CHAPTER 11

11.1. Show that Exs = Aejk0 z+ is a solution to the vector Helmholtz equation, Sec. 11.1, Eq. (30),

for k0 = 0 0 and any and A: We take

d2
Aejk0 z+ = (jk0 )2 Aejk0 z+ = k02 Exs
dz 2
11.2. A 100-MHz uniform plane wave propagates in a lossless medium for which r = 5 and r = 1.
Find:

a) vp : vp = c/ r = 3 108 / 5 = 1.34 108 m/s.

b) : = /vp = (2 108 )/(1.34 108 ) = 4.69 m1 .
c) : = 2/ = 1.34 m.

d) Es : Assume real amplitude E0 , forward z travel, and x polarization, and write

Es = E0 exp(jz)ax = E0 exp(j4.69z) ax V/m.

e) Hs : First, the intrinsic impedance of the medium is = 0 / r = 377/ 5 = 169 .

Then Hs = (E0 /) exp(jz) ay = (E0 /169) exp(j4.69z) ay A/m.
f) < S >= (1/2)Re {Es Hs } = (E02 /337) az W/m2
12.3. An H field in free space is given as H(x, t) = 10 cos(108 t x)ay A/m. Find
a) : Since we have a uniform plane wave, = /c, where we identify = 108 sec1 . Thus
= 108 /(3 108 ) = 0.33 rad/m.
b) : We know = 2/ = 18.9 m.
c) E(x, t) at P (0.1, 0.2, 0.3) at t = 1 ns: Use E(x, t) = 0 H(x, t) = (377)(10) cos(108 t
x) = 3.77 103 cos(108 t x). The vector direction of E will be az , since we require
that S = E H, where S is x-directed. At the given point, the relevant coordinate is
x = 0.1. Using this, along with t = 109 sec, we finally obtain
E(x, t) = 3.77 103 cos[(108 )(109 ) (0.33)(0.1)]az = 3.77 103 cos(6.7 102 )az
= 3.76 103 az V/m

11.4. Small antennas have low eciencies (as will be seen in Chapter 14) and the eciency increases
with size up to the point at which a critical dimension of the antenna is an appreciable fraction
of a wavelength, say /8.
a) An antenna is that is 12cm long is operated in air at 1 MHz. What fraction of a wavelength
long is it? The free space wavelength will be
air =

c
3.0 108 m/s
1.2
=
= 300 m, so that the fraction =
= 4.0 103
6
1
f
10 s
300

b) The same antenna is embedded in a ferrite material for which r = 20 and r = 2, 000.
What fraction of a wavelength is it now?
air
300
1.2
f errite =
=p
= 1.5m fraction =
= 0.8
r r
1.5
(20)(2000)
221

11.5. A 150-MHz uniform plane wave in free space is described by Hs = (4 + j10)(2ax + jay )ejz
A/m.
a) Find numerical values for , , and : First, = 2150106 = 3 108 sec1 . Second,
for a uniform plane wave in free space, = 2c/ = c/f = (3 108 )/(1.5 108 ) = 2 m.
Third, = 2/ = rad/m.
b) Find H(z, t) at t = 1.5 ns, z = 20 cm: Use
H(z, t) = Re{Hs ejt } = Re{(4 + j10)(2ax + jay )(cos(t z) + j sin(t z)}
= [8 cos(t z) 20 sin(t z)] ax [10 cos(t z) + 4 sin(t z)] ay
8
9
. Now at the given position and
time, t z = (3 10 )(1.5 10 ) (0.20) = /4.
And cos(/4) = sin(/4) = 1/ 2. So finally,

1
H(z = 20cm, t = 1.5ns) = (12ax + 14ay ) = 8.5ax 9.9ay A/m
2
c) What is |E|max ? Have |E|max = 0 |H|max , where
p
1/2
|H|max = Hs Hs = [4(4 + j10)(4 j10) + (j)(j)(4 + j10)(4 j10)]
= 24.1 A/m
Then |E|max = 377(24.1) = 9.08 kV/m.

11.6. A uniform plane wave has electric field Es = (Ey0 ay Ez0 az ) ex ejx V/m. The intrinsic
impedance of the medium is given as = || ej , where is a constant phase.

a) Describe the wave polarization and state the direction of propagation: The wave is linearly
polarized in the y-z plane, and propagates in the forward x direction (from the ejx
factor).

b) Find Hs : Each component of Es , when crossed into its companion component of Hs ,

must give a vector in the positive-x direction of travel. Using this rule, we find

Ey
Ez
Ey0
Ez0
Hs =
az +
ay =
az +
ay ex ej ejx A/m

||
||

c) Find E(x, t) and H(x, t): E(x, t) = Re Es ejt = [Ey0 ay Ez0 az ] ex cos(t x)

H(x, t) = Re Hs ejt = [Ey0 az + Ez0 ay ] ex cos(t x )

where all amplitudes are assumed real.

