While calculating weight of cushion on top slab,
some designer take average height of earth fill coming
over full length of box including sloping side fill. This
is not correct and full height of cushion should be taken
at the worst section of the box (central portion) will
be subjected to this load and the section needs to be
designed accordingly.
A question has been raised frequently whether culverts
designed for four lane divided carriageway are safe
for more number of lanes, a situation which occurs on

widening of the road and frequently encountered for
road development, and whether the culvert designed for
no cushion shall be safe for cushion loads which may
become a necessity at a future date due to change in road
profile. If so, up to what height of cushion, the box need
not be reconstructed. These shall be addressed in this
Paper giving appropriate solutions as required.
Box culvert has many advantages compared to slab
culvert or arch culvert. The box is structurally strong,
stable and safe and easy to construct. The main
advantage is, it can be placed at any elevation within the
embankment with varying cushion which is not possible
for other type of culverts. A multi cell box can cater for
large discharge and can be accommodated within smaller
height of embankment. It does not require separate
elaborate foundation and can be placed on soft soil by
providing suitable base slab projection to reduce base
pressure within the safe bearing capacity of foundation
soil. Bearings are not needed. It is convenient to extend
the existing culvert in the event of widening of the
carriageway at a later date as per future requirement,
without any problem of design and/or construction.
2
CO-EFFICIENT OF EARTH PRESSURE
The earth can exert pressure, minimum as active and

maximum as passive, or in between called pressure at rest.
It depends on the condition obtained at site (Terzaghi4
and Gulati5). For example in case of a retaining wall
where the wall is free to yield and can move away from
the earth fill the pressure exerted by the earth shall tend
to reach active state and thus be minimum. As to reach
active state only a small movement is required which
can normally be achieved in case of a retaining wall,
also before failure of the wall by tilting, the back fill is
bound to reach active state. The wall thus can safely be
designed for active pressure of earth, with co-efficient
applicable for active pressure. In case of an anchored
bulk head, the earth pressure on the anchor plate will
tend to achieve passive state because the anchor plate
is dragged against earth and large displacement can be
allowed, one can consider passive co-efficient for the
design of anchor, of course, some factor of safety need be
taken as required displacement to achieve passive state
before the bulk head gives way may not be practical. In
cases where the structure is constructed before back fill
earth is placed in position and the situation is such that
structure is not in a position to yield on either side, the
earth pressure shall reach a state at rest. In such situation
Rcc Box Culvert- Methodology and Designs Including Computer Method

the co-efficient of earth pressure shall be more than
the active condition. In case of box since it is confined
with earth from both sides the state of earth shall be at
rest and a co-efficient more than the active pressure is
normally adopted in the design. The earth is filled after
construction of the box further the box is not in a position
to move/yield therefore the pressure shall be at rest. The
value is designers choice.
The co-efficient of earth pressure in case of box is
taken to be 0.333 for a soil having = 30 equivalent
to active condition by many authors in their books of
design. Some authors take this value = 0.5 for normal
soil having = 30. A typical box has been designed
keeping all factors to be same for the two values of earth
pressure co-efficient. It is seen that these co-efficient
even when taken differently have little effect on the
over all design of the section. To bring out difference
in more appreciable form the two designs are compared
in Table 1. (refer Annex A and Annex B). It is observed
that difference in design of culvert without cushion
is marginal. However, box with cushion shows more
difference.
Considering the situation typical to the box, it is close
to at rest condition and a co-efficient higher than active
pressure should be taken. For practical considerations
a value of 0.5 can be taken for earth pressure. Whereas,
there is no point of difference in taking this value for
culverts with cushion, some reservations are shown
where braking force is taken to act on culverts without
cushion, where the box is assumed to deform pressing
against the fill earth on one side and the pressure can be
different on two sides, at least it may tend to be active
on the side the box is tilting away from the fill. In design
this difference of earth pressure on two sides of box is
not taken, as the pressure on the passive side, which
depends on amount of deformation of culvert, can not
be evaluated within reasonable limits. However, the
earth pressure on both sides of box before and after
191
deformation can be assumed to be at rest/active pressure

as the earth pressure co-efficient has little over all effect
on the structural sizes of box members as already shown
in Table 1 and explained under sub para 2 above. For
A,B,C & D refer Annex A.
3
EFFECTIVE WIDTH
Effective width in the run of culvert (length across span)

is expected to be affected by a moving live load. This
width plays a significant role as far as consideration of
live load in the design of culvert. Where however, there
is large cushion the live load gets dispersed on a very
large area through the fill and the load per unit area
becomes less and does not remain significant for the
design of box, particularly in comparison to the dead
load due to such large cushion. In case of dead load or
uniform surcharge load the effective width has no role
to play and such loads are to be taken over the entire
area for the design.
Effective width plays an important role for box without
cushion as the live load becomes the main load on the
top slab and to evaluate its effects per unit run for design
as a rigid frame, this load is required to be divided by
the effective width. As such evaluating effective width
correctly is of importance. The relevant IRC Codes,
other Codes, books, theory/concepts are at variance
as far as effective width is concerned and requires
discussions at some length.
It is required to understand the concept behind effective
width. Basically, it is the width of slab perpendicular to
the span which is affected by the load placed on the top
of slab. It shall be related to the area of slab expected
to deform under load. It can be well imagined that this
area of slab which may get affected will depend on how
the slab is supported whether in one direction or both
directions and secondly on the condition of support that
is whether free or continuous or partially or fully fixed.
It can also be imagined that the width shall be larger if
Table 1 Comparison of Moment in kN.m for different Earth Pressure Co-efficient keeping all other
parameters same
Box Designation
Member
Support A&B
Support C&D
Mid-span AB
Mid-span DC
[1/3 x 3/ 5]
Ka = 0.333
71.3
83.8
80.5
85.5
[1/3 x 3/ 0]
Ka = 0.5
82.5
95.5
69.3
79.3
Ka = 0.333
115.8
79.1
90.9
52.2
Ka = 0.5
119.9
83.6
86.9
47.7
192
Sinha & Sharma on
slab is allowed to slide over support under the load as

in case of freely supported, and the same will reduce if
the slab is restrained from sliding and more the restraint
the less shall be the width. In this view the effective
width shall be least for fully fixed and gradually increase
for partially fixed, increase further for continuous slab
and shall reach maximum for slabs freely supported at
ends. Where support on one side is different than on
the other side the effective width should be obtained
taking this fact in consideration. The distance of the load
from the near support affects effective width, more the
distance larger will be the effective width and will reach
highest when the load is at center. The ratio of breadth
(unsupported edges) and the span also affects effective
width. All factors mentioned above need to be taken
into account while obtaining the effective width.
The live load moment and shear for the top slab can be
obtained per unit run of box considering effective width
for an assessed value of . For the bottom slab the live
load shall disperse through the walls and such dispersed
area could over lap for different wheels, therefore,
a uniform distributed load per unit run of box could
be obtained on this basis and used in the analysis. In
other words the effect of live load on bottom slab shall
be as in case of large cushion for top slab explained
under sub para 1. As far as walls are concerned the
loads are uniform and pressure etc all are same per unit
run of culvert and effective width has no role to play.
The braking force acts on the box structure and taking
effective width for top slab different than bottom slab
shall make the analysis cumbersome and may not be
practical. The AASHTO also advocates dispersal for
bottom slab. Jaikrishna and O.P. Jain8 in his book has
considered dispersal of live load through walls for
bottom slab at 45. However, the MORT&H7 Standard
design do not tally with this provision.
The IRC:21-20006 Clause 305.16 gives an equation

for obtaining effective width for simply supported and
continuous slab for different ratio of over all width verses
span for these two kinds of supports. The Code does not
The AASHTO9 for Standard Specifications for Highway
provide if one of the support is continuous while other is
Bridges 17th Edition 2002, provides at para 16.6.4.3
simply supported. The Code is silent for other types of
under RCC Box that The width of top slab strip used
supports such as fixed or partially fixed. Some designers
for distribution of concentrated wheel loads may be
use this formula and factors for continuous slab is taken
increased by twice the box height and used for the
valid for partially restrained support in a situation like
distribution of loads to the bottom slab. This confirms
box culvert. This does not appear to be in order. The
what is mentioned in sub para 5 and is alright. However,
reasons for this can be better realized by the explanations
any such dispersal for bottom slab different than top
given in sub para 3 above. Nevertheless, effective width
slab shall not be practical when braking force effect is
need to be obtained in box type structure also to evaluate
to be taken, which shall have to be for the same run of
affected area by moving load for considering these in
the box structure as a whole (refer para 4).
the design. The design of a typical box of designation
[1/3x3/0] has been done by obtaining effective width
4 BRAKING FORCE
considering varying value of such as 2.6, 2.0, 1.0, 0.9,
This is another area where opinion of the designers vary
0.8 & 0 (Table 2). The moment and consequently the
in two ways firstly, whether braking force caused by
main reinforcement varies significantly with value of ,
moving loads shall deform the box structure and should
the amount of reinforcement increases with decreasing.
therefore be considered in the design of box. Secondly,
This is because smaller gives smaller effective
if it is to be considered what effective width should be
width and, therefore, more moment and shear per unit
taken to obtain force and moment per unit run of box. Of
length (run) of box, as all other dimensions are same
course the braking force will affect the global stability
reinforcement increases with decrease in value of . It
and change the base pressure to some extent. The IRC
is further observed that MORT&H7 provision in their
Code is silent as far as box is concerned. It will be in
standard drawings for a similar culvert and situation falls
order to neglect effect of braking force on box having
between value 0 to 1.0. This also indicates that taking
large cushion. In such situation the braking effect will
value of equivalent to that for continuous slab given
be absorbed by the cushion itself and no force will be
in IRC:21-20006 shall not be correct for box structure. It
transmitted to the box beneath. Question will, however,
may be seen that considering any value for shall affect
arise up to what cushion height no braking force need
mainly the top slab. Bottom slab due to dispersal through
be taken. This height generally is taken to be 3 m. Thus
walls and box with cushion due to dispersal through fill
no braking force for cushion height of 3 m and more
to even the top slab, are not affected much.
and full braking force for no cushion, for intermediate
193
Table 2 Shows Moment and Reinforcement for Different Values of Keeping other Parameters Constant as
given here: Box [1/3x3/ 0], Ka = 0.5, steel = Fe 415, concrete = M25, thickness of slabs and walls = 420 mm,
Concrete Unit Weight=24 kN/m3, Soil Unit Weight=18 kN/m3 , Wearing Course Weight = 2 kN/m
Moment in kN.m.
Design
values
Mab
(Support)
0
119.8
0.8
86.4
0.9
83.1
1.0
80.4
2.0
65.0
2.6
59.8
Standard
Standard
As per
design
design
Standard
design of compares provide only
MORTHS with values reinforcement as
between
shown
= 0 to 1
As per
design
carried out
Area of reinforcement in mm
Mdc
(Support)
Mab
(Midspan)
83.6
72.3
70.9
67.0
64.5
62.8
_
87.0
61.3
58.9
56.8
45.2
41.2
_
heights of cushion the braking force can be interpolated.

