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CONTENT
1. Type of Evaporation equipment and Methods
2. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient in Evaporators
3. Calculation Methods for Single Effect Evaporators
4. Calculation Methods for Multiple Effects Evaporators
5. Condenser for Evaporator
6. Evaporation using Vapor Recompression
2
Topic Outcomes
EVAPORATION
Heat is added to a solution to vaporize the solvent, which is usually water.
Case of heat transfer to a boiling liquid.
Vapor from a boiling liquid solution is removed and a more concentrated
solution remains.
Refers to the removal of water from an aqueous solution.
Example: concentration of aqueous solutions of sugar. In these cases the
crystal is the desired product and the evaporated water is discarded.
Materials of construction
Scale deposition
Processing Factors
solubility
Temperature sensitivity
of materials
Concentration in
the liquid
5
PROCESSING FACTORS
(1) Concentration
dilute feed, viscosity , heat transfer coefficient, h
concentrated solution/products, , and h .
(2) Solubility
concentration , solubility , crystal formed.
solubility with temperature .
(3) Temperature.
heat sensitive material degrade at higher temperature & prolonged
heating.
6
(4) Foaming/frothing.
caustic solutions, food solutions, fatty acid solutions form
foam/froth during boiling.
entrainment loss as foam accompany vapor.
(5) Pressure and Temperature
pressure , boiling point .
concentration , boiling point.
heat-sensitive material operate under vacuum.
(6) Material of construction
minimize corrosion.
7
Sweet gas
Sweet gas
Growing foam
leaves tower
Growing
foam slows/
stops liquid
from
flowing
down
Sour gas
Lean soln
TRAY
Lean soln
PACKING
Foam effects
less severe, but
can cause some
channeling
Sour gas
LI
LI
Rich soln
Forming Effects
Rich soln
8
Type of Evaporation
Equipment
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Operating parameters
Operating window
20 - 100.000
up to 40.000
Heating temperature C
up to 380
1)
-1 to 30
up to 70.000
<1
2)
up to 1:50
20 - 100
3)
3)
10
(1) TF
TF < Tbp, some of latent heat of steam will be used to heat up the cold
feed, only the rest of the latent heat of steam will be used to vaporize
the feed.
Is the feed is under pressure & TF > Tbp, additional vaporization
obtained by flashing of feed.
(2) P1
desirable T
[Q = UA(TS T1)]
A & cost .
T1 depends on P1 will T1.
11
(3) PS
PS will TS but high-pressure is costly.
optimum TS by overall economic balances.
(4) BPR
The concentration of the solution are high enough so that the
cP and Tbp are quite different from water.
BPR can be predict from Duhring chart for each solution such
as NaOH and sugar solution.
(5) Enthalpyconcentration of solution.
for large heat of solution of the aqueous solution.
to get values for hF and hL.
12
13
14
vapor,V
to condenser
T1 , yV , HV
feed, F
TF , xF , hF.
steam, S
TS , HS
P1
T1
heat-exchanger
tubes
condensate, S
TS , hS
concentrated liquid, L
T1 , xL , hL
Simplified Diagram of single-effect evaporator
15
vapor T1
feed, TF
(1)
T1
vapor T2
(2)
T2
steam, TS
vapor T3
to vacuum
condenser
(3)
T3
condensate
concentrate
from first
effect.
concentrate
from second
effect.
concentrated
product
vapor T1
(1)
steam, TS
T1
vapor T2
(2)
T2
vapor T3
to vacuum
condenser
(3)
T3
feed, TF
condensate
concentrated
product
17
18
CALCULATIONS
a)
vapor, V and liquid, L flowrates.
b)
heat transfer area, A
c)
overall heat-transfer coefficient, U.
d)
Fraction of solid content, xL.
(1) To calculate V & L and xL,
- solve simultaneously total material balance &
solute/solid balance.
F=L+V
total material balance
F (xF) = L (xL)
solute/solid balance
19
(2) To calculate A or U,
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
21
22
F = 9072 kg/h
TF = 311 K
xF = 0.01
hF.
P1 = 101.325 kPa
U = 1704 W/m2
T1
A=?
S , TS , HS
PS = 143.3 kPa
L=?
T1 , hL
xL = 0.015
V=?
T1 , yV , HV
S, TS , hS
Solution
Refer to Fig. 8.4-1 for flow diagram for this solution.
For the total balance,
F=L+V
9072 = L + V
For the balance on the solute alone,
F xF = L xL
9072 (0.01) = L (0.015)
L = 6048 kg/h of liquid
Substituting into total balance and solving,
V = 3024 kg/h of vapor
24
28
F = 4536 kg/h
TF = 60 C
xF = 0.2
P1 = 11.7 kPa
hF.
V, T1 , yV , HV
U = 1560 W/m2
T1
A=?
S=?
TS , HS
PS = 172.4 kPa
L, T1 , hL
xL = 0.5
S, TS , hS
Solution
Refer to Fig. 8.4-4, for flow diagram for this solution.
31
A = 49.2 m2.