d) Find < S > in W/m2 :

< S >=

2x
1
1 2
2
Re {Es Hs } =
Ey0 + Ez0
e
cos ax W/m2
2
2

e) Find the time-average power in watts that is intercepted by an antenna of rectangular

cross-section, having width w and height h, suspended parallel to the yz plane, and at a
distance d from the wave source. This will be
Z Z
2
2d
1
2
P =
< S > dS = | < S > |x=d area = (wh) Ey0
+ Ez0
e
cos W
2
plate
222

11.7. The phasor magnetic field intensity for a 400-MHz uniform plane wave propagating in a
certain lossless material is (2ay j5az )ej25x A/m. Knowing that the maximum amplitude
of E is 1500 V/m, find , , , vp , r , r , and H(x, y, z, t): First, from the phasor expression,
we identify = 25 m1
from the argument
of the exponential function.

Next, we evaluate
H0 = |H| = H H = 22 + 52 = 29. Then = E0 /H0 = 1500/ 29 = 278.5 . Then
= 2/ = 2/25 = .25 m = 25 cm. Next,
vp =
Now we note that

And

2 400 106
=
= 1.01 108 m/s

25

r
r
= 278.5 = 377
r

c
vp = 1.01 108 =
r r

r
= 0.546
r

r r = 8.79

We solve the above two equations simultaneously to find r = 4.01 and r = 2.19. Finally,

H(x, y, z, t) = Re (2ay j5az )ej25x ejt

= 2 cos(2 400 106 t 25x)ay + 5 sin(2 400 106 t 25x)az

= 2 cos(8 108 t 25x)ay + 5 sin(8 108 t 25x)az A/m

11.8. An electric field in free space is given in spherical coordinates as Es (r) = E0 (r)ejkr a V/m.
a) find Hs (r) assuming uniform plane wave behavior: Knowing that the cross product of Es
with the complex conjugate of the phasor Hs field must give a vector in the direction of
propagation, we obtain,
E0 (r) jkr
Hs (r) =
e
a A/m
0
b) Find < S >: This will be
< S >=

1
E 2 (r)
Re {Es Hs } = 0
ar W/m2
2
20

c) Express the average outward power in watts through a closed spherical shell of radius r,
centered at the origin: The power will be (in this case) just the product of the power
density magnitude in part b with the sphere area, or
P = 4r2

E02 (r)
W
20

where E0 (r) is assumed real.

d) Establish the required functional form of E0 (r) that will enable the power flow in part c
to be independent of radius: Evidently this condition is met when E0 (r) 1/r

223

11.9. A certain lossless material has r = 4 and r = 9. A 10-MHz uniform plane wave is propagating
in the ay direction with Ex0 = 400 V/m and Ey0 = Ez0 = 0 at P (0.6, 0.6, 0.6) at t = 60 ns.
a) Find , , vp , and : For a uniform plane wave,

2 107 p

= =
r r =
(4)(9) = 0.4 rad/m
c
3 108

Then = (2)/ = (2)/(0.4) = 5 m. Next,

vp =
Finally,
=

2 107
=
= 5 107 m/s

4 101

= 0

r
r
4
= 377
= 251
r
9

b) Find E(t) (at P ): We are given the amplitude at t = 60 ns and at y = 0.6 m. Let the
maximum amplitude be Emax , so that in general, Ex = Emax cos(t y). At the given
position and time,
Ex = 400 = Emax cos[(2 107 )(60 109 ) (4 101 )(0.6)] = Emax cos(0.96)
= 0.99Emax
So Emax = (400)/(0.99) = 403 V/m. Thus at P, E(t) = 403 cos(2 107 t) V/m.
c) Find H(t): First, we note that if E at a given instant points in the negative x direction,
while the wave propagates in the forward y direction, then H at that same position and
time must point in the positive z direction. Since we have a lossless homogeneous medium,
is real, and we are allowed to write H(t) = E(t)/, where is treated as negative and
real. Thus
H(t) = Hz (t) =

Ex (t)
403
=
cos(2 107 t) = 1.61 cos(2 107 t) A/m

251

11.10. In a medium characterized by intrinsic impedance = ||ej , a linearly-polarized plane wave

propagates, with magnetic field given as Hs = (H0y ay + H0z az ) ex ejx . Find:
a) Es : Requiring orthogonal components of Es for each component of Hs , we find
Es = || [H0z ay H0y az ] ex ejx ej
b) E(x, t) = Re {Es ejt } = || [H0z ay H0y az ] ex cos(t x + ).
c) H(x, t) = Re {Hs ejt } = [H0y ay + H0z az ] ex cos(t x).
d) < S >=