There is no literature on this aspect and the Code is also
not specific for box, however, IRC:6-200010 Clause
211.7 mentions that no effect be taken at 3 m below
bed block in case of bridge pear/abutment. Our further
discussions shall be on box without cushion as far as
braking force is concerned.
Braking force by the moving loads on top slab of box
having no cushion shall act on the box structure and
shall deform the box. The question is what length of box
can be considered to share this braking force. In another
words what effective width of box shall be taken to obtain
braking force per unit run of box. One way is to take the
effective width of box same as considered for vertical
effect of moving loads, discussed under para 3 above.
The arguments in favor of this is the same which holds
for effective width for vertical deformation of top slab
under moving loads. Vertical effect as well as braking
effect both are product of the same loads and can affect
the same run of box. In absence of specific provision
in Codes in this regard the same effective width can be
taken for both effects for the design of box.
Mdc
Support Support
(MidA&B
D&C
span)
Mab
(Midspan)
Mdc
(Midspan)
47.7
54
43.6
46.4
41.69
41.1
_
1331.4
938.1
901.8
870.7
692.8
630.4
1005.3
1422.8
887.6
717.8
726.4
685.8
676.2
1570.8
1834.8
1322.6
1272.0
1231.3
995.2
916.0
1398
1375.3
1189.1
1166.4
1102.1
1051.4
1033.6
1398
The box is considered a rigid frame for analysis and

design. The braking force can be taken to act on the top
junction of the box causing moment at fixed ends of both
walls and the top and bottom slabs having zero fixed end
moments (IRC:6-200010 Clause 214.7). The moment
distribution is carried out and distributed moments are
obtained at supports. This moment shall be added to the
maximum moment under different conditions for other
loads to get final design moments at supports. It may
be mentioned here that the mid span moments are not
affected by braking force moments as the same being
zero at mid span even after distribution. Also braking
force can act in either direction hence the moment
at junctions can reverse in sign and thus needs to be
arithmetically added to moments due to vertical effect
of loads for the design.
It is seen that box without cushion if designed ignoring
braking force effect gives smaller thickness and very
less reinforcement compared to the MORT&H7 standard
designs for similar culvert. In case of 2 m x 2 m box the
distributed moment at junctions works out to about 60%
if braking force is not considered, consequently gives
Sinha & Sharma on
194
lesser thickness and reinforcements. In case of box of

size 6 m x 6 m the braking force effect if not taken gives
lesser moment say around 30% less (Table 3). That is for
larger size of box the effect of braking force becomes
lesser. It, therefore, suggests that for smaller size box
braking force effect has to be taken in design. When,
however, the size is big the braking force will affect the
design marginally. In all cases for box without cushion
braking force need to be considered in the design.
5
IMPACT OF LIVE LOAD
Moving loads create impact when these move over the

deck slab (top slab). The impact depends on the class
and type of load. The IRC:6-2000 Code gives formula to
obtain impact factor for different kind of loads by which
the live load is to be increased to account for impact.
The box without cushion where the top slab will be
subjected to impact is required to be designed for live
loads including such impact loads. Any such impact is
not supposed to act on box with cushion. Hence no such
impact factor shall be considered for box with cushion.
The impact by its very nature is not supposed to act at
lower depth and no impact is considered for the bottom
slab of the box. It does not affect the vertical walls of
the box and not considered in the design.
The IRC:6-200010, Code Clause 211.7 specifies that

for calculating pressure on the bearings and on the
top surface of the bed blocks, full value of appropriate
impact percentage be allowed. But for design of pier,
abutment below the level of bed block, the appropriate
impact percentage shall be multiplied by the factor given
therein. Accordingly, the impact is to be reduced to 50%
below bed block and zero at 3 m below, proportionately
reducing between this height. Although these provisions
are for bridges but can be applied in case of box structure
in absence of any specific provision in the Code for box
in this regard.
The AASHTO9 at para 3.8.1.2 specifies that impact
shall not be included for culverts having 1m or more
cover. This, however, will be on lower side compared
to considering zero impact for a cover (cushion) of 3 m.
It is, therefore, suggested that considering full impact
on top slab without cushion and zero impact for 3m
cushion and interpolating impact load for intermediate
height of cushion is on conservative side and can be
safely adopted.
6
SHEAR STRESS
The box is designed for maximum moment for its

concrete section and reinforcements. It is checked for
Table 3 Comparison of Designs without Braking Force with the Design when Braking Force is Considered
Culvert
Designation
Location
Moment with
braking force, in
kN.m.
Moment without
braking force, in
kN.m.
Reinforcement
with braking force
in mm
Reinforcement
without braking
force in mm
Standard Design
Reinforcement in
mm
[1/6 x 6/ 0]
[1/2 x 2/ 0]
Support
A
Support
D
Mid AB
Mid CD
Support
A
Support
D
Mid AB
Mid CD
390
286
244.5
165.2
44
27
42.8
19
301
184
244.5
165.2
27.5
42.8
19
3378
2187
2118
1263
835
504
813
355
2607
1407
2118
1263
522
149
813
355
2576
3142
3020
2576
1118
1118
804
804

shear at the critical section and if it exceeds permissible
shear stress for the size of section; mix of concrete and
percentage of reinforcements, the section has to be
increased to bring shear stress within the permissible
limit. Alternatively, the reinforcement can be increased
to increase allowable shear strength. The third option is
to provide stirrups to counter excess shear stress. This
may have to be adopted in situation where thickness
of slab cannot be increased due to certain restrictions.
The top and bottom slabs are needed to be checked
for shear. The vertical walls carry much less loads and
shall be normally safe in shear, therefore, there is no
need to check in shear. To make safe in shear one or
any combination of increasing size, increasing tension
reinforcement and/or providing shear stirrups can be
adopted.
It is important to note that IRC:21-20006 under Clause
304.7.1 has given table 12B. Permissible shear stress in
Concrete for checking section for shear stress. The values
given here have been drastically reduced compared to
similar provision in previous Codes and practices. It is
observed that the shear may govern the design of the
section, in particular, box with large cushion.
Critical section for shear is the section at effective depth
from the face of support (face of wall). The effective
depth is the distance of center of tension reinforcement
from the extreme compression face. Where, however,
haunch is provided, an extra depth due to haunch within
a slope of 1V:3H can be considered to increase the
effective depth (IRC:21-20006 Clause 305.5.3). This
should be taken into account while deciding the critical
section. However, for shear stress at the critical section,
the effective depth only without effect of haunch be
taken.
195
away from the face of wall, the distance where the

shear force becomes equal to shear capacity of section
(without shear reinforcement) is obtained. The shear
reinforcement shall be provided up to this distance on
both sides of box from near wall. The design at annexure
will further elucidate this.
The box is to be safe in bending as well as in shear. The
box can be designed for maximum shear and checked for
bending, particularly where shear is expected to govern
the design as for box having large cushion. However, the
tension reinforcement has to be provided for the bending
moment in any case.
7
DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENTS
The Code IRC:21-20006, in Clause 305.18 provides

for distribution reinforcements. The distribution
reinforcement shall be such as to produce a resisting
moment in direction perpendicular to the span equal
to 0.3 times the moment due to concentrated live loads
plus 0.2 times the moment due to other loads such as
dead load, shrinkage, temperature etc.
In box, moment due to live loads and dead loads
are obtained considering both the loads together. It,
therefore, becomes cumbersome to separate these
two moments to apply above provision of the Code
to calculate distribution reinforcements. To make it
convenient and easy a combined factor for both the
loads, based on weighted average in proportion of their
magnitude, can be worked out to apply for the design.
This has been adopted in the typical design provided
in Annexure.
8
LOAD CASES FOR DESIGN
Mainly three load cases govern the design. These are

In situation when the section is required to be provided
given below (Ramamurtham11)
with shear reinforcement which otherwise is not safe
in shear and only this option is to be adopted, the shear
a) Box empty, live load surcharge on top slab of box
capacity of the section based on permissible shear stress,
and superimposed surcharge load on earth fill.
which is based on percentage of tension reinforcement
b) Box inside full with water, live load surcharge on
and concrete mix, is obtained. Shear capacity of
top slab and superimposed surcharge load on earth
section is deducted from the shear force obtained at
fill.
critical section and shear reinforcement is calculated
for the balance shear force and accordingly provided
c) Box inside full with water, live load surcharge on
in addition to other steel. It is obvious that such shear
top slab and no superimposed surcharge on earth
reinforcement shall be required for the whole length of
fill.
box but the distance along the span from the face of wall
The above mentioned load cases are to be examined for
up to which these shear reinforcement is to be provided
box with cushion and without cushion. In case of box
shall have to be calculated. As the shear is reducing
Sinha & Sharma on
196
without cushion live load surcharge shall straightway be

considered to act on the top slab, of course with dispersal
through wearing coat and slab thickness as applicable.
In case of box with cushion the live load surcharge
is supposed to disperse through such cushion in both
direction thereby reducing intensity of load on top slab.
This shall be obtained for heaviest live load wheel,
generally 70R(T) vehicle, with due restrictions due to
several wheels placed simultaneously. One question
arises that with increase in cushion height, live load
intensity decreases and eventually falls below the value
equivalent to load of 1.2 m height of earth fill, in this case
which of the two that is the actual dispersed live load
or superimposed load equivalent to 1.2 m height of fill
which is more, shall be taken. The answer is dispersed
live load even if it is lower, should be taken. This is
because the highest value of live load has been taken to
obtain this load and no live load can be expected higher
than this. This also explains the fact that with increase
in cushion the live load intensity will decrease which
is natural compared to taking superimposed surcharge
load equivalent to 1.2 m of fill at a constant rate for all
cushion heights. Further the superimposed live load
equivalent to 1.2 m of fill is a very general provision
and shall be adopted where it is not practical to obtain
actual live load more accurately as in case of earth
retaining structures.
AASHTO9 provides varying superimposed surcharge
load on earth embankment to consider Equivalent Height
of Soil for Vehicular Loading. Table 3.11.6.4-1 and Table

3.11.6.4-2 give height of earth fill for Equivalent Height
of Soil for Vehicular Loading. This is in conformity
with varying live load surcharge explained in sub para
2 above.
9
DESIGN OF TYPICAL BOX
Based on the above discussions and clarifications

design of a typical box covering all above mentioned
points are presented as Annexure. The box of 3 m x 3 m
without cushion and with 5 m cushion have been given.
Various load cases have been given for the maximum
design moments. The box has also been checked in
shear and shear reinforcement provided as required.
The relevant parameters are mentioned in the design.
Detailed design of single cell box culvert with and
without cushion have been given. Basically, there is
no difference in design of multi cell box having two,
three or more cells. The bending moment is obtained by
moment distribution considering all the cells together
for different combination of loading and design of
section accomplished for final bending moments for that
member. Shear force and resulting shear stress have to
be checked for members independently as done in case
of single cell. A drawing furnishing details of the box
based on detailed design and general arrangement for
site of work as usually required for construction has also
been given as Annex D.
Table 4 Moment and Shear values by Manual Calculation and STAAD. Pro.
Item
Bending
Moment
(kNm)
Location
Support
Mid span
Shear
Force
(kN)
At deff from support for slabs

