Efficacy of Lime-Fly ash Stabilized

Red Mud as a Cushion over Expansive

soil Analyzed by Finite Element.

Proposed by
Nithin K S
Asst. Professor
BIET, Davanagere.
INTRODUCTION
• I completed my UG in Civil Engineering from BIET, Davanagere.
• I completed by PG in Transportation Engineering and Management from BMS college of
Engineering, Bangalore.
• My PG dissertation work was on “Influence of Different Methods of Compaction on Subgrade Soil
Stabilised by Nano Silica and Lime”.
• Black cotton soil and red soil was stabilized with nano silica and lime separately and it was
compacted with three different methods of compaction i.e., static compaction, dynamic compaction
and Rolling Compactor cum Rut Analyzer (RCRA).
• The RCRA is an indigenously developed compactor which produces field compaction effect in
laboratory during compaction of specimens. RCRA is capable of change in speed during rolling and
rutting operations and is capable of recording densification data during compaction of specimen.
• I have communicated a article on this work to “International Journal of Geo-Engineering” which is
under review after one revision.
C:\Users\User\Desktop\fINAL\Effect of Lab Roller Compaction on Lime Treated Soils.pdf
PROPOSED PROJECT
• Red mud is highly alkaline slurry produced during alumina extraction from bauxite. Its
disposal generates serious environmental pollution.
• The best way to solve red mud disposal issues is to develop economic utilization
technologies that will consume significant amount of red mud.
• This project proposes to study the possibility of utilizing red mud as a subgrade material.

Discharge Point of Red Mud in Red Mud Pond Red Mud

LITERATURE REVIEW
Title Author Year Methodology Outcomes
Utilization of red Emile Mukiza, 2018 Reviewed on possibility • Better performance was seen for red mud
mud in road base LingLing Zhang, of utilizing red mud as a combined with other industrial solid waste
and subgrade Xiaoming Liu, road base material, weak than red mud alone.
materials: A review. Na Zhang. subgrade soil stabilizer • Pavement thickness is reduced when it is
(ELSEVIER) and subgrade material. used as a subgrade.
• Additional research required to investigate
its irradiation index and leaching behavior.

Characterization of Sarat Kumar 2015 Study involves • Red mud has high specific gravity due to
red mud as a Das, experimental analysis of presence of iron compound minerals
subgrade Subrat Kumar, red mud and numerical resulting in higher MDD.
construction Shamshad method i.e., finite • Experimental and finite element analysis on
material. Alam. element analysis of model footing have showed that it can be
(Conference Paper - footing on red mud. used as a alternate pavement subgrade.
3rd CTRG) • It is found highly dispersive, hence need soil
cover at top to protect against weathering.
 Contd..
Strength and durability Akshay Kumar 2015 Effect of fly ash and dolime • With increase in cushion to subgrade soil
characteristics of Sabat, fine stabilized red mud ratio UCS and CBR increases and swell
stabilized red mud Swapnaranee cushion on UCS, CBR, swell decreases.
cushioned expansive Mohanta. and durability of an expansive • The optimum ratio of cushion to soil
soil. soil at 0,7 and 28 days of thickness is found to be 1 and optimum
(IJAER) curing has been tested. curing period as 28 days.
• The cushioned expansive soil is found to
be durable.

Model studies on Huabao Zhou, 2007 One or two layers of • The results indicate that with the
geogrid- or geocell- Xuejun Wen geosynthetic materials were provision of a geocell-reinforced sand
reinforced sand cushion placed in a sand cushion to cushion, there is a substantial reduction
on soft soil. create composite layers over a in settlement of the underlying soft soil.
(ELSEVIER) soft-soil foundation, four test • The subgrade reaction coefficient K30 is
groups are reported. improved by 3000%, and the deformation
is reduced by 44%.

Stabilization of G.Sridevi, Sanjeet 2016 Red mud is stabilized with • Expansive soil mixed with 15% fly ash and
expansive soil with red Sahoo, Sanjeet lime and it is used to stabilize 15% red mud by weight of dry soil along
mud and lime. Sahoo. expansive soil along with fly with 4% lime exhibits improved
(IGC2016) ash. Compaction and UCS geotechnical properties in terms of UCS
parameters were tested. and compaction characteristics.
 Contd..
Finite element H. Akbulut, K. 2004 Evaluation of the structural contribution • Although the vertical stress is effective within
analysis of stress Aslantas of wearing course and base course to all the pavement layers, horizontal stress is
distribution on the load carrying capacity of the only effective on wearing and base course,
bituminous pavement pavement structure when used at which is the main cause of fatigue related
and failure different layer thicknesses/or different pavement failures.
mechanism. materials (elastic modulus).
(ELSEVIER)

Efficacy of dolime fine Akshaya Kumar 2015 The effects of dolime fine on • The optimum percentage of fly ash required
stabilized red mud-fly Sabal, compaction properties, unconfined for stabilization of red mud is found to be 15%
ash mixes as subgrade Swapnaranee compressive strength (UCS), soaked and dolime is 8% based on compaction and
material. Mohanta California bearing ratio (CBR) and UCS test results and this mix is found durable.
(ARPN) durability of red mud stabilized with • There would be substantial savings in cost of
optimum percentage of fly ash have construction if red mud-fly ash-dolime fine
been evaluated. mix is used as subgrade over soil of low
soaked CBR value.