2x
1
1 2
2
Re{Es Hs } = || H0y
+ H0z
e
cos ax W/m2
2
2

224

11.11. A 2-GHz uniform plane wave has an amplitude of Ey0 = 1.4 kV/m at (0, 0, 0, t = 0) and is
propagating in the az direction in a medium where 00 = 1.6 1011 F/m, 0 = 3.0 1011
F/m, and = 2.5 H/m. Find:
a) Ey at P (0, 0, 1.8cm) at 0.2 ns: To begin, we have the ratio, 00 /0 = 1.6/3.0 = 0.533. So

0
2

1+

= (2 2 109 )
Then

00
0

1/2

i1/2
(2.5 106 )(3.0 1011 ) hp
1 + (.533)2 1
= 28.1 Np/m
2

0
2

Thus in general,

1+

00
0

1/2

+ 1

= 112 rad/m

Ey (z, t) = 1.4e28.1z cos(4 109 t 112z) kV/m

Evaluating this at t = 0.2 ns and z = 1.8 cm, find
Ey (1.8 cm, 0.2 ns) = 0.74 kV/m
b) Hx at P at 0.2 ns: We use the phasor relation, Hxs = Eys / where
=
So now

1
p
=
0

1 j(00 /0 )

Hxs =

2.5 106
1
p
= 263 + j65.7 = 2716 14
11
3.0 10
1 j(.533)

Eys
(1.4 103 )e28.1z ej112z
=
= 5.16e28.1z ej112z ej14 A/m

j14

271e

Then
Hx (z, t) = 5.16e28.1z cos(4 109 t 112z 14 )
This, when evaluated at t = 0.2 ns and z = 1.8 cm, yields
Hx (1.8 cm, 0.2 ns) = 3.0 A/m

225

11.12. Describe how the attenuation coecient of a liquid medium, assumed to be a good conductor,
could be determined through measurement of wavelength in the liquid at a known frequency.
What restrictions apply? Could this method be used to find the conductivity as well? In a
good conductor, we may use the approximation:
.
.
==

2
where =
2

.
Therefore, in the good conductor approximation, = 2/. From the above formula, we
could also find
. 4
= 2
f
which would work provided that again, we are certain that we have a good conductor, and
that the permeability is known.
11.13. Let jk = 0.2 + j1.5 m1 and = 450 + j60 for a uniform plane wave propagating in the az
direction. If = 300 Mrad/s, find , 0 , and 00 : We begin with
=

and
jk = j
Then
=
and

1
p
= 450 + j60
0

1 j(00 /0 )

p p
0 1 j(00 /0 ) = 0.2 + j1.5

1
p
= (450 + j60)(450 j60) = 2.06 105
0

1 + (00 /0 )2

(jk)(jk) = 2 0
Taking the ratio of (2) to (1),

p
1 + (00 /0 )2 = (0.2 + j1.5)(0.2 j1.5) = 2.29

(1)

(2)

(jk)(jk)
2.29
= 2 (0 )2 1 + (00 /0 )2 =
= 1.11 105

2.06 105

Then with = 3 108 ,

(0 )2 =

1.11 105
1.23 1022
=
(3 108 )2 (1 + (00 /0 )2 )
(1 + (00 /0 )2 )

(3)

Now, we use Eqs. (35) and (36). Squaring these and taking their ratio gives
p
1 + (00 /0 )2
2
(0.2)2
p
=
=
2
(1.5)2
1 + (00 /0 )2

We solve this to find 00 /0 = 0.271. Substituting this result into (3) gives 0 = 1.07 1011
F/m. Since 00 /0 = 0.271, we then find 00 = 2.90 1012 F/m. Finally, using these results in
either (1) or (2) we find = 2.28 106 H/m. Summary: = 2.28 106 H/m,
0 = 1.07 1011 F/m, and 00 = 2.90 1012 F/m.
226

11.14. A certain nonmagnetic material has the material constants 0r = 2 and 00 /0 = 4 104 at
= 1.5 Grad/s. Find the distance a uniform plane wave can propagate through the material
before:
a) it is attenuated by 1 Np: First, 00 = (4 104 )(2)(8.854 1012 ) = 7.1 1015 F/m.
Then, since 00 /0 << 1, we use the approximate form for , given by Eq. (51) (written
in terms of 00 ):
r
(1.5 109 )(7.1 1015 ) 377
. 00
= 1.42 103 Np/m
=
=
2
0
2
2
The required distance is now z1 = (1.42 103 )1 = 706 m

b) the power level is reduced by one-half: The governing relation is e2z1/2 = 1/2, or
z1/2 = ln 2/2 = ln 2/2(1.42 10 3) = 244 m.

c) the phase shifts

is defined
as one wavelength, where = 2/
p 360 : This distance
0
= (2c)/( r ) = [2(3 108 )]/[(1.5 109 ) 2] = 0.89 m.