At deff from top slab for wall
At deff from bottom slab for wall
Members
By Manual
Calculation
Computer
Output by
STAAD.Pro
MAB,MBA,
MAD, MBC
82.50
83.05
MDC,MCD,
MDA, MCB
95.52
94.66
69.32
69.99
79.34
81.70
A&B
15.06
112.93
15.22
113.88
D&C
A&B
D&C
133.06
76.51
78.40
102.46
75.95
78.96
MAB, MBA
MDC, MCD,
MAD, MBC
Remarks

The design of the single cell box of size 3 m x 3 m with
5 m cushion have also been done by using STAAD. Pro
computer software and moment and shear as obtained
are compared with that calculated by manual method
of design. These are given in Table 4. It is seen that
they compare well. The design of box can, therefore,
be carried out by STAAD. Pro as well. Input data sheet,
bending moment diagram and shear force diagram as
obtained by STAAD. Pro are given in the Paper at
Annex C. The analysis part to get these design moment
and shear values for relevant members which runs in
number of pages, is not given in the Paper as it will add to
the length without serving much purpose. The STAAD.
Pro is well known computer software commonly used.
Box without cushion
Annex A
Box with cushion
Annex B
Design of box with

cushion by STAAD.Pro.
Annex C
Drawing of the box culverts

for construction purposes
Annex D
10
i)
CONCLUSIONS
Box for cross drainage works across high
embankments has many advantages compared to
a slab culvert.
ii) It is easy to add length in the event of widening of

the road.
iii) Box is structurally very strong, rigid and safe.
iv) Box does not need any elaborate foundation and can
easily be placed over soft foundation by increasing
base slab projection to retain base pressure within
safe bearing capacity of ground soil.
v) Box of required size can be placed within the
embankment at any elevation by varying cushion.
This is not possible in case of slab culvert.
vi) Right box can be used for flow of water in skew
direction by increasing length or providing edge
beam around the box and it is not necessary to
design skew box.
vii) Easy to construct, practically no maintenance, can
have multi-cell to match discharge within smaller
height of embankment.
viii) Small variation in co-efficient of earth pressure has
197
little influence on the design of box particularly

without cushion.
ix) For culverts without cushion (or little cushion)
taking effective width as per provision in
IRC:21-2000 corresponding to for continuous
slab shall not be correct. It is likely to provide
design moments and shear on lower side hence
not safe.
x) For box without cushion braking force is required
to be considered particularly for smaller span
culverts. Further for distribution of braking force
effects the same effective width as applicable for
vertical application of live load shall be considered.
If braking force is not considered or distributed
over the whole length of box (not restricted within
the effective width) the design shall be unsafe.
xi) It may be seen that affects effective width,
mainly applicable for the top slab (particularly
for box without cushion) and braking force. As
regards bottom slab and top and bottom slabs of
box with cushion due to dispersal of loads either
through walls or through fills effective width loses
its applicability.
xii) The design of box is covered by three load cases
dealt in this paper. The forth situation when whole
box is submerged under water, provide design
moments etc less than given by the three load cases
hence need not be considered.
xiii) The design of box with cushion done by STAAD.
Pro computer software compares very close to
manual design.
11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are thankful to ICT Pvt. Ltd. A-8, Green Park,
New Delhi-110 016 for using its appliances to bring
this paper to the present shape. They are grateful to
Shri A.D. Narain, Executive Director, ICT for his help
in going through the Paper and giving suggestions for
improvements. They are also thankful to S/Shri Jetendra
Kumar Arya and Harjot Singh, Deputy Managers
(Highways) for preparing AUTOCAD drawings and
Mrs. Sonia Kumar, Deputy Manager(IT) for formatting
and typing.
198
Sinha & Sharma on
REFERENCES
1.
IRC:5-1998, Standard Specifications and Code of

Practice for Road Bridges, Section I.
2.
IS:1893-1984, Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design

of Structures, Fourth Revision.
3.

Practice for Road Bridges, Section VII, Foundation
and Substructure.
4.
Terzaghi and Karl, Theoretical Soil Mechanics, John

Wiley and Sons, ING. Tenth Printing, 1962.
5.
Gulhati, Shashi K. and Datta, Manoj, Geotechnical

Engineering, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limited, 2005.
6.

Practice for Road Bridges, Section III.
7.
MORT&H (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways),

Standard Drawings for Box Cell Culverts, New Delhi,
2000.
8.
Krishna, Jai and Jain, O.P., Plain and Reinforced

Concrete, Volume II, Nem Chand & Bros., Roorkee
(U.P.), 1966.
9.
AASHTO (American Association of State Highways

and Transportation Officials), Standard Specifications
for Highway Bridges, 17th Edition, 2002.
10. IRC:6-2000, Standard Specifications and Code of

Practice for Road Bridges, Section II.
11. Ramamurtham, S., Design of Reinforced Concrete
Structures, Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company, Tenth
Edition, 1985.
199
ANNEX A
(Para 2)
RCC BOX CULVERT, DESIGNATION: [1/3 x 3/0]
1

SALIENT FEATURES
Clear span
3 m
Clear height
3 m
Top slab thickness
0.42 m
Bottom slab thickness
0.42 m
Side wall thickness
0.42 m
Unit weight of concrete
24 kN/m3
Unit weight of earth
18 kN/m3
Unit weight of water
10 kN/m3
Co-efficient of earth pressure at rest
0.5
Total cushion on top
0.0 m
Thickness of wearing coat
0.065 m
Carriageway
8 lane divided
Concrete grade
M25 = 25 Mpa
Steel grade
Fe 415 = 415 Mpa
Sc (Concrete)
8.33 Mpa
St (Steel)
200 Mpa
Modular ratio
10
n (for depth of neutral axis)
0.294
j (for effective depth)
0.902
k (for moment of resistance)
1.105 Mpa
All dimensions are in meter unless
mentioned otherwise.
All moments are in kN. m and shear force
in kN unless mentioned otherwise.
Fig.1 Cross Section of Box (All dimensions are in m)
LOAD CALCULATION
and position of load shall be as under:
2.1 Top Slab

2.1.1 Dead Load

(a) Weight of wearing course

= 0.065 x 22 = 1.43 kN/m
Adopt minimum of 2 kN/m as per MOST

Specification
(b) Self weight of top slab

= 0.42 x 24
= 10.08 kN/m
(c) Total
= 12.08 kN/m
2.1.2 Live Load
Fig. 2 Dispersal under Class 70R (T) One Track

(All dimensions are in m)
Dispersal perpendicular to span

= 0.84 + 2 x 0.065
= 0.97 m
Dispersal in span direction

= 4.57 + 2t +2d = 4.57 + 0.13 = 4.70 m
Consider moving load of 70R(T). The dispersal
Sinha & Sharma on
200
Note :
1) Since the length of wheel is more than total width

of box at top that is 3.84 m further dispersal by
2d shall not be possible, hence not taken. In case
where the length of load is less than the width of
box but works out more when 2d is added, the
dispersed length shall be restricted to top width of
box.
2) As the load of wheel after dispersal does not over
lap, both wheels need to be taken separately.
3) For dispersal refer IRC:21-2000 Clause
305.16.3.
4) Impact as per IRC:6-2000 Clause 211 shall be
taken.
Taking reduction for simultaneous additional lane

loadings at 20% (refer IRC:6-2000, Clause 208), the
load on unit area of bottom slab for two track loading
works out to 20.51 kN/m, if one track without reduction
is considered restricting area of dispersal the load per
unit area works out 19.8 kN/m. The dispersed live load
on bottom slab can be taken to be 21 kN/m.
2.2.3 Total Load (DL +LL) = 27.83 + 21 = 48.83 kN/
m Adopt 50 kN/m
2.3 Side Wall
2.3.1 Case 1: Box empty, earth pressure with live load
surcharge equivalent to 1.2 m height of earth on
both sides fills.
5) This shall be the load when is zero and live load

is taken to disperse through wearing coat only.
Load per unit area

= 350/4.7 x 0.97 = 76.77 kN/m
Impact factor for 70R(T) shall be 25 % as per Clause
211.3 (a) (i) of IRC:6-2000
Load including impact = 95.96 kN/m
2.1.3

Total Load (D.L.+L.L.)

= 12.08 + 95.96 = 108.04 kN/m
Earth Pressure at base due to live load surcharge

= 1.2 x 18 x 0.5 = 10.8 kN/m
Earth Pressure at base due to earth fill

= 18 x 3.42 x 0.5 = 30.78 kN/m
2.2 Bottom Slab

2.2.1 Dead Load

Fig. 4 Force Diagram for Wall (All dimensions are in m)
Load from top slab = 12.08 kN/m

Load of walls = 2 x 3 x 0.42 x 24/3.84 = 15.75 kN/m
Total Load = 27.83 kN/m
2.3.2 Case 2 : Box full, Live load surcharge on side

fill.
2.2.2 Live Load

The Live Load on top of box will disperse through

walls and when arranged on the carriage way
(lengthwise of the box) the distribution shall be as
under :
Fig. 5 Force Diagram for Wall (All dimensions are in m)
Water pressure inside and out side will balance each

other and hence not taken.
Earth Pressure at base due to live load surcharge

= 10.8 kN/m
Earth Pressure at base due to submerged earth

= (18-10) x 3.42 x 0.5 = 13.68 kN/m
Fig. 3 Dispersal of wheel loads on bottom slab
(All dimensions are in m)
2.3.3 Case 3 : Box full, no live load surcharge on side

fill.
201
Total fixed end moment
= 47.63 kN.m
Mid span moment due to dead load = 40.69
Mid span moment due to live load = 30.75
Total Mid Span Moment
= 71.45 kN.m
3.3 Side Wall

Fig. 6 Force Diagram for wall (All dimensions are in m)
Earth Pressure at base due to submerged earth

= 8 x 3.42 x 0.5 = 13.68 kN/m
Earth Pressure due to live load = 0
2.4 Base Pressure

2.4.1 Dead load

Load from top slab and walls including wearing

course
= 27.83 kN/m
Self weight of bottom slab

= 0.42 x 24 = 10.08 kN/m
Total Load
= 37.91 kN/m
2.4.2 Live Load

There is no live load except coming from top slab

without impact = 21 kN/m
3.3.1 Case 1 : Box empty, surcharge load on side fill.