Durability of red mud- Mo Zhang, 2016 The durability and heavy metal leaching • The concentrations of heavy metals detected
fly ash based Mengxuan Zhao behavior of red mud-class F fly ash in the leachate of the RFFG samples were all
geopolymer and a, Guoping based geopolymers (RFFG) much lower than the contamination limits in
leaching behavior Zhang c, Derrick were investigated in this study. set by the US EPA standard.
of heavy metals in Mann d. • Red mud-fly ash based geopolymerization
sulfuric acid solutions technology produces a more economical and
and deionized water. ‘greener’ alternative to OPC
(ELSEVIER)
RESEARCH GAPS
Based on the literature review:
• Red mud stabilized with lime and fly ash has not been used as a cushion above the expansive soil
as subgrade, so the thickness of cushion required to increase the bearing capacity of subgrade
can be determined.
• Experimental and numerical analysis using finite element method can be done on a model
composed of weak subgrade, cushion and other layers of pavement i.e., sub-base, base and
binder course.
• Additional research is required to investigate leaching behavior of red mud.
• Economic analysis can be done for the pavement treated with red mud stabilized by lime and fly
ash.
OBJECTIVES
• To determine the optimum content of lime, fly ash and red mud mix to provide a cushion above
the weak subgrade soil (expansive soil) by analyzing the consistency properties like LL, PI, swelling
and strength parameters like CBR, UCS.
• To determine the optimum thickness of cushion by varying the thickness of the cushion with
respect to the thickness of natural soil subgrade based on the strength parameters.
• To develop a model of flexible pavement by designing the pavement thickness based on the
results obtained and to carry out experimental analysis on that to determine the load vs
settlement relationship.
• To analyze the pavement model developed numerically using “Finite Element Method(FEM)” and
to compare the results obtained from experimental analysis and FEM analysis.
• To determine the leaching behavior of red mud mix by carrying out leaching test with increased
soaking period.
• To carry out economical analysis of pavement, designed based on obtained test results with
respect to conventional pavement.
METHODOLOGY
The following methodology is proposed:
• Basic properties and strength properties of soil, red mud are determined.
• Optimum lime content is determined and it is mixed with red mud.
• Different percentages of lime stabilized red mud and fly ash is varied and optimum mix
percentage is determined based on strength properties.
• Thickness of cushion and soil subgrade is varied and optimum thickness of cushion is
determined with respect to thickness of soil subgrade based on strength parameters.
• Flexible pavement thickness is designed based on obtained results and a model is
prepared. On that model experimental analysis and finite element analysis is done.
• Leaching behavior of red mud mix is determined.
• Economical evaluation is done.
REFERENCES
• Emile Mukiza, LingLing Zhang, Xiaoming Liu, Na Zhang, 2018. Utilization of red mud in road base and subgrade materials: A
review. Resources conservation and recycling 141 (2019) 187-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.10.031
• Sarat Kumar Das,Subrat Kumar, Shamshad Alam, 2015. Characterization of red mud as a subgrade construction material. 3 rd
Conference of Transportation Research Group of India(3rd CTRG).
• Sabat, A.K., Mohanta, S., 2015. Strength and durability characteristics of stabilized red mud cushioned expansive soil. Int. J.
Appl. Eng. Res. Dev. 10, 25867–25878.
• Huabao Zhou, Xuejun Wen,Model studies on geogrid- or geocell-reinforced sand cushion on soft soil, Geotextiles and
Geomembranes, Volume 26, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 231-238, ISSN 0266-1144, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2007.10.002
• Sridevi, G., Sanjeet, S., Subhrajeet, S., 2016. Stabilization of expansive soil with red mud and lime. Indian Geotech. Conf.,.
• H. Akbulut, K. Aslantas, Finite element analysis of stress distribution on bituminous pavement and failure mechanism,
Materials & Design, Volume 26, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 383-387, ISSN 0261-3069,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2004.05.017.
• Sabat, A.K., Mohantab, S., 2015. Efficacy of dolime fine stabilized red mud-fly ash mixes as subgrade material. ARPN J. Eng.
Appl. Sci. 10, 5919–5923.
• o Zhang, Mengxuan Zhao, Guoping Zhang, Derrick Mann, Kevon Lumsden, Mingjiang Tao, Durability of red mud-fly ash
based geopolymer and leaching behavior of heavy metals in sulfuric acid solutions and deionized water, Construction and
Building Materials, Volume 124, 2016, Pages 373-382, ISSN 0950-0618, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.108
.
Contd..
• Deelwal, K., Dharavath, K., Kulshreshtha, M., 2014. Evaluation of characteristic properties of red mud for
possible use as a geotechnical material in civil construction. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol. 7, 1053–1059.
• Ekrem Kalkan, Utilization of red mud as a stabilization material for the preparation of clay liners, Engineering
Geology, Volume 87, Issues 3–4, 2006, Pages 220-229, ISSN 0013-7952, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.07.002
• Rahman M.T., Mahmud K., Ahsan S, 2011. Stress­Strain characteristics of flexible pavement using Finite
Element Analysis. ISSN 0976-4399, International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, Volume-2, No.-
1,2011.
• Satayanarayana, P.V.V., G.N, P., Adiseshu, S., Hanumanth, C.H.V., 2012. Characterization of Lime Stabilized
Redmud Mix for Feasibility in Road Construction. Int. J. Eng. Res. Dev. 3, 20–26.
• Sahoo, S., Mohanty, C., 2016. Construction of Road Sub-Base By Using Industrial Waste. Int. J. Eng. Sci.
Manag. Res. 3, 77–83.
• Kusum Deelwal, K.D.K., 2014. Stabilization of red mud by lime, gypsum and investigating its possible use as a
geotechnical material in the civil construction. Int. J. Adv. Eng.Technol. 7, 1238–1244.
• Kumar, S., Kumar, S., Alam, S., 2015. Characterization of red mud as a subgrade construction material. 3rd
Conf. Transp. Res. Gr. India.
THANK YOU