11.15. A 10 GHz radar signal may be represented as a uniform plane wave in a suciently small
region. Calculate the wavelength in centimeters and the attenuation in nepers per meter if
the wave is propagating in a non-magnetic material for which
a) 0r = 1 and 00r = 0: In a non-magnetic material, we would have:
s
1/2
r
00 2
0 0 0r
r
=
1+
1
2
0r
and

0 0 0r
2

1+

00r
0r

1/2

+ 1

With the given values of 0r and 00r , it is clear that = 0 0 = /c, and so
= 2/ = 2c/ = 3 1010 /1010 = 3 cm. It is also clear that = 0.
. p
b) 0r = 1.04 and 00r = 9.00104 : In this case 00r /0r << 1, and so = 0r /c = 2.13 cm1 .
Thus = 2/ = 2.95 cm. Then
r

00r 0 0
00r
2 1010 (9.00 104 )
. 00
p
p

=
=
=
=
2
0
2
2c 0r
2 3 108
0r
1.04
= 9.24 102 Np/m

c) 0r = 2.5 and 00r = 7.2: Using the above formulas, we obtain

s
1/2

2
10
2 10
2.5
7.2
1+
=
+ 1
= 4.71 cm1
10
2.5
(3 10 ) 2
and so = 2/ = 1.33 cm. Then

s
1/2

2
2 1010 2.5
7.2

=
1+
1
= 335 Np/m
2.5
(3 108 ) 2
227

R
11.16. Consider the power dissipation term, E Jdv in Poyntings theorem (Eq. (70)). This gives
the power lost to heat within a volume into which electromagnetic waves enter. The term
pd = E J is thus the power dissipation per unit volume in W/m3 . Following the same
reasoning that resulted in Eq. (77), the time-average power dissipation per volume will be
< pd >= (1/2)Re {Es Js }.

a) Show that in a conducting medium, through which a uniform plane wave of amplitude E0
propagates in the forward z direction, < pd >= (/2)|E0 |2 e2z : Begin with the phasor
expression for the electric field, assuming complex amplitude E0 , and x-polarization:
Es = E0 ez ejz ax V/m2
Then
Js = Es = E0 ez ejz ax A/m2
So that

< pd >= (1/2)Re E0 ez ejz ax E0 ez e+jz ax = (/2)|E0 |2 e2z

b) Confirm this result for the special case of a good conductor by using the left hand side of
Eq. (70), and consider a very small volume. In a good conductor, the intrinsic impedance
is, from Eq. (85), c = (1 + j)/(), where the skin depth, = 1/. The magnetic field
phasor is then
Es

Hs =
ay =
E0 ez ejz ay A/m
c
(1 + j)
The time-average Poynting vector is then
< S >=

Re {Es Hs } =
|E0 |2 e2z az W/m2
2
4

Now, consider a rectangular volume of side lengths, x, y, and z, all of which are
very small. As the wave passes through this volume in the forward z direction, the power
dissipated will be the dierence between the power at entry (at z = 0), and the power
.
that exits the volume (at z = z). With small z, we may approximate e2z = 1 2z,
and the dissipated power in the volume becomes
Pd = Pin Pout =

h
i
h
i

|E0 |2 xy
|E0 |2 (1 2z) xy =
|E0 |2 (xyz)
4
4
2

This is just the result of part a, evaluated at z = 0 and multiplied by the volume. The
relation becomes exact as z 0, in which case < pd > (/2)|E0 |2 .
It is also possible to show the relation by using Eq. (69) (which involves taking the
divergence of < S >), or by removing the restriction of a small volume and evaluating
the integrals in Eq. (70) without approximations. Either method is straightforward.

228

11.17. Let = 250 + j30 and jk = 0.2 + j2 m1 for a uniform plane wave propagating in the az
direction in a dielectric having some finite conductivity. If |Es | = 400 V/m at z = 0, find:
a) < S > at z = 0 and z = 60 cm: Assume x-polarization for the electric field. Then

1
1
400 z jz

z jz
< S > = Re {Es Hs } = Re 400e
e
ax e
e ay
2
2

1
1
1
2 2z
4 2(0.2)z
= (400) e
Re
az = 8.0 10 e
Re
az
2

250 j30
= 315 e2(0.2)z az W/m2

Evaluating at z = 0, obtain < S > (z = 0) = 315 az W/m2 ,

and at z = 60 cm, Pz,av (z = 0.6) = 315e2(0.2)(0.6) az = 248 az W/m2 .
b) the average ohmic power dissipation in watts per cubic meter at z = 60 cm: At this point
a flaw becomes evident in the problem statement, since solving this part in two dierent
ways gives results that are not the same. I will demonstrate: In the first method, we
use Poyntings theorem in point form Eq.(69), which we modify for the case of timeindependent fields to read: < S >=< J E >, where the right hand side is the
average power dissipation per volume. Note that the additional right-hand-side terms in
Poyntings theorem that describe changes in energy stored in the fields will both be zero
in steady state. We apply our equation to the result of part a:
< J E >= < S >=

d
315 e2(0.2)z = (0.4)(315)e2(0.2)z = 126e0.4z W/m3
dz

At z = 60 cm, this becomes < J E >= 99.1 W/m3 . In the second method,
pwe solve for
the conductivity and evaluate < J E >= < E 2 >. We use jk = j 0 1 j(00 /0 )
and
r