F.E.M at top due to dead load

F.E.M at top due to live load

= 10.8 x 3.42 x 3.42/12
Total F.E.M at top

= 22.53 kN.m
F.E.M at base due to dead load
= 12
= 10.53
= 18 kN.m
F.E.M at base due to live load = 10.53
Total F.E.M at base
Mid span moment due to dead load
= 28.53 kN.m
= 22.5
2.4.3 Base pressure = 58.91 kN/m (Is safe for a S.B.C

of 150 kN/m)
Mid span moment due to live load

= 10.8 x 3.42 x 3.42/8
= 15.79
MOMENT CALCULATION
3.1 Top Slab

Fixed end moment due to dead load

= 12.08 x 3.42 x 3.42/12
Fixed end moment due to live load

= 95.96 x 3.42 x 3.42/12
= 38.29 kN.m
3.3.2 Case 2 : Box full, live load surcharge on side

fill.
= 11.77
= 93.55
Total fixed end moment = 105.30 kN.m

= 12.08 x 3.42 x 3.42/8
= 17.66

= 95.96 x 3.42 x 3.42/8
= 140.30
Total Mid Span Moment = 157.96 kN.m
3.2 Bottom Slab

= 13.68 x 3.42 x 3.42/30
= 5.33
= 10.53
Total F.E.M at top slab
= 15.86 kN.m

=13.68 x 3.42 x 3.42/20
=8
F.E.M at base due to live load
= 10.53
Total F.E.M at bottom
= 18.53 kN.m

= 13.86 x 3.42 x 3.42/16 = 10
Fixed end moment due to dead load = 27.13
Fixed end moment due to live load = 20.5
= 25.79 kN.m
Sinha & Sharma on
202
3.3.3 Case 3 : Box full, no live load surcharge

=
5.33

F.E.M due to live load
=
0

Total F.E.M at top
= 5.33 kN.m

=
8

F.E.M at base due to live load
=
0

Total F.E.M at base
= 8 kN.m

Mid span moment due to dead load =
10

Mid span moment due to live load =
0

DISTRIBUTION FACTORS
Junction Members 4EI/L =

K d/L
= 10 kN.m
SUM
4EI/L
Distribution
factors
A&B
AB/AD,
BA/BC
K 0.423
/3.42
2K0.423
/3.42
0.5
0.5
C&D
DA/DC,
CD/CB
K 0.423
/3.42
2K 0.423
/3.42
0.5
0.5
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION
5.1 F.E.M Due to Dead Load

Mab = Mba = 11.77 kN.m
Mdc = Mcd = 27.13 kN.m
Mad = Mbc = 12 kN.m (case 1), 5.33 kN.m (case 2),

5.33 kN.m (case 3)
Mda = Mcb = 18 kN.m (case 1), 8 kN.m (case 2),

8 kN.m (case 3)
5.2 F.E.M Due to Live Load

Mad= Mbc =10.53 kN.m (case 1),

10.53 kN.m (case 2), 0 (case 3)
Mda = Mcb = 10.53 kN.m (case 1),

10.53 kN.m (case 2), 0 (case 3)
5.3 F.E.M Due to Total Load

Mab = Mba = 105.32 kN.m
Mad= Mbc = 22.53 kN.m (case 1),

15.86 kN.m (case 2), 5.33 kN.m (case 3)

18.53 kN.m (case 2), 8 kN.m (case 3)
5.4 A typical distribution is shown in Table 1. Results

based on similar distribution for other combination
are given in Table 2.
Table 1 Moment Distribution for Total Load for Top & Bottom Slabs and Case 1 Loads for Walls
Joint
Member
D.F
F.E.M
DIST.
C.O.
DIST.
C.O.
DIST.
C.O.
DIST.
C.O.
DIST.
FINAL
A
AB
0.500
-105.320
41.39
-20.69
12.73
-6.37
6.37
-3.18
3.18
-1.59
1.59
-71.89
B
AD
0.500
22.530
41.39
-4.78
12.73
-6.37
6.37
-3.18
3.18
-1.59
1.59
71.89
BA
0.500
105.320
-41.39
20.693
-12.73
6.367
-6.37
3.184
-3.18
1.592
-1.59
71.89
C
BC
0.500
-22.530
-41.39
4.776
-12.73
6.367
-6.37
3.184
-3.18
1.592
-1.59
-71.89
CB
0.500
28.530
9.55
-20.693
12.73
-6.367
6.37
-3.184
3.18
-1.592
1.59
30.12
D
CD
0.500
-47.63
9.55
-4.776
12.73
-6.367
6.37
-3.184
3.18
-1.592
1.59
-30.12
DC
0.500
47.63
-9.55
4.776
-12.73
6.37
-6.37
3.184
-3.18
1.592
-1.59
30.12
DA
0.500
-28.530
-9.55
20.693
-12.73
6.367
-6.37
3.184
-3.18
1.592
-1.59
-30.12
203
Table 2 Support Moments

Load
Dead Load
Live Load
Total Load
Maximum
Case
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
All cases
Distributed Moments at Supports

Mab
Mdc
Mad
(Mda)
(Mcd)
(Mbc)
(-) 10.72
23.74
10.72
(-) 6.96
19.15
6.96
(-) 6.96
19.15
6.96
(-) 61.17
6.38
61.17
(-) 61.17
6.38
61.17
(-) 55.91
1.12
55.91
(-) 71.89
30.12
71.89
(-) 68.13
25.53
68.13
(-) 62.87
20.27
62.87
71.89
30.12
71.89
Mda
(Mcb)
(-) 23.74
(-) 19.15
(-) 19.15
(-) 6.38
(-) 6.38
(-) 1.12
(-) 30.12
(-)25.53
(-) 20.27
30.12
Remarks
Load on top
slab and
bottom slab
remains
same in all
cases, only
load on side
wall varies.
Without
braking Force
Table 3 Mid Span Moments (Total Loads only)

Member
Mab
Mdc
Mad
6
Case 1
157.96 - 71.89
= 86.07
71.45 - 30.12
= 41.33
38.29 - (71.89 + 30.12)/2
= (-)12.72
Case 2
157.96 - 68.13
= 89.83
71.45 - 25.53
= 45.92
25.79 - (68.13 + 25.53)/2
= (-) 21.04
BRAKING FORCE
Case 3
157.96 - 62.87
=95.09
71.45 - 20.27
= 51.18
10 - (62.87 + 20.27)/2
= (-) 31.57
Remarks
The Walls
bends
outwardly in
all three cases
The moments at top and bottom slab ends shall all

be zero.
After distribution of moments among all the

members a moment of 48.9 kN.m is obtained at
all ends. This moment is added to the maximum
moments obtained for various combination of
loadings at the ends of members to get design
moments. Since braking force can also act from
the reverse direction the moment at junctions are
added irrespective of its sign.
6.2 Moment Due to Braking Force
DESIGN OF SECTION
7.1 Design Moments
6.1 LOAD: 70R(T), one wheel load is considered as

there is no over lapping.

No impact as per IRC:6-2000 Clause 214.2.
The braking force shall be 20 % for the first lane

load
The braking force = 350 x 20/100 = 70 kN
Load on top of box which will affect the box

= 3.84 x 70/4.7 = 57.19 kN
MAD = MDA = MCB = MBC = 57.19 x 3.42/2

= 97.79 kN.m
Table 4
Load
Case
Total Load
Maximum of all cases
Braking Force
Distributed Moments at support
Design Moments Support Moments including braking
Maximum Distributed Moments at Supports

Mdc
Mad
Mda
Mab
71.89
30.12
71.89
30.12
48.90
48.90
48.90
48.90
120.79
79.02
120.79
79.02
Sinha & Sharma on
204
Table 5 Moment and Reinforcement at Salient Section

Member
MAB
Moment in kN.m
Area of steel in mm
MDC
120.79
1849.6
AB
95.09
1456
79.02
1299.8
7.2 Top Slab

Maximum moment support/mid span including
breaking = 120.79 kN.m
Mid span
DC
51.18
841.8
AD
31.57
483.4

Check for Shear
Provided 362 mm is safe
Shear Stress = 0.1613 N/mm < 0.2715 N/mm

permissible, hence safe.
Check for Shear
7.4 Side Walls
Shear force at deff from face of wall
Moment at junction are same as slabs hence same

tensile bars shall continue.
Check for Shear
Shear Stress = 0.3247 N/mm > 0.312 N/mm

permissible
Permissible shear stress
Increase tension steel to increase permissible shear

stress.
Required steel
18.460 + 17.545
36.01 kN
RD =
18.468 + 35.090
53.56 kN
= 53.56 11.92 4.45 =
37.19 kN
S.F. at deff from
Hence, provide tension steel = 2076 mm in place

of 1849.6 mm required for moment only.
S.F. at deff from
7.3 Bottom Slab

B.M. (Max)
79.02 kN.m

Provided 337 mm is O.K.
30.796 kN
Maximum Shear Stress (near base) = 0.100 N/mm (safe)
205
ANNEX B
(Para 2)
SALIENT FEATURES
The larger of the two that is 4.52 kN/m is considered.
Same as for box [1/3 x 3/0] given in Annex A,

except the cushion which is 5.0 m total height
above top slab.
Note:
1) As the load of wheel after dispersal over lap both
wheels need to be taken together.
2) For dispersal refer IRC:21-2000 Clause 305.16.4.
3) No impact as per IRC:6-2000 Clause 211.7 (c) due

to cushion more than 3.0 m.
2.1.3 Total load
= 104.6 kN/m
2.2 Bottom Slab

2.2.1 Dead Load

Load from top slab including cushion

=100.08 kN/m
Load of walls
= 2 x 3 x 0.42 x 24/3.84
= 15.75 kN/m
2.1 Top Slab
Total load
= 115.83 kN/m
2.1.1 Dead Load
Live Load
a)
Load from top slab without impact

= 4.52 kN/m
Fig. 1 Section of box culvert (All dimensions are in m)
LOAD CALCULATION
Cushion = 5 x 18 = 90 kN/m
b) Self weight of top slab = 0.42 x 24 =10.08 kN/m

c)
Total
100.08 kN/m
2.1.2 Live Load

Consider moving load of 70R (T). The dispersal

and position of load shall be as under:
Note: Some designers take further dispersal of live

load from top slab. Although further dispersal through
walls can not be denied but will affect only marginally,
therefore, the load on top without impact can be taken
for bottom slab also, which is already without impact
in this case.
2.2.2 Total load =115.83 + 4.52 = 120.35 kN/m
2.3 Side Wall
2.3.1 Case 1: Box empty, earth pressure with live load
surcharge equivalent to 1.2 m height of earth on
both sides fills.
Fig. 2 Dispersal of live load (All dimensions are in m)
Dispersed area when 1 track loading is considered

= 12.9 x 14.57
= 187.95 m
Load per unit area when 1 track load (covering

2-lanes) is considered = 700/187.95 = 3.724 kN/m
Load per unit area when 2 track load (covering

4-lanes) is considered
= 1400 x 0.8/17 x 14.57
= 4.52 kN/m
Fig. 3 : Force diagram for vertical wall (All dimensions are in m)
Sinha & Sharma on
206

Pressure due to live load surcharge

= 1.2 x 18 x 0.5
= 10.80 kN/m
Pressure due to earth surcharge

= 5 x 18 x 0.5
= 45 kN/m
Pressure due to earth fill

= 0.5 x 18 x 3.42
= 30.78 kN/m
Case 2 : Box full, Live load surcharge on side fill.
Fig. 4 Force Diagram for wall (All dimensions are in m)
Water pressure inside and outside will balance each

other and hence not taken.