Steam economy = 2722/3255
= 0.836
33
EVAPORATION
vapor T1
feed, TF
(1)
T1
vapor T2
(2)
T2
steam, TS
vapor T3
to vacuum
condenser
(3)
T3
condensate
concentrate
from first
effect.
concentrate
from second
effect.
concentrated
product
EVAPORATION
35
EVAPORATION
Calculation Methods for Multiple-effect Evaporators.
Objective to calculate;
- temperature drops and the heat capacity of
evaporator.
- the area of heating surface and amount of vapor leaving
the last effect.
EVAPORATION
effects are
T1 = T
-
inversely
1 U1
1 U1 +1 U 2 +1 U 3
EVAPORATION
vapor T1
(1)
steam, TS
T1
vapor T2
(2)
T2
vapor T3
to vacuum
condenser
(3)
T3
feed, TF
condensate
concentrated
product
EVAPORATION
40
42
EVAPORATION
V1 = 22,680 L1
F = 22680
T1
xF = 0.1
TF = 26.7 C
T3
V3 = L2 - 4536
T2
P3 = 13.7 kPa
(1)
S =?
TS1 = 121.1 C
PS1 = 205.5 kPa
V2 = L1 L2
(3)
(2)
TS1
T1 , L1 , x1
TS2
TS3
T2 , L2 , x2
T3
L3 = 4536
x3 = 0.5
Solution,
The process flow diagram is given in Fig. 8.5-1..
Step 1,
From steam table, at P3 = 13.4 kPa, get Tsat = 51.67 C. Using the
BPR equation for third effect with xL = 0.5,
BPR3 = 1.78 (0.5) + 6.22 (0.52) =2.45 C.
T3
= 51.67 + 2.45 = 54.12 C.
(BPR = T Ts)
Step 2,
Making an overall and a solids balance.
F = 22 680 = L3 + (V1 + V2 + V3)
FxF = 22 680 (0.1) = L3 (0.5) + (V1 + V2 + V3) (0)
L3 = 4536 kg/h
Total vaporized = (V1 + V2 + V3) = 18 144 kg/h
44
T2 = 19.50 C T3 = 34.07 C
46
However, since a cold feed enters effect number 1, this effect requires
more heat. Increasing T1 and lowering T2 and T3 proportionately
as a first estimate, so
T1 = 15.56C
T2 = 18.34 C
T3 = 32.07 C
The above data T1, T2 and T3 are getting from iteration-s
47
cPF
cP1
cP2
cP3
49
EVAPORATION
Step 5, Solving for the values of q in each effect and area,
8936
6
q1 = S S 1 =
(2200 x1000 ) = 5.460 x10 W
3600
5602
6
q2 = V1S 2 =
(2244 x1000 ) = 3.492 x10 W
3600
6010
6
q3 = V2 S 3 =
(2294 x1000 ) = 3.830 x10 W
3600
6
q1
5.460 x106
q
3
.
492
x
10
2
A1 =
=
= 112.4m 2 A2 =
=
= 95.8m 2
U1T1 3123(15.65)
U 2 T2 1987(18.34)
q3
3.830x106
A3 =
=
= 105.1m2
U 3T3 1136(32.07)
( A1 + A2 + A3 )
Am =
= 104.4m2
3
51
EVAPORATION
Am = 104.4 m2, the areas differ from the average value by less than
10 % and a second trial is really not necessary. However, a second
trial will be made starting with step 6 to indicate the calculation
methods used.
Step 6,
Making a new solids balance by using the new L1 = 17078,
11068, and L3 = 4536, and solving for x,
L2 =
EVAPORATION
Step 7. The new BPR in each effect is then,
BPR1 = 1.78(0.133) + 6.22(0.13)2 =0.35C.
BPR2 = 1.78(0.205) + 6.22(0.205)2 =0.63C.
BPR3 = 1.78(0.5) + 6.22(0.5)2 =2.45C. then,
T available = 121.1 51.67 (0.35+0.63+2.45) = 66.0 C.
The new T are obtained using Eq.(8.5-11),
T A 15.56(112.4)
T = 1 1 =
= 16.77C
Am
104.4
'
1
T3' =
T2' =
T2 A2 18.34(95.8)
=
= 16.86C
Am
104.4
T3 A3 32.07(105.1)
=
= 32.34C T = 16.77 + 16.86 + 32.34 = 65.97C
Am
104.4
53
= 3.955 kJ/kg.K
= 3.877 kJ/kg.K
= 3.705 kJ/kg.K
= 3.015 kJ/kg.K
54
EVAPORATION
Solving for q and A in each effect,
8960
6
q1 = S S 1 =
(2200 x1000 ) = 5.476 x10 W
3600
5675
6
q2 = V1S 2 =
(2243 x1000 ) = 3.539 x10 W
3600
6053
6
q3 = V2 S 3 =
(2293 x1000 ) = 3.855 x10 W
3600
q1
5.476 x106
2
A1 =
=
=
104
.
6
m
U1T1' 3123(16.77 )
q2
3.539x106
2
A2 =
=
=
105
.
6
m
U 2 T2' 1987(16.87)
q3
3.855x106
2
A3 =
=
=
104
.
9
m
U 3T3' 1136(32.36)
56
EVAPORATION
The average area Am = 105.0 m2 to
use in each effect.
steam economy = V + V
1
+ V3
57