1
p
=
0

1 j(00 /0 )
We take the ratio,

00
jk

0
= j 1 j
= j0 + 00

Identifying = 00 , we find

jk
0.2 + j2
= Re
= Re
= 1.74 103 S/m

250 + j30
Now we find the dissipated power per volume:
2

< E >= 1.74 10

2
1
400e0.2z
2

At z = 60 cm, this evaluates as 109 W/m3 . One can show that consistency between the
two methods requires that

1

Re
=

2
This relation does not hold using the numbers as given in the problem statement and the
value of found above. Note that in Problem 11.13, where all values are worked out, the
relation does hold and consistent results are obtained using both methods.
229

11.18. Given, a 100MHz uniform plane wave in a medium known to be a good dielectric. The phasor
electric field is Es = 4e0.5z ej20z ax V/m. Not stated in the problem is the permeability,
which we take to be 0 . Determine:
a) 0 : As a first step, it is useful to see just how much of a good dielectric we have. We use
the good dielectric approximations, Eqs. (60a) and (60b), with = 00 . Using these, we
take the ratio, /, to find

0

0 1 + (1/8)(00 /0 )2

20

1 00
p
=
=
= 2 00 +

0.5

4 0
(00 /2) /0

This becomes the quadratic equation:

00
0

160

00
0

+8=0

The solution to the quadratic is (00 /0 )

= 0.05, which
p means that we can neglect the
.
second term in Eq. (60b), so that = 0 = (/c) 0r . With the given frequency of
p
100 MHz, and with = 0 , we find 0r = 20(3/2) = 9.55, so that 0r = 91.3, and finally
0 = 0r 0 = 8.1 1010 F/m.

b) 00 : Using Eq. (60a), the set up is

00
= 0.5 =
2

2(0.5)
00 =
2 108

0
108
=
91.3 = 4.0 1011 F/m

2(377)

c) : Using Eq. (62b), we find

.
=

1 00
377
1+j
=
(1 + j.025) = (39.5 + j0.99) ohms
0
0

2
91.3

d) Hs : This will be a y-directed field, and will be

Hs =

Es
4
ay =
e0.5z ej20z ay = 0.101e0.5z ej20z ej0.025 ay A/m

(39.5 + j0.99)

e) < S >: Using the given field and the result of part d, obtain
< S >=

1
(0.101)(4) 2(0.5)z
Re{Es Hs } =
e
cos(0.025) az = 0.202ez az W/m2
2
2

f) the power in watts that is incident on a rectangular surface measuring 20m x 30m at
z = 10m: At 10m, the power density is < S >= 0.202e10 = 9.2 106 W/m2 . The
incident power on the given area is then P = 9.2 106 (20)(30) = 5.5 mW.

230

11.19. Perfectly-conducting cylinders with radii of 8 mm and 20 mm are coaxial. The region between
the cylinders is filled with a perfect dielectric for which = 109 /4 F/m and r = 1. If E in
this region is (500/) cos(t 4z)a V/m, find:
a) , with the help of Maxwells equations in cylindrical coordinates: We use the two curl
equations, beginning with E = B/t, where in this case,
E=
So
B =
Then

H =

E
2000
B
a =
sin(t 4z)a =
a
z

t
2000
2000
sin(t 4z)dt =
cos(t 4z) T

B
2000
=
cos(t 4z) A/m
0
(4 107 )

We next use H = D/t, where in this case

H=

H
1 (H )
a +
az
z

where the second term on the right hand side becomes zero when substituting our H .
So
H
8000
D
H=
a =
sin(t 4z)a =
a
7
z
(4 10 )
t
And

D =

8000
8000
sin(t 4z)dt =
cos(t 4z) C/m2
(4 107 )
(4 107 ) 2

Finally, using the given ,

E =

D
8000
=
cos(t 4z) V/m
16

(10 ) 2

This must be the same as the given field, so we require

8000
(1016 ) 2

500

= 4 108 rad/s

b) H(, z, t): From part a, we have

H(, z, t) =

2000
4.0
cos(t 4z)a =
cos(4 108 t 4z)a A/m
7
(4 10 )

c) S(, , z): This will be

S(, , z) = E H =
=

500
4.0
cos(4 108 t 4z)a
cos(4 108 t 4z)a

2.0 103
cos2 (4 108 t 4z)az W/m2
2
231

11.19d) the average power passing through every cross-section 8 < < 20 mm, 0 < < 2. Using
the result of part c, we find < S >= (1.0 103 )/2 az W/m2 . The power through the given
cross-section is now