Pressure due to live load surcharge

=
10.8 =
10.8 kN/m

Pressure due to earth surcharge

=
45
=
45 kN/m

Pressure due to submerged earth

= 0.5 x (18-10) x 3.42 = 13.68 kN/m
2.3.2

Case 3 : Box full, no live load surcharge on

side fill.
Fig. 5 Force Diagram for wall
Pressure due to submerged earth =13.68 kN/m
Pressure due to earth surcharge = 45 kN/m
2.4 Base Pressure

Dead load
Load from top slab and walls including cushion

= 115.83 kN/m

Self weight of bottom slab
= 0.42 x 24
=10.08 kN/m

Total Load
= 125.91 kN/m

Live Load

There is no live load except coming from top slab
without impact
= 4.52 kN/m
2.4.1 Base pressure
= 130.43 kN/m
(Is safe for a S.B.C of 150 kN/m)
3 MOMENT CALCULATION
3.1 Top Slab


= 100.08 x 3.42 x 3.42 /12 = 97.55

Fixed end moment due to live load

= 4.52 x 3.42 x 3.42/12 = 4.41

= 101.96 kN.m


=100.08 x 3.42 x 3.42/8 = 146.32


= 4.52 x 3.42 x 3.42/8 = 6.61

=152.93 kN.m
3.2 Bottom Slab


=115.83 x 3.42 x 3.42/12 = 112.9

Fixed end moment due to live load = 4.41

= 117.31 kN.m


= 115.83 x 3.42 x 3.42/8 = 169.35


Total Mid Span Moment = 175.96 kN.m
3.3 Side Wall
3.3.1 Case 1 : Box empty, surcharge load on side fill
= 45 x 3.42 x 3.42/12 +30.78 x 3.42 x 3.42/30 = 55.86

= 10.8 x 3.42 x 3.42/12
= 10.53

Total F.E.M at top
= 66.39 kN.m

= 43.86+30.78 x 3.42 x 3.42/20 = 61.86 kN.m


Total F.E.M at base
= 72.39 kN.m

= 45 x 3.42 x 3.42/8+30.78 x 3.42 x 3.42/16 = 88.29


= 10.8 x 3.42 x 3.42/8
= 15.79

=104.08 kN.m
3.3.2 Case 2 : Box full, live load surcharge on side fill.

= 43.86+13.68 x 3.42 x 3.42/30 = 49.19

= 10.53

Total F.E.M at top
= 59.72 kN.m

= 43.86+13.68 x 3.42 x 3.42/20 = 51.86


Total F.E.M at bottom
= 62.39 kN.m

= 65.79+13.68 x 3.42 x 3.42/16 = 75.79


= 91.58 kN.m
3.3.3 Case 3 : Box full, no live load surcharge

= 43.86 + 5.33
= 49.19 kN.m

F.E.M due to live load
=0

Total F.E.M at top
= 49.19

= 43.86 + 8 = 51.86

F.E.M at base due to live load = 0

Total F.E.M at base = 51.86 kN.m

= 65.79 + 13.68 x 3.42 x 3.42/16 = 75.79

Mid span moment due to live load = 0

= 75.79 kN.m
207
DISTRIBUTION FACTORS ARE SAME

AS OBTAINED FOR BOX WITHOUT
CUSHION
5 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION
5.1 F.E.M Due to Dead Load


Mdc = Mcd = 112.90 kN.m

Mad = Mbc = 55.86 kN.m (case 1),
49.19 kN.m (case 2), 49.19 kN.m (case 3)

51.86 kN.m (case 2), 51.86 kN.m (case 3)
5.2 F.E.M Due to Live Load



10.53 kN.m(case 2), 0 (case 3)

0.53 kN.m (case 2), 0 (case 3)
5.3 F.E.M Due to Total Load

Mab = Mba = 101.95 kN.m

Mdc = Mcd = 117.31 kN.m

59.72 kN.m(case 2), 49.19 kN.m (case 3)

62.39 kN.m (case 2), 51.86 kN.m (case 3)
A typical distribution is shown in Table 1. Results based
on similar distribution for other combination of loads
were done and given in Table 2.
Table 1 Moment Distribution for Total Load on Top & Bottom Slab and Case 1 Load on Walls
Joint
Member
D.F
F.E.M
DIST.
C.O.
DIST.
C.O.
DIST.
C.O.
DIST.
C.O.
DIST.
FINAL
A
AB
0.500
-101.955
17.78
-8.89
10.06
-5.03
5.03
-2.52
2.52
-1.26
1.26
-83.00
B
AD
0.500
66.39
17.78
-11.23
10.06
-5.03
5.03
-2.52
2.52
-1.26
1.26
83.00
BA
0.500
101.955
-17.78
8.892
-10.06
5.030
-5.03
2.515
-2.52
1.258
-1.26
83.00
C
BC
0.500
-66.389
-17.78
11.229
-10.06
5.030
-5.03
2.515
-2.52
1.258
-1.26
-83.00
CB
0.500
72.389
22.46
-8.892
10.06
-5.030
5.03
-2.515
2.52
-1.258
1.26
96.02
D
CD
0.500
-117.307
22.46
-11.229
10.06
-5.030
5.03
-2.515
2.52
-1.258
1.26
-96.02
DC
0.500
117.307
-22.46
11.229
-10.06
5.030
-5.03
2.515
-2.52
1.258
-1.26
96.02
DA
0.500
-72.389
-22.46
8.892
-10.06
5.030
-5.03
2.515
-2.52
1.258
-1.26
-96.02
Sinha & Sharma on
208
Table 2 Support Moments

Load
Distributed Moments at Supports

Mab
Mdc
Mad
(Mba)
(Mcd)
(Mbc)
(-) 75.54
88.55
75.54
(-) 71.79
83.97
71.79
(-) 71.79
83.97
71.79
(-) 7.47
7.47
7.47
(-) 7.47
7.47
7.47
(-) 2.20
2.20
2.20
(-) 83.00
96.02
83.00
(-) 79.25
91.43
79.25
(-) 73.99
86.17
73.99
83.00
96.02
83.00
Case
Dead Load
Live Load
Total Load
Maximum
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
All cases
Mda
(Mcb)
(-) 88.55
(-) 83.97
(-) 83.97
(-) 7.47
(-) 7.47
(-) 2.20
(-) 96.02
(-)91.43
(-) 86.17
96.02
Remarks
Load on top slab and bottom

slab remains same in all
cases, only load on side wall
varies.
No braking force need be
considered due to cushion.
Table 3 Mid Span Moments

Member
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
MAB
152.93 - 83.0 = 69.93
152.93 - 79.25 = 73.68
152.93 - 73.99 = 78.94
MDC
175.96 - 96.02 = 79.94
MAD
104.08 - (83+96.02)/2
= 14.57
Remarks
When surcharge is not

175.96 - 86.17 = 89.79 taken the Wall bends
91.58 - (79.25+91.43)/2 75.79 - (73.99+86.17)/2 outwardly.
= 6.24
= (-) 4.29
175.96 - 91.43 = 84.53
DESIGN OF SECTION
Table 4 Moment and Reinforcement at Salient Section
Member
Mab
Mdc
Moment in kN.m
Area of steel in mm
83.0
1271
96.02
1579
6.1 Top Slab
AB
78.94
1209

Maximum moment support/mid span = 83.0 kN.m
Depth required =
Mid span
DC
89.79
1477
AD
14.57
223
Check for Shear


Provide shear reinforcement

Shear capacity
= 0.2623 x 1000 x 362 = 94953N = 94.95 kN
Balance Shear = 113.80 94.95 = 18.85 kN
8 mm
Take spacing 250 c/c of
Shear capacity of section

= 0.2623 x 362 = 94.95kN
Say x is the distance from the face of wall where
shear force equals shear capacity of the section.
Then,
and x = 0.543 m, say 600 mm

Provide shear reinforcement upto 600 mm from
face of near wall on both sides.
6.2 Bottom Slab
Maximum Moment support/mid span = 96.02 kN.m

209
Balance shear force

= 133.95 100.760 =33.19 kN
x is the distance from face of wall where shear

force equals shear capacity of the section
Then,
and x = 0.613 m say 650 mm
Provide shear reinforcement upto 650 mm from

face of near wall on both sides.
6.3 Side Walls

Maximum moments at junctions of slabs and

walls are same as slabs. Hence provide same
reinforcements as slabs at junctions/supports.
Check for Shear
Maximum shear near top at deff from top slab is

obtained as under :
Provided = 420 75 8 = 337 mm is o.k.
Fig. 6 Shear force at dig. (All dimensions are in m)
Check for Shear
Shear Stress = 0.3975 N/mm
Provide shear reinforcements

Shear Capacity
= 0.299 x 337 x 1000 = 100763 N =100.76 kN
210
Sinha & Sharma on

ANNEX C
(Para 9)

STAAD. Pro : Structural Analysis and Design Software
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 17-Dec-08
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
* ANALYSIS FOR LIVE LOAD
*
*BOTTOM SLAB
*LONGITUDINAL MEMBER
* TRANSVERSE MEMBER
*TOP SLAB
*LONGITUDINAL MEMBER
* TRANSVERSE MEMBER
* VERTICAL WALL
*
UNIT METER kN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 0 0 1.6416; 3 0 0 3.284; 4 0 0 4.926; 5 0 0 6.568; 6 0 0 8.21;
7 0 0 9.852; 8 0 0 11.494; 9 0 0 13.136; 10 0 0 14.778; 11 0 0 16.42;
12 0 0 18.062; 13 0 0 19.704; 14 0.57 0 0; 15 0.57 0 1.6416; 16 0.57 0 3.284;
17 0.57 0 4.926; 18 0.57 0 6.568; 19 0.57 0 8.21; 20 0.57 0 9.852;
21 0.57 0 11.494; 22 0.57 0 13.136; 23 0.57 0 14.778; 24 0.57 0 16.42;
25 0.57 0 18.062; 26 0.57 0 19.704; 27 1.14 0 0; 28 1.14 0 1.6416;
29 1.14 0 3.284; 30 1.14 0 4.926; 31 1.14 0 6.568; 32 1.14 0 8.21;
33 1.14 0 9.852; 34 1.14 0 11.494; 35 1.14 0 13.136; 36 1.14 0 14.778;
37 1.14 0 16.42; 38 1.14 0 18.062; 39 1.14 0 19.704; 40 1.71 0 0;
41 1.71 0 1.6416; 42 1.71 0 3.284; 43 1.71 0 4.926; 44 1.71 0 6.568;
45 1.71 0 8.21; 46 1.71 0 9.852; 47 1.71 0 11.494; 48 1.71 0 13.136;
49 1.71 0 14.778; 50 1.71 0 16.42; 51 1.71 0 18.062; 52 1.71 0 19.704;
53 2.28 0 0; 54 2.28 0 1.6416; 55 2.28 0 3.284; 56 2.28 0 4.926;
57 2.28 0 6.568; 58 2.28 0 8.21; 59 2.28 0 9.852; 60 2.28 0 11.494;
61 2.28 0 13.136; 62 2.28 0 14.778; 63 2.28 0 16.42; 64 2.28 0 18.062;
65 2.28 0 19.704; 66 2.85 0 0; 67 2.85 0 1.6416; 68 2.85 0 3.284;
69 2.85 0 4.926; 70 2.85 0 6.568; 71 2.85 0 8.21; 72 2.85 0 9.852;
73 2.85 0 11.494; 74 2.85 0 13.136; 75 2.85 0 14.778; 76 2.85 0 16.42;
77 2.85 0 18.062; 78 2.85 0 19.704; 79 3.42 0 0; 80 3.42 0 1.6416;
81 3.42 0 3.284; 82 3.42 0 4.926; 83 3.42 0 6.568; 84 3.42 0 8.21;
85 3.42 0 9.852; 86 3.42 0 11.494; 87 3.42 0 13.136; 88 3.42 0 14.778;
89 3.42 0 16.42; 90 3.42 0 18.062; 91 3.42 0 19.704; 92 0 3.42 0;
93 0 3.42 1.6416; 94 0 3.42 3.284; 95 0 3.42 4.926; 96 0 3.42 6.568;
97 0 3.42 8.21; 98 0 3.42 9.852; 99 0 3.42 11.494; 100 0 3.42 13.136;
101 0 3.42 14.778; 102 0 3.42 16.42; 103 0 3.42 18.062; 104 0 3.42 19.704;