Z 2 Z .020
1.0 103
20
3
P=
d d = 2 10 ln
= 5.7 kW
2

8
0
.008

11.20. Voltage breakdown in air at standard temperature and pressure occurs at an electric field
strength of approximately 3 106 V/m. This becomes an issue in some high-power optical
experiments, in which tight focusing of light may be necessary. Estimate the lightwave power
in watts that can be focused into a cylindrical beam of 10m radius before breakdown occurs.
Assume uniform plane wave behavior (although this assumption will produce an answer that
is higher than the actual number by as much as a factor of 2, depending on the actual beam
shape).
The power density in the beam in free space can be found as a special case of Eq. (76)
(with = 0 , = = 0):
|<S>|=

E02
(3 106 )2
=
= 1.2 1010 W/m2
20
2(377)

To avoid breakdown, the power in a 10-m radius cylinder is then bounded by

P < (1.2 1010 )( (105 )2 ) = 3.75 W

232

11.21. The cylindrical shell, 1 cm < < 1.2 cm, is composed of a conducting material for which
= 106 S/m. The external and internal regions are non-conducting. Let H = 2000 A/m at
= 1.2 cm.
a) Find H everywhere: Use Amperes circuital law, which states:
I

H dL = 2(2000) = 2(1.2 102 )(2000) = 48 A = Iencl

Then in this case

I
48
az =
az = 1.09 106 az A/m2
Area
(1.44 1.00) 104

J=

With this result we again use Amperes circuital law to find H everywhere within the
shell as a function of (in meters):
1
H1 () =
2

.01

1.09 106 d d =

54.5
(104 2 1) A/m (.01 < < .012)

Outside the shell, we would have

H2 () =

48
= 24/ A/m ( > .012)
2

Inside the shell ( < .01 m), H = 0 since there is no enclosed current.
b) Find E everywhere: We use
E=

J
1.09 106
=
az = 1.09 az V/m

106

which is valid, presumeably, outside as well as inside the shell.

c) Find S everywhere: Use
P = E H = 1.09 az
=

54.5
(104 2 1) a

59.4
(104 2 1) a W/m2 (.01 < < .012 m)

Outside the shell,

S = 1.09 az

24
26
a = a W/m2 ( > .012 m)

233

11.22. The inner and outer dimensions of a copper coaxial transmission line are 2 and 7 mm, respectively. Both conductors have thicknesses much greater than . The dielectric is lossless and
the operating frequency is 400 MHz. Calculate the resistance per meter length of the:
a) inner conductor: First
1
1
=
=p
= 3.3 106 m = 3.3m
8
f
(4 10 )(4 107 )(5.8 107 )

Now, using (90) with a unit length, we find

Rin =

1
1
=
= 0.42 ohms/m
2a
2(2 103 )(5.8 107 )(3.3 106 )

b) outer conductor: Again, (90) applies but with a dierent conductor radius. Thus
Rout =

a
2
Rin = (0.42) = 0.12 ohms/m
b
7

c) transmission line: Since the two resistances found above are in series, the line resistance
is their sum, or R = Rin + Rout = 0.54 ohms/m.

11.23. A hollow tubular conductor is constructed from a type of brass having a conductivity of
1.2 107 S/m. The inner and outer radii are 9 mm and 10 mm respectively. Calculate the
resistance per meter length at a frequency of
a) dc: In this case the current density is uniform over the entire tube cross-section. We
write:
L
1
R(dc) =
=
= 1.4 103 /m
A
(1.2 107 )(.012 .0092 )
b) 20 MHz: Now the skin eect will limit the eective cross-section. At 20 MHz, the skin
depth is
(20MHz) = [f 0 ]1/2 = [(20 106 )(4 107 )(1.2 107 )]1/2 = 3.25 105 m
This is much less than the outer radius of the tube. Therefore we can approximate the
resistance using the formula:
R(20MHz) =

L
1
1
=
=
= 4.1 102 /m
7
A
2b
(1.2 10 )(2(.01))(3.25 105 )

c) 2 GHz: Using the same formula as in part b, we find the skin depth at 2 GHz to be =
3.25 106 m. The resistance (using the other formula) is R(2GHz) = 4.1 101 /m.

234

11.24 a) Most microwave ovens operate at 2.45 GHz. Assume that = 1.2 106 S/m and r = 500
for the stainless steel interior, and find the depth of penetration:
1
1
=
=p
= 9.28 106 m = 9.28m
9
7
6
f
(2.45 10 )(4 10 )(1.2 10 )
b) Let Es = 506 0 V/m at the surface of the conductor, and plot a curve of the amplitude
of Es vs. the angle of Es as the field propagates
into the stainless steel: Since the
.
.
conductivity is high, we use (82) to write = = f = 1/. So, assuming that the
direction into the conductor is z, the depth-dependent field is written as
Es (z) = 50ez ejz = 50ez/ ejz/ = 50 exp(z/9.28) exp(j z/9.28)
|
{z
}
| {z }
amplitude

angle

where z is in microns. Therefore, the plot of amplitude versus angle is simply a plot of
ex versus x, where x = z/9.28; the starting amplitude is 50 and the 1/e amplitude (at
z = 9.28 m) is 18.4.

11.25. A good conductor is planar in form and carries a uniform plane wave that has a wavelength
of 0.3 mm and a velocity of 3 105 m/s. Assuming the conductor is non-magnetic, determine
the frequency and the conductivity: First, we use
f=

v
3 105
=
= 109 Hz = 1 GHz

3 104

Next, for a good conductor,

=

1
=
2
f

4
4
=
= 1.1 105 S/m
2
8
f
(9 10 )(109 )(4 107 )

235

11.26. The dimensions of a certain coaxial transmission line are a = 0.8mm and b = 4mm. The outer
conductor thickness is 0.6mm, and all conductors have = 1.6 107 S/m.
a) Find R, the resistance per unit length, at an operating frequency of 2.4 GHz: First
1
1
=
=p
= 2.57 106 m = 2.57m
8
f
(2.4 10 )(4 107 )(1.6 107 )

Then, using (90) with a unit length, we find

Rin =

1
1
=
= 4.84 ohms/m
3
2a
2(0.8 10 )(1.6 107 )(2.57 106 )

The outer conductor resistance is then found from the inner through
Rout =

a
0.8
Rin =
(4.84) = 0.97 ohms/m
b
4

The net resistance per length is then the sum, R = Rin + Rout = 5.81 ohms/m.
b) Use information from Secs. 6.3 and 8.10 to find C and L, the capacitance and inductance
per unit length, respectively. The coax is air-filled. From those sections, we find (in free
space)
20
2(8.854 1012 )
C=
=
= 3.46 1011 F/m
ln(b/a)
ln(4/.8)
0
4 107
ln(b/a) =
ln(4/.8) = 3.22 107 H/m
2
2
p
c) Find and if + j = jC(R + jL): Taking real and imaginary parts of the given
expression, we find
L=

s
1/2

2
np
o LC
1+ R
= Re
jC(R + jL) =
1
L
2
and

s
1/2

2
np
o LC
1+ R
= Im
jC(R + jL) =
+ 1
L
2

These can be found by writing out

= Re

np
o
p
jC(R + jL) = (1/2) jC(R + jL) + c.c.

where c.c denotes the complex conjugate. The result is squared, terms collected, and the
square root taken. Now, using the values of R, C, and L found in parts a and b, we find
= 3.0 102 Np/m and = 50.3 rad/m.

236

11.27. The planar surface at z = 0 is a brass-Teflon interface. Use data available in Appendix C to
evaluate the following ratios for a uniform plane wave having = 4 1010 rad/s:
a) Tef /brass : From the appendix we find 00 /0 = .0003 for Teflon, making the material a
good dielectric. Also, for Teflon, 0r = 2.1. For brass, we find = 1.5 107 S/m, making
brass a good conductor at the stated frequency. For a good dielectric (Teflon) we use the
approximations:
r
00

p

1
1 00 p 0
.
0
=
=
=
r
2 0
0
2
2 0 c

1 00
p 0
. p 0
.
= 1 +
=

0
=
r
8 0
c
For brass (good conductor) we have
.
. p
= = f brass =

s
1

(4 1010 )(4 107 )(1.5 107 ) = 6.14 105 m1

2

Now
p

1/2 (00 /0 ) (/c) 0r

Tef
(1/2)(.0003)(4 1010 /3 108 ) 2.1

=
=
= 4.7 108
brass
6.14 105
f brass
b)

c)

Tef
(2/Tef )
brass
c f brass
(3 108 )(6.14 105 )
p 0

=
=
=
=
= 3.2 103
brass
(2/brass )
Tef
r Tef
(4 1010 ) 2.1
vTef
(/Tef )
brass
=
=
= 3.2 103 as before
vbrass
(/brass )
Tef

11.28. A uniform plane wave in free space has electric field given by Es = 10ejx az + 15ejx ay
V/m.
a) Describe the wave polarization: Since the two components have a fixed phase dierence
(in this case zero) with respect to time and position, the wave has linear polarization,
with the field vector in the yz plane at angle = tan1 (10/15) = 33.7 to the y axis.
b) Find Hs : With propagation in forward x, we would have
Hs =

10 jx
15 jx
e
ay +
e
az A/m = 26.5ejx ay + 39.8ejx az mA/m
377
377

c) determine the average power density in the wave in W/m2 : Use

Pavg

1
1 (10)2
(15)2

= Re {Es Hs } =
ax +
ax = 0.43ax W/m2 or Pavg = 0.43 W/m2
2
2 377
377
237

11.29. Consider a left-circularly polarized wave in free space that propagates in the forward z direction. The electric field is given by the appropriate form of Eq. (100).
a) Determine the magnetic field phasor, Hs :
We begin, using (100), with Es = E0 (ax + jay )ejz . We find the two components of
Hs separately, using the two components of Es . Specifically, the x component of Es is
associated with a y component of Hs , and the y component of Es is associated with a
negative x component of Hs . The result is
Hs =