105 0.57 3.42 0; 106 0.57 3.42 1.6416; 107 0.57 3.42 3.284;
108 0.57 3.42 4.926; 109 0.57 3.42 6.568; 110 0.57 3.42 8.21;
111 0.57 3.42 9.852; 112 0.57 3.42 11.494; 113 0.57 3.42 13.136;
114 0.57 3.42 14.778; 115 0.57 3.42 16.42; 116 0.57 3.42 18.062;
117 0.57 3.42 19.704; 118 1.14 3.42 0; 119 1.14 3.42 1.6416;
120 1.14 3.42 3.284; 121 1.14 3.42 4.926; 122 1.14 3.42 6.568;
123 1.14 3.42 8.21; 124 1.14 3.42 9.852; 125 1.14 3.42 11.494;
126 1.14 3.42 13.136; 127 1.14 3.42 14.778; 128 1.14 3.42 16.42;
129 1.14 3.42 18.062; 130 1.14 3.42 19.704; 131 1.71 3.42 0;
132 1.71 3.42 1.6416; 133 1.71 3.42 3.284; 134 1.71 3.42 4.926;
135 1.71 3.42 6.568; 136 1.71 3.42 8.21; 137 1.71 3.42 9.852;
138 1.71 3.42 11.494; 139 1.71 3.42 13.136; 140 1.71 3.42 14.778;
141 1.71 3.42 16.42; 142 1.71 3.42 18.062; 143 1.71 3.42 19.704;
144 2.28 3.42 0; 145 2.28 3.42 1.6416; 146 2.28 3.42 3.284;
147 2.28 3.42 4.926; 148 2.28 3.42 6.568; 149 2.28 3.42 8.21;
150 2.28 3.42 9.852; 151 2.28 3.42 11.494; 152 2.28 3.42 13.136;
153 2.28 3.42 14.778; 154 2.28 3.42 16.42; 155 2.28 3.42 18.062;
156 2.28 3.42 19.704; 157 2.85 3.42 0; 158 2.85 3.42 1.6416;
159 2.85 3.42 3.284; 160 2.85 3.42 4.926; 161 2.85 3.42 6.568;
162 2.85 3.42 8.21; 163 2.85 3.42 9.852; 164 2.85 3.42 11.494;
165 2.85 3.42 13.136; 166 2.85 3.42 14.778; 167 2.85 3.42 16.42;
168 2.85 3.42 18.062; 169 2.85 3.42 19.704; 170 3.42 3.42 0;
171 3.42 3.42 1.6416; 172 3.42 3.42 3.284; 173 3.42 3.42 4.926;
174 3.42 3.42 6.568; 175 3.42 3.42 8.21; 176 3.42 3.42 9.852;
177 3.42 3.42 11.494; 178 3.42 3.42 13.136; 179 3.42 3.42 14.778;
180 3.42 3.42 16.42; 181 3.42 3.42 18.062; 182 3.42 3.42 19.704; 183 0 0.855 0;
184 0 0.855 1.6416; 185 0 0.855 3.284; 186 0 0.855 4.926; 187 0 0.855 6.568;
188 0 0.855 8.21; 189 0 0.855 9.852; 190 0 0.855 11.494; 191 0 0.855 13.136;
192 0 0.855 14.778; 193 0 0.855 16.42; 194 0 0.855 18.062; 195 0 0.855 19.704;
196 3.42 0.855 0; 197 3.42 0.855 1.6416; 198 3.42 0.855 3.284;
199 3.42 0.855 4.926; 200 3.42 0.855 6.568; 201 3.42 0.855 8.21;
202 3.42 0.855 9.852; 203 3.42 0.855 11.494; 204 3.42 0.855 13.136;
205 3.42 0.855 14.778; 206 3.42 0.855 16.42; 207 3.42 0.855 18.062;
208 3.42 0.855 19.704; 209 0 1.71 0; 210 0 1.71 1.6416; 211 0 1.71 3.284;
212 0 1.71 4.926; 213 0 1.71 6.568; 214 0 1.71 8.21; 215 0 1.71 9.852;
216 0 1.71 11.494; 217 0 1.71 13.136; 218 0 1.71 14.778; 219 0 1.71 16.42;
220 0 1.71 18.062; 221 0 1.71 19.704; 222 3.42 1.71 0; 223 3.42 1.71 1.6416;
224 3.42 1.71 3.284; 225 3.42 1.71 4.926; 226 3.42 1.71 6.568;
227 3.42 1.71 8.21; 228 3.42 1.71 9.852; 229 3.42 1.71 11.494;
230 3.42 1.71 13.136; 231 3.42 1.71 14.778; 232 3.42 1.71 16.42;
233 3.42 1.71 18.062; 234 3.42 1.71 19.704; 235 0 2.565 0; 236 0 2.565 1.6416;
237 0 2.565 3.284; 238 0 2.565 4.926; 239 0 2.565 6.568; 240 0 2.565 8.21;
241 0 2.565 9.852; 242 0 2.565 11.494; 243 0 2.565 13.136; 244 0 2.565 14.778;
245 0 2.565 16.42; 246 0 2.565 18.062; 247 0 2.565 19.704; 248 3.42 2.565 0;
249 3.42 2.565 1.6416; 250 3.42 2.565 3.284; 251 3.42 2.565 4.926;
252 3.42 2.565 6.568; 253 3.42 2.565 8.21; 254 3.42 2.565 9.852;
255 3.42 2.565 11.494; 256 3.42 2.565 13.136; 257 3.42 2.565 14.778;
258 3.42 2.565 16.42; 259 3.42 2.565 18.062; 260 3.42 2.565 19.704;
211
212
Sinha & Sharma on
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 2; 2 2 3; 3 3 4; 4 4 5; 5 5 6; 6 6 7; 7 7 8; 8 8 9; 9 9 10; 10 10 11;
11 11 12; 12 12 13; 13 14 15; 14 15 16; 15 16 17; 16 17 18; 17 18 19; 18 19 20;
19 20 21; 20 21 22; 21 22 23; 22 23 24; 23 24 25; 24 25 26; 25 27 28; 26 28 29;
27 29 30; 28 30 31; 29 31 32; 30 32 33; 31 33 34; 32 34 35; 33 35 36; 34 36 37;
35 37 38; 36 38 39; 37 40 41; 38 41 42; 39 42 43; 40 43 44; 41 44 45; 42 45 46;
43 46 47; 44 47 48; 45 48 49; 46 49 50; 47 50 51; 48 51 52; 49 53 54; 50 54 55;
51 55 56; 52 56 57; 53 57 58; 54 58 59; 55 59 60; 56 60 61; 57 61 62; 58 62 63;
59 63 64; 60 64 65; 61 66 67; 62 67 68; 63 68 69; 64 69 70; 65 70 71; 66 71 72;
67 72 73; 68 73 74; 69 74 75; 70 75 76; 71 76 77; 72 77 78; 73 79 80; 74 80 81;
75 81 82; 76 82 83; 77 83 84; 78 84 85; 79 85 86; 80 86 87; 81 87 88; 82 88 89;
83 89 90; 84 90 91; 85 1 14; 86 14 27; 87 27 40; 88 40 53; 89 53 66; 90 66 79;
91 2 15; 92 15 28; 93 28 41; 94 41 54; 95 54 67; 96 67 80; 97 3 16; 98 16 29;
99 29 42; 100 42 55; 101 55 68; 102 68 81; 103 4 17; 104 17 30; 105 30 43;
106 43 56; 107 56 69; 108 69 82; 109 5 18; 110 18 31; 111 31 44; 112 44 57;
113 57 70; 114 70 83; 115 6 19; 116 19 32; 117 32 45; 118 45 58; 119 58 71;
120 71 84; 121 7 20; 122 20 33; 123 33 46; 124 46 59; 125 59 72; 126 72 85;
127 8 21; 128 21 34; 129 34 47; 130 47 60; 131 60 73; 132 73 86; 133 9 22;
134 22 35; 135 35 48; 136 48 61; 137 61 74; 138 74 87; 139 10 23; 140 23 36;
141 36 49; 142 49 62; 143 62 75; 144 75 88; 145 11 24; 146 24 37; 147 37 50;
148 50 63; 149 63 76; 150 76 89; 151 12 25; 152 25 38; 153 38 51; 154 51 64;
155 64 77; 156 77 90; 157 13 26; 158 26 39; 159 39 52; 160 52 65; 161 65 78;
162 78 91; 163 92 93; 164 93 94; 165 94 95; 166 95 96; 167 96 97; 168 97 98;
169 98 99; 170 99 100; 171 100 101; 172 101 102; 173 102 103; 174 103 104;
175 105 106; 176 106 107; 177 107 108; 178 108 109; 179 109 110; 180 110 111;
181 111 112; 182 112 113; 183 113 114; 184 114 115; 185 115 116; 186 116 117;
187 118 119; 188 119 120; 189 120 121; 190 121 122; 191 122 123; 192 123 124;
193 124 125; 194 125 126; 195 126 127; 196 127 128; 197 128 129; 198 129 130;
199 131 132; 200 132 133; 201 133 134; 202 134 135; 203 135 136; 204 136 137;
205 137 138; 206 138 139; 207 139 140; 208 140 141; 209 141 142; 210 142 143;
211 144 145; 212 145 146; 213 146 147; 214 147 148; 215 148 149; 216 149 150;
217 150 151; 218 151 152; 219 152 153; 220 153 154; 221 154 155; 222 155 156;
223 157 158; 224 158 159; 225 159 160; 226 160 161; 227 161 162; 228 162 163;
229 163 164; 230 164 165; 231 165 166; 232 166 167; 233 167 168; 234 168 169;
235 170 171; 236 171 172; 237 172 173; 238 173 174; 239 174 175; 240 175 176;
241 176 177; 242 177 178; 243 178 179; 244 179 180; 245 180 181; 246 181 182;
247 92 105; 248 105 118; 249 118 131; 250 131 144; 251 144 157; 252 157 170;
253 93 106; 254 106 119; 255 119 132; 256 132 145; 257 145 158; 258 158 171;
259 94 107; 260 107 120; 261 120 133; 262 133 146; 263 146 159; 264 159 172;
265 95 108; 266 108 121; 267 121 134; 268 134 147; 269 147 160; 270 160 173;
271 96 109; 272 109 122; 273 122 135; 274 135 148; 275 148 161; 276 161 174;
277 97 110; 278 110 123; 279 123 136; 280 136 149; 281 149 162; 282 162 175;
283 98 111; 284 111 124; 285 124 137; 286 137 150; 287 150 163; 288 163 176;
289 99 112; 290 112 125; 291 125 138; 292 138 151; 293 151 164; 294 164 177;
295 100 113; 296 113 126; 297 126 139; 298 139 152; 299 152 165; 300 165 178;
301 101 114; 302 114 127; 303 127 140; 304 140 153; 305 153 166; 306 166 179;
307 102 115; 308 115 128; 309 128 141; 310 141 154; 311 154 167; 312 167 180;
313 103 116; 314 116 129; 315 129 142; 316 142 155; 317 155 168; 318 168 181;
319 104 117; 320 117 130; 321 130 143; 322 143 156; 323 156 169; 324 169 182;
325 183 184; 326 184 185; 327 185 186; 328 186 187; 329 187 188; 330 188 189;