E0
(ay jax ) ejz
0

b) Determine an expression for the average power density in the wave in W/m2 by direct
application of Eq. (77): We have

1
1
E0

jz
+jz
Pz,avg = Re(Es Hs ) = Re E0 (ax + jay )e

(ay jax )e
2
2
0
E2
= 0 az W/m2 (assuming E0 is real)
0
11.30. In an anisotropic medium, permittivity varies with electric field direction, and is a property
seen in most crystals. Consider a uniform plane wave propagating in the z direction in such a
medium, and which enters the material with equal field components along the x and y axes.
The field phasor will take the form:
Es (z) = E0 (ax + ay ejz ) ejz
where = x y is the dierence in phase constants for waves that are linearly-polarized
in the x and y directions. Find distances into the material (in terms of ) at which the field
is:
a) Linearly-polarized: We want the x and y components to be in phase, so therefore
zlin = m zlin =

m
, (m = 1, 2, 3...)

b) Circularly-polarized: In this case, we want the two field components to be in quadrature

phase, such that the total field is of the form, Es = E0 (ax jay )ejz . Therefore,
zcirc =

(2n + 1)
(2n + 1)
zcirc =
, (n = 0, 1, 2, 3...)
2
2

c) Assume intrinsic impedance that is approximately constant with field orientation and
find Hs and < S >: Magnetic field is found by looking at the individual components:
Hs (z) =
< S >=

E0
ay ax ejz ejz and

1
E2
Re {Es Hs } = 0 az W/m2
2

where it is assumed that E0 is real. is real because the medium is evidently lossless.
238

11.31. A linearly-polarized uniform plane wave, propagating in the forward z direction, is input to a
lossless anisotropic material, in which the dielectric constant encountered by waves polarized
along y (ry ) diers from that seen by waves polarized along x (rx ). Suppose rx = 2.15,
ry = 2.10, and the wave electric field at input is polarized at 45 to the positive x and y axes.
Assume free space wavelength .
a) Determine the shortest length of the material such that the wave as it emerges from the
output end is circularly polarized: With the input field at 45 , the x and y components are
of equal magnitude, and circular polarization will result if the phase dierence between
the components is /2. Our requirement over length L is thus x L y L = /2, or
L=

c
=

2(x y )
2( rx ry )

With the given values, we find,

L=

(58.3)c

= 58.3 = 14.6
2
4

b) Will the output wave be right- or left-circularly-polarized? With the dielectric constant
greater for x-polarized waves, the x component will lag the y component in time at the output. The field can thus be written as E = E0 (ay jax ), which is left circular polarization.
11.32. Suppose that the length of the medium of Problem 11.31 is made to be twice that as determined
in the problem. Describe the polarization of the output wave in this case: With the length
doubled, a phase shift of radians develops between the two components. At the input, we
can write the field as Es (0) = E0 (ax + ay ). After propagating through length L, we would
have,
Es (L) = E0 [ejx L ax + ejy L ay ] = E0 ejx L [ax + ej(y x )L ay ]
where (y x )L = (since x > y ), and so Es (L) = E0 ejx L [ax ay ]. With the reversal
of the y component, the wave polarization is rotated by 90 , but is still linear polarization.
11.33. Given a wave for which Es = 15ejz ax + 18ejz ej ay V/m, propagating in a medium
characterized by complex intrinsic impedance, .
a) Find Hs : With the wave propagating in the forward z direction, we find:
Hs =

1
18ej ax + 15ay ejz A/m

b) Determine the average power density in W/m2 : We find

Pz,avg

1
1
= Re {Es Hs } = Re
2
2

239

(15)2
(18)2
+

= 275 Re

W/m2

11.34. Given the general elliptically-polarized wave as per Eq. (93):

Es = [Ex0 ax + Ey0 ej ay ]ejz
a) Show, using methods similar to those of Example 11.7, that a linearly polarized wave
results when superimposing the given field and a phase-shifted field of the form:
Es = [Ex0 ax + Ey0 ej ay ]ejz ej
where is a constant: Adding the two fields gives

Es,tot = Ex0 1 + ej ax + Ey0 ej + ej ej ay ejz

j/2
j/2
j/2
j/2
j/2 j
j j/2
jz
=
E
e
e
+
e
a
+
E
e
e
e
+
e
e
ay
x0
x
y0

e
|
{z
}
|
{z
}
2 cos(/2)

2 cos(/2)

This simplifies to Es,tot = 2 [Ex0 cos(/2)ax + Ey0 cos( /2)ay ] ej/2 ejz , which is
linearly polarized.
b) Find in terms of such that the resultant wave is polarized along x: By inspecting the
part a result, we achieve a zero y component when 2 = (or odd multiples of ).

240