331 189 190; 332 190 191; 333 191 192; 334 192 193; 335 193 194; 336 194 195;
337 196 197; 338 197 198; 339 198 199; 340 199 200; 341 200 201; 342 201 202;
343 202 203; 344 203 204; 345 204 205; 346 205 206; 347 206 207; 348 207 208;
349 209 210; 350 210 211; 351 211 212; 352 212 213; 353 213 214; 354 214 215;
355 215 216; 356 216 217; 357 217 218; 358 218 219; 359 219 220; 360 220 221;
361 222 223; 362 223 224; 363 224 225; 364 225 226; 365 226 227; 366 227 228;
367 228 229; 368 229 230; 369 230 231; 370 231 232; 371 232 233; 372 233 234;
373 235 236; 374 236 237; 375 237 238; 376 238 239; 377 239 240; 378 240 241;
379 241 242; 380 242 243; 381 243 244; 382 244 245; 383 245 246; 384 246 247;
385 248 249; 386 249 250; 387 250 251; 388 251 252; 389 252 253; 390 253 254;
391 254 255; 392 255 256; 393 256 257; 394 257 258; 395 258 259; 396 259 260;
397 1 183; 398 183 209; 399 209 235; 400 235 92; 401 2 184; 402 184 210;
403 210 236; 404 236 93; 405 3 185; 406 185 211; 407 211 237; 408 237 94;
409 4 186; 410 186 212; 411 212 238; 412 238 95; 413 5 187; 414 187 213;
415 213 239; 416 239 96; 417 6 188; 418 188 214; 419 214 240; 420 240 97;
421 7 189; 422 189 215; 423 215 241; 424 241 98; 425 8 190; 426 190 216;
427 216 242; 428 242 99; 429 9 191; 430 191 217; 431 217 243; 432 243 100;
433 10 192; 434 192 218; 435 218 244; 436 244 101; 437 11 193; 438 193 219;
439 219 245; 440 245 102; 441 12 194; 442 194 220; 443 220 246; 444 246 103;
445 13 195; 446 195 221; 447 221 247; 448 247 104; 449 91 208; 450 208 234;
451 234 260; 452 260 182; 453 90 207; 454 207 233; 455 233 259; 456 259 181;
457 89 206; 458 206 232; 459 232 258; 460 258 180; 461 88 205; 462 205 231;
463 231 257; 464 257 179; 465 87 204; 466 204 230; 467 230 256; 468 256 178;
469 86 203; 470 203 229; 471 229 255; 472 255 177; 473 85 202; 474 202 228;
475 228 254; 476 254 176; 477 84 201; 478 201 227; 479 227 253; 480 253 175;
481 83 200; 482 200 226; 483 226 252; 484 252 174; 485 82 199; 486 199 225;
487 225 251; 488 251 173; 489 81 198; 490 198 224; 491 224 250; 492 250 172;
493 80 197; 494 197 223; 495 223 249; 496 249 171; 497 79 196; 498 196 222;
499 222 248; 500 248 170;
START GROUP DEFINITION
MEMBER
_TS 253 TO 318
_TS1 247 TO 252 319 TO 324
_BS 91 TO 156
_BS1 85 TO 90 157 TO 162
_DBS 1 TO 84 163 TO 246 325 TO 396
END GROUP DEFINITION
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC MATERIAL1
E 3.05e+007
POISSON 0.196183
ISOTROPIC MATERIAL2
E 3.05e+007
POISSON 0.196183
DENSITY 24
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
85 TO 90 157 TO 162 247 TO 252 319 TO 324 PRIS YD 0.42 ZD 0.821
91 TO 156 253 TO 318 PRIS YD 0.42 ZD 1.642
213
214
Sinha & Sharma on
401 TO 444 453 TO 496 PRIS YD 0.42 ZD 1.642

1 TO 12 73 TO 84 163 TO 174 235 TO 246 PRIS YD 0.42 ZD 0.285
13 TO 72 175 TO 234 PRIS YD 0.42 ZD 0.57
397 TO 400 445 TO 452 497 TO 500 PRIS YD 0.42 ZD 0.821
325 TO 396 PRIS YD 0.42 ZD 0.855
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL MATERIAL1 MEMB 1 TO 84 163 TO 246 325 TO 396
MATERIAL MATERIAL2 MEMB 85 TO 162 247 TO 324 397 TO 500
SUPPORTS
1 TO 91 ELASTIC MAT DIRECT Y SUBGRADE 20400
*DEFINE MOVING LOAD
* IMPACT FACTOR 1
* REDUCTION OF LOAD 20%
*TYPE 1 LOAD 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28
*DIST 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46
*TYPE 2 LOAD 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28
*DIST 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46
*TYPE 3 LOAD 68 68 68 68 48 48 32
*DIST 1.37 3.05 1.37 2.13 1.52 3.96
*TYPE 4 LOAD 68 68 68 68 48 48 32
*DIST 1.37 3.05 1.37 2.13 1.52 3.96
*TYPE 5 LOAD 27 27 27 27 46 46 11 11
*DIST 3 3 3 4.3 1.2 3.2 1.1
*TYPE 6 LOAD 27 27 27 27 46 46 11 11
*DIST 3 3 3 4.3 1.2 3.2 1.1
LOAD 1
MEMBER LOAD
253 TO 318 UNI GY -16.55
247 TO 252 319 TO 324 UNI GY -8.275
*LOAD 2
MEMBER LOAD
253 TO 318 UNI GY -148
247 TO 252 319 TO 324 UNI GY -74
1 TO 12 73 TO 84 UNI GY -30.24
*ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE ON BOTH SIDE OF WALL
* COEFFICIENT OF ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE = KA=0.5
* CALCULATION IS BASED ON 0.50x20xWxH
* LOAD 3
MEMBER LOAD
400 448 TRAP GX 0 6.318
399 447 TRAP GX 6.318 12.64
398 446 TRAP GX 12.64 18.95
397 445 TRAP GX 18.95 25.27
404 408 412 416 420 424 428 432 436 440 444 TRAP GX 0 12.64
403 407 411 415 419 423 427 431 435 439 443 TRAP GX 12.64 25.27
402 406 410 414 418 422 426 430 434 438 442 TRAP GX 25.27 37.91
401 405 409 413 417 421 425 429 433 437 441 TRAP GX 37.91 50.54
452 500 TRAP GX -6.318 0 -6.318
215
451 499 TRAP GX -12.64 -6.318 -12.64

450 498 TRAP GX -18.95 -12.64 -18.95
449 497 TRAP GX -25.27 -18.95 -25.27
456 460 464 468 472 476 480 484 488 492 496 TRAP GX 0 -12.64
455 459 463 467 471 475 479 483 487 491 495 TRAP GX -12.64 -25.27
454 458 462 466 470 474 478 482 486 490 494 TRAP GX -25.27 -37.91
453 457 461 465 469 473 477 481 485 489 493 TRAP GX -37.91 -50.54
*TYPE 1 2 8.42 12.12 XINC 0.5
* VALUE USED 0.50 x 18 x 1.20 x W
*TYPE 2 2 8.42 14.18 XINC 0.5
* SURCHARGE LOAD
*TYPE 1 2 8.42 16.22 XINC 0.5
MEMBER LOAD
*TYPE 2 2 8.42 18.28 XINC 0.5
397 TO 400 445 TO 448 UNI GX 45.812
*TYPE 5 2 8.42 20.15 XINC 0.5
449 TO 452 497 TO 500 UNI GX -45.812
*TYPE 6 2 8.42 21.95 XINC 0.5
401 TO 444 UNI GX 91.62
*LOAD GENERATION 16 ADD LOAD 1
453 TO 496 UNI GX -91.62
*TYPE 1 2.5 8.42 12.12 XINC 0.5
253 TO 318 UNI GY -7.42
*TYPE 2 2.5 8.42 14.18 XINC 0.5
247 TO 252 319 TO 324 UNI GY -3.71
*TYPE 1 2.5 8.42 16.22 XINC 0.5
PRINT SUPPORT INFORMATION
*TYPE 2 2.5 8.42 18.28 XINC 0.5
*LOAD 4 MOVING LOAD
*TYPE 5 2.5 8.42 20.15 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 2.5 8.42 21.95 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 1 0 3.42 12.12 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 2 0 3.42 14.18 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 1 3.995 8.42 12.12 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 1 0 3.42 16.22 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 2 3.995 8.42 14.18 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 2 0 3.42 18.28 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 1 3.995 8.42 16.22 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 0 3.42 20.15 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 2 3.995 8.42 18.28 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 0 3.42 21.95 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 6.01 8.42 20.15 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 6.01 8.42 21.95 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 1 0.5 8.42 12.12 XINC 0.5
* IMPACT FACTOR 1
*TYPE 2 0.5 8.42 14.18 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 1 0.5 8.42 16.22 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 1 LOAD 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28
*DIST 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46
*TYPE 2 0.5 8.42 18.28 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 2 LOAD 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28
*TYPE 5 0.5 8.42 20.15 XINC 0.5
*DIST 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46
*TYPE 6 0.5 8.42 21.95 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 3 LOAD 68 68 68 68 48 48 32
*DIST 1.37 3.05 1.37 2.13 1.52 3.96
*TYPE 1 1 8.42 12.12 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 4 LOAD 68 68 68 68 48 48 32
*TYPE 2 1 8.42 14.18 XINC 0.5
*DIST 1.37 3.05 1.37 2.13 1.52 3.96
*TYPE 1 1 8.42 16.22 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 LOAD 27 27 27 27 46 46 11 11
*TYPE 2 1 8.42 18.28 XINC 0.5
*DIST 3 3 3 4.3 1.2 3.2 1.1
*TYPE 5 1 8.42 20.15 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 LOAD 27 27 27 27 46 46 11 11
*TYPE 6 1 8.42 21.95 XINC 0.5
*DIST 3 3 3 4.3 1.2 3.2 1.1
*LOAD 5 MOVING LOAD
*TYPE 1 1.5 8.42 12.12 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 2 1.5 8.42 14.18 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 3 0 8.42 12.13 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 1 1.5 8.42 16.22 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 4 0 8.42 14.06 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 2 1.5 8.42 18.28 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 3 0 8.42 16.12 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 1.5 8.42 20.15 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 4 0 8.42 18.08 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 1.5 8.42 21.95 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 0 8.42 19.93 XINC 0.5
Sinha & Sharma on
216
*TYPE 6 0 8.42 21.73 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 3 0.5 8.42 12.63 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 4 0.5 8.42 14.56 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 3 0.5 8.42 16.62 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 4 0.5 8.42 18.58 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 0.5 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 0.5 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 3 1 8.42 12.63 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 4 1 8.42 14.56 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 3 1 8.42 16.62 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 4 1 8.42 18.58 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 1 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 1 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 3 1.5 8.42 12.63 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 4 1.5 8.42 14.56 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 3 1.5 8.42 16.62 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 4 1.5 8.42 18.58 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 1.5 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 1.5 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 3 2.395 8.42 12.63 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 4 2.395 8.42 14.56 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 3 2.395 8.42 16.62 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 4 2.395 8.42 18.58 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 6.01 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 6.01 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 3 3 8.42 12.63 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 4 3 8.42 14.56 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 3 3 8.42 16.62 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 4 3 8.42 18.58 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 3 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 3 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 3 3.5 8.42 12.63 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 4 3.5 8.42 14.56 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 3 3.5 8.42 16.62 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 4 3.5 8.42 18.58 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 3.5 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 3.5 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 3 5 8.42 12.63 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 4 5 8.42 14.56 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 3 5 8.42 16.62 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 4 5 8.42 18.58 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 5 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 5 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5

* IMPACT FACTOR 1
*TYPE 5 LOAD 27 27 27 27 46 46 11 11
*DIST 3 3 3 4.3 1.2 3.2 1.1
*TYPE 6 LOAD 27 27 27 27 46 46 11 11
*DIST 3 3 3 4.3 1.2 3.2 1.1
*LOAD 1 MOVING LOAD
*TYPE 5 0 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 0 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 0 8.42 20.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 0 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 0 8.42 20.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 0 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 0 8.42 20.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 0 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 0 8.42 20.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 0 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 1.5 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 1.5 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 1.5 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 1.5 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 1.5 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 1.5 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 1.5 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 1.5 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 1.5 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 1.5 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 6.01 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 6.01 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 6.01 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 6.01 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 6.01 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 6.01 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 6.01 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 6.01 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 6.01 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 6.01 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 7 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 7 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 7 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 7 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 7 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 7 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 7 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5

*TYPE 6 7 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 5 7 8.42 20.43 XINC 0.5
*TYPE 6 7 8.42 22.23 XINC 0.5
PERFORM ANALYSIS
PRINT SUPPORT REACTION
PERFORM ANALYSIS
PRINT MAXFORCE ENVELOPE LIST 85 TO 162
247 TO 324
PRINT MAXFORCE ENVELOPE LIST 397 TO 500
START CONCRETE DESIGN
CODE INDIAN
FC 25000 ALL
CLEAR 0.05 MEMB 163 TO 500
CLEAR 0.075 MEMB 1 TO 162
FYMAIN 415000 ALL
FYSEC 415000 ALL
DESIGN BEAM 1 TO 500
END CONCRETE DESIGN
FINISH
Fig. 1 Model of box showing nodes and members
217
Sinha & Sharma on
218
Table 1 Beam End Force Summary

Beam
Max Fx
Min Fx
Max Fy
Min Fy
Max Fz
Min Fz
Max
Mx
Min Mx
Max
My
Min My
Max Mz
Min Mz
Node L/C
Axial
Fx (kN)
Shear
Fy (kN) Fz (kN)
473
163
283
264
397
445
162
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1:
1:
1:
1:
1:
1:
1:
85
92
98
172
1
13
78
294.174
-0.004
181.746
181.859
147.825
147.845
0.000
-217.946
0.091
294.014
-294.142
109.156
109.162
142.375
Torsion
Mx
(kNm)
0.004
-0.025
0.002
-0.070
5.118
-5.131
0.000
Bending
My
Mz
(kNm)
(kNm)
0.000
-0.002
-0.005
0.021
-0.001
-0.000
0.004
0.016
-0.007
-5.533
0.009
5.543
0.718
0.000
90
445
1
1
1:
1:
66
13
0.000
147.845
142.354
109.162
0.000
-5.131
-0.724
0.009
0.000
5.543
3.477
77.880
397
405
97
1
1
1
1:
1:
1:
1
3
3
147.825
293.940
0.000
109.156
218.072
-284.032
5.118
-0.640
0.000
-0.007
0.030
0.056
-5.533
0.082
0.000
77.873
155.434
-155.434
-155.240
0.075
136.419
136.647
77.873
77.880
3.481
Refer Fig. 2

WIDTH OF MEMBERS 97 to 102,405 TO 408,489 TO 492,259 TO 264 = 1.642 m
B.M. PER M RUN AT CORNERS OF TOP SLAB IN MEMBERS 259,264,408 AND 492 = 136.369/1.642 =
83.05 kNm
B.M. PER M RUN AT CORNERS OF BOTTOM SLAB IN MEMBERS 97, 102, 405 AND 489 =
155.434/1.642=94.66 kNm
B.M. PER M RUN AT MID POINT OF TOP SLAB AT JOINT OF MEMBERS 261 AND 262 = 114.918/1.642
= 69.99 kNm
B.M. PER M RUN AT MID POINT OF BOTTOM SLAB AT JOINT OF MEMBERS 99 AND 100 =
134.148/1.642 = 81.70 kNm
B.M. PER M RUN AT MID POINT OF SIDE SLAB AT JOINT OF MEMBERS 406-407 AND 490-491 =
25/1.642 = 15.22 kNm
Refer Fig. 3
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

WIDTH OF MEMBERS 121 to 126,421 to 424,283 TO 288,473 TO 476 = 1.642 m
S.F. PER M RUN AT EFFECTIVE DISTANCE 0.622 m FROM CENTER OF SUPPORT IN TOP SLAB IN
MEMEBR 284=97.972*1.088/(1.642*.57) = 113.88 kN
S.F. PER M RUN AT EFFECTIVE DISTANCE 0.597 m FROM CENTER OF SUPPORT IN BOTTOM
SLAB IN MEMBER 122
=168.253 /(1.642) = 102.46 kN
219
S.F. PER M RUN AT EFFECTIVE DISTANCE 0.622 m FROM CENTER OF SUPPORT IN SIDE SLAB IN
MEMEBR 424 =98.004*1.088/(1.642*.855) = 75.95 kN
S.F. PER M RUN AT EFFECTIVE DISTANCE 0.622 m FROM CENTER OF SUPPORT IN SIDE SLAB IN
MEMEBR 421
=101.89*1.088 (1.642*.855) = 78.96 kN
Fig. 2 Bending Moment Diagram

(Value are for element length of 1.642 m)
Fig. 3 Shear Force Diagram

(Value are for element length of 1.642 m)

RCC Box Culvert - Methodology and Designs Including Computer Method

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Paper No.

RCC BOX CULVERT - METHODOLOGY AND

It is well known that roads are generally constructed

there is no cushion. A box can also be placed within

Journal of the Indian Roads Congress, October-December 2009

Sinha & Sharma on

the embankment and follow natural course of flow but

for more number of lanes, a situation which occurs on

CO-EFFICIENT OF EARTH PRESSURE

The earth can exert pressure, minimum as active and

Journal of the Indian Roads Congress, October-December 2009

Rcc Box Culvert- Methodology and Designs Including Computer Method

deformation can be assumed to be at rest/active pressure

Effective width in the run of culvert (length across span)

Journal of the Indian Roads Congress, October-December 2009

Sinha & Sharma on

slab is allowed to slide over support under the load as

The IRC:21-20006 Clause 305.16 gives an equation

Rcc Box Culvert- Methodology and Designs Including Computer Method

heights of cushion the braking force can be interpolated.

The box is considered a rigid frame for analysis and

Journal of the Indian Roads Congress, October-December 2009

Sinha & Sharma on

lesser thickness and reinforcements. In case of box of

IMPACT OF LIVE LOAD

Moving loads create impact when these move over the

The IRC:6-200010, Code Clause 211.7 specifies that

The box is designed for maximum moment for its

Journal of the Indian Roads Congress, October-December 2009

Rcc Box Culvert- Methodology and Designs Including Computer Method

away from the face of wall, the distance where the

The Code IRC:21-20006, in Clause 305.18 provides

LOAD CASES FOR DESIGN

Mainly three load cases govern the design. These are

Sinha & Sharma on

without cushion live load surcharge shall straightway be

of Soil for Vehicular Loading. Table 3.11.6.4-1 and Table

DESIGN OF TYPICAL BOX

Based on the above discussions and clarifications

At deff from support for slabs

Journal of the Indian Roads Congress, October-December 2009

Rcc Box Culvert- Methodology and Designs Including Computer Method

Box with cushion

Design of box with

Drawing of the box culverts

ii) It is easy to add length in the event of widening of

little influence on the design of box particularly

Journal of the Indian Roads Congress, October-December 2009

Sinha & Sharma on

IRC:5-1998, Standard Specifications and Code of

IS:1893-1984, Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design

IRC:78-2000, Standard Specifications and Code of

Terzaghi and Karl, Theoretical Soil Mechanics, John

Gulhati, Shashi K. and Datta, Manoj, Geotechnical

IRC:21-2000, Standard Specifications and Code of

MORT&H (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways),

Krishna, Jai and Jain, O.P., Plain and Reinforced

AASHTO (American Association of State Highways

10. IRC:6-2000, Standard Specifications and Code of

Journal of the Indian Roads Congress, October-December 2009

Rcc Box Culvert- Methodology and Designs Including Computer Method

Fig.1 Cross Section of Box (All dimensions are in m)

and position of load shall be as under:

2.1 Top